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歷史沿革

保護區始建于1994年，2001年(nian)經江西省(sheng)(sheng)人民(min)政府批(pi)準(zhun)晉升(sheng)為省(sheng)(sheng)級自然(ran)保(bao)護區，2008年(nian)經國務(wu)院批(pi)準(zhun)晉升(sheng)為國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護區。

地理環境

地理位置

保護區位(wei)于(yu)江西省(sheng)資溪縣的(de)東(dong)北部，地處武夷(yi)山脈(mo)中段，閩贛交界的(de)武夷(yi)山脈(mo)西麓，地理坐標為東(dong)經117°09'11"-117'18"，北緯27°40'50"-27°53'52"。?

東(dong)由與(yu)福建(jian)省交界(jie)(jie)的野雞頂(ding)起，向(xiang)(xiang)南至(zhi)(zhi)觀(guan)音(yin)尖，再至(zhi)(zhi)南邊(bian)的1224米山(shan)(shan)峰，沿(yan)東(dong)港(gang)與(yu)南港(gang)分(fen)水山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)到(dao)西邊(bian)的月峰山(shan)(shan)，向(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)沿(yan)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)至(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)源橋頭，跨昌(chang)坪(ping)河到(dao)高(gao)阜尖至(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)坑村后山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)，沿(yan)東(dong)南方向(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)到(dao)五臺山(shan)(shan)，轉向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)沿(yan)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)至(zhi)(zhi)黃茅(mao)寨小路(lu)向(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)，至(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)貴溪(xi)(xi)縣交界(jie)(jie)的香臺山(shan)(shan)，再沿(yan)資溪(xi)(xi)、貴溪(xi)(xi)縣界(jie)(jie)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)到(dao)與(yu)福建(jian)交界(jie)(jie)點(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)南回到(dao)東(dong)面與(yu)福建(jian)交界(jie)(jie)的野雞頂(ding)止。

地形地貌

馬頭山(shan)國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護(hu)區地貌大致具有盆嶺相(xiang)間，棋盤(pan)格狀展布(bu)之格局.大多為(wei)燕山(shan)期花崗巖(yan)(yan)，土壤(rang)為(wei)花崗巖(yan)(yan)風化(hua)形成的山(shan)地紅(hong)壤(rang)，山(shan)地黃紅(hong)壤(rang)和山(shan)地黃壤(rang)，以及小(xiao)范圍(wei)的山(shan)地草(cao)甸(dian)土。

氣候特征

氣(qi)候(hou)屬亞熱帶(dai)濕潤(run)季風氣(qi)候(hou)，年(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)溫16～18℃，年(nian)均(jun)降水量192919mm，相對濕度83%。年(nian)均(jun)輻射量為10069711/cm2，年(nian)均(jun)日照為159716小時，年(nian)均(jun)霜(shuang)期270天，年(nian)均(jun)霧日88天。

保護對象

森林資源

保(bao)護(hu)區位于武夷山(shan)脈中段腹(fu)地，森林植被以天然常(chang)綠闊葉林為主，森林覆蓋率達96.3%，生態環境優良，生物(wu)多樣性豐富。區內有高等植物(wu)275科1005屬2483種(zhong)(zhong)，陸生脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)27目91科387種(zhong)(zhong)。

馬頭山(shan)自然保(bao)護(hu)區保(bao)存有較(jiao)大范圍的原生(sheng)性(xing)較(jiao)強的天然常綠闊(kuo)葉林，生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing)極為豐富。高等植物(wu)(wu)(wu)約2500種(zhong)，其中屬(shu)國家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)名錄(第一批)有20余(yu)種(zhong)，長葉榧(Torreyajackii)和(he)蛛網(wang)萼(Platycraterargnta)，江西(xi)僅在此有分(fen)布。

動物資源

其中國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)保護野生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)20種，國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)保護野生動物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)54種。保護區主要保護對象為美(mei)毛含笑、蛛網(wang)(wang)萼、伯(bo)(bo)樂樹(shu)等(deng)大面積的珍稀(xi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)原(yuan)生種群，其中屬國(guo)(guo)家重(zhong)點(dian)保護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)長(chang)葉榧(Torreyajackii)、蛛網(wang)(wang)萼(Platycraterargnta)為保護區全省(sheng)特有(you)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種。還(huan)有(you)南方紅豆杉、福(fu)建柏、天(tian)然(ran)杉木(mu)、伯(bo)(bo)樂樹(shu)、莼菜、報春苣苔、白(bai)頸長(chang)尾雉、黃腹角(jiao)雉、云(yun)豹(bao)、獼(mi)猴、黑熊等(deng)珍稀(xi)野生動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種。

