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歷史沿革

保護區始建于1994年，2001年經江西(xi)省人民政府批準晉(jin)升為省級自(zi)然保護區，2008年經國務院批準晉(jin)升為國家(jia)級自(zi)然保護區。

地理環境

地理位置

保護(hu)區位于(yu)江西省(sheng)資(zi)溪縣的東北(bei)部，地(di)處武(wu)(wu)夷山脈中段，閩贛(gan)交界(jie)的武(wu)(wu)夷山脈西麓(lu)，地(di)理坐(zuo)標為東經117°09'11"-117'18"，北(bei)緯(wei)27°40'50"-27°53'52"。?

東(dong)(dong)由與福(fu)建(jian)省(sheng)交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)的(de)野(ye)雞頂起，向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)觀音尖，再(zai)至(zhi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)邊的(de)1224米山峰，沿東(dong)(dong)港與南(nan)(nan)(nan)港分水(shui)山脊(ji)到西邊的(de)月(yue)峰山，向(xiang)(xiang)北沿山脊(ji)至(zhi)東(dong)(dong)源橋頭，跨昌坪河到高阜尖至(zhi)東(dong)(dong)坑村后山脊(ji)，沿東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方向(xiang)(xiang)山脊(ji)到五臺(tai)山，轉(zhuan)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)沿山脊(ji)至(zhi)黃茅(mao)寨小路向(xiang)(xiang)北，至(zhi)與貴(gui)溪縣交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)的(de)香臺(tai)山，再(zai)沿資溪、貴(gui)溪縣界(jie)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)(dong)到與福(fu)建(jian)交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)點向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)回到東(dong)(dong)面與福(fu)建(jian)交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)的(de)野(ye)雞頂止。

地形地貌

馬頭山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家級(ji)自然保護區地貌大致具(ju)有盆嶺(ling)相間，棋盤格狀(zhuang)展布之格局.大多為燕山(shan)(shan)期花(hua)崗(gang)巖，土(tu)壤(rang)為花(hua)崗(gang)巖風化形成的山(shan)(shan)地紅壤(rang)，山(shan)(shan)地黃紅壤(rang)和山(shan)(shan)地黃壤(rang)，以及小范圍的山(shan)(shan)地草甸土(tu)。

氣候特征

氣候屬亞(ya)熱帶濕潤季風氣候，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)16～18℃，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)降水量(liang)192919mm，相對濕度83%。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)輻射(she)量(liang)為(wei)10069711/cm2，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)日照為(wei)159716小時，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)霜期270天，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)霧日88天。

保護對象

森林資源

保護區位于武夷山(shan)脈中段(duan)腹地，森林植被(bei)以天然常綠闊葉林為主，森林覆蓋率(lv)達96.3%，生態環境(jing)優良，生物(wu)多樣(yang)性豐富。區內(nei)有高等(deng)植物(wu)275科1005屬2483種(zhong)(zhong)，陸(lu)生脊椎動物(wu)27目91科387種(zhong)(zhong)。

馬(ma)頭山自然保(bao)(bao)護區保(bao)(bao)存(cun)有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大范圍(wei)的原生性較(jiao)(jiao)強的天然常綠闊葉林(lin)，生物多(duo)樣性極為豐富。高等(deng)植(zhi)物約(yue)2500種，其(qi)中屬國(guo)家重點保(bao)(bao)護植(zhi)物名(ming)錄(第(di)一批)有(you)20余種，長(chang)葉榧(Torreyajackii)和蛛網萼(e)(Platycraterargnta)，江西(xi)僅(jin)在此有(you)分布(bu)。

動物資源

其中國家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)20種(zhong)，國家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)野生動物(wu)(wu)有(you)54種(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)區主要保(bao)護(hu)對象為(wei)美毛含笑、蛛網(wang)萼(e)、伯(bo)樂樹(shu)(shu)等(deng)大(da)面積的珍稀植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)原生種(zhong)群，其中屬國家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)長(chang)葉榧(Torreyajackii)、蛛網(wang)萼(e)(Platycraterargnta)為(wei)保(bao)護(hu)區全省特(te)有(you)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)。還有(you)南方(fang)紅(hong)豆杉(shan)、福建柏、天然(ran)杉(shan)木、伯(bo)樂樹(shu)(shu)、莼菜(cai)、報春苣(ju)苔、白頸長(chang)尾雉、黃(huang)腹(fu)角雉、云(yun)豹(bao)、獼猴、黑熊(xiong)等(deng)珍稀野生動植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)。

