宛梆(bang)(南陽梆(bang)子(zi))，是生(sheng)長形(xing)成(cheng)于(yu)河南省南陽市的(de)古老傳統戲(xi)曲劇種之(zhi)一。它(ta)(ta)的(de)歷史悠久，源(yuan)遠流(liu)長。早(zao)期人們稱它(ta)(ta)為"西調"、"南陽調"、"亂彈"、"老梆(bang)子(zi)"，建(jian)國后更(geng)名為"宛梆(bang)"。
它(ta)是(shi)明末清初由陜西同州梆子(zi)傳入(ru)南陽市，結合南陽民歌(ge)小調，鄉音俚語，逐漸演變而成的(de)一(yi)個戲曲劇(ju)種，它(ta)基本(ben)上保持著河南梆子(zi)的(de)早期精華和原始音樂(le)形態，其唱腔優(you)美，風格獨特，迄今已有(you)300余年歷(li)史(shi)。目前，僅存內鄉縣一(yi)個專業劇(ju)團(tuan)，號稱"天下第一(yi)團(tuan)" 。
宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)(bang)的(de)興盛時(shi)期(qi)是清道光年間至(zhi)民國三十年前后，各(ge)(ge)縣民間的(de)春祈秋(qiu)報，婚喪嫁娶(qu)，多唱宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)(bang)，其流行程度極為普及。到(dao)處流傳著"扛起鋤頭上南(nan)(nan)崗，嘴里(li)哼著梆(bang)(bang)子腔"、"桃黍(高粱)地里(li)喊亂彈(dan)"的(de)民謠。其班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社更(geng)是星(xing)羅(luo)棋布(bu)，遍及南(nan)(nan)陽各(ge)(ge)縣，影響較大(da)的(de)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社有南(nan)(nan)陽城關的(de)白音(yin)堂班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、十八里(li)崗班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、府門外班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、高廟李莊班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、石橋黃(huang)碧班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、掘地坪(ping)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，社旗泥河(he)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鄧縣的(de)磨戶(hu)張(zhang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、構林(lin)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、林(lin)扒班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、庫糧房班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、肖店(dian)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、蔣莊班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、桑莊班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、（氵急(ji)）灘(tan)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，新野的(de)孔樓班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，內鄉齊營齊大(da)茂班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、王(wang)(wang)店(dian)四張(zhang)張(zhang)風山班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、西(xi)后街(jie)王(wang)(wang)福清班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、曹沖班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、螺螄河(he)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鎮平城關王(wang)(wang)少班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、蘆醫廟班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、石佛寺班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，以及方城、南(nan)(nan)召、唐河(he)、桐柏等(deng)地的(de)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社數以百計之多，演出地域除宛(wan)(wan)屬各(ge)(ge)縣之外，東至(zhi)沙(sha)河(he)兩(liang)岸的(de)周口、項城，西(xi)至(zhi)商洛(luo)、藍田，北到(dao)盧(lu)氏(shi)、靈寶，南(nan)(nan)達(da)襄(xiang)樊、河(he)口 。
特別是內鄉夏館張(zhang)珊的"公義(yi)(yi)"班(ban)(ban)，該(gai)班(ban)(ban)創辦于清(qing)咸豐三(san)年(1853年)，名角薈萃，箱具(ju)齊全(quan)，先后培養(yang)了(le)著名武(wu)丑王老(lao)四等諸多的藝術人才。"公義(yi)(yi)"班(ban)(ban)由赤眉(mei)齊俊顯任戲主之后，請來著名演(yan)員王春生(sheng)掌(zhang)班(ban)(ban)及(ji)著名紅臉翟道三(san)、著名黑頭(tou)杜林保相繼加入該(gai)班(ban)(ban)，使(shi)"公義(yi)(yi)"班(ban)(ban)的名聲(sheng)大(da)振(zhen)，成為(wei)宛屬各(ge)縣梆(bang)子班(ban)(ban)無(wu)人匹敵的班(ban)(ban)社。
進(jin)入30年(nian)代后期，由于(yu)豫(yu)劇(ju)(ju)的(de)流入和興起(qi)，加之(zhi)抗(kang)日戰爭及解(jie)放戰爭的(de)動亂(luan)，多數宛(wan)梆班(ban)社停(ting)辦，藝(yi)人(ren)相繼(ji)離散(san)，使這(zhe)個曾經風靡一時的(de)古老劇(ju)(ju)種逐漸衰萎(wei)。至解(jie)放前夕，宛(wan)屬各縣(xian)(xian)的(de)宛(wan)梆班(ban)社已(yi)經所剩無幾，內鄉縣(xian)(xian)境內僅存以(yi)聶國政(zheng)為班(ban)主的(de)"公義"班(ban)，也瀕臨停(ting)演(yan)，部分藝(yi)人(ren)離散(san)改業(ye)。
