1、苗醫藥(癲癇癥療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省鳳凰縣
(3)保護單位:鳳凰縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
2、苗醫藥(鉆節風療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省花垣縣
(3)保護單位:湘西青山苗族醫學文化有限公司
3、苗醫藥(骨傷蛇傷療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省雷山縣
(3)保護單位:雷山縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
4、苗醫藥(九節茶藥制作工藝),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州
(3)保護單位:黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院(黔東南苗族侗族自治州苗醫苗藥研究院、黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院附屬苗醫醫院)
5、苗醫藥(骨髓骨傷藥膏),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州麻江縣
苗醫藥被列(lie)為第二批國家級(ji)非物質(zhi)文化(hua)遺產名錄
申報(bao)名稱:傳統醫藥
申遺(yi)項目:苗醫正(zheng)骨(gu)、蛇傷療法(fa)和“九節茶”制作(zuo)工藝(yi)。
苗醫正(zheng)骨術(shu)(shu)主要分為(wei)湘西(張氏和(he)花垣)苗醫正(zheng)骨術(shu)(shu)和(he)黔東南苗醫正(zheng)骨術(shu)(shu),一般以小夾(jia)板固定并外敷以傷藥(yao),著名的傷藥(yao)有柏林接骨散(san)藥(yao)等。
苗(miao)族常用(yong)九節茶來治療頭暈(九節茶、苦丁茶用(yong)水煎服)、骨折(九節茶、野葡萄根、泡桐(tong)樹根皮、四(si)塊瓦鮮(xian)品(pin)搗爛,加(jia)白酒外裹患處)、風濕疼痛(九節茶用(yong)水煎服)。
申報(bao)編號(hao):Ⅸ-15
申報地區:貴(gui)州省雷山(shan)縣、黔東南苗族侗族自治(zhi)州。
苗(miao)藥簡述:苗(miao)藥主(zhu)要分布于苗(miao)族聚(ju)居的苗(miao)嶺山脈、烏蒙山脈等廣(guang)大地區。在我國苗(miao)族聚(ju)居的廣(guang)大地區建立了不少的藥材種植生(sheng)產基地,大力開(kai)(kai)發常(chang)用的藥材。豐富的苗(miao)藥資源正在逐步得到(dao)開(kai)(kai)發,有的已(yi)被制成(cheng)保健品(pin)投(tou)放到(dao)市場。
常見藥材(cai):血藤、鐵(tie)筷子、百金條、白龍須、藍布正(zheng)等。
珍稀(xi)藥材:八角蓮、九月生(sheng)、金鐵鎖、一支(zhi)箭(jian)、 仙桃草等。
苗(miao)醫(yi)簡(jian)史:起源很早,在早期的(de)醫(yi)藥活(huo)動(dong)近(jin)似“巫醫(yi)合(he)一”。 隨著苗(miao)族文化知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)提高(gao),“巫醫(yi)一家”的(de)狀況已(yi)逐步解體。苗(miao)醫(yi)均是個人設診,采取民(min)間(jian)行醫(yi)的(de)方式。醫(yi)護一體,無專門的(de)護理。苗(miao)醫(yi)理論:“兩病兩綱(gang)”理論,即將一切疾(ji)病歸納為冷(leng)(leng)病和熱病并輔以(yi)“冷(leng)(leng)病熱治、熱病冷(leng)(leng)治”兩大治則。對病因的(de)認識(shi)較為樸素,認為是季節(jie)氣候和外來毒(du)素(如(ru)風毒(du)、水毒(du)、氣毒(du)、寒毒(du))等所致(zhi)。
診斷方法: 望、號、問、觸。
特(te)色治療(liao):糖(tang)藥(yao)針療(liao)法和滾蛋療(liao)法都是(shi)苗(miao)醫特(te)有的治療(liao)方法,前者(zhe)發源于苗(miao)族古(gu)代狩獵(lie)活動,后者(zhe)則(ze)起源于巫(wu)術。
苗(miao)藥分三(san)門,十(shi)六類。十(shi)六類分屬于三(san)門之中。
熱療(liao)類(lei),冷療(liao)類(lei),提火類(lei),退火類(lei),止痛類(lei),止塞類(lei),止瀉類(lei),健胃類(lei),幫交環類(lei)。
表毒藥類(lei)(lei),趕毒藥類(lei)(lei),敗毒藥類(lei)(lei),攻毒藥類(lei)(lei),退氣藥類(lei)(lei),解(jie)危藥類(lei)(lei)。
補體藥類。
植物藥(yao)宜(yi)在(zai)其搜媚若充盛時節采集。如根類(lei)(lei)藥(yao)宜(yi)在(zai)植株(zhu)茂盛期(qi)至翌年(nian)抽苗前,莖葉(xie)宜(yi)在(zai)生長 旺期(qi),花類(lei)(lei)宜(yi)在(zai)待放時,果類(lei)(lei)宜(yi)在(zai)初(chu)熟(shu)間,芽以嬌嫩鮮美(mei)為(wei)好,皮類(lei)(lei)以漿汁富足最佳;魚、蝦、蟲、獸要辨別直假,肉(rou)質腐(fu)敗者不可入藥(yao);礦物、金屬(shu)宜(yi)剔凈雜質。講究品味(wei)等次,擇優取用。
藥物(wu)制作包括一(yi)般加(jia)工,炮制,提煉,合成以及劑型改(gai)(gai)革等(deng),各有工藝要求和(he)流程(cheng),但其目的(de)只(zhi)有三(san)(san)點:一(yi)是(shi)(shi)純(chun)潔(jie)各薄港搜(sou),二是(shi)(shi)改(gai)(gai)善瑪汝務翠,三(san)(san)是(shi)(shi)優化搜(sou)媚(mei)若(ruo)。總(zong)之(zhi),是(shi)(shi)在藥物(wu)的(de)物(wu)質、結構、能量三(san)(san)方(fang)面予以人為的(de)改(gai)(gai)進。
苗醫(yi)用藥配方有兩個(ge)(ge)法則。第(di)一(yi)個(ge)(ge),是(shi)配單不配雙;第(di)二個(ge)(ge),是(shi)三位一(yi)體。
配(pei)(pei)(pei)單不(bu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)雙,就是(shi)只用1,3,5,7,9,11…之類成單的藥物(wu)種數配(pei)(pei)(pei)制藥方,而不(bu)用2,4,6,8,10,12 …之類成雙的藥物(wu)種數配(pei)(pei)(pei)方。不(bu)少老苗醫(yi)師都認為“配(pei)(pei)(pei)單”比(bi)“配(pei)(pei)(pei)雙”療效好。
三位(wei)一(yi)體,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)各(ge)碑嘎(ga)(各(ge)碑嘎(ga):苗(miao)(miao)語。即(ji)最重要(yao)的(de)領(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。各(ge)薄嘎(ga)(各(ge)薄嘎(ga):苗(miao)(miao)語。即(ji)鋪(pu)底藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。各(ge)管嘎(ga)(各(ge)管嘎(ga):苗(miao)(miao)語。即(ji)監護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。三類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)共組成方。各(ge)碑嘎(ga),意(yi)(yi)為(wei)領(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)針對病情起(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)作用的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);各(ge)薄嘎(ga),意(yi)(yi)為(wei)鋪(pu)底藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)對領(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)相資作用或對身體有(you)補益作用的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao);各(ge)管嘎(ga),意(yi)(yi)為(wei)監護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),是(shi)(shi)緩解領(ling)頭藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、鋪(pu)底藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)劣性和毒副作用,督(du)促共達(da)病所(suo)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。這(zhe)三類功用藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)與別的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)共配成方,形成三位(wei)一(yi)體,就(jiu)能發揮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)良好(hao)療(liao)效。
根據配單(dan)(dan)不配雙(shuang)的法則,在(zai)“三位一(yi)體”的三個方面,也只(zhi)能用單(dan)(dan)數(shu),不用雙(shuang)數(shu)。即領頭(tou)藥(yao)只(zhi)用一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鋪(pu)底(di)藥(yao)可(ke)用多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),但(dan)必(bi)(bi)須是(shi)單(dan)(dan)數(shu);監護藥(yao)也只(zhi)宜一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這樣,所配出藥(yao)方都是(shi)單(dan)(dan)數(shu)。“一(yi)山無二虎”,領頭(tou)藥(yao)與監護藥(yao)都是(shi)有“權力(li)”的藥(yao),故(gu)只(zhi)宜一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鋪(pu)底(di)藥(yao)是(shi)基(ji)礎性的力(li)量,必(bi)(bi)須要扎實一(yi)些,故(gu)常用至3,5,7,9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也可(ke)只(zhi)用一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),假若(ruo)用于治(zhi)療某些頑(wan)疾沉疴,可(ke)以“韓信(xin)點兵,多多益善(shan)”。
