宛梆(南(nan)陽(yang)梆子(zi))，是(shi)生長形成于河(he)南(nan)省南(nan)陽(yang)市的古老傳統(tong)戲曲(qu)劇種之一(yi)。它的歷史悠久(jiu)，源遠流長。早期人們稱它為"西調"、"南(nan)陽(yang)調"、"亂彈"、"老梆子(zi)"，建國后(hou)更名為"宛梆"。
它(ta)是(shi)明末清初由陜(shan)西同州梆子傳(chuan)入南(nan)陽市(shi)，結合南(nan)陽民歌(ge)小(xiao)調，鄉音俚語，逐漸演變而成的一(yi)個戲(xi)曲(qu)劇種，它(ta)基(ji)本上保持著河南(nan)梆子的早期精華(hua)和原始音樂形態，其唱腔優美，風格獨(du)特，迄今已有(you)300余年(nian)歷史(shi)。目前，僅存內(nei)鄉縣一(yi)個專業劇團，號稱"天下第一(yi)團" 。
宛(wan)梆的興盛時期(qi)是(shi)清道光年間至(zhi)民國三十年前后(hou)，各(ge)縣(xian)民間的春祈秋報，婚喪嫁娶，多(duo)唱宛(wan)梆，其(qi)流(liu)(liu)行(xing)程度極為普及(ji)。到(dao)處(chu)流(liu)(liu)傳著"扛(kang)起鋤頭上南崗(gang)，嘴里哼著梆子腔"、"桃黍(shu)(高粱)地里喊亂彈"的民謠。其(qi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)更是(shi)星羅棋布，遍(bian)及(ji)南陽各(ge)縣(xian)，影響(xiang)較大(da)的班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)有南陽城(cheng)關的白(bai)音堂班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、十八里崗(gang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、府門外班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、高廟李莊班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、石橋黃碧(bi)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、掘地坪(ping)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，社(she)旗(qi)泥河(he)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鄧縣(xian)的磨戶張(zhang)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、構林班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、林扒班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、庫糧(liang)房班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、肖店班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、蔣(jiang)莊班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、桑(sang)莊班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、（氵急）灘班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，新野的孔樓班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，內(nei)鄉(xiang)齊營齊大(da)茂(mao)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、王店四張(zhang)張(zhang)風山班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、西后(hou)街王福清班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、曹沖(chong)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、螺螄河(he)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鎮(zhen)平城(cheng)關王少(shao)班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、蘆醫(yi)廟班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、石佛寺班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，以及(ji)方城(cheng)、南召、唐河(he)、桐柏等地的班(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)數以百計之多(duo)，演(yan)出地域除宛(wan)屬各(ge)縣(xian)之外，東至(zhi)沙河(he)兩岸(an)的周(zhou)口、項城(cheng)，西至(zhi)商(shang)洛、藍(lan)田，北到(dao)盧氏(shi)、靈寶，南達(da)襄樊(fan)、河(he)口 。
特別是(shi)內鄉夏館張(zhang)珊(shan)的(de)(de)"公義"班，該(gai)班創(chuang)辦于清咸豐三(san)年(1853年)，名(ming)(ming)角薈(hui)萃，箱具齊(qi)全(quan)，先后培(pei)養了著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)武丑王老(lao)四等諸多的(de)(de)藝術(shu)人才(cai)。"公義"班由(you)赤眉齊(qi)俊顯任戲主之后，請來著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)演(yan)員王春生掌(zhang)班及著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)紅臉翟道(dao)三(san)、著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)黑頭杜(du)林保相繼(ji)加入該(gai)班，使"公義"班的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)聲大振，成(cheng)為(wei)宛屬各(ge)縣梆子(zi)班無人匹敵的(de)(de)班社。
進入30年代后期，由于豫(yu)劇的流入和(he)興起(qi)，加之(zhi)抗日(ri)戰(zhan)爭及解(jie)(jie)放戰(zhan)爭的動亂，多(duo)數宛(wan)梆班(ban)(ban)社(she)停辦，藝(yi)人(ren)相繼離(li)散，使這個(ge)曾經(jing)風靡一時(shi)的古老劇種逐(zhu)漸衰(shuai)萎。至解(jie)(jie)放前(qian)夕，宛(wan)屬(shu)各縣的宛(wan)梆班(ban)(ban)社(she)已(yi)經(jing)所剩無幾(ji)，內(nei)鄉縣境內(nei)僅存以(yi)聶國政為班(ban)(ban)主的"公義"班(ban)(ban)，也瀕臨停演，部分藝(yi)人(ren)離(li)散改業(ye)。