群眾習稱宛(wan)梆為(wei)(wei)(wei)"大戲"。在(zai)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音(yin)樂上具(ju)有(you)自(zi)己的(de)(de)獨(du)特(te)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)，且變化較(jiao)(jiao)多。宛(wan)梆唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音(yin)樂屬(shu)板(ban)(ban)(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體。它(ta)的(de)(de)主(zhu)弦(xian)(xian)和秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)早期主(zhu)弦(xian)(xian)一(yi)(yi)樣，琴(qin)桿粗且短，高(gao)一(yi)(yi)尺半左右，琴(qin)筒用(yong)香椿木作(zuo)料，中(zhong)(zhong)間掏空，呈(cheng)橢圓形，筒面用(yong)薄(bo)木板(ban)(ban)(ban)粘合，弦(xian)(xian)用(yong)牛筋，里外弦(xian)(xian)序(xu)63，發音(yin)高(gao)銳(rui)，以軟(ruan)弓子二嗡(weng)(低音(yin)京胡)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二弦(xian)(xian)，輔以月琴(qin)、三弦(xian)(xian)、墜胡，以棗木梆擊節(jie)，并配(pei)之以大花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)宛(wan)梆唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)藝(yi)術中(zhong)(zhong)獨(du)具(ju)特(te)色(se)，幾乎各(ge)類(lei)(lei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)式中(zhong)(zhong)都有(you)花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，生、旦、凈(jing)、丑(chou)各(ge)個行(xing)(xing)當皆可用(yong)之。花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)接于本腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之后(hou)，是一(yi)(yi)種比二本腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)還要高(gao)八(ba)(ba)度(du)的(de)(de)假(jia)嗓無(wu)字行(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，它(ta)的(de)(de)使用(yong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)板(ban)(ban)(ban)式和感情的(de)(de)需要所決定，和本腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)一(yi)(yi)樣，喜(xi)、怒、哀、樂各(ge)種感情均可表(biao)達。"慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)"中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)[工字調]、[流水]，[二八(ba)(ba)]中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)[花揚腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)]能使聽者悅目賞心，而各(ge)種哭腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)則又使人牽魂掛(gua)腸(chang)。宛(wan)梆唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調高(gao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)1=bB，男女演員同腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)同調。花臉的(de)(de)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)蒼勁雄健，別具(ju)一(yi)(yi)格(ge)(ge)。宛(wan)梆的(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)大體分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)四大部分(fen)：即慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、流水板(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、二八(ba)(ba)板(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、散板(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)。[慢板(ban)(ban)(ban)]為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)眼(yan)(yan)(4/4節(jie)拍(pai))，起(qi)于中(zhong)(zhong)眼(yan)(yan)，落于板(ban)(ban)(ban)上，變格(ge)(ge)部分(fen)主(zhu)要有(you)頭腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、二腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、三腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、工字調和不帶(dai)花腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)老二腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、寒腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)等。[流水板(ban)(ban)(ban)]為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)(yi)眼(yan)(yan)(2/4拍(pai))，旋律(lv)輕快流暢，節(jie)奏(zou)明(ming)朗，適于敘事、抒情。[緊(jin)(jin)流水]和[緊(jin)(jin)流水垛]有(you)板(ban)(ban)(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)(yan)（1/4）拍(pai)。[二八(ba)(ba)板(ban)(ban)(ban)]也為(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)一(yi)(yi)眼(yan)(yan)(2/4拍(pai)節(jie))。[緊(jin)(jin)二八(ba)(ba)]和[緊(jin)(jin)二八(ba)(ba)垛]的(de)(de)速度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)快，均為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)板(ban)(ban)(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)1/4拍(pai)，也可類(lei)(lei)似自(zi)由(you)體的(de)(de)緊(jin)(jin)打慢唱(chang)。
各種[二八板(ban)(ban)]統統突出了豐(feng)(feng)富的鑼鼓打(da)擊樂(le)，使它更具有(you)激(ji)越情調和火爆(bao)味兒。散板(ban)(ban)類無板(ban)(ban)無眼，包括[哭滾白]、[大起板(ban)(ban)]、[導(dao)板(ban)(ban)]、[軟導(dao)板(ban)(ban)]、[圓(yuan)簧]、[尖板(ban)(ban)]等，這(zhe)些散板(ban)(ban)形式中(zhong)，除[尖板(ban)(ban)]外，均可(ke)使用花腔。此外，宛梆吸收民歌小調如[一串鈴]、[裰羅(luo)調]等也都在特定(ding)情景下(xia)具有(you)豐(feng)(feng)富的表(biao)現力。
宛梆(bang)音樂中擁(yong)有豐(feng)富的傳統曲(qu)牌(pai)(pai)。絲(si)弦曲(qu)牌(pai)(pai)有：[慢板(ban)(ban)大(da)盤頭]、[大(da)開門]、[小開門]、[王子開門]、[步(bu)步(bu)緊]、[鶯兒山]、[花(hua)雀子]、[慢壓板(ban)(ban)]等十多種。嗩(suo)吶(na)曲(qu)牌(pai)(pai)有[清水令]、[半槍]、[滿(man)槍]、[尾聲]、[嗩(suo)吶(na)皮(pi)]、[泣(qi)顏回]、[欠場]、[嘆如雷]、[一尺綢]、[娃(wa)娃(wa)]等。?