苗醫忌用(yong)雙數配方,源出(chu)于制天(tian)命、破均衡、反靜(jing)止(zhi)、廢(fei)舊態(tai)、創新(xin)序的(de)(de)(de)醫學思想;其三(san)位一(yi)體的(de)(de)(de)配方法則,源出(chu)于苗醫先祖阿濮濮僮(tong)所(suo)(suo)講的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)條缺一(yi)不得生”。這兩點都與楚國時苗族先民屈原所(suo)(suo)述的(de)(de)(de)“御陰陽”與《老(lao)子》所(suo)(suo)講的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)生萬(wan)物(wu)”哲理有(you)關。
藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang),是治病藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)人工組合(he)結(jie)(jie)構。這(zhe)個結(jie)(jie)構組合(he)得好(hao),就(jiu)會形成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)的(de)瑪汝務翠(cui),就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)療效(xiao);組合(he)得不(bu)好(hao),就(jiu)會形成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)的(de)瑪假務翠(cui)(瑪假務翠(cui):苗(miao)語。不(bu)良(liang)的(de)結(jie)(jie)構)。即不(bu)良(liang)結(jie)(jie)構,于(yu)是就(jiu)不(bu)可能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)良(liang)效(xiao),甚至(zhi)發(fa)(fa)生有害作用(yong)。因此(ci),在(zai)選藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)配方(fang)時,不(bu)但要(yao)注意“三(san)位(wei)一體”,還(huan)要(yao)注意利用(yong)事(shi)物生成的(de)相(xiang)資、相(xiang)制、相(xiang)征或相(xiang)奪的(de)三(san)大關(guan)系,即在(zai)選藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)上、用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)分量(liang)上、制作方(fang)法上以及服藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)式、禁(jin)忌事(shi)項等方(fang)面,注意發(fa)(fa)揚事(shi)物之間的(de)良(liang)性(xing)關(guan)系,避免惡性(xing)關(guan)系,這(zhe)樣,才能(neng)(neng)使藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物產生最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)治病療效(xiao)。
苗醫對疾病的治(zhi)療有三(san)個途徑,即調整搜媚若,補充各薄港搜,改(gai)善瑪汝務翠(cui)。
這就是苗(miao)族生成哲學一分為(wei)三論(lun)在治(zhi)病中的具體運用(yong)。
苗(miao)醫(yi)整(zheng)病學(xue)的重(zhong)要內容有(you)三大(da)原(yuan)則(ze),十六大(da)法(fa),四十九(jiu)套方術。
調整搜(sou)媚(mei)若,補充各(ge)薄(bo)港搜(sou),改善瑪汝務翠,這是苗醫整病(bing)的三大原則。
整(zheng)病的(de)(de)原則(ze),就是(shi)處理疾病問題的(de)(de)準(zhun)繩,是(shi)不(bu)可違(wei)背(bei)的(de)(de)規律,如果違(wei)背(bei)了,就要犯醫療(liao)錯誤。如心(xin)力不(bu)足,則(ze)屬于(yu)搜(sou)媚(mei)若(ruo)(ruo)虧損,治療(liao)應當用補心(xin)的(de)(de)方法以調整(zheng)搜(sou)媚(mei)若(ruo)(ruo),假若(ruo)(ruo)使(shi)用退火(huo)的(de)(de)藥物去治療(liao),使(shi)心(xin)力更虧,就會出現血壓下降、循環衰(shuai)竭、腦架失養、本命無依(yi)、生靈(ling)能廢止等危(wei)急病征,甚(shen)或導(dao)致死亡(wang)。又(you)如失水(shui)的(de)(de)病人,屬于(yu)各(ge)薄港搜(sou)缺乏,就必須補液;腸梗阻屬于(yu)瑪(ma)汝(ru)務(wu)翠破壞,治療(liao)當用趕毒(du)法而不(bu)能用止塞法等。
趕(gan)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),敗(bai)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),攻(gong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止痛法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),冷(leng)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),熱(re)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),提火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),健(jian)胃(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),幫交(jiao)環法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),補(bu)(bu)體(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),表(biao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退氣(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止塞(sai)(sai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),解危法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。這苗醫(yi)整(zheng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學的(de)十(shi)六大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),是針對十(shi)六種病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)而立。趕(gan)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)積毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),敗(bai)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)雄(xiong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),攻(gong)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)惡毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),止痛法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)疼痛病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),冷(leng)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)急(ji)熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),熱(re)療(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)急(ji)冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),提火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)內冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),退火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)火毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),止瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)瀉肚病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),健(jian)胃(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)胃(wei)弱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),幫交(jiao)環法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)交(jiao)環不和(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),補(bu)(bu)體(ti)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)虧損病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),表(biao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)風冷(leng)氣(qi)水毒(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),退氣(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)氣(qi)壅病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),止塞(sai)(sai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)外(wai)漏(lou)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),解危法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)危急(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。十(shi)六大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)具體(ti)應用,請看十(shi)七(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)議(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各章(zhang)節。
生藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、煎湯(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)酒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吸藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、丸(wan)散術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吹藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌(guan)藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、涂藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、擦藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、敷(fu)貼術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)洗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、掛藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、睡(shui)藥(yao)(yao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、薰煙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、蒸療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、導氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、推抹術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、刮痧術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吮(shun)吸術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、拔(ba)罐術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、放血術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、麻醉術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、開(kai)刀術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、縫合術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、包(bao)扎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、正(zheng)骨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌(guan)氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燙(tang)熨(yun)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、烘烤術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、滾蛋術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灰碗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)燎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燈火(huo)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燒(shao)燙(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火(huo)針(zhen)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、發泡術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、打針(zhen)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、挑紗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、點堂術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浸水(shui)、光照術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱(re)浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、操練術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、戢(ji)毒(du)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、化水(shui)毒(du)、沖喜術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、治神術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、食療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
苗(miao)(miao)醫對疾病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命名(ming)具有(you)樸(pu)素、生動的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象思(si)維特點(dian),他們(men)根據疾病(bing)外觀征象,多以動、植物(wu)形(xing)象、聲音(yin)、金屬(shu)色(se)(se)澤等(deng)(deng)取(qu)類比(bi)象命名(ming),如雙上肢抽搐象鷂鷹(ying)閃翅的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫“鷂子經(jing)”,膝關節紅腫發亮、形(xing)如貓(mao)頭(tou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)叫“貓(mao)頭(tou)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,色(se)(se)形(xing)如高梁的(de)(de)(de)(de)“高梁痘證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,色(se)(se)澤如銅、鐵的(de)(de)(de)(de)“銅疔(ding)“、“鐵疔(ding)”等(deng)(deng)。另有(you)以主癥、病(bing)因(yin)、病(bing)變部(bu)位命名(ming)或互為(wei)結合命名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de),如“米黃證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“雪皮風(feng)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“寒(han)風(feng)經(jing)”、“白口菌”、“男色(se)(se)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“月家樂證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”等(deng)(deng)。在苗(miao)(miao)族醫生中流(liu)行(xing)著“病(bing)有(you)一(yi)(yi)百單八證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法,但因(yin)地(di)域及分支的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同,有(you)將一(yi)(yi)百單八 證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)分解為(wei)“三(san)十(shi)六經(jing)、七十(shi)二(er)(er)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、有(you)叫“三(san)十(shi)六證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、七十(shi)二(er)(er)疾二(er)(er)或稱“四十(shi)九(jiu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、四十(shi)九(jiu)翻(fan)、十(shi)丹毒”,據說(shuo)這些(xie)數字只(zhi)是為(wei)了應一(yi)(yi)百單八的(de)(de)(de)(de)概念,并非確切(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)數。一(yi)(yi)般來說(shuo),苗(miao)(miao)醫是根據各種疾病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)某些(xie)共同屬(shu)性而將疾病(bing)進行(xing)歸類,分為(wei)經(jing)、證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、翻(fan)、龜、小(xiao)兒胎病(bing)、新(xin)生兒抽病(bing)、丹毒、療(liao)、癀(huang)、花、瘡等(deng)(deng)類。