藥用資源

有豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)野(ye)生攀(pan)緣植物(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)， 通過野(ye)外采集及(ji)標本(ben)的(de)整(zheng)理(li)鑒(jian)定，初步確認該區共有攀(pan)緣植物(wu)(wu)40科92屬222種(zhong)(zhong)(包括種(zhong)(zhong)下等級(ji))。根據(ju)對馬頭山(shan)攀(pan)緣植物(wu)(wu)區系(xi)分(fen)析的(de)結果，該區攀(pan)緣植物(wu)(wu)區系(xi)具有以下特征(zheng)(zheng)：(1)種(zhong)(zhong)類組成豐(feng)富(fu)，地理(li)成分(fen)復雜；(2)區系(xi)中(zhong)熱帶性地理(li)成分(fen)占主導地位(wei)；(3)區系(xi)成分(fen)相對古老，特有類群豐(feng)富(fu)，多型(xing)性突(tu)出(chu)；(4)華東區系(xi)特征(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)顯。

藥用植物資源分布

初步查明馬頭山(shan)自然保護區(qu)內有(you)藥用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬231科(ke)759屬，其中裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬8科(ke)13屬，被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1483種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬161科(ke)653屬。區(qu)內常用(yong)中藥為(wei)187種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)真菌29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)苔蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)蕨類88種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)珍稀瀕(bin)危植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)特(te)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，江西地(di)理記錄新(xin)分布8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

（1）常用(yong)中藥植(zhi)物(wu)

江西是中國(guo)中藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)主要產區之(zhi)一，收(shou)購使用的(de)中藥(yao)(yao)有(you)342種，而保護區內的(de)中藥(yao)(yao)就有(you)187種(《中國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)典》2000年版(ban)收(shou)載的(de))。數量較多的(de)有(you)銀杏(xing)，側柏，厚(hou)樸，烏藥(yao)(yao)，仙鶴草，金櫻子，葛，忍冬(dong)，旌節花(hua)，吳茱萸，女(nv)貞，絡(luo)石(shi)，梔子，鉤藤，烏頭，威靈仙，大血藤，半夏(xia)，白(bai)及(ji)等。

（2）藥用真菌植物

馬頭山自然保(bao)護區鑒定(ding)了的(de)真(zhen)菌(jun)有91種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為藥(yao)用真(zhen)菌(jun)，如銀(yin)耳，黑木耳，靈(ling)芝(zhi)，茯苓，香菇，紫紅菇，絨紫紅菇，菱(ling)紅菇，側耳，竹蓀等(deng)。靈(ling)芝(zhi)，銀(yin)耳，黑木耳，茯苓為常用中藥(yao)，在(zai)臨(lin)床上具有較好的(de)治療效果。此外，許(xu)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類是食藥(yao)兩(liang)用的(de)真(zhen)菌(jun)，如潔麗(li)香菇，硬毛香菇，松乳菇，毛木耳等(deng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

（3）藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)江西省蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)433種(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)114屬(shu)(shu)49科(ke)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為195種(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)84屬(shu)(shu)45科(ke)。馬頭山自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區的蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)共有(you)142種(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)62屬(shu)(shu)30科(ke)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)典》，《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)志(zhi)》所收載的常用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)有(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)，它(ta)們分(fen)別為石松，紫萁，海金沙，烏蕨(jue)，野雞尾，石韋，卷柏，槲(hu)蕨(jue)等。214藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)馬頭山自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區內(nei)的藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(包括常用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)，特有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)，珍稀(xi)瀕危(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)，新分(fen)布等)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)裸子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)，雙子(zi)(zi)(zi)葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1294種(zhong)(zhong)，單子(zi)(zi)(zi)葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)。?

