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歷史沿革

保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)于1997年經江(jiang)西(xi)省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府批建為(wei)省(sheng)級自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，歸屬南昌市管理，后經過5年科考和(he)3年申報，于2008年1月由國務院批準為(wei)國家(jia)級自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，并更名為(wei)“鄱陽(yang)湖南磯濕地國家(jia)級自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)”。

地理環境

地理位置

行政上隸屬南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)市新建縣南(nan)(nan)(nan)磯(ji)(ji)鄉(xiang)，距南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)市城區約60公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。保(bao)護區東至太子河入東湖(hu)口、西(xi)(xi)至贛江中(zhong)支下游，北(bei)至三(san)山腳，南(nan)(nan)(nan)至磯(ji)(ji)山以(yi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)鳳(feng)尾湖(hu)，東西(xi)(xi)寬21.6公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬27.7公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)，范圍基本與(yu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)磯(ji)(ji)鄉(xiang)行政邊界(jie)(jie)(jie)一致(zhi)。保(bao)護區是江西(xi)(xi)省面(mian)積較大的(de)河口類型國家級保(bao)護區，緊鄰省會南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)。地理(li)坐標(biao)在(zai)東經116°10′～116°25′，北(bei)緯28°51′～29°08′之間(jian)。東界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)10個拐(guai)點的(de)連線為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)，拐(guai)點的(de)坐標(biao)分(fen)別為(wei)（116°18′57″E，29°06′52″N）；南(nan)(nan)(nan)界(jie)(jie)(jie)沿(yan)余干縣縣界(jie)(jie)(jie)向西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)至拐(guai)點（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）；西(xi)(xi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)（116°17′50″E，28°51′59″N）為(wei)起點，沿(yan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)昌(chang)縣縣界(jie)(jie)(jie)向北(bei)至大車荒，再經16個拐(guai)點至北(bei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)起點（116°09′51″E，29°06′11″N），拐(guai)點的(de)坐標(biao)分(fen)別為(wei)（116°16′10″E，28°56′16″N）；北(bei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)以(yi)9個拐(guai)點的(de)連線為(wei)界(jie)(jie)(jie)，拐(guai)點的(de)坐標(biao)分(fen)別為(wei)（116°10′22″E，29°07′8″N)。

地質

南(nan)磯自(zi)然保護(hu)區在第四紀以來的(de)地質構(gou)造(zao)運動(dong)（新構(gou)造(zao)運動(dong)）中(zhong)(zhong)處于中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)沉降區，因此它也(ye)是不斷發(fa)育的(de)各古(gu)河(he)流水系的(de)匯聚中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)。南(nan)磯自(zi)然保護(hu)區具有“二元結構(gou)”的(de)沖(chong)積—沖(chong)洪積相(xiang)網紋紅土(tu)、砂(sha)礫(li)石堆積，構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)厚達30～75m的(de)沉積地層(ceng)(ceng)。在更(geng)新世沉積地層(ceng)(ceng)或(huo)白(bai)堊系紫紅色粉砂(sha)巖基巖上，全新世沉積由下而(er)上，顆粒變細，下部(bu)為礫(li)卵石、砂(sha)礫(li)石、砂(sha)（含礫(li)）組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)粗(cu)碎屑，層(ceng)(ceng)面清晰，磨圓度和分選性(xing)較好(hao)，上部(bu)則主要由亞(ya)粘土(tu)、亞(ya)砂(sha)土(tu)等夾不穩定淤(yu)泥(ni)質薄(bo)層(ceng)(ceng)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)細碎屑。

水文條件

南磯自然保(bao)護區內(nei)河道數目眾(zhong)多，大(da)小河道有50條左右(you)，河道長短(duan)不一，形態(tai)(tai)各異，而且由于(yu)沖淤作用(yong)還使得(de)河道形態(tai)(tai)處于(yu)進一步的發(fa)育和變化之中(zhong)。最長河道達22.57km，最短(duan)也有1.08km，河道總長度為(wei)123.53km。

氣候

鄱(po)陽湖區屬(shu)亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)暖濕季(ji)風區，一年內冬(dong)季(ji)和(he)東南(nan)(nan)季(ji)風進退交換和(he)西太平洋副熱(re)(re)帶(dai)高(gao)壓南(nan)(nan)北振(zhen)動(dong)，對鄱(po)陽湖流域的(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣變化(hua)和(he)氣候形成(cheng)(cheng)產生重大影(ying)響，決定(ding)了氣候的(de)周期(qi)性變化(hua)。一般冬(dong)季(ji)極(ji)地(di)大陸(lu)冷氣團向南(nan)(nan)流動(dong)，由于(yu)南(nan)(nan)移(yi)的(de)路(lu)徑不同，或(huo)西北路(lu)，或(huo)西路(lu)南(nan)(nan)下影(ying)響鄱(po)陽湖區，形成(cheng)(cheng)每年3～4次的(de)寒潮天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣，使湖區寒冷少(shao)雨，或(huo)出現雨雪天(tian)(tian)(tian)氣。