(一)經(jing)類(lei)凡(fan)以發病(bing)(bing)急(ji)驟、病(bing)(bing)勢險惡,并以發熱(re)、抽搐、昏迷或(huo)疼痛為(wei)主癥的一類(lei)疾病(bing)(bing)大(da)都歸為(wei)“經(jing)”類(lei),如36經(jing)有:仙麥經(jing)(馬(ma)苧經(jing)),麥坐經(jing)(走(zou)馬(ma)經(jing)),替謬(miu)經(jing)(魚肚經(jing)),錄慕經(jing)(錄慕經(jing)),苧太經(jing)(天吊經(jing)),代替經(jing)(肚腹經(jing)),獨經(jing)(迷沉經(jing)),翻斗經(jing)(腳翻經(jing))、鬧青經(jing)(心經(jing))……等。操(cao)黔東方言的苗(miao)醫稱(cheng)尚(shang)有?經(jing)病(bing)(bing),嗯(ng)(扯(che)經(jing))、衣批(pi)嗯(ng)(半邊經(jing))、啞(ya)嗯(ng)(啞(ya)經(jing))、讀嗯(ng)(火經(jing))、生嗯(ng)(冷經(jing))、哈嗯(ng)(快經(jing))、干嗯(ng)(慢經(jing))。
(二)證類
凡以疼痛、吐瀉(xie)、發熱(re)、咳嗽、出血(xue)、痘、疹等(deng)(deng)為主癥,或某癥狀(zhuang)單(dan)獨出現,或幾個癥狀(zhuang)同時出現的(de)各種(zhong)疾(ji)病,苗(miao)(miao)醫(yi)將這一類(lei)疾(ji)病歸為“證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”類(lei),如(ru)72證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有:巴(ba)鼓干(gan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(公雞證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)(sha)謬證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(青沙(sha)(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、昏拓證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(頭瘟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、能鋼證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(鋼蛇證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)(sha)體證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(紅(hong)沙(sha)(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、代公證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(狗心證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、布容(rong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(羊(yang)毛證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、巴(ba)轉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(擺子證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)),豪(hao)指證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃(huang)(huang)病心)、孟朱替證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(水臌(gu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))等(deng)(deng)。操黔東(dong)方言苗(miao)(miao)醫(yi)補充;常(chang)見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)拿約證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃(huang)(huang)鱔證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、嗯(ng)欒(luan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(迷經證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、愛我證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(烏鴉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、,胡西證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(縮(suo)筋證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))……等(deng)(deng)二十多種(zhong)。
因在烈日下久(jiu)曬,或(huo)感受瘴嵐穢(hui)濁之(zhi)氣所(suo)致(zhi)的各種(zhong)急證,如(ru)口鼻出血、心腹疼痛、厥逆吐瀉(xie)、昏迷(mi)痙厥等,并伴見某種(zhong)動(dong)物形態動(dong)作的,苗醫(yi)統稱為翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan),包(bao)括朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、心經疔翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(心經疔翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、巴古翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(烏鴉翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),代構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(狗翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)),界構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(白眼翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、大(da)能翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛇翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、松拿(na)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(啞巴翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、姑寶姐(jie)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛤蟆(ma)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))……等49種(zhong)。
(四)胎病
農村小(xiao)兒中,常見(jian)因(yin)營(ying)養不(bu)良(liang)或(huo)微(wei)(wei)量元(yuan)素缺乏所(suo)致的消瘦神疲、毛發干枯、厭食(shi)好哭(ku)、哭(ku)聲(sheng)細微(wei)(wei)、夜眠(mian)驚惕(ti)等癥,苗醫根據其不(bu)同見(jian)癥及哭(ku)聲(sheng)稱為小(xiao)兒12胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)病:胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)麥(馬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)育(yu)(牛胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)容(羊胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)干(雞胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)構(gou)(狗胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)板(豬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)忙(貓胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)訣(jue)(金(jin)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)嘔(銀胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)崩(花(hua)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)奈(nai)(人臉)、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)慢(猴胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))。
(五)抽病
是初生小(xiao)兒最(zui)常見的(de)一類(lei)對各種有害環境不適應(ying)性或(huo)過敏性疾病(bing)(bing)(bing),主要(yao)表現為(wei)身熱面黃、煩躁啼(ti)哭、吐奶厭食(shi)、噴嚏流淚、指紋色紫等(deng),根據病(bing)(bing)(bing)因及(ji)表現不同(tong)而(er)(er)有不同(tong)的(de)抽(chou)(chou)病(bing)(bing)(bing),最(zui)常見的(de)有以下(xia)幾(ji)種:幾(ji)朗抽(chou)(chou)(日抽(chou)(chou))、巧(qiao)抽(chou)(chou)(煙抽(chou)(chou))、靛抽(chou)(chou)(靛抽(chou)(chou))、都抽(chou)(chou)(木(mu)抽(chou)(chou)),此外尚有月、露、風(feng)、雨、人、畜、水(shui)而(er)(er)致(zhi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)者,但(dan)較為(wei)少見。
