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歷史沿革

保護(hu)區(qu)于1997年(nian)(nian)經江西省人民政府批(pi)建為(wei)省級自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)，歸屬南昌市管理，后經過5年(nian)(nian)科考和3年(nian)(nian)申報(bao)，于2008年(nian)(nian)1月由國(guo)務院批(pi)準為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)，并更名(ming)為(wei)“鄱陽湖南磯濕地國(guo)家(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)”。

地理環境

地理位置

行政上隸屬南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)(chang)市新建縣(xian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)磯(ji)鄉，距南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)(chang)市城區(qu)(qu)約60公里(li)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)東至(zhi)太子河入東湖口、西(xi)至(zhi)贛江(jiang)中支下游，北(bei)至(zhi)三山腳，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)磯(ji)山以(yi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)鳳(feng)尾湖，東西(xi)寬(kuan)21.6公里(li)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)27.7公里(li)，范圍基本(ben)與南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)磯(ji)鄉行政邊界(jie)(jie)(jie)一致。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)是江(jiang)西(xi)省(sheng)面(mian)積較大的(de)河口類型國(guo)家級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)，緊鄰(lin)省(sheng)會(hui)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)(chang)。地理(li)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)在東經116°10′～116°25′，北(bei)緯28°51′～29°08′之間。東界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)10個拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)連線(xian)為(wei)(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)，拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)分別為(wei)(wei)（116°18′57″E，29°06′52″N）；南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)沿余干縣(xian)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)向西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）；西(xi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）為(wei)(wei)起點(dian)(dian)(dian)，沿南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)(chang)縣(xian)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)(jie)向北(bei)至(zhi)大車荒(huang)，再經16個拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)北(bei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)起點(dian)(dian)(dian)（116°09′51″E，29°06′11″N），拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)分別為(wei)(wei)（116°16′10″E，28°56′16″N）；北(bei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)9個拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)連線(xian)為(wei)(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)，拐(guai)(guai)點(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)分別為(wei)(wei)（116°10′22″E，29°07′8″N)。

地質

南磯(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)區在第四紀以來的(de)地(di)質構(gou)造(zao)運(yun)動(dong)（新(xin)構(gou)造(zao)運(yun)動(dong)）中(zhong)處(chu)于中(zhong)心(xin)沉降區，因此它(ta)也是不(bu)斷(duan)發育的(de)各(ge)古河流水系(xi)的(de)匯聚中(zhong)心(xin)。南磯(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)區具有“二元結(jie)構(gou)”的(de)沖積(ji)—沖洪積(ji)相網紋紅土(tu)(tu)、砂(sha)(sha)礫石堆積(ji)，構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)厚達30～75m的(de)沉積(ji)地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)。在更新(xin)世沉積(ji)地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)或白堊系(xi)紫紅色粉砂(sha)(sha)巖(yan)基巖(yan)上(shang)，全新(xin)世沉積(ji)由下而(er)上(shang)，顆粒變(bian)細(xi)，下部為礫卵石、砂(sha)(sha)礫石、砂(sha)(sha)（含礫）組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)粗(cu)碎屑(xie)，層(ceng)(ceng)面清(qing)晰(xi)，磨(mo)圓度和分選(xuan)性較好，上(shang)部則(ze)主要由亞(ya)(ya)粘土(tu)(tu)、亞(ya)(ya)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)等夾不(bu)穩定淤泥(ni)質薄層(ceng)(ceng)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)細(xi)碎屑(xie)。

水文條件

南磯自然保護區內河道數(shu)目眾多，大小河道有50條左右，河道長短不一(yi)，形(xing)態(tai)各(ge)異，而且(qie)由(you)于沖(chong)淤作用還(huan)使得河道形(xing)態(tai)處于進一(yi)步的發育和變(bian)化之(zhi)中。最長河道達22.57km，最短也有1.08km，河道總長度為123.53km。

氣候

鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)屬亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)暖濕季風區(qu)，一(yi)年內冬(dong)季和(he)東南(nan)(nan)季風進退交換和(he)西(xi)太(tai)平洋副(fu)熱(re)帶(dai)高壓(ya)南(nan)(nan)北振動，對鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)流(liu)域的天氣(qi)(qi)變(bian)化(hua)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)候形成產生重大(da)影(ying)響(xiang)，決定(ding)了氣(qi)(qi)候的周期性(xing)變(bian)化(hua)。一(yi)般(ban)冬(dong)季極地大(da)陸(lu)冷氣(qi)(qi)團向南(nan)(nan)流(liu)動，由于南(nan)(nan)移的路(lu)(lu)徑不同，或(huo)(huo)西(xi)北路(lu)(lu)，或(huo)(huo)西(xi)路(lu)(lu)南(nan)(nan)下影(ying)響(xiang)鄱(po)陽湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)，形成每年3～4次的寒(han)潮(chao)天氣(qi)(qi)，使(shi)湖(hu)(hu)區(qu)寒(han)冷少雨，或(huo)(huo)出現雨雪天氣(qi)(qi)。