（4）藥(yao)用(yong)珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危植(zhi)物(wu)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)除(chu)具有豐富的(de)中藥(yao)及藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)，藥(yao)用(yong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)等資源外，尚有許多(duo)種(zhong)珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危植(zhi)物(wu)，其(qi)中有相當部分種(zhong)類(lei)為藥(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)，區(qu)(qu)內(nei)共有藥(yao)用(yong)珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危植(zhi)物(wu)62種(zhong)，它們分別是鵝(e)掌楸(qiu)，乳源木蓮，東方古柯，青牛膽，扯根草，半(ban)蒴(shuo)苣苔，福(fu)建(jian)柏，短梗大(da)參/花(hua)葉開唇蘭，石斛等種(zhong)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)繁多(duo)的(de)野(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)中，有18種(zhong)為特有植(zhi)物(wu)，隸屬(shu)12屬(shu)13科，均(jun)為藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)類(lei)，分別為銀杏，臘梅，亮(liang)葉臘梅，喜樹，青錢柳，杜仲，枸杞，華紫(zi)珠，老鴉糊，廣東紫(zi)珠，長(chang)柄(bing)紫(zi)。

藥用植物資源

馬頭山自然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)內1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)隸屬231科759屬，分布區(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)型(xing)廣(guang)泛，分屬14個分布區(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)型(xing)和(he)16個分布區(qu)(qu)(qu)變型(xing)[8]，單(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬，單(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)科約(yue)有10個，其中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材為187種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(均(jun)為《中(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)典》2000年(nian)版收載)，尚(shang)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁多的民(min)間(jian)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。從資源的分類(lei)群及性狀組成分析(xi)，1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)藻類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)真(zhen)菌類(lei)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)地衣類(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)苔蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)蕨類(lei)88種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙子葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1296種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，單(dan)子葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。草本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1002種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，木本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)423種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藤(teng)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)157種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。區(qu)(qu)(qu)內復(fu)雜的自然條件為藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的生長發育提供了不同的生態環境。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源十分豐富，共有藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為1496種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬666屬169科。同樣，區(qu)(qu)(qu)內藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)系成分十分豐富。

馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)內分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)藥用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)共有(you)(you)(you)174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，其中熱帶性科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為92科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)5219%；溫帶性科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為23科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的(de)(de)1312%；世界分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為41科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的(de)(de)2316%；東亞(ya)和東亞(ya)2北美間(jian)斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的(de)(de)8105%；中國特有(you)(you)(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)的(de)(de)213%。在174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中，含54～73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)3科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)為菊(ju)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，豆科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)56種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，薔薇科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。含30～42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)是禾本科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，唇形科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，百合科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，茜草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。含20～26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)8科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)是樟科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蘭科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，馬(ma)(ma)鞭草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，大戟科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，山茶科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，葡(pu)萄科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，傘形科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。412屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析根(gen)據(ju)吳征鎰的(de)(de)中國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)類(lei)系統(tong)，馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)藥用植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)666屬(shu)(shu)，歸(gui)屬(shu)(shu)于14個(ge)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)類(lei)型(xing)和16個(ge)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)變型(xing)。除中亞(ya)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)類(lei)型(xing)外，馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)藥用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)類(lei)型(xing)包括了中國所有(you)(you)(you)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)類(lei)型(xing)中的(de)(de)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)(qu)。

馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)用(yong)植物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)與世(shi)界各(ge)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)廣泛聯系(xi)及(ji)與熱帶(dai)(dai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)密(mi)切(qie)聯系(xi)。熱帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)優勢：馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)用(yong)植物(wu)熱帶(dai)(dai)性分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)316屬(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)4716%。東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)及(ji)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)和北美(mei)洲間(jian)斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)突(tu)出：在馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)及(ji)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)2北美(mei)間(jian)斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)共(gong)計130屬(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)1916%，占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)4315%。古老分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)較明顯(xian)：保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)三尖(jian)杉(shan)，銀杏，南(nan)方紅豆杉(shan)，長葉(xie)榧(fei)樹等，為典型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)孓(jue)遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或第三，四紀殘遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。鵝掌楸，青(qing)錢柳，伯(bo)樂樹，楓香，臘(la)梅等均(jun)為分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)學殘遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)(te)有(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)較多：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)特(te)(te)有(you)屬(shu)(shu)為257屬(shu)(shu)，在江西(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)50屬(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)1117%，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)屬(shu)(shu)為22屬(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)816%，占(zhan)江西(xi)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)7313%。在馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)共(gong)有(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)特(te)(te)有(you)植物(wu)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)屬(shu)(shu)于12特(te)(te)有(you)屬(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)4167%，占(zhan)江西(xi)總(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)24%。413種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)在馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用(yong)植物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)(te)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為古特(te)(te)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為新(xin)特(te)(te)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。非(fei)特(te)(te)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)(shu)熱帶(dai)(dai)性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)有(you)753種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)于溫帶(dai)(dai)性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)有(you)349種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，世(shi)界性分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)166種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)和東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)2北美(mei)洲間(jian)斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)有(you)208種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。從上述分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)可見，在馬(ma)(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)用(yong)植物(wu)具(ju)有(you)熱帶(dai)(dai)，亞(ya)(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)性性質。