(六)丹類
本病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)急驟,初起有發(fa)熱、惡寒、頭(tou)痛(tong)、骨節痛(tong)、惡心等全身癥狀,繼而(er)出現皮(pi)疹(zhen)。皮(pi)疹(zhen)略高于(yu)皮(pi)膚,色(se)紅(hong)如涂丹(dan),邊緣(yuan)清楚,表面光亮灼熱,其(qi)大如掌,繼而(er)擴(kuo)散,甚者遍身,或癢(yang)或痛(tong),發(fa)無定(ding)處,根據其(qi)初發(fa)部(bu)位及(ji)擴(kuo)散路(lu)徑不(bu)同(tong),苗醫將其(qi)分為(wei)10丹(dan)毒:晝(zhou)(zhou)買丹(dan)(飛灶(zao)(zao)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)買松丹(dan)(走灶(zao)(zao)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)麥丹(dan)(鬼(gui)火(huo)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)真度丹(dan)(天(tian)火(huo)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)汁斗丹(dan)(天(tian)灶(zao)(zao)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)卡煮(zhu)丹(dan)(水丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)替丹(dan)(葫蘆丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)勞丹(dan)(野火(huo)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)保斗丹(dan)(煙火(huo)丹(dan))、晝(zhou)(zhou)漏丹(dan)(壺(hu)漏丹(dan))。
(七)癀類
初(chu)起患部腫痛,繼而向深層(ceng)和周圍擴大,形成(cheng)大片紅腫熱痛的硬(ying)塊,四周漫腫,伴全身寒熱癥狀。常見有讀仿(fang)(火癀)、歐(ou)仿(fang)(水癀)、恨松仿(fang)(巴(ba)骨癀)節。
(八)花類
多因(yin)癀類失治(zhi)誤治(zhi)而(er)來,后(hou)期(qi)皮膚紅(hong)腫潰(kui)爛(lan)、腐肉外翻突起,其(qi)(qi)形如花(hua)狀(zhuang),此(ci)時多伴有(you)人體消瘦,面色蒼白,食欲不(bu)振,低(di)熱等全身癥(zheng)狀(zhuang),因(yin)其(qi)(qi)病(bing)灶發于某(mou)處而(er)名某(mou)花(hua),如哥巫榜(bang)(bang)(奶花(hua))、骨(gu)汁榜(bang)(bang)(背(bei)花(hua))、娘榜(bang)(bang)(坐花(hua)),另有(you)一些不(bu)是因(yin)癀失治(zhi)而(er)來,只因(yin)其(qi)(qi)病(bing)灶如某(mou)種物體開花(hua)狀(zhuang),或呈現(xian)某(mou)種花(hua)紋(wen)而(er)得名,如蠟(la)榜(bang)(bang)(蠟(la)燭(zhu)花(hua)),講(jiang)姑買榜(bang)(bang)(蘿1、花(hua))等。
(九)疔類
是(shi)一種急(ji)性(xing)皮膚傳染性(xing)疾病(bing)(bing),因其病(bing)(bing)灶(zao)形小根深,頑硬如(ru)釘(ding)而得名(ming),好發于人體(ti)暴露部位,如(ru)頭面(mian)及四肢末端,并伴有寒戰高熱(re)、煩渴引飲,甚則昏迷譫語。本病(bing)(bing)發病(bing)(bing)急(ji)驟,病(bing)(bing)情兇險,不(bu)急(ji)治則死。根據(ju)疔(ding)發特(te)點(dian),有樣干(gan)(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(飛疔(ding))、歐干(gan)(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(水疔(ding))、那干(gan)(gan)不(bu)公(gong)(干(gan)(gan)疔(ding))、讀公(gong)(火疔(ding))、倒(dao)公(gong)(銅疔(ding))、哨(shao)公(gong)(鐵疔(ding)),此外根據(ju)發生部位不(bu)同(tong)還(huan)有節(jie)骨(gu)疔(ding)、箍頸疔(ding)、手板(ban)疔(ding)、腳板(ban)疔(ding)等。
(十)瘡類
指(zhi)病灶表淺的一類(lei)皮膚病,據其不同性狀(zhuang)及(ji)發生部位有:讀萬(wan)潑(火旋瘡(chuang))、干紐潑(白口瘡(chuang))、哥巫潑(乳(ru)瘡(chuang))等。
(十一)龜類
是長在腹(fu)內形似龜(gui)背的各種包(bao)(bao)塊。包(bao)(bao)塊質軟,按之消失,起手復現,聚(ju)散無(wu)常叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)崩(beng)播(氣龜(gui));質較硬,按之不(bu)消叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)向播(血龜(gui));按之堅硬如石叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)衣播(石龜(gui))。包(bao)(bao)塊圓(yuan)而無(wu)角屬陰叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)“母龜(gui)”,圓(yuan)而有角屬陽叫(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)“公龜(gui)”。
據統(tong)計,苗醫掌握(wo)病(bing)種(zhong)有(you)200余種(zhong),廣泛(fan)涉(she)及到內、外、婦、兒、神經、精神、骨傷、皮(pi)膚、寄(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)蟲(chong)及各種(zhong)傳(chuan)染病(bing)、流(liu)行病(bing)等,其(qi)歸類方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法自成(cheng)體系,并具有(you)一定的(de)科學性及規范性。但因(yin)地(di)(di)域不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)有(you)別,各地(di)(di)苗族醫在疾病(bing)命(ming)名、證(zheng)治上有(you)不盡相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)處,有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名異(yi)(yi)癥(zheng)(zheng)、同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)異(yi)(yi)名的(de)現象,如(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)叫“飛(fei)蛾(e)證(zheng)”,湘西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的(de)“飛(fei)蛾(e)證(zheng)”其(qi)臨(lin)床表(biao)現是(shi)發熱(re)、鼻翼煽動、咳(ke)嗽(sou)氣急、胸痛(tong)等;黔(qian)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的(de)“飛(fei)蛾(e)證(zheng)”臨(lin)床表(biao)現是(shi)發熱(re)、扁桃體紅(hong)腫疼(teng)(teng)痛(tong)等。又(you)如(ru)黔(qian)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)的(de)“雷公證(zheng)”是(shi)頭部劇(ju)烈疼(teng)(teng)痛(tong),以(yi)戴帽一圈尤甚,而(er)湘西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)“雷公證(zheng)”則是(shi)以(yi)胸痛(tong)、咳(ke)嗽(sou)、吐血等為(wei)(wei)其(qi)主(zhu)癥(zheng)(zheng),“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名異(yi)(yi)癥(zheng)(zheng)”者治法迥異(yi)(yi)。另有(you)“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)異(yi)(yi)名”者,如(ru)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)好食生(sheng)(sheng)米(mi)、面色萎黃(huang)、浮(fu)腫乏力的(de),湘西(xi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“米(mi)黃(huang)證(zheng)”,黔(qian)東方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)(yan)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“黃(huang)腫病(bing)”;同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)口干舌燥、多(duo)食多(duo)飲、腹脹大而(er)形體消瘦者,有(you)的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)(cheng)“魚肚經”,有(you)的(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“水(shui)證(zheng)”,“異(yi)(yi)名同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)”者其(qi)治療方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)藥(yao)一般是(shi)相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或相似的(de)。