藥用資源

有(you)豐富的野生攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物資源(yuan)， 通過野外采集及標(biao)本的整理(li)鑒(jian)定(ding)，初步確認(ren)該區共有(you)攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物40科(ke)92屬222種(包括種下等(deng)級(ji))。根據(ju)對馬頭山(shan)攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物區系分(fen)(fen)析的結果，該區攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物區系具有(you)以下特征：(1)種類組(zu)成(cheng)豐富，地理(li)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)復雜(za)；(2)區系中熱帶性地理(li)成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)占主導地位；(3)區系成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)相對古老(lao)，特有(you)類群豐富，多型性突(tu)出；(4)華東(dong)區系特征明顯(xian)。

藥用植物資源分布

初步查明(ming)馬頭山自(zi)然保護區內有(you)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)231科759屬(shu)，其(qi)中裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為13種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)8科13屬(shu)，被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1483種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)161科653屬(shu)。區內常(chang)用(yong)(yong)中藥(yao)為187種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)真菌(jun)29種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)苔蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)蕨類88種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1494種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)珍稀瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)62種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)特有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)，江西地理記錄新分布(bu)8種(zhong)(zhong)。

（1）常用中(zhong)藥(yao)植物

江西是中(zhong)國中(zhong)藥(yao)材主要產區之(zhi)一，收購使用的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)有342種，而保護區內的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)就有187種(《中(zhong)國藥(yao)典》2000年版收載(zai)的(de))。數量較多的(de)有銀杏(xing)，側柏(bo)，厚(hou)樸，烏(wu)藥(yao)，仙(xian)鶴(he)草，金櫻子，葛，忍冬，旌節花，吳(wu)茱(zhu)萸，女貞(zhen)，絡石，梔子，鉤(gou)藤(teng)(teng)，烏(wu)頭，威靈仙(xian)，大血藤(teng)(teng)，半夏，白及等。

（2）藥用真菌植物

馬(ma)頭山自(zi)然保護(hu)區鑒定了的(de)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)有91種(zhong)，其中29種(zhong)為藥用(yong)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)，如銀耳(er)(er)，黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)，靈芝，茯苓，香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)，紫(zi)紅菇(gu)(gu)，絨紫(zi)紅菇(gu)(gu)，菱紅菇(gu)(gu)，側耳(er)(er)，竹蓀等。靈芝，銀耳(er)(er)，黑(hei)木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)，茯苓為常用(yong)中藥，在臨床(chuang)上具有較好的(de)治療(liao)效果。此(ci)外，許多種(zhong)類是食(shi)藥兩用(yong)的(de)真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)，如潔麗香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)，硬毛香(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)，松乳菇(gu)(gu)，毛木(mu)(mu)耳(er)(er)等種(zhong)。

（3）藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)蕨(jue)類植物(wu)江西省蕨(jue)類植物(wu)有(you)(you)433種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬114屬49科(ke)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)蕨(jue)類植物(wu)為195種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬84屬45科(ke)。馬(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然保護(hu)區的(de)蕨(jue)類植物(wu)共有(you)(you)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬62屬30科(ke)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)《中(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》，《中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)志(zhi)》所收載(zai)的(de)常用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們分別為石松，紫萁，海(hai)金沙，烏蕨(jue)，野雞(ji)尾，石韋，卷柏，槲蕨(jue)等。214藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)馬(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然保護(hu)區內(nei)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)有(you)(you)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(包括常用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，特有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，珍稀瀕危種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，新分布(bu)等)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)裸子植物(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙子葉(xie)植物(wu)1294種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，單子葉(xie)植物(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。?

（4）藥(yao)用珍(zhen)稀瀕危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)保護區(qu)內除(chu)具有(you)(you)豐富的(de)中藥(yao)及藥(yao)用種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，藥(yao)用蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)等資源外，尚有(you)(you)許多(duo)種(zhong)珍(zhen)稀瀕危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，其(qi)中有(you)(you)相當部分種(zhong)類為藥(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，區(qu)內共有(you)(you)藥(yao)用珍(zhen)稀瀕危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)62種(zhong)，它們分別是(shi)鵝(e)掌楸，乳源木(mu)蓮，東(dong)方(fang)古(gu)柯(ke)，青牛(niu)膽(dan)，扯根草，半蒴苣苔，福建柏，短梗大參/花(hua)葉開唇蘭，石斛等種(zhong)。保護區(qu)內繁(fan)多(duo)的(de)野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類中，有(you)(you)18種(zhong)為特有(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，隸屬(shu)12屬(shu)13科，均為藥(yao)用種(zhong)類，分別為銀杏，臘(la)梅(mei)，亮葉臘(la)梅(mei)，喜樹，青錢柳，杜(du)仲，枸杞(qi)，華紫珠(zhu)，老(lao)鴉糊，廣(guang)東(dong)紫珠(zhu)，長(chang)柄紫。

