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歷史沿革

保護區(qu)于1997年(nian)經(jing)(jing)江西省(sheng)(sheng)人民政府批建為省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)自然保護區(qu)，歸屬南昌市(shi)管理，后經(jing)(jing)過5年(nian)科考(kao)和3年(nian)申報，于2008年(nian)1月由國(guo)務院批準為國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)(ji)自然保護區(qu)，并(bing)更名為“鄱陽湖南磯濕地(di)國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)(ji)自然保護區(qu)”。

地理環境

地理位置

行政(zheng)上隸屬南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌市(shi)(shi)新建縣(xian)(xian)南(nan)(nan)(nan)磯鄉，距(ju)南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌市(shi)(shi)城(cheng)區約60公里。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區東至太(tai)子河入東湖口、西至贛江中支(zhi)下游(you)，北(bei)至三(san)山(shan)腳，南(nan)(nan)(nan)至磯山(shan)以南(nan)(nan)(nan)鳳(feng)尾湖，東西寬21.6公里，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬27.7公里，范(fan)圍基本與南(nan)(nan)(nan)磯鄉行政(zheng)邊界(jie)(jie)一致。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區是江西省(sheng)面積(ji)較大的(de)河口類型國家級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區，緊鄰省(sheng)會南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌。地理坐(zuo)標在東經116°10′～116°25′，北(bei)緯28°51′～29°08′之間。東界(jie)(jie)以10個(ge)拐點(dian)(dian)的(de)連(lian)線為(wei)(wei)界(jie)(jie)，拐點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)（116°18′57″E，29°06′52″N）；南(nan)(nan)(nan)界(jie)(jie)沿(yan)余干縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)界(jie)(jie)向西南(nan)(nan)(nan)至拐點(dian)(dian)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）；西界(jie)(jie)以（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）為(wei)(wei)起點(dian)(dian)，沿(yan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)界(jie)(jie)向北(bei)至大車(che)荒，再經16個(ge)拐點(dian)(dian)至北(bei)界(jie)(jie)起點(dian)(dian)（116°09′51″E，29°06′11″N），拐點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)（116°16′10″E，28°56′16″N）；北(bei)界(jie)(jie)以9個(ge)拐點(dian)(dian)的(de)連(lian)線為(wei)(wei)界(jie)(jie)，拐點(dian)(dian)的(de)坐(zuo)標分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)（116°10′22″E，29°07′8″N)。

地質

南(nan)磯自(zi)然保(bao)護區在第四紀以來(lai)的(de)地質構(gou)造運動（新構(gou)造運動）中(zhong)處于中(zhong)心沉(chen)降區，因此它(ta)也(ye)是(shi)不(bu)斷發育的(de)各古河(he)流水系(xi)的(de)匯聚中(zhong)心。南(nan)磯自(zi)然保(bao)護區具有“二元結構(gou)”的(de)沖積(ji)(ji)—沖洪(hong)積(ji)(ji)相網紋(wen)紅土、砂(sha)礫(li)石(shi)堆積(ji)(ji)，構(gou)成了厚達30～75m的(de)沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)地層(ceng)。在更新世沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)地層(ceng)或白堊系(xi)紫紅色(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)巖基(ji)巖上，全新世沉(chen)積(ji)(ji)由下而上，顆粒(li)變細(xi)，下部為礫(li)卵(luan)石(shi)、砂(sha)礫(li)石(shi)、砂(sha)（含礫(li)）組(zu)成的(de)粗(cu)碎屑(xie)，層(ceng)面清晰，磨圓度和分選性較好，上部則主(zhu)要由亞(ya)粘土、亞(ya)砂(sha)土等夾不(bu)穩定淤泥質薄層(ceng)組(zu)成的(de)細(xi)碎屑(xie)。

水文條件

南磯自然保護(hu)區內河(he)道(dao)數目眾多，大小河(he)道(dao)有50條左右，河(he)道(dao)長(chang)短不(bu)一(yi)，形(xing)態(tai)(tai)各異，而且由于沖淤作用還使得河(he)道(dao)形(xing)態(tai)(tai)處(chu)于進一(yi)步的發育和變化之中(zhong)。最長(chang)河(he)道(dao)達22.57km，最短也有1.08km，河(he)道(dao)總(zong)長(chang)度為123.53km。

氣候

鄱(po)陽(yang)湖區(qu)屬(shu)亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)暖濕季風區(qu)，一(yi)年(nian)內冬季和東南季風進(jin)退交換和西太平(ping)洋(yang)副熱(re)(re)帶(dai)高(gao)壓南北振動(dong)，對(dui)鄱(po)陽(yang)湖流(liu)域(yu)的(de)天(tian)氣變(bian)(bian)化(hua)和氣候(hou)形成產生重大影響(xiang)，決定了氣候(hou)的(de)周(zhou)期性變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。一(yi)般冬季極地大陸冷(leng)氣團向南流(liu)動(dong)，由于(yu)南移的(de)路徑不(bu)同(tong)，或(huo)(huo)西北路，或(huo)(huo)西路南下影響(xiang)鄱(po)陽(yang)湖區(qu)，形成每年(nian)3～4次的(de)寒(han)(han)潮天(tian)氣，使(shi)湖區(qu)寒(han)(han)冷(leng)少(shao)雨，或(huo)(huo)出現雨雪(xue)天(tian)氣。