貴州特殊(shu)的(de)生(sheng)態環境及復雜多(duo)樣的(de)自然條件,孕(yun)育著(zhu)(zhu)無比豐(feng)富(fu)而特有的(de)藥(yao)用(yong)動、植物(wu)資源與礦物(wu)資源,為(wei)中(zhong)國著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的(de)四大(da)道地藥(yao)材產區之一,也(ye)是我(wo)國著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的(de)苗鄉,蘊藏著(zhu)(zhu)極其(qi)豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)苗藥(yao)資源。
貴州地(di)處(chu)我國大西(xi)南(nan)的(de)東(dong)南(nan)部,云貴高原東(dong)部,位于東(dong)經103。36’~109。35’,北緯24。37’~29。13’,居長江、珠江兩大河(he)流上游的(de)分水嶺地(di)帶,是隆(long)起于四(si)川盆地(di)和廣(guang)西(xi)、湘西(xi)丘陵之間的(de)亞熱帶巖溶化高原山地(di),境(jing)內地(di)勢起伏(fu),西(xi)高東(dong)低,主要山地(di)有(you)烏蒙山、大婁山、梵凈山和苗(miao)嶺;境(jing)內河(he)流縱(zong)橫,平均海拔l000m,最(zui)高1900m,最(zui)低137m。
貴州(zhou)地處中亞(ya)熱帶中部,主要受東南季風影響,氣(qi)候(hou)屬亞(ya)熱帶高原(yuan)山(shan)地型,具有溫暖(nuan)濕潤、冬無嚴寒、夏(xia)無酷(ku)暑、光熱水同(tong)期(qi)的基(ji)本氣(qi)候(hou)特(te)征。同(tong)時(shi),立(li)體氣(qi)候(hou)明顯,垂直差異顯著(zhu),各地年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫在(zai)8~20℃,大(da)部分地區(qu)(qu)在(zai)15~C左(zuo)(zuo)右(you),年降雨量(liang)為850~1600mm,多在(zai)1000?D1300ram,多數地區(qu)(qu)無霜(shuang)期(qi)為210~350d,一般在(zai)270d左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)。
貴州(zhou)的(de)植被類型(xing)為中(zhong)亞熱帶常綠(lv)(lv)闊葉林,由殼斗科、樟(zhang)科、山茶科,以及(ji)木(mu)蘭科的(de)栲(kao)屬、青岡櫟、樟(zhang)屬、楨楠屬和(he)木(mu)荷(he)屬等優勢樹種構(gou)成,一般分布在(zai)海撥l400m。在(zai)石灰巖(yan)地區多為石灰巖(yan)常綠(lv)(lv)櫟林。
貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)無比豐富,經20世紀80~90年代(dai)的大規模、系統的全省中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)普(pu)查,貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)有中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)4290種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)3924種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸(li)(li)屬于(yu)275科(ke),1384屬;如蕨類30科(ke),200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)11科(ke),25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)196科(ke),2577種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),占(zhan)91.5%;動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)289種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸(li)(li)屬于(yu)126科(ke)),占(zhan)6.7%,礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸(li)(li)屬于(yu)10類),占(zhan)1.8%;在(zai)全國統一普(pu)查的363種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重點藥(yao)(yao)材品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中,貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)有資(zi)源(yuan)的達326種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)89.6%。貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)的豐富程(cheng)度與全國各省區比較,僅次于(yu)云南(5050種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、廣西(4590種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))及四川(含原重慶市,4354種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),名列(lie)前(qian)茅,榮居第4位,果(guo)真(zhen)是“川廣云貴(gui)(gui),地道藥(yao)(yao)材“。
貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)但具有(you)豐富中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan),而(er)且也蘊藏有(you)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan),同中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)一樣,屬天然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)范疇(chou),涉(she)及到植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。據(ju)調(diao)查,貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)在4000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右(you),正如貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)畢節地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)所言:(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi))病有(you)108癥(zheng),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)3800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(泛(fan)指(zhi)高等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu))3000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(泛(fan)指(zhi)低等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)、礦物(wu)(wu)及其它類)800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。如別具特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)觀(guan)音(yin)草(cao)(cao)、米槁、艾納香、八(ba)爪金龍、仙桃草(cao)(cao)、旱(han)蓮草(cao)(cao)、活(huo)血丹、大(da)丁草(cao)(cao)、重樓等(deng)。近幾十年(nian)來,通過(guo)對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)聚居(ju)地(di)區苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)深入調(diao)查、整理(li)與(yu)研(yan)究,據(ju)不(bu)(bu)完全統計,常見(jian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)有(you)2000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右(you),最常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)達400種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并有(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)己收(shou)載(zai)(zai)于全國(guo)性(xing)或地(di)方性(xing)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)有(you)關專(zhuan)著。