區域面積

該保(bao)護(hu)區總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)33300公(gong)(gong)頃，其中核心(xin)區面(mian)積(ji)17500公(gong)(gong)頃，緩沖區面(mian)積(ji)5500公(gong)(gong)頃，實驗區面(mian)積(ji)10300公(gong)(gong)頃。

自然資源

植物資源

鄱陽湖南(nan)磯自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐富，區(qu)(qu)系成分復(fu)雜，類型多(duo)樣，顯(xian)示具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)的(de)南(nan)北植(zhi)(zhi)物匯合的(de)過渡性(xing)質。濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物雖具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)地(di)帶性(xing)“烙印”，但隱域性(xing)特征明顯(xian)。據統計(ji)，保護區(qu)(qu)共有(you)(you)(you)(you)維管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)物115科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)304屬(shu)(shu)443種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物11科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物5科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)10屬(shu)(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物99科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)283屬(shu)(shu)420種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Polygonaceae 16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、薔薇科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Rosaceae 17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、豆科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Leghminosae 23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、菊(ju)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Composifae 31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、禾本(ben)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Graminae 24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、莎草(cao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（Cyperaceae 22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）等6科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在本(ben)區(qu)(qu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)明顯(xian)優勢，占(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)主導地(di)位(wei)，對(dui)本(ben)區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)被的(de)構成、動態和(he)區(qu)(qu)系組成具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)作用。研究(jiu)區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)的(de)苔草(cao)群落(luo)Cares spp. Comm.、蘆葦群落(luo)Phragmites australis Comm.、眼(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)群落(luo)Potamogeton spp. Comm.、蓼群落(luo)Polygonum spp. Comm.、針藺群落(luo)Eleocharis spp. Comm.等世界(jie)廣布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是該區(qu)(qu)域的(de)主要(yao)建群種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)在本(ben)區(qu)(qu)內僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)3個栽培植(zhi)(zhi)物屬(shu)(shu)，即：水杉(shan)屬(shu)(shu)Metasequoia、枳屬(shu)(shu)Poncirus、南(nan)天竹屬(shu)(shu)Nandina。自然(ran)分布植(zhi)(zhi)物中(zhong)無中(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物屬(shu)(shu)，此與(yu)濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被的(de)典型隱域性(xing)質有(you)(you)(you)(you)關。

動物資源

2003-2004年保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)綜合科(ke)學考察(cha)統計到浮游動(dong)物62屬(shu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)物8科(ke)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水生昆蟲11目(mu)40科(ke)168種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)14科(ke)43屬(shu)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中江湖洄游型魚類(lei)(lei)占40%，兩棲動(dong)物1目(mu)5科(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行動(dong)物3目(mu)10科(ke)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺乳(ru)動(dong)物7目(mu)12科(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別地(di)，南磯(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)是具(ju)有科(ke)研、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與觀賞(shang)價值(zhi)的濕地(di)生態系統和濕地(di)鳥類(lei)(lei)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，區(qu)內鳥類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)多，數量大，目(mu)前記錄到15目(mu)45科(ke)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有鸊鷉(ti)目(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵜形目(mu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸛形目(mu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雁(yan)形目(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隼(sun)形目(mu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雞形目(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴(he)形目(mu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸻(heng)形目(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗形目(mu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴿形目(mu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵑形目(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸮形目(mu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，佛(fo)法(fa)僧(seng)目(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴷形目(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雀形目(mu)82種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中，濕地(di)水鳥共7目(mu)89種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占中國水鳥種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的35.6%。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內不同季(ji)節里鳥類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)組成差異顯著，冬季(ji)鳥類(lei)(lei)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，春季(ji)鳥類(lei)(lei)120種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夏季(ji)鳥類(lei)(lei)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，秋季(ji)鳥類(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

價值地位

由于(yu)地(di)(di)處(chu)贛江(jiang)(jiang)、鄱(po)(po)陽(yang)湖和(he)長江(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)關鍵節點，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區具有(you)良好的(de)(de)通江(jiang)(jiang)性,不僅(jin)是(shi)鯉、鯽等經(jing)濟魚類(lei)的(de)(de)重要產卵和(he)育肥場所，也是(shi)長江(jiang)(jiang)中下(xia)游地(di)(di)區青、草、鰱(lian)、鳙、鰻鱺、刀鱭(ji)、鳳尾魚等洄游型魚類(lei)的(de)(de)主要洄游通道甚至是(shi)避(bi)難所，對于(yu)鄱(po)(po)陽(yang)湖、贛江(jiang)(jiang)和(he)長江(jiang)(jiang)漁業(ye)資源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)與(yu)可(ke)持續利用具有(you)重要意義。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區典型的(de)(de)入(ru)湖口(kou)濕地(di)(di)生(sheng)態系統(tong)，是(shi)河(he)(he)口(kou)自然(ran)地(di)(di)理、水文和(he)生(sheng)態環境監測等學(xue)科的(de)(de)天然(ran)研究基地(di)(di)，是(shi)研究內陸河(he)(he)口(kou)濕地(di)(di)生(sheng)態系統(tong)的(de)(de)場所。