區域面積

該保護區(qu)總面積(ji)(ji)33300公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，其中核(he)心區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)17500公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，緩沖區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)5500公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，實(shi)驗區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)10300公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。

自然資源

植物資源

鄱(po)陽湖南(nan)(nan)磯自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐富，區(qu)(qu)系(xi)成(cheng)分(fen)復雜，類(lei)型多樣，顯(xian)(xian)示具(ju)(ju)有明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)的(de)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)匯合的(de)過(guo)渡性質(zhi)。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)雖具(ju)(ju)有地(di)帶性“烙印”，但隱(yin)域(yu)(yu)性特征明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)。據統計(ji)，保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)共有維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)115科(ke)(ke)304屬(shu)443種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)11科(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)5科(ke)(ke)10屬(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)99科(ke)(ke)283屬(shu)420種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。蓼科(ke)(ke)（Polygonaceae 16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、薔薇科(ke)(ke)（Rosaceae 17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、豆科(ke)(ke)（Leghminosae 23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、菊科(ke)(ke)（Composifae 31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、禾本(ben)(ben)(ben)科(ke)(ke)（Graminae 24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）、莎草科(ke)(ke)（Cyperaceae 22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)）等6科(ke)(ke)在(zai)本(ben)(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)具(ju)(ju)有明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)(xian)優勢，占有主導地(di)位，對本(ben)(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)被的(de)構成(cheng)、動(dong)態和區(qu)(qu)系(xi)組(zu)成(cheng)具(ju)(ju)有重要作用。研究區(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)苔(tai)草群(qun)落(luo)(luo)Cares spp. Comm.、蘆(lu)葦(wei)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)Phragmites australis Comm.、眼(yan)子菜(cai)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)Potamogeton spp. Comm.、蓼群(qun)落(luo)(luo)Polygonum spp. Comm.、針(zhen)藺群(qun)落(luo)(luo)Eleocharis spp. Comm.等世界廣布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)該區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)主要建(jian)群(qun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有屬(shu)在(zai)本(ben)(ben)(ben)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)僅有3個栽培(pei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)，即：水(shui)杉屬(shu)Metasequoia、枳屬(shu)Poncirus、南(nan)(nan)天(tian)竹屬(shu)Nandina。自然分(fen)布植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)無中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)，此與濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被的(de)典型隱(yin)域(yu)(yu)性質(zhi)有關。

動物資源

2003-2004年保(bao)(bao)護區綜(zong)合(he)科(ke)學(xue)考察統計到浮游動(dong)(dong)物62屬111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)(dong)物8科(ke)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水生昆蟲11目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)40科(ke)168種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)14科(ke)43屬58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)江湖洄(hui)游型魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)占(zhan)40%，兩棲動(dong)(dong)物1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5科(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行動(dong)(dong)物3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10科(ke)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺乳動(dong)(dong)物7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12科(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別地(di)(di)，南磯保(bao)(bao)護區是具(ju)有科(ke)研(yan)、保(bao)(bao)護與(yu)觀賞價值的濕(shi)地(di)(di)生態系統和濕(shi)地(di)(di)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)保(bao)(bao)護區，區內鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多，數量大，目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)前記錄到15目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)45科(ke)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有鸊鷉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵜形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸛形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雁形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隼形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雞形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸻形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴿形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鵑形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鸮形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，佛(fo)法僧目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鴷(lie)形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雀形目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)82種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，濕(shi)地(di)(di)水鳥(niao)(niao)共7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)89種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)中(zhong)國水鳥(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的35.6%。保(bao)(bao)護區內不同季(ji)節里鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)組成差異顯(xian)著，冬季(ji)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，春季(ji)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)120種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，夏季(ji)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，秋(qiu)季(ji)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

價值地位

由于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)處贛江(jiang)(jiang)、鄱陽湖(hu)和長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)的關鍵節(jie)點(dian)，保(bao)護區具有(you)良(liang)好的通(tong)江(jiang)(jiang)性,不僅是(shi)(shi)鯉(li)、鯽等經(jing)濟魚類(lei)的重要產(chan)卵和育肥(fei)場所，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)中下游地(di)(di)(di)區青、草、鰱、鳙、鰻鱺(li)、刀鱭、鳳尾魚等洄游型魚類(lei)的主要洄游通(tong)道甚(shen)至(zhi)是(shi)(shi)避難所，對于(yu)鄱陽湖(hu)、贛江(jiang)(jiang)和長(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)漁(yu)業資源保(bao)護與可持續利用具有(you)重要意義(yi)。保(bao)護區典(dian)型的入湖(hu)口(kou)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生態系統，是(shi)(shi)河(he)(he)口(kou)自(zi)然(ran)地(di)(di)(di)理(li)、水文(wen)和生態環(huan)境監(jian)測等學科的天(tian)然(ran)研(yan)究(jiu)基(ji)地(di)(di)(di)，是(shi)(shi)研(yan)究(jiu)內陸河(he)(he)口(kou)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生態系統的場所。