如《中國(guo)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)志(zhi)》第一卷(1984年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、第二卷(1990年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)集》(1988年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)163種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)集》(1989年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)91種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)》收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)340種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)》(1992年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為主的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)197種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)究與(yu)開(kai)發》(1998年(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)經按(an)國(guo)家有(you)關規(gui)定(ding)再評價并批準(zhun)為貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材地(di)方標準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)165種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《中國(guo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)彩色圖集》收(shou)載(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)368種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)。此(ci)外(wai)湖南、云南、廣(guang)西等(deng)省區出版的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關書籍和(he)發表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)術論(lun)文(wen)中也有(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)記述(shu)。據(ju)不(bu)(bu)完全統計,常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可達1500種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)多,最常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中,一些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)常用(yong)(yong)而(er)中醫(yi)(yi)或民(min)(min)間草(cao)(cao)醫(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)或少(shao)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);或一些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)雖是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)與(yu)其它民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)皆(jie)使用(yong)(yong),但苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部位等(deng)卻有(you)所不(bu)(bu)同∞“0。總(zong)之(zhi),貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來源(yuan)廣(guang)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類多、產量大(da)、品質好,這為貴(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)州(zhou)天然(ran)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業產業化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蓬勃發展奠(dian)定(ding)了無(wu)比堅實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎。
苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命(ming)名亦有其(qi)特色(se)與(yu)規律性,苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)聚居(ju)地區和(he)(he)方(fang)言雖有不同(tong),但其(qi)命(ming)名方(fang)法基(ji)本(ben)相似。對“藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱謂,川黔滇方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)語或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)湘西方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)語均稱之為(wei)“Guab”(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)文),其(qi)近似漢語譯音為(wei) “ 嘎 ”(下同(tong));黔東方(fang)言稱為(wei) “Jab” ,“ 佳 ” 。對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)名,無(wu)論是(shi)(shi)來(lai)(lai)源于木(mu)本(ben)、草(cao)本(ben)、藤本(ben)類(lei)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),還是(shi)(shi)來(lai)(lai)源于昆蟲、鳥獸類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),其(qi)名稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)詞(ci)素(第一(yi)(yi)(yi)音節、或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)、二音節)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)都是(shi)(shi)該藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)別(bie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯;第二、三詞(ci)素(一(yi)(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)幾(ji)個(ge)音節)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)、植(zhi)物名或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)特征(一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)特征為(wei)形狀、氣味、顏色(se)、生長季節及習性、功用)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯。例如(ru),車前草(cao) “ Vob ngeix dlliangt” (窩里八降(jiang)): “ 窩 ” ,即草(cao)類(lei),是(shi)(shi)類(lei)別(bie); “ 里 ” ,是(shi)(shi)特征,即比(bi)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思; “ 八降(jiang) ” ,即該藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物名稱。又如(ru)木(mu)本(ben)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材:以(yi) “ Det” (豆(dou))詞(ci)起頭。 “ 豆(dou) ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯為(wei)木(mu),如(ru)杜仲,苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)文名為(wei) "Det dem" (豆(dou)頓)。 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)對疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)和(he)(he)立(li)方(fang)遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有其(qi)獨特模式。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)在(zai)長期生產和(he)(he)與(yu)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐中,總結積累了(le)豐(feng)富而寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)驗,逐漸形成(cheng)了(le)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱、經(jing)(jing)、癥(zheng)(zheng)、疾(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論模式,以(yi)及關于病(bing)(bing)(bing)因、疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)分類(lei)、診斷(duan)、治療(liao)和(he)(he)預防等(deng)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具有濃(nong)郁民族(zu)(zu)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理論。