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相關項目

1、苗醫藥（癲癇癥療法），編號：Ⅸ-15
（1）批次/類型：2011年(第三批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區或單位：湖南省鳳凰縣
（3）保護單位：鳳凰縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
2、苗醫藥（鉆節風療法），編號：Ⅸ-15
（1）批次/類型：2011年(第三批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區或單位：湖南省花垣縣
（3）保護單位：湘西青山苗族醫學文化有限公司
3、苗醫藥（骨傷蛇傷療法），編號：Ⅸ-15
（1）批次/類型：2008年(第二批)，新增項目
（2）申報地區或單位：貴州省雷山縣
（3）保護單位：雷山縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
4、苗醫藥（九節茶藥制作工藝），編號：Ⅸ-15
（1）批次/類型：2008年(第二批)，新增項目
（2）申報地區或單位：貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州
（3）保護單位：黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院（黔東南苗族侗族自治州苗醫苗藥研究院、黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院附屬苗醫醫院）
5、苗醫藥（骨髓骨傷藥膏），編號：Ⅸ-15
（1）批次/類型：2021年(第五批)，擴展項目
（2）申報地區或單位：貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州麻江縣

藥學概況

苗醫藥被列為(wei)第二批國家(jia)級非(fei)物質文(wen)化遺產名錄

申報名稱：傳統醫藥(yao)

申遺項目：苗(miao)醫(yi)正骨、蛇(she)傷療法和“九節茶”制作(zuo)工(gong)藝。

苗(miao)醫正(zheng)(zheng)骨術主要分為湘西（張氏和花垣）苗(miao)醫正(zheng)(zheng)骨術和黔東南苗(miao)醫正(zheng)(zheng)骨術，一般以小夾(jia)板固定并外敷以傷(shang)(shang)藥(yao)，著名的傷(shang)(shang)藥(yao)有柏林(lin)接(jie)骨散藥(yao)等(deng)。

苗族常用(yong)(yong)九節(jie)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)來(lai)治療頭暈（九節(jie)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)、苦丁茶(cha)(cha)(cha)用(yong)(yong)水煎(jian)服）、骨折（九節(jie)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)、野葡萄根(gen)、泡桐樹(shu)根(gen)皮、四塊瓦鮮(xian)品搗爛(lan)，加白酒外裹患處）、風濕(shi)疼(teng)痛（九節(jie)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)用(yong)(yong)水煎(jian)服）。

申報編號：Ⅸ-15

申報地區(qu)：貴州(zhou)省(sheng)雷(lei)山(shan)縣、黔東(dong)南苗(miao)族侗族自治州(zhou)。

苗藥(yao)簡述(shu)：苗藥(yao)主要分布于苗族聚(ju)居的(de)苗嶺山脈、烏蒙山脈等廣大(da)地(di)區。在我(wo)國苗族聚(ju)居的(de)廣大(da)地(di)區建立了不少的(de)藥(yao)材種植生產基(ji)地(di)，大(da)力開(kai)發常用的(de)藥(yao)材。豐(feng)富的(de)苗藥(yao)資源正在逐步得(de)到開(kai)發，有的(de)已被制成(cheng)保(bao)健品投放到市場。

常見藥材：血藤、鐵筷子、百金(jin)條、白龍須、藍布正等。

珍稀藥(yao)材：八角蓮、九月生、金(jin)鐵鎖、一支箭、 仙桃草等。

醫學概述

苗醫(yi)(yi)(yi)簡史：起(qi)源很(hen)早，在早期(qi)的(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥活(huo)動(dong)近似“巫(wu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)合一”。 隨著苗族(zu)文化知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)提高，“巫(wu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)一家”的(de)(de)狀況已逐步解體(ti)。苗醫(yi)(yi)(yi)均是個人設診，采取民間行(xing)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)方(fang)式。醫(yi)(yi)(yi)護一體(ti)，無(wu)專門的(de)(de)護理(li)。苗醫(yi)(yi)(yi)理(li)論：“兩病(bing)兩綱(gang)”理(li)論，即將一切疾(ji)病(bing)歸納(na)為冷病(bing)和熱病(bing)并(bing)輔以“冷病(bing)熱治(zhi)、熱病(bing)冷治(zhi)”兩大治(zhi)則。對病(bing)因(yin)的(de)(de)認識(shi)較為樸(pu)素，認為是季節氣(qi)候(hou)和外來毒(du)素（如風毒(du)、水毒(du)、氣(qi)毒(du)、寒毒(du)）等所致。

