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歷史沿革

保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)于1997年經江西省人民(min)政(zheng)府批(pi)(pi)建為(wei)省級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，歸屬南昌市管理(li)，后經過(guo)5年科考和3年申報，于2008年1月由(you)國(guo)務院批(pi)(pi)準為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，并更名為(wei)“鄱陽湖南磯濕(shi)地國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)”。

地理環境

地理位置

行政(zheng)上隸(li)屬南(nan)昌市新建縣(xian)(xian)南(nan)磯鄉，距南(nan)昌市城區約(yue)60公里。保護區東(dong)(dong)至(zhi)太(tai)子河入東(dong)(dong)湖口、西至(zhi)贛江中支下游，北(bei)至(zhi)三山腳，南(nan)至(zhi)磯山以(yi)南(nan)鳳尾(wei)湖，東(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)21.6公里，南(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)27.7公里，范圍基本與南(nan)磯鄉行政(zheng)邊界(jie)(jie)(jie)一致。保護區是(shi)江西省面積(ji)較大的(de)河口類型(xing)國家級保護區，緊鄰(lin)省會南(nan)昌。地理(li)坐(zuo)標(biao)在東(dong)(dong)經(jing)116°10′～116°25′，北(bei)緯28°51′～29°08′之間。東(dong)(dong)界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)10個(ge)(ge)拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)連線(xian)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)，拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)（116°18′57″E，29°06′52″N）；南(nan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)沿余干(gan)縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)向(xiang)西南(nan)至(zhi)拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）；西界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）為(wei)起點(dian)(dian)，沿南(nan)昌縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)向(xiang)北(bei)至(zhi)大車荒(huang)，再經(jing)16個(ge)(ge)拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)至(zhi)北(bei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)起點(dian)(dian)（116°09′51″E，29°06′11″N），拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)（116°16′10″E，28°56′16″N）；北(bei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)9個(ge)(ge)拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)連線(xian)為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)，拐(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標(biao)分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)（116°10′22″E，29°07′8″N)。

地質

南(nan)(nan)磯自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)在第四(si)紀以來的地質(zhi)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)運動（新(xin)構(gou)造(zao)(zao)運動）中處(chu)于中心(xin)沉降區(qu)，因此它也是不斷發育的各(ge)古河流水系(xi)的匯聚中心(xin)。南(nan)(nan)磯自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)具有(you)“二(er)元結構(gou)”的沖積(ji)—沖洪積(ji)相網(wang)紋紅土、砂(sha)(sha)礫(li)石堆積(ji)，構(gou)成了厚(hou)達30～75m的沉積(ji)地層。在更新(xin)世沉積(ji)地層或白堊系(xi)紫紅色粉砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)基巖(yan)上，全新(xin)世沉積(ji)由下(xia)而上，顆粒變細(xi)(xi)，下(xia)部(bu)為礫(li)卵石、砂(sha)(sha)礫(li)石、砂(sha)(sha)（含礫(li)）組成的粗碎屑，層面(mian)清晰，磨(mo)圓度和(he)分(fen)選性較好，上部(bu)則主(zhu)要由亞(ya)粘土、亞(ya)砂(sha)(sha)土等夾不穩定(ding)淤泥質(zhi)薄層組成的細(xi)(xi)碎屑。

水文條件

南磯自然保護區內河(he)道(dao)(dao)數目眾多(duo)，大小河(he)道(dao)(dao)有(you)50條左右，河(he)道(dao)(dao)長短(duan)不一，形態各異，而且由于(yu)沖(chong)淤作用還(huan)使得(de)河(he)道(dao)(dao)形態處于(yu)進一步的發育和變化之中。最長河(he)道(dao)(dao)達22.57km，最短(duan)也有(you)1.08km，河(he)道(dao)(dao)總長度為123.53km。

氣候

鄱陽湖(hu)區屬亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)暖濕季(ji)風區，一(yi)年內冬季(ji)和(he)東南(nan)季(ji)風進退(tui)交換(huan)和(he)西(xi)太平洋副熱(re)帶(dai)高(gao)壓南(nan)北(bei)振動(dong)，對鄱陽湖(hu)流域(yu)的天氣(qi)變(bian)化和(he)氣(qi)候(hou)形成(cheng)產生重大(da)(da)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，決定了氣(qi)候(hou)的周期(qi)性變(bian)化。一(yi)般冬季(ji)極(ji)地大(da)(da)陸冷(leng)氣(qi)團向南(nan)流動(dong)，由于南(nan)移的路(lu)徑不同，或西(xi)北(bei)路(lu)，或西(xi)路(lu)南(nan)下影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)鄱陽湖(hu)區，形成(cheng)每年3～4次的寒(han)潮天氣(qi)，使湖(hu)區寒(han)冷(leng)少雨，或出(chu)現(xian)雨雪(xue)天氣(qi)。

區域面積

該保護區(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)33300公頃，其中(zhong)核心區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)17500公頃，緩(huan)沖區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)5500公頃，實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)10300公頃。