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)將疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)分為(wei)“冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)”、熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)”兩(liang)(liang)綱,并認(ren)為(wei)冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)、熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)相互對立(li)又存在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定聯(lian)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)類(lei)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)來(lai)(lai)說(shuo),凡疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)在(zai)發生發展過(guo)程(cheng)中,表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)慢性、寒(han)冷(leng)、虛(xu)弱、安靜、功能低下等(deng)多(duo)屬(shu)冷(leng)病(bing)(bing)(bing);表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)急(ji)性、灼熱(re)(re)、躁動(dong)、機能亢進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)屬(shu)熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)根據疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)起病(bing)(bing)(bing)快(kuai)慢,分為(wei)“冷(leng)經(jing)(jing)”、“熱(re)(re)經(jing)(jing)”、“半邊經(jing)(jing)”、“快(kuai)經(jing)(jing)”、“慢經(jing)(jing)”五經(jing)(jing);苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)中流行著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)百單(dan)(dan)八癥(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法,并將一(yi)(yi)(yi)百單(dan)(dan)八癥(zheng)(zheng)分解為(wei)“三十六(liu)經(jing)(jing)、七十二癥(zheng)(zheng)”,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)“三十六(liu)大癥(zheng)(zheng)、七十二小疾(ji)(ji)”,或(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)“四(si)(si)十九癥(zheng)(zheng)、四(si)(si)十九翻、十丹毒”。如(ru)此則形成(cheng)了(le)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱、經(jing)(jing)、癥(zheng)(zheng)、疾(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理論模式特色(se)。
苗族(zu)醫(yi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)基本原則是(shi)(shi):“熱(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治冷(leng)病”,“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治熱(re)病”。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則分“冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”、“熱(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”兩(liang)性(xing)(xing),又分酸、甜(tian)、辣(la)、麻、澀(se)、辛、淡等(deng)(deng)七(qi)味(wei)。在黔東(dong)南地(di)區,還(huan)根據(ju)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)性(xing)(xing)味(wei)歸入“五經”。其(qi)原則是(shi)(shi):凡味(wei)甜(tian)、麻、香、辣(la)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸屬(shu)(shu)冷(leng)經;香、辣(la)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)同時(shi)歸屬(shu)(shu)于快經、半邊經;凡味(wei)酸、苦、澀(se)的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)冷(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)經。苗族(zu)醫(yi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)立方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)簡要、遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精煉,多(duo)一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)一(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)特點(dian),并擁有(you)(you)大(da)量“簡、便、廉、驗(yan)”的(de)單方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)、驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)與秘方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)。在防(fang)治疑難(nan)病、常見病、慢性(xing)(xing)病、老年病等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)面有(you)(you)其(qi)特殊療(liao)效和(he)絕招。苗族(zu)多(duo)居住在廣袤的(de)山區,有(you)(you)得天(tian)獨厚的(de)天(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)場地(di),用(yong)鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可以就地(di)取材,勿需加工貯藏,故苗族(zu)醫(yi)尚(shang)多(duo)應用(yong)鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),這也(ye)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特點(dian)之一(yi)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)一(yi)般較(jiao)(jiao)簡單而實用(yong),除單味(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)外,其(qi)復方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)的(de)組成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)分為“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主(zhu)(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))與“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))兩(liang)大(da)類而加以伍用(yong)。“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主(zhu)(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))是(shi)(shi)根據(ju)主(zhu)(zhu)要癥狀所(suo)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)功(gong)效而確(que)定的(de);“子藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))則是(shi)(shi)根據(ju)次(ci)要癥狀所(suo)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)或協助增強(qiang)主(zhu)(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)功(gong)效等(deng)(deng)而確(que)定的(de)。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)多(duo)數味(wei)組成,大(da)復方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)較(jiao)(jiao)少見。苗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)型多(duo)種多(duo)樣,大(da)多(duo)保持傳統劑(ji)(ji)型特色。常見的(de)有(you)(you)水(shui)煎劑(ji)(ji)、水(shui)酒共煎劑(ji)(ji),酒浸劑(ji)(ji)、油浸劑(ji)(ji)、煎膏劑(ji)(ji)、散劑(ji)(ji)、丸劑(ji)(ji)、灸劑(ji)(ji)、薰蒸劑(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)。另外,還(huan)有(you)(you)將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)與豬(zhu)腳(jiao)同燉(dun)服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)與蛋同煮服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)用(yong)水(shui)酒或醋磨(mo)汁(zhi),鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)搗爛外敷等(deng)(deng)多(duo)種用(yong)法.