藥用植物資源

馬頭山自然保護區(qu)內(nei)1647種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)隸屬(shu)231科(ke)(ke)759屬(shu)，分(fen)布區(qu)類(lei)型廣泛，分(fen)屬(shu)14個(ge)分(fen)布區(qu)類(lei)型和16個(ge)分(fen)布區(qu)變(bian)型[8]，單(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，單(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)(ke)約(yue)有10個(ge)，其中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)藥(yao)材為187種(zhong)(zhong)(均為《中(zhong)國藥(yao)典》2000年版收載)，尚有種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁多的(de)民間(jian)草藥(yao)。從資(zi)源的(de)分(fen)類(lei)群及性狀組成分(fen)析，1647種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藻類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)真菌類(lei)29種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地衣類(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)苔蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)蕨類(lei)88種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)，雙子葉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1296種(zhong)(zhong)，單(dan)子葉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)。草本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1002種(zhong)(zhong)，木本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)423種(zhong)(zhong)，藤(teng)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)157種(zhong)(zhong)。區(qu)內(nei)復(fu)雜的(de)自然條件為藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)生(sheng)長(chang)發育提供了不同的(de)生(sheng)態環境。藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源十分(fen)豐富(fu)，共有藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)為1496種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)666屬(shu)169科(ke)(ke)。同樣，區(qu)內(nei)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系成分(fen)十分(fen)豐富(fu)。

馬(ma)頭山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)內分(fen)布(bu)的藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)共有(you)(you)(you)174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，其中(zhong)(zhong)熱帶(dai)性科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)92科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的5219%；溫帶(dai)性科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)23科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的1312%；世界分(fen)布(bu)的科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)41科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的2316%；東亞(ya)和東亞(ya)2北(bei)美間斷(duan)分(fen)布(bu)的科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的8105%；中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)分(fen)布(bu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的213%。在174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)，含54～73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)3科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)菊科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，豆(dou)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)56種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，薔薇科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。含30～42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)別(bie)是禾(he)本科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，唇形科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，百合科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，茜草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。含20～26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)8科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)別(bie)是樟科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蘭科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，馬(ma)鞭(bian)草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，大戟科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，山茶科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，葡萄科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，傘形科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。412屬的分(fen)析根據吳征鎰的中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)的分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類系統(tong)，馬(ma)頭山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)藥(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)的666屬，歸屬于14個分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類型(xing)和16個分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)變型(xing)。除中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類型(xing)外，馬(ma)頭山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)的藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)屬的分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類型(xing)包(bao)括(kuo)了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)所有(you)(you)(you)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)類型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)。

馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)與世(shi)界(jie)各部(bu)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)聯系(xi)及與熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)的(de)(de)密(mi)切(qie)聯系(xi)。熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)(zhan)優(you)勢：馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)性分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)316屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)4716%。東(dong)亞(ya)及東(dong)亞(ya)和北(bei)美洲(zhou)間(jian)斷(duan)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)突出(chu)：在(zai)(zai)馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物中(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)東(dong)亞(ya)及東(dong)亞(ya)2北(bei)美間(jian)斷(duan)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)共(gong)計130屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)1916%，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東(dong)亞(ya)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)總(zong)數的(de)(de)4315%。古老分(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)較(jiao)明顯：保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)三(san)尖杉，銀杏，南方(fang)紅豆(dou)杉，長葉(xie)榧樹等(deng)，為(wei)(wei)典型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)孓遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或第三(san)，四紀(ji)殘(can)遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。鵝掌(zhang)楸，青錢柳，伯樂樹，楓香，臘梅等(deng)均為(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)學殘(can)遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)較(jiao)多(duo)：中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)257屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)西(xi)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)50屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)1117%，其中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)(wei)22屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)816%，占(zhan)(zhan)江(jiang)西(xi)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)7313%。在(zai)(zai)馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物，分(fen)(fen)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于12特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)4167%，占(zhan)(zhan)江(jiang)西(xi)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)24%。413種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)析在(zai)(zai)馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物中(zhong)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)古特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)新特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。非特(te)(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約有(you)(you)(you)753種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于溫帶(dai)(dai)(dai)性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約有(you)(you)(you)349種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，世(shi)界(jie)性分(fen)(fen)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約166種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，東(dong)亞(ya)和東(dong)亞(ya)2北(bei)美洲(zhou)間(jian)斷(duan)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約有(you)(you)(you)208種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。從(cong)上述分(fen)(fen)析可見，在(zai)(zai)馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)，亞(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)(dai)性性質。