群(qun)眾習稱宛梆(bang)為"大(da)(da)(da)戲"。在唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音樂上具有(you)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特風格(ge)，且(qie)變(bian)化較多。宛梆(bang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)音樂屬板(ban)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主弦(xian)和(he)秦腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)早期主弦(xian)一(yi)樣(yang)，琴桿粗且(qie)短，高(gao)(gao)一(yi)尺半左(zuo)右，琴筒用(yong)(yong)(yong)香椿(chun)木(mu)作料，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)掏空，呈橢(tuo)圓形，筒面(mian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)薄木(mu)板(ban)粘合，弦(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)牛(niu)筋，里外(wai)弦(xian)序63，發音高(gao)(gao)銳，以軟弓子二(er)(er)(er)嗡(低音京胡)為二(er)(er)(er)弦(xian)，輔以月琴、三(san)弦(xian)、墜胡，以棗木(mu)梆(bang)擊節，并(bing)配之(zhi)以大(da)(da)(da)花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在宛梆(bang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)藝術中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨具特色，幾(ji)乎各(ge)類(lei)(lei)板(ban)式中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都有(you)花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，生、旦、凈(jing)、丑各(ge)個行當皆可用(yong)(yong)(yong)之(zhi)。花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)接于(yu)(yu)本(ben)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)后，是一(yi)種比二(er)(er)(er)本(ben)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)還要(yao)高(gao)(gao)八度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)假嗓無(wu)字(zi)行腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)為板(ban)式和(he)感情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)所(suo)決(jue)定，和(he)本(ben)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)一(yi)樣(yang)，喜、怒(nu)、哀、樂各(ge)種感情均可表達。"慢板(ban)"中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)[工字(zi)調(diao)(diao)]、[流水(shui)]，[二(er)(er)(er)八]中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)[花(hua)揚腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)]能使(shi)(shi)聽(ting)者悅目賞心(xin)，而各(ge)種哭(ku)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)則又使(shi)(shi)人牽魂掛腸。宛梆(bang)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)(diao)高(gao)(gao)為1=bB，男女演員同腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)同調(diao)(diao)。花(hua)臉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)唱(chang)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)蒼(cang)勁雄健，別具一(yi)格(ge)。宛梆(bang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)類(lei)(lei)大(da)(da)(da)體(ti)分(fen)為四(si)大(da)(da)(da)部(bu)分(fen)：即慢板(ban)類(lei)(lei)、流水(shui)板(ban)類(lei)(lei)、二(er)(er)(er)八板(ban)類(lei)(lei)、散板(ban)類(lei)(lei)。[慢板(ban)]為一(yi)板(ban)眼(yan)(yan)(4/4節拍)，起于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)眼(yan)(yan)，落于(yu)(yu)板(ban)上，變(bian)格(ge)部(bu)分(fen)主要(yao)有(you)頭腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、二(er)(er)(er)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、三(san)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、工字(zi)調(diao)(diao)和(he)不帶花(hua)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老二(er)(er)(er)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)、寒(han)腔(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)等。[流水(shui)板(ban)]為一(yi)板(ban)一(yi)眼(yan)(yan)(2/4拍)，旋律輕(qing)快流暢，節奏明朗，適于(yu)(yu)敘事、抒情。[緊(jin)流水(shui)]和(he)[緊(jin)流水(shui)垛(duo)]有(you)板(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)(yan)（1/4）拍。[二(er)(er)(er)八板(ban)]也為一(yi)板(ban)一(yi)眼(yan)(yan)(2/4拍節)。[緊(jin)二(er)(er)(er)八]和(he)[緊(jin)二(er)(er)(er)八垛(duo)]的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度較快，均為有(you)板(ban)無(wu)眼(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/4拍，也可類(lei)(lei)似自(zi)由體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緊(jin)打慢唱(chang)。
各(ge)種[二八板(ban)]統統突出了豐(feng)(feng)富的鑼鼓打擊樂，使它(ta)更具有激越情調和火爆味兒。散板(ban)類無(wu)板(ban)無(wu)眼，包括[哭(ku)滾白]、[大起板(ban)]、[導(dao)板(ban)]、[軟導(dao)板(ban)]、[圓簧]、[尖板(ban)]等，這(zhe)些散板(ban)形式(shi)中，除[尖板(ban)]外(wai)(wai)，均(jun)可使用花(hua)腔。此外(wai)(wai)，宛梆吸(xi)收民歌小(xiao)調如[一串鈴]、[裰羅(luo)調]等也都(dou)在特(te)定(ding)情景下具有豐(feng)(feng)富的表現力。
宛梆音樂中擁(yong)有(you)豐富的傳(chuan)統(tong)曲(qu)牌。絲弦(xian)曲(qu)牌有(you)：[慢板大盤頭]、[大開門(men)]、[小開門(men)]、[王(wang)子開門(men)]、[步步緊]、[鶯(ying)兒山]、[花(hua)雀子]、[慢壓板]等(deng)十多種(zhong)。嗩吶曲(qu)牌有(you)[清水令]、[半(ban)槍]、[滿槍]、[尾(wei)聲(sheng)]、[嗩吶皮]、[泣(qi)顏回]、[欠場]、[嘆如(ru)雷]、[一尺綢]、[娃(wa)娃(wa)]等(deng)。?