自然資源

植物資源

鄱陽湖(hu)南磯(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)豐富，區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成(cheng)分(fen)復雜(za)，類(lei)型多樣，顯示具有(you)(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)南北植物(wu)(wu)匯合的(de)(de)過渡性質(zhi)。濕(shi)地(di)(di)植物(wu)(wu)雖具有(you)(you)(you)地(di)(di)帶性“烙印”，但隱域(yu)性特(te)征明顯。據統計(ji)，保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共有(you)(you)(you)維管(guan)束植物(wu)(wu)115科(ke)(ke)304屬(shu)443種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中蕨類(lei)植物(wu)(wu)11科(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)，裸子植物(wu)(wu)5科(ke)(ke)10屬(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)，被子植物(wu)(wu)99科(ke)(ke)283屬(shu)420種(zhong)(zhong)。蓼(liao)科(ke)(ke)（Polygonaceae 16種(zhong)(zhong)）、薔薇科(ke)(ke)（Rosaceae 17種(zhong)(zhong)）、豆科(ke)(ke)（Leghminosae 23種(zhong)(zhong)）、菊科(ke)(ke)（Composifae 31種(zhong)(zhong)）、禾本(ben)科(ke)(ke)（Graminae 24種(zhong)(zhong)）、莎草(cao)科(ke)(ke)（Cyperaceae 22種(zhong)(zhong)）等(deng)6科(ke)(ke)在本(ben)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)具有(you)(you)(you)明顯優(you)勢(shi)，占有(you)(you)(you)主導(dao)地(di)(di)位(wei)，對本(ben)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植被的(de)(de)構成(cheng)、動態和區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系組成(cheng)具有(you)(you)(you)重要作用。研究區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)中的(de)(de)苔草(cao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)Cares spp. Comm.、蘆葦群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)Phragmites australis Comm.、眼子菜群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)Potamogeton spp. Comm.、蓼(liao)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)Polygonum spp. Comm.、針藺群(qun)(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)Eleocharis spp. Comm.等(deng)世界(jie)廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)是該區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)的(de)(de)主要建(jian)群(qun)(qun)(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)。中國特(te)有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)在本(ben)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內僅有(you)(you)(you)3個(ge)栽培(pei)植物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)，即：水杉屬(shu)Metasequoia、枳屬(shu)Poncirus、南天(tian)竹屬(shu)Nandina。自(zi)然(ran)分(fen)布(bu)植物(wu)(wu)中無中國特(te)有(you)(you)(you)植物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)，此(ci)與濕(shi)地(di)(di)植被的(de)(de)典型隱域(yu)性質(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)關。

動物資源

2003-2004年保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)綜合科(ke)學考察統計到(dao)浮游動(dong)物62屬111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)物8科(ke)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)昆蟲11目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)40科(ke)168種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)14科(ke)43屬58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中江湖洄游型魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)40%，兩棲動(dong)物1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5科(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行動(dong)物3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10科(ke)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺(bu)乳(ru)動(dong)物7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12科(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別地，南(nan)磯保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)是具有(you)科(ke)研、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與觀賞價(jia)值的濕(shi)地生(sheng)態系統和濕(shi)地鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，區(qu)(qu)(qu)內鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多，數量大，目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前記錄到(dao)15目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)45科(ke)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)鸊鷉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵜形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸛形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雁形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隼形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雞形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴(he)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸻形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴿形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵑形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸮形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，佛(fo)法(fa)僧目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴷形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雀(que)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)82種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中，濕(shi)地水(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)共7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)89種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)中國(guo)水(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的35.6%。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內不同季節(jie)里鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)組成差異顯著，冬季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，春(chun)季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)120種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夏季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，秋季鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

價值地位

由(you)于(yu)地(di)處贛江(jiang)、鄱陽湖(hu)和(he)(he)長江(jiang)的(de)關鍵(jian)節點(dian)，保(bao)護區具有良好(hao)的(de)通(tong)江(jiang)性,不僅是(shi)(shi)鯉、鯽等經(jing)濟(ji)魚(yu)(yu)類的(de)重(zhong)要產卵和(he)(he)育(yu)肥場(chang)所，也是(shi)(shi)長江(jiang)中下游地(di)區青、草、鰱、鳙、鰻鱺(li)、刀(dao)鱭、鳳(feng)尾魚(yu)(yu)等洄(hui)游型魚(yu)(yu)類的(de)主(zhu)要洄(hui)游通(tong)道甚(shen)至是(shi)(shi)避難所，對于(yu)鄱陽湖(hu)、贛江(jiang)和(he)(he)長江(jiang)漁業資源保(bao)護與可持續(xu)利用具有重(zhong)要意義。保(bao)護區典型的(de)入湖(hu)口(kou)濕地(di)生態(tai)系統(tong)(tong)，是(shi)(shi)河口(kou)自然地(di)理、水文和(he)(he)生態(tai)環境監測等學科的(de)天然研(yan)究(jiu)基地(di)，是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)內陸河口(kou)濕地(di)生態(tai)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)場(chang)所。