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歷史沿革

保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)于(yu)1997年(nian)經江西省人(ren)民(min)政府批建為省級自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)，歸屬南昌市管理，后經過5年(nian)科(ke)考和3年(nian)申報，于(yu)2008年(nian)1月由國務(wu)院批準為國家(jia)級自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)，并更名為“鄱陽湖南磯濕地國家(jia)級自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)”。

地理環境

地理位置

行(xing)政(zheng)上(shang)隸屬南(nan)昌市(shi)新建縣(xian)南(nan)磯鄉(xiang)，距南(nan)昌市(shi)城區(qu)約60公里。保護區(qu)東至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)子河入東湖口(kou)、西至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)贛江中支下游，北(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)三山腳，南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磯山以(yi)南(nan)鳳(feng)尾湖，東西寬21.6公里，南(nan)北(bei)寬27.7公里，范圍基本(ben)與(yu)南(nan)磯鄉(xiang)行(xing)政(zheng)邊界一致。保護區(qu)是江西省面積較大的(de)河口(kou)類型國家級保護區(qu)，緊(jin)鄰省會南(nan)昌。地理坐(zuo)標在東經116°10′～116°25′，北(bei)緯28°51′～29°08′之間(jian)。東界以(yi)10個拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)連(lian)線(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界，拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)（116°18′57″E，29°06′52″N）；南(nan)界沿余干縣(xian)縣(xian)界向西南(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）；西界以(yi)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）為(wei)(wei)(wei)起點(dian)(dian)，沿南(nan)昌縣(xian)縣(xian)界向北(bei)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大車(che)荒，再經16個拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)北(bei)界起點(dian)(dian)（116°09′51″E，29°06′11″N），拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)（116°16′10″E，28°56′16″N）；北(bei)界以(yi)9個拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)連(lian)線(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)界，拐(guai)(guai)(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標分別(bie)(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)（116°10′22″E，29°07′8″N)。

地質

南磯(ji)自然保護區在第四(si)紀(ji)以(yi)來(lai)的(de)(de)地質構(gou)造運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)（新構(gou)造運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)）中處于中心(xin)沉(chen)(chen)降區，因此(ci)它也是不(bu)斷發育(yu)的(de)(de)各(ge)古河(he)流水系的(de)(de)匯聚中心(xin)。南磯(ji)自然保護區具有“二元結構(gou)”的(de)(de)沖(chong)(chong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)—沖(chong)(chong)洪積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相網紋紅土、砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫石(shi)堆積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，構(gou)成了厚(hou)達30～75m的(de)(de)沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)地層(ceng)。在更新世(shi)沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)地層(ceng)或(huo)白堊系紫紅色粉砂(sha)(sha)(sha)巖基(ji)巖上，全新世(shi)沉(chen)(chen)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)由(you)下而上，顆粒變細，下部(bu)為礫卵石(shi)、砂(sha)(sha)(sha)礫石(shi)、砂(sha)(sha)(sha)（含(han)礫）組成的(de)(de)粗碎屑(xie)，層(ceng)面(mian)清晰(xi)，磨圓度(du)和分選(xuan)性較好，上部(bu)則主(zhu)要由(you)亞粘土、亞砂(sha)(sha)(sha)土等夾不(bu)穩定淤泥質薄(bo)層(ceng)組成的(de)(de)細碎屑(xie)。

水文條件

南磯自然(ran)保護區內河(he)道(dao)(dao)數(shu)目眾多，大(da)小河(he)道(dao)(dao)有50條左右，河(he)道(dao)(dao)長短不一(yi)，形態各異，而且由(you)于(yu)沖淤作(zuo)用還(huan)使得河(he)道(dao)(dao)形態處于(yu)進一(yi)步的發(fa)育和變化(hua)之(zhi)中。最長河(he)道(dao)(dao)達(da)22.57km，最短也(ye)有1.08km，河(he)道(dao)(dao)總(zong)長度為123.53km。

氣候

鄱(po)陽(yang)湖區(qu)屬(shu)亞熱帶(dai)暖濕季(ji)(ji)風區(qu)，一年內冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)和東南季(ji)(ji)風進退交(jiao)換和西太平洋(yang)副熱帶(dai)高壓南北(bei)(bei)振動，對鄱(po)陽(yang)湖流(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)天氣變化(hua)和氣候形(xing)成(cheng)產(chan)生重大(da)影(ying)響，決定了(le)氣候的(de)(de)(de)周期性(xing)變化(hua)。一般冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)極地大(da)陸冷氣團向南流(liu)動，由于南移的(de)(de)(de)路(lu)徑不同，或(huo)西北(bei)(bei)路(lu)，或(huo)西路(lu)南下影(ying)響鄱(po)陽(yang)湖區(qu)，形(xing)成(cheng)每年3～4次的(de)(de)(de)寒潮天氣，使(shi)湖區(qu)寒冷少(shao)雨，或(huo)出現雨雪天氣。