宛梆打(da)擊樂中(zhong)的身(shen)段鑼(luo)鼓(gu)與其他劇種接近，唱腔(qiang)頭尾和中(zhong)間(jian)的打(da)擊樂，十分(fen)獨特豐富。鑼(luo)鼓(gu)經有[鳳凰三點頭]、[老全錘(chui)]、[全錘(chui)]、[反(fan)全錘(chui)]、[小全錘(chui)]、[五錘(chui)頭]、[五鑼(luo)]、[鳳凰單展(zhan)翅]等。
宛梆的(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)目(mu)可分為三種，一是傳統劇(ju)(ju)目(mu)，二是移植兄弟劇(ju)(ju)種的(de)(de)劇(ju)(ju)目(mu)，三是不(bu)同時期的(de)(de)創(chuang)編劇(ju)(ju)目(mu)。
傳(chuan)統(tong)劇目(mu)有"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)"、"四(si)(si)鍘(zha)(zha)"、"八大(da)山(shan)"、"大(da)、小(xiao)十八本"等數百個，四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)又分《雷(lei)振海征(zheng)(zheng)北》、《馬(ma)三(san)保征(zheng)(zheng)東》等男"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)"和(he)《穆桂英征(zheng)(zheng)東》、《樊梨花(hua)征(zheng)(zheng)西》等女"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)"，以及《秦英征(zheng)(zheng)西》、《姚剛征(zheng)(zheng)南(nan)》、《燕王掃北》等武生(sheng)戲；四(si)(si)鍘(zha)(zha)有《鍘(zha)(zha)西宮》、《鍘(zha)(zha)越王》等；八大(da)山(shan)有《兩郎山(shan)》、《豹頭山(shan)》、《青銅(tong)山(shan)》等征(zheng)(zheng)戰戲；"大(da)、小(xiao)十八本"包括(kuo)哪些(xie)劇目(mu)各說不一。
移植劇目(mu)，有《收(shou)姜維》、《逼上(shang)梁山》、《趙氏孤兒》等百余出。
創編劇目，不(bu)同(tong)劇團各(ge)有不(bu)同(tong)，不(bu)同(tong)時代，題材(cai)各(ge)異。
宛梆的劇(ju)目特色，從劇(ju)目樣式(shi)上，以(yi)正劇(ju)、悲劇(ju)為多，以(yi)反映宮(gong)廷、征(zheng)戰、公案故事的功架戲為主。
宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)既有(you)陜(shan)西梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子的(de)(de)高(gao)亢激(ji)越，又有(you)中原音樂的(de)(de)平整規范，還有(you)楚(chu)(chu)樂的(de)(de)委婉清麗，它(ta)用以烘托感(gan)情的(de)(de)假腔(qiang)為高(gao)八度無字(zi)行腔(qiang)，系(xi)宛(wan)(wan)腔(qiang)一絕，具有(you)獨特的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)價值(zhi)。受中原文化、秦晉文化和(he)楚(chu)(chu)文化共同滋養的(de)(de)宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)是研究(jiu)河南梆(bang)(bang)(bang)子早期生態的(de)(de)標本，20世(shi)紀30年代以來，由于豫劇(ju)、河南曲劇(ju)的(de)(de)興(xing)起和(he)迅速流傳，宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)漸趨(qu)衰(shuai)落，至目前只(zhi)剩(sheng)下內鄉縣(xian)一家國有(you)宛(wan)(wan)梆(bang)(bang)(bang)專(zhuan)業劇(ju)團還在艱難地傳承著這一古老的(de)(de)民族藝(yi)術(shu)火種，有(you)必要及時加以搶救和(he)維護(hu)。
國(guo)家非(fei)常重視非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)文化遺(yi)產(chan)的保(bao)護，2006年(nian)5月20日(ri)，宛(wan)梆經國(guo)務院批(pi)準列入第一批(pi)國(guo)家級非(fei)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)文化遺(yi)產(chan)名錄。
歲月靜好 