蜜源植物

保(bao)護區內的野生蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)十分豐(feng)富，主要(yao)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)杜(du)鵑花(hua)屬(shu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，該類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的蜂蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)色淺，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質優良，結(jie)晶(jing)乳白(bai)色，味甘甜純正適口。夏季(ji)(ji)蜂蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)小果(guo)冬青，花(hua)多，泌蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)豐(feng)富，對蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)蜂有強(qiang)烈的誘惑力，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)淺琥(hu)珀色半透明，結(jie)晶(jing)乳白(bai)細膩(ni)，味純正，甘甜，清香適口。秋季(ji)(ji)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)豆科的胡枝子屬(shu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，開花(hua)泌蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時間較長，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)淺琥(hu)珀色，結(jie)晶(jing)潔白(bai)，細膩(ni)如(ru)脂，氣味芳香，甜而不膩(ni)，質優良。冬季(ji)(ji)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)山茶科柃屬(shu)的多種植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，其(qi)花(hua)香，泌蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)豐(feng)富，誘蜂力強(qiang)，為冬季(ji)(ji)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的特殊種類(lei)，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)水白(bai)透明，濃(nong)郁芳香，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質優良。此外(wai)還有刺槐，柿，泡桐，山烏(wu)桕，椴樹，杜(du)荊等(deng)多種蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，這為發(fa)展本地區的養蜂業(ye)創造了良好的自然環(huan)境。

植物(wu)色(se)素(su)作為(wei)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)色(se)劑和紡織染(ran)色(se)原料已被廣泛應用(yong)，如殼(ke)斗科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多穗柯(ke)葉中富含棕(zong)色(se)素(su)，應用(yong)于(yu)糖果，冷飲，糕(gao)點(dian)等食(shi)品(pin)(pin)中著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)色(se)，呈(cheng)色(se)與(yu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)可(ke)(ke)(ke)糖相似，效果良好。茜草(cao)(cao)科(ke)梔子的(de)(de)(de)(de)果實可(ke)(ke)(ke)提取黃色(se)素(su)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)纖(xian)維染(ran)色(se)，也可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)色(se)。茜草(cao)(cao)根(gen)中所含茜草(cao)(cao)紅色(se)素(su)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)植物(wu)纖(xian)維的(de)(de)(de)(de)染(ran)色(se)，亦可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)著(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)色(se)，鼠李(li)科(ke)凍綠(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)莖皮含綠(lv)色(se)素(su)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)棉絲織品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)染(ran)色(se)等。

花卉植物

保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內野(ye)生花(hua)卉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)豐富(fu)，蘭(lan)科(ke)的(de)(de)(de)蘭(lan)花(hua)類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，如鶴頂蘭(lan)，斑葉蘭(lan)，建蘭(lan)，春(chun)蘭(lan)，寒蘭(lan)，竹葉蘭(lan)，花(hua)葉開唇蘭(lan)等(deng)(deng)，這些植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)具有(you)很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值，同時又可藥用。杜鵑(juan)(juan)花(hua)是(shi)世(shi)界名花(hua)，也(ye)是(shi)中國十大名花(hua)之一(yi)，人們(men)對它(ta)十分厚愛(ai)，其同屬植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)滿山紅，鹿角杜鵑(juan)(juan)，馬(ma)銀花(hua)等(deng)(deng)均(jun)(jun)作為觀花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)卉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。觀賞的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)卉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)還(huan)有(you)木(mu)蘭(lan)科(ke)，竹科(ke)等(deng)(deng)。此(ci)外，保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內還(huan)有(you)許多抗(kang)(kang)污(wu)染植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，它(ta)們(men)能(neng)夠吸收大氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)有(you)害氣(qi)體，滯(zhi)留灰塵，殺滅細菌，減少噪(zao)音，從而(er)保(bao)護大氣(qi)中氧(yang)氣(qi)和二氧(yang)化(hua)碳的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡。如合(he)歡，構樹(shu)，臭(chou)(chou)椿，紫薇，楊(yang)梅(mei)等(deng)(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)均(jun)(jun)有(you)抗(kang)(kang)二氧(yang)化(hua)硫(liu)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)性。抗(kang)(kang)氯氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)側(ce)柏，樟樹(shu)，栓皮櫟，棕櫚，女(nv)貞(zhen)，石楠，蚊(wen)母樹(shu)，胡頹子，枸骨等(deng)(deng)。抗(kang)(kang)鎘(ge)污(wu)染源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)尾葉冬青，刺果衛矛等(deng)(deng)。抗(kang)(kang)硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)楓楊(yang)，喜樹(shu)等(deng)(deng)。抗(kang)(kang)汞植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)山楂(zha)，刺槐，枇杷等(deng)(deng)。樸樹(shu)，榆(yu)樹(shu)，銀杏，桑樹(shu)，木(mu)槿(jin)以及臭(chou)(chou)椿，枇杷，紫薇，烏桕等(deng)(deng)具有(you)吸塵，滯(zhi)塵能(neng)力強特(te)色。