區域面積

該保護(hu)區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積33300公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，其中(zhong)核心區(qu)面(mian)積17500公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積5500公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，實驗區(qu)面(mian)積10300公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。

自然資源

植物資源

鄱陽湖南磯自然保護區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐富，區(qu)(qu)系成分(fen)復雜，類(lei)型(xing)(xing)多樣，顯(xian)示具(ju)有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)南北植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)匯合的(de)過渡(du)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)。濕(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)雖具(ju)有(you)地(di)帶性(xing)(xing)“烙印”，但隱域(yu)性(xing)(xing)特(te)征明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)。據統計，保護區(qu)(qu)共有(you)維(wei)管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)115科(ke)(ke)(ke)304屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)443種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)11科(ke)(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)5科(ke)(ke)(ke)10屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)99科(ke)(ke)(ke)283屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)420種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)（Polygonaceae 16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、薔薇(wei)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（Rosaceae 17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、豆科(ke)(ke)(ke)（Leghminosae 23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、菊科(ke)(ke)(ke)（Composifae 31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、禾(he)本(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（Graminae 24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、莎(sha)草(cao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)（Cyperaceae 22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）等6科(ke)(ke)(ke)在本(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)具(ju)有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)優勢，占有(you)主(zhu)導地(di)位，對本(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的(de)構成、動態和區(qu)(qu)系組成具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)作用。研究區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)苔草(cao)群落(luo)(luo)Cares spp. Comm.、蘆(lu)葦群落(luo)(luo)Phragmites australis Comm.、眼子(zi)(zi)菜群落(luo)(luo)Potamogeton spp. Comm.、蓼群落(luo)(luo)Polygonum spp. Comm.、針藺群落(luo)(luo)Eleocharis spp. Comm.等世界廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是該區(qu)(qu)域(yu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)建群種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在本(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)內僅有(you)3個栽培植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，即(ji)：水(shui)杉屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)Metasequoia、枳屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)Poncirus、南天竹屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)Nandina。自然分(fen)布(bu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，此與濕(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的(de)典型(xing)(xing)隱域(yu)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)有(you)關。

動物資源

2003-2004年保護區綜合科學考(kao)察統計(ji)到(dao)浮(fu)游動物(wu)62屬(shu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底(di)棲(qi)動物(wu)8科62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水生(sheng)昆蟲11目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)40科168種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)14科43屬(shu)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)江(jiang)湖洄(hui)游型魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)40%，兩棲(qi)動物(wu)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5科11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行動物(wu)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10科23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺乳(ru)動物(wu)7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12科22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別地(di)，南(nan)磯(ji)保護區是具(ju)有科研(yan)、保護與觀賞價(jia)值的(de)濕(shi)地(di)生(sheng)態系統和濕(shi)地(di)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)保護區，區內鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多，數量大，目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前記(ji)錄到(dao)15目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)45科205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有鸊鷉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵜形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸛形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雁形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隼(sun)形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雞形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸻(heng)形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴿形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵑形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸮形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，佛(fo)法僧目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴷形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雀形(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)82種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，濕(shi)地(di)水鳥(niao)共7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)89種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)中(zhong)國水鳥(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)35.6%。保護區內不同季(ji)節(jie)里鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)組成(cheng)差異顯著(zhu)，冬(dong)季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，春季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)120種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夏季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，秋季(ji)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

價值地位

由(you)于地(di)處贛(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)、鄱陽湖(hu)和(he)(he)長江(jiang)(jiang)的關鍵節點(dian)，保護(hu)區具有良(liang)好的通(tong)江(jiang)(jiang)性,不僅(jin)是(shi)鯉(li)、鯽等(deng)經(jing)濟魚類的重要產卵和(he)(he)育(yu)肥場所(suo)，也是(shi)長江(jiang)(jiang)中下游(you)(you)地(di)區青、草、鰱(lian)、鳙、鰻鱺、刀鱭(ji)、鳳尾魚等(deng)洄(hui)游(you)(you)型(xing)魚類的主要洄(hui)游(you)(you)通(tong)道甚至是(shi)避難所(suo)，對于鄱陽湖(hu)、贛(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)和(he)(he)長江(jiang)(jiang)漁業(ye)資源保護(hu)與可持(chi)續利(li)用具有重要意義(yi)。保護(hu)區典型(xing)的入湖(hu)口濕地(di)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)，是(shi)河口自然地(di)理、水文和(he)(he)生(sheng)態環(huan)境監(jian)測等(deng)學科的天然研究(jiu)基地(di)，是(shi)研究(jiu)內陸(lu)河口濕地(di)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)的場所(suo)。