診(zhen)斷(duan)方(fang)法： 望、號、問、觸。

特(te)色治(zhi)療(liao)：糖藥針療(liao)法(fa)和滾(gun)蛋療(liao)法(fa)都是苗醫特(te)有的治(zhi)療(liao)方法(fa)，前者發源于苗族古代狩獵活動，后者則(ze)起源于巫術。

苗藥的分類

苗藥(yao)分(fen)三門(men)(men)，十六類。十六類分(fen)屬于三門(men)(men)之中(zhong)。

調整搜媚若藥物門

熱療類(lei)，冷療類(lei)，提火類(lei)，退火類(lei)，止痛類(lei)，止塞類(lei)，止瀉類(lei)，健胃類(lei)，幫交環類(lei)。

改善瑪汝務翠藥物門

表毒(du)(du)藥類(lei)，趕毒(du)(du)藥類(lei)，敗毒(du)(du)藥類(lei)，攻(gong)毒(du)(du)藥類(lei)，退(tui)氣藥類(lei)，解危藥類(lei)。

補充各薄港搜藥物門

補體藥類。

苗藥的采集

采集

植物藥宜(yi)在其搜(sou)媚若(ruo)充盛時節采集。如根類藥宜(yi)在植株茂盛期至(zhi)翌年抽苗前，莖(jing)葉宜(yi)在生長 旺(wang)期，花類宜(yi)在待放時，果類宜(yi)在初熟間(jian)，芽以(yi)嬌(jiao)嫩(nen)鮮(xian)美為(wei)好(hao)，皮類以(yi)漿(jiang)汁富足最佳；魚、蝦、蟲(chong)、獸要辨(bian)別(bie)直假，肉質腐敗(bai)者不可入藥；礦物、金屬(shu)宜(yi)剔凈(jing)雜質。講(jiang)究品味等(deng)次(ci)，擇優(you)取用。

制作

藥物制作包括一般加工，炮制，提煉，合成以(yi)及劑型改革等，各有(you)工藝要(yao)求和流程，但其目(mu)的只有(you)三(san)(san)點：一是純潔各薄港搜，二是改善瑪汝務翠，三(san)(san)是優化搜媚(mei)若。總之，是在藥物的物質、結構、能(neng)量三(san)(san)方面(mian)予以(yi)人(ren)為的改進。

苗藥的配方原則與方法

苗醫用(yong)藥配(pei)方有兩個法(fa)則。第一個，是配(pei)單不(bu)配(pei)雙；第二(er)個，是三位一體。

配單不配雙

配(pei)(pei)單(dan)(dan)不配(pei)(pei)雙(shuang)，就是只用1，3，5，7，9，11…之(zhi)類(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)單(dan)(dan)的藥(yao)物種數配(pei)(pei)制藥(yao)方(fang)，而不用2，4，6，8，10，12 …之(zhi)類(lei)成(cheng)(cheng)雙(shuang)的藥(yao)物種數配(pei)(pei)方(fang)。不少老苗(miao)醫(yi)師都認為“配(pei)(pei)單(dan)(dan)”比“配(pei)(pei)雙(shuang)”療(liao)效好。

三位一體

三位(wei)一體，就(jiu)是各(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(各(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎：苗(miao)語(yu)。即(ji)最重(zhong)要的領(ling)頭(tou)(tou)藥(yao)(yao))。各(ge)(ge)薄嘎(各(ge)(ge)薄嘎：苗(miao)語(yu)。即(ji)鋪底藥(yao)(yao))。各(ge)(ge)管(guan)嘎(各(ge)(ge)管(guan)嘎：苗(miao)語(yu)。即(ji)監護藥(yao)(yao))。三類藥(yao)(yao)物共(gong)組成方(fang)。各(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎，意為領(ling)頭(tou)(tou)藥(yao)(yao)，是針(zhen)對(dui)病(bing)情起主要作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的藥(yao)(yao)；各(ge)(ge)薄嘎，意為鋪底藥(yao)(yao)，是對(dui)領(ling)頭(tou)(tou)藥(yao)(yao)有相(xiang)資作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)或對(dui)身體有補益作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)的藥(yao)(yao)；各(ge)(ge)管(guan)嘎，意為監護藥(yao)(yao)，是緩解領(ling)頭(tou)(tou)藥(yao)(yao)、鋪底藥(yao)(yao)的劣性和毒副(fu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，督(du)促(cu)共(gong)達(da)病(bing)所的藥(yao)(yao)。這三類功用