宛梆(bang)打擊樂中的身段鑼鼓與(yu)其他劇種接近(jin)，唱腔頭(tou)尾和中間的打擊樂，十分獨特豐富。鑼鼓經有[鳳(feng)凰三點頭(tou)]、[老全(quan)錘(chui)]、[全(quan)錘(chui)]、[反全(quan)錘(chui)]、[小全(quan)錘(chui)]、[五錘(chui)頭(tou)]、[五鑼]、[鳳(feng)凰單展翅]等。
宛(wan)梆的劇(ju)目(mu)可(ke)分為三(san)種，一(yi)是傳統(tong)劇(ju)目(mu)，二是移(yi)植兄(xiong)弟劇(ju)種的劇(ju)目(mu)，三(san)是不同時期的創(chuang)編劇(ju)目(mu)。
傳統劇(ju)目有(you)"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)"、"四(si)(si)鍘"、"八大山"、"大、小十八本"等數百個，四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)又分《雷(lei)振(zhen)海征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)北(bei)》、《馬三保征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)東(dong)》等男"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)"和(he)《穆(mu)桂英征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)東(dong)》、《樊梨花征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)》等女"四(si)(si)征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)"，以及《秦英征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)》、《姚剛征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)南》、《燕王掃北(bei)》等武生戲(xi)；四(si)(si)鍘有(you)《鍘西(xi)(xi)(xi)宮(gong)》、《鍘越王》等；八大山有(you)《兩郎山》、《豹頭山》、《青(qing)銅山》等征(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)戰戲(xi)；"大、小十八本"包括哪些劇(ju)目各說不一(yi)。
移植劇目，有(you)《收姜維》、《逼上梁山》、《趙氏孤兒》等百(bai)余出。
創(chuang)編劇目，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)劇團各有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)時代，題材各異。
宛梆的劇(ju)目特色，從劇(ju)目樣式上(shang)，以正劇(ju)、悲劇(ju)為多，以反映宮(gong)廷、征戰、公案故(gu)事的功(gong)架戲(xi)為主(zhu)。
宛梆既有(you)陜西(xi)梆子的(de)(de)高亢激(ji)越，又(you)有(you)中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)音(yin)樂的(de)(de)平整(zheng)規(gui)范(fan)，還有(you)楚樂的(de)(de)委婉清麗，它(ta)用以烘托感情(qing)的(de)(de)假(jia)腔(qiang)為(wei)高八度無字行(xing)腔(qiang)，系宛腔(qiang)一(yi)絕，具有(you)獨特(te)的(de)(de)藝術價值。受中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文化、秦晉文化和楚文化共同滋養的(de)(de)宛梆是研究河南梆子早期生態(tai)的(de)(de)標本，20世(shi)紀30年(nian)代以來，由于豫劇、河南曲劇的(de)(de)興起和迅速流傳(chuan)，宛梆漸(jian)趨(qu)衰落，至目前只剩(sheng)下(xia)內(nei)鄉(xiang)縣一(yi)家國有(you)宛梆專業劇團還在艱(jian)難(nan)地傳(chuan)承著這一(yi)古老的(de)(de)民(min)族藝術火種，有(you)必要及時加(jia)以搶(qiang)救和維護。
國(guo)(guo)家非(fei)常(chang)重(zhong)視非(fei)物質(zhi)文化遺產(chan)的保護，2006年5月20日，宛(wan)梆經國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批準列入第一批國(guo)(guo)家級非(fei)物質(zhi)文化遺產(chan)名錄。
歲月靜好 