蜜源植物

保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)的野生蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物資源(yuan)十分(fen)豐富(fu)，主要蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物如杜鵑花(hua)屬植(zhi)物，該(gai)類植(zhi)物的蜂(feng)(feng)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)色淺(qian)，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)質優(you)良，結(jie)晶乳白(bai)色，味甘(gan)甜純正適口。夏季蜂(feng)(feng)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物如小(xiao)果冬青，花(hua)多，泌(mi)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)豐富(fu)，對蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)有(you)強(qiang)烈(lie)的誘惑力，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)淺(qian)琥(hu)珀色半透明，結(jie)晶乳白(bai)細膩(ni)，味純正，甘(gan)甜，清香(xiang)適口。秋季蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物如豆科的胡枝子(zi)屬植(zhi)物，開花(hua)泌(mi)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)時間較長，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)淺(qian)琥(hu)珀色，結(jie)晶潔(jie)白(bai)，細膩(ni)如脂，氣味芳(fang)香(xiang)，甜而(er)不膩(ni)，質優(you)良。冬季蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物如山(shan)茶(cha)科柃屬的多種植(zhi)物，其花(hua)香(xiang)，泌(mi)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)豐富(fu)，誘蜂(feng)(feng)力強(qiang)，為冬季蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物的特殊(shu)種類，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)水白(bai)透明，濃郁芳(fang)香(xiang)，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)質優(you)良。此外還有(you)刺(ci)槐，柿(shi)，泡桐(tong)，山(shan)烏桕，椴樹(shu)，杜荊(jing)等多種蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)物，這為發展本地(di)區(qu)的養蜂(feng)(feng)業(ye)創造(zao)了(le)良好(hao)的自然環(huan)境。

植物(wu)色(se)素(su)(su)作為食(shi)(shi)品(pin)著色(se)劑和紡織染(ran)色(se)原料已被(bei)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)，如殼斗(dou)科(ke)的(de)(de)多穗柯葉中(zhong)富(fu)含棕(zong)色(se)素(su)(su)，應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)糖果(guo)，冷(leng)飲(yin)，糕點(dian)等食(shi)(shi)品(pin)中(zhong)著色(se)，呈色(se)與(yu)可(ke)可(ke)糖相似，效果(guo)良好。茜草(cao)(cao)科(ke)梔(zhi)子的(de)(de)果(guo)實可(ke)提取黃色(se)素(su)(su)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)纖維染(ran)色(se)，也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)著色(se)。茜草(cao)(cao)根中(zhong)所含茜草(cao)(cao)紅色(se)素(su)(su)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)植物(wu)纖維的(de)(de)染(ran)色(se)，亦(yi)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)食(shi)(shi)品(pin)著色(se)，鼠李(li)科(ke)凍綠的(de)(de)莖皮含綠色(se)素(su)(su)，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)棉絲(si)織品(pin)的(de)(de)染(ran)色(se)等。

花卉植物

保護(hu)區內野生花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富，蘭(lan)(lan)科的蘭(lan)(lan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，如(ru)(ru)鶴頂蘭(lan)(lan)，斑葉(xie)蘭(lan)(lan)，建蘭(lan)(lan)，春(chun)蘭(lan)(lan)，寒蘭(lan)(lan)，竹(zhu)葉(xie)蘭(lan)(lan)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)葉(xie)開唇(chun)蘭(lan)(lan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，這些植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)具有(you)(you)很高的觀(guan)賞價值，同(tong)時又可藥用(yong)。杜鵑(juan)(juan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)世界名(ming)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，也是(shi)中國十大(da)名(ming)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之一(yi)，人們對它十分厚愛，其(qi)同(tong)屬植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)滿(man)山(shan)紅，鹿角杜鵑(juan)(juan)，馬銀花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)(deng)均作為觀(guan)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。觀(guan)賞的花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)還有(you)(you)木(mu)蘭(lan)(lan)科，竹(zhu)科等(deng)(deng)(deng)。此外，保護(hu)區內還有(you)(you)許多(duo)抗污染(ran)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，它們能(neng)夠吸(xi)(xi)收大(da)氣中的有(you)(you)害氣體，滯留灰塵，殺滅細菌，減少噪音，從而保護(hu)大(da)氣中氧(yang)氣和(he)二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)碳(tan)的平衡。如(ru)(ru)合歡，構樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，臭椿，紫(zi)薇(wei)(wei)，楊(yang)梅等(deng)(deng)(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)均有(you)(you)抗二(er)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)硫(liu)(liu)的特(te)性。抗氯(lv)氣的有(you)(you)側(ce)柏，樟樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，栓皮櫟，棕櫚，女貞，石(shi)楠，蚊母樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，胡頹子，枸(gou)骨等(deng)(deng)(deng)。抗鎘污染(ran)源(yuan)的植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)尾葉(xie)冬青(qing)，刺(ci)果衛矛等(deng)(deng)(deng)。抗硫(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)的植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)楓楊(yang)，喜(xi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。抗汞植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)山(shan)楂，刺(ci)槐，枇杷等(deng)(deng)(deng)。樸(pu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，榆(yu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，銀杏(xing)，桑樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，木(mu)槿以及臭椿，枇杷，紫(zi)薇(wei)(wei)，烏桕等(deng)(deng)(deng)具有(you)(you)吸(xi)(xi)塵，滯塵能(neng)力(li)強特(te)色。