區域面積

該保護(hu)區(qu)總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)33300公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，其(qi)中核心區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)17500公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，緩沖(chong)區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)5500公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，實驗區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)10300公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。

自然資源

植物資源

鄱陽湖南(nan)(nan)磯(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐富，區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系成(cheng)分復(fu)雜，類(lei)型多(duo)樣(yang)，顯示具(ju)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)北植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)匯合(he)的(de)(de)過渡(du)性(xing)質。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)雖具(ju)有(you)(you)地(di)帶性(xing)“烙印”，但隱域(yu)(yu)性(xing)特征明(ming)顯。據統計(ji)，保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共有(you)(you)維管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)115科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)304屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)443種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)蕨(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)11科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)5科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)10屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)99科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)283屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)420種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Polygonaceae 16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、薔(qiang)薇科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Rosaceae 17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、豆科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Leghminosae 23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、菊(ju)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Composifae 31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、禾本科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Graminae 24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、莎草(cao)(cao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Cyperaceae 22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）等6科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在本區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)具(ju)有(you)(you)明(ming)顯優(you)勢，占有(you)(you)主(zhu)導地(di)位，對本區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)、動態和區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系組成(cheng)具(ju)有(you)(you)重要(yao)作(zuo)用。研究區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)苔草(cao)(cao)群落(luo)(luo)Cares spp. Comm.、蘆(lu)葦群落(luo)(luo)Phragmites australis Comm.、眼子菜(cai)群落(luo)(luo)Potamogeton spp. Comm.、蓼群落(luo)(luo)Polygonum spp. Comm.、針(zhen)藺群落(luo)(luo)Eleocharis spp. Comm.等世界(jie)廣(guang)布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是該區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)建群種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在本區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內僅有(you)(you)3個栽培植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，即(ji)：水杉屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)Metasequoia、枳屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)Poncirus、南(nan)(nan)天竹屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)Nandina。自然分布植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)無中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，此與濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的(de)(de)典型隱域(yu)(yu)性(xing)質有(you)(you)關。

動物資源

2003-2004年保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)綜(zong)合科學(xue)考(kao)察統(tong)計到(dao)浮游動物(wu)(wu)(wu)62屬111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動物(wu)(wu)(wu)8科62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生(sheng)昆蟲11目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)40科168種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)14科43屬58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中江湖洄游型魚類(lei)(lei)占(zhan)40%，兩(liang)棲動物(wu)(wu)(wu)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5科11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10科23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺乳動物(wu)(wu)(wu)7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12科22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別地，南磯保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)是具(ju)有科研、保(bao)護(hu)與(yu)觀賞價(jia)值的濕地生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)和(he)濕地鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，區(qu)內(nei)(nei)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)多，數量大，目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前記錄(lu)到(dao)15目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)45科205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有鸊鷉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵜形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸛形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雁形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隼(sun)形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雞形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸻形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴿形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵑形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸮形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，佛法(fa)僧(seng)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴷形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雀形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)82種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中，濕地水(shui)鳥(niao)共7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)89種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)中國水(shui)鳥(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的35.6%。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)不同季(ji)節里鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)組成差異顯(xian)著(zhu)，冬季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，春季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)120種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夏季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，秋季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

價值地位

由于地(di)處贛江(jiang)(jiang)、鄱(po)陽(yang)湖(hu)和長江(jiang)(jiang)的(de)關鍵節點，保護區具有(you)良(liang)好的(de)通江(jiang)(jiang)性,不(bu)僅是(shi)鯉、鯽等(deng)經濟(ji)魚類(lei)的(de)重要(yao)(yao)產卵(luan)和育肥場所，也是(shi)長江(jiang)(jiang)中下游(you)(you)地(di)區青、草(cao)、鰱、鳙、鰻鱺、刀(dao)鱭、鳳尾魚等(deng)洄游(you)(you)型魚類(lei)的(de)主要(yao)(yao)洄游(you)(you)通道(dao)甚至是(shi)避(bi)難所，對于鄱(po)陽(yang)湖(hu)、贛江(jiang)(jiang)和長江(jiang)(jiang)漁業資源保護與可持續利用具有(you)重要(yao)(yao)意義。保護區典型的(de)入(ru)湖(hu)口濕地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統，是(shi)河(he)口自然(ran)地(di)理(li)、水文和生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境(jing)監測(ce)等(deng)學(xue)科的(de)天(tian)然(ran)研究基(ji)地(di)，是(shi)研究內陸河(he)口濕地(di)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統的(de)場所。