地理特征
南京(jing)固城(cheng)湖(hu)因(yin)湖(hu)濱古“固城(cheng)”而得(de)名,俗(su)稱小南湖(hu)。湖(hu)的(de)前身(shen)原為海濱的(de)一個瀉湖(hu),可在湖(hu)之東(dong)巖(yan)和花山一帶的(de)石(shi)灰巖(yan)上(shang)發現(xian)(xian)和采集到當(dang)時的(de)珊(shan)瑚化(hua)石(shi),史稱丹陽大(da)澤。后經(jing)江河泥沙長(chang)年累月的(de)沖積,出(chu)現(xian)(xian)了一處(chu)處(chu)的(de)湖(hu)灘;再經(jing)歷代人(ren)們(men)的(de)圍墾,便(bian)將大(da)澤分(fen)割成了丹陽、石(shi)臼、固城(cheng)三(san)湖(hu)。其(qi)中唯有(you)(you)固城(cheng)湖(hu)為高淳一縣所擁有(you)(you)的(de)湖(hu)泊(bo),現(xian)(xian)存(cun)面積約30多平方公里,水質(zhi)清純,盛產(chan)魚(yu)蝦、菱角。
所在地區(qu)(qu):南京市高淳區(qu)(qu)。面積:81平方(fang)公里。深(shen)度:最大(da)深(shen)度12米(mi)(mi),平均深(shen)度7米(mi)(mi)。容(rong)積:4.6億立方(fang)立米(mi)(mi)。成因類型:沖擊淤(yu)積湖(hu)。
規劃建設
固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)國家城(cheng)市濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公園規劃范圍為(wei)西(xi)至(zhi)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)大(da)(da)橋(qiao)和(he)迎湖(hu)(hu)桃(tao)源(yuan)道路東500米,東至(zhi)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)東岸,北至(zhi)永勝圩(wei)及石固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)河北端(duan)和(he)來(lai)株洲公園北端(duan),南(nan)至(zhi)迎湖(hu)(hu)桃(tao)源(yuan)以南(nan)(以規劃中(zhong)的穿湖(hu)(hu)大(da)(da)堤為(wei)界),用地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)約45.5平方(fang)公里,主要包括固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)水面、永勝圩(wei)、湖(hu)(hu)濱大(da)(da)道風光帶、石固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)河風光帶、瀨渚洲公園五個部分,湖(hu)(hu)泊濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、河流(liu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)三種(zhong)類型。固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)的有效保(bao)護與利用可以最大(da)(da)限(xian)度的保(bao)留適合(he)動物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)存的環(huan)境(jing),保(bao)護物(wu)種(zhong)多樣(yang)性,同(tong)時通過對石固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)河和(he)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)沿岸植被與沼澤濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)植被的保(bao)護與恢(hui)復,進一(yi)(yi)步發揮截留、削減路源(yuan)污染、保(bao)護水源(yuan)以及濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)環(huan)境(jing)的重要功(gong)能,形(xing)成南(nan)京市區(qu)南(nan)側(ce)一(yi)(yi)道生(sheng)(sheng)態屏障。
生態特征
固城湖屬典型的(de)(de)草型湖泊,具有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)自(zi)然餌料,為江蘇省飲(yin)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質最(zui)好的(de)(de)天然湖泊,特別(bie)適宜養(yang)(yang)殖中華絨(rong)螯蟹(xie),現今(jin)螃蟹(xie)圍網養(yang)(yang)殖已(yi)成為高淳農業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)支柱產業(ye)(ye),2005全縣(xian)養(yang)(yang)殖面(mian)積(ji)達20萬畝,產量(liang)可望(wang)突破650萬公斤,湖中養(yang)(yang)殖的(de)(de)品種(zhong)還有(you)青(qing)蝦、黃鱔、甲(jia)魚、鱸魚、珍珠等20多個(ge)特種(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產品。
固城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)陽江下(xia)游(you)一座天(tian)然滯蓄(xu)山洪(hong)(hong)的調節(jie)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)。但自1971年以后(hou)墻港、獅樹(shu)河(he)(he)、撐龍港三條河(he)(he)的迸(beng)出口(kou)被筑壩堵(du)死,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)陽江洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)不能分泄入(ru)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),加(jia)大(da)了干(gan)流壓(ya)力和宣州市(shi)沿湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)圩區的洪(hong)(hong)澇問(wen)題。原系湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)洼地,由于(yu)長(chang)期洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)挾帶泥沙沉積和圍墾(ken),后(hou)分割為丹陽湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、石(shi)臼湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、固城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、金錢湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、路(lu)西湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等諸小(xiao)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),其余(yu)形(xing)(xing)成河(he)(he)網(wang)圩區。固城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei)(wei)于(yu)高(gao)淳縣境內,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)形(xing)(xing)近似一個三角形(xing)(xing),北寬(kuan)(kuan)南窄。該(gai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)原有面積65km2,長(chang)10.4km,最大(da)寬(kuan)(kuan)度8.2km,平均寬(kuan)(kuan)度5km,最大(da)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)深3.6m,一般湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)底高(gao)程(cheng)5.0m,最低為3.5m。由于(yu)圍墾(ken),固城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)所保(bao)留(liu)的湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)面積僅有39km2,正常蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)7.8m,蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)容積0.65億m3,設計洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)(wei)13.0m,相應容積為2.65億m3。固城(cheng)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)系長(chang)江水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系,為江蘇省(sheng)飲用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質最好的天(tian)然湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo),主要進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)流為胥河(he)(he)。