區域面積

保護(hu)區總面積(ji)13866.53公(gong)頃(qing)，其中(zhong)核心(xin)區4286.08公(gong)頃(qing)、占保護(hu)區總面積(ji)的30.9%，緩沖區3438.72公(gong)頃(qing)、占24.8%，實驗區6141.73公(gong)頃(qing)、占44.3%。

開發利用

藥用(yong)植物資源開發與利(li)用(yong)

馬頭山自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)由于所處的(de)特(te)殊地(di)理位(wei)置(zhi)，區(qu)內有(you)著豐富的(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材資源(yuan)。據(ju)初步統(tong)計，蕨類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)植物在(zai)《中(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)收載的(de)有(you)4科5屬(shu)8種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植物在(zai)《中(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)共收載86科149屬(shu)179種(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內懸鉤子(zi)(zi)屬(shu)植物有(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)之多，其(qi)中(zhong)大部分種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)果實可作覆盆子(zi)(zi)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用，覆盆子(zi)(zi)能(neng)益腎，固精，縮尿，用于腎虛尿頻，陽痿早泄(xie)，白帶(dai)增(zeng)多等癥。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)尚(shang)有(you)許多種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，如細辛類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，木通(tong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，五味子(zi)(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，栝樓類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，前胡類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，五加皮(pi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，吳茱萸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，麥冬類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，薯蕷類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，七葉一枝花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，沙參類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)以及烏頭，黃連，草珊瑚，鉤藤等中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。由于特(te)殊的(de)地(di)理環境(jing)，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資源(yuan)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)極豐富，有(you)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)蘊藏(zang)(zang)量較(jiao)大，但有(you)的(de)蘊藏(zang)(zang)量較(jiao)小的(de)如石斛，獨蒜(suan)蘭(lan)，石仙桃，徐(xu)長卿，八角蓮(lian)等，這(zhe)些(xie)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)應注意(yi)不可過度采挖，應采取合理措(cuo)施，使這(zhe)些(xie)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資源(yuan)永(yong)續利用。而(er)對于保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)廬(lu)山石韋，槲蕨，大血藤，大葉冬青，山雞椒，山臘梅，柳葉臘梅，崖豆藤屬(shu)，獼猴(hou)桃屬(shu)等植物，可以進行合理的(de)開發利用。

區內(nei)芳香植物資源豐富，蘊藏量大，其種類(lei)較多(duo)的(de)(de)科(ke)有樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)科(ke)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)，枝干，樹皮均(jun)含(han)揮發油(you)(樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you))，平均(jun)含(han)量3%～6%，油(you)中(zhong)含(han)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)腦10%～50%。樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)經分(fen)餾后(hou)又(you)分(fen)為白樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)，紅樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)和(he)蘭樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)，分(fen)別(bie)為制取桉油(you)油(you)素的(de)(de)原料(liao)(liao)，合成香料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)原料(liao)(liao)。細葉(xie)(xie)(xie)香桂的(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)是(shi)魚(yu)肉菜肴，醬油(you)，泡(pao)菜，罐頭等(deng)的(de)(de)重要配料(liao)(liao)，能增加食(shi)品風味，具有強烈芳香和(he)辛辣氣味。菊科(ke)野菊花的(de)(de)干花和(he)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)含(han)油(you)011%～012%，可(ke)提取芳香油(you)(油(you)中(zhong)主(zhu)要含(han)有α2蒎烯，檸檬烯，桉油(you)精等(deng))或(huo)浸膏，調制各種皂用香精。