區域面積

保護(hu)區(qu)總面積(ji)13866.53公頃(qing)，其中核心區(qu)4286.08公頃(qing)、占(zhan)保護(hu)區(qu)總面積(ji)的(de)30.9%，緩(huan)沖區(qu)3438.72公頃(qing)、占(zhan)24.8%，實(shi)驗區(qu)6141.73公頃(qing)、占(zhan)44.3%。

開發利用

藥用植物(wu)資源開(kai)發與利用

馬頭山自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)由于(yu)所處的(de)(de)(de)特殊地理位(wei)置，區(qu)(qu)內有(you)著豐富(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)資源(yuan)。據初步統計，蕨類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物在《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)收載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)4科5屬8種(zhong)。種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物在《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)收載(zai)86科149屬179種(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)內懸鉤子(zi)屬植(zhi)物有(you)18種(zhong)之多(duo)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)部分種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)果實可(ke)作覆盆子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)使(shi)用，覆盆子(zi)能益腎，固精，縮尿，用于(yu)腎虛尿頻，陽痿(wei)早泄(xie)，白帶增多(duo)等癥。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)尚有(you)許(xu)多(duo)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)，如細辛類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，木通類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，五味子(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，栝樓類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，前胡類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，五加皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，吳茱(zhu)萸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，麥(mai)冬類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，薯蕷類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，七葉一枝花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，沙參類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)以(yi)及烏(wu)頭，黃連，草珊瑚，鉤藤等中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)。由于(yu)特殊的(de)(de)(de)地理環境，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)內中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資源(yuan)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)極(ji)豐富(fu)(fu)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)蘊(yun)藏量較(jiao)大(da)(da)，但有(you)的(de)(de)(de)蘊(yun)藏量較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)如石(shi)斛(hu)，獨蒜蘭，石(shi)仙桃，徐長卿，八角蓮等，這些種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)應注意不可(ke)過度(du)采挖(wa)，應采取合(he)理措施，使(shi)這些中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資源(yuan)永續利用。而對于(yu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)廬山石(shi)韋，槲蕨，大(da)(da)血藤，大(da)(da)葉冬青(qing)，山雞椒，山臘梅(mei)，柳葉臘梅(mei)，崖(ya)豆藤屬，獼猴(hou)桃屬等植(zhi)物，可(ke)以(yi)進行(xing)合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)開發利用。

區(qu)內芳(fang)香(xiang)植物資源豐富，蘊藏量大，其(qi)種類較多的(de)(de)科(ke)有樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)科(ke)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹(shu)葉，枝干，樹(shu)皮均含揮發油(you)(you)(you)(you)(樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you))，平均含量3%～6%，油(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)含樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)腦10%～50%。樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)經(jing)分(fen)餾(liu)后又分(fen)為白(bai)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)，紅樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)和蘭樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)，分(fen)別為制取桉(an)油(you)(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)(you)素(su)的(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，合成(cheng)香(xiang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。細葉香(xiang)桂的(de)(de)葉是魚(yu)肉菜肴，醬油(you)(you)(you)(you)，泡(pao)菜，罐頭等的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)配料(liao)(liao)(liao)，能增加食(shi)品風味(wei)，具(ju)有強烈芳(fang)香(xiang)和辛(xin)辣(la)氣味(wei)。菊科(ke)野菊花的(de)(de)干花和葉含油(you)(you)(you)(you)011%～012%，可提取芳(fang)香(xiang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(油(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)主要(yao)含有α2蒎烯，檸檬烯，桉(an)油(you)(you)(you)(you)精等)或浸(jin)膏，調制各(ge)種皂(zao)用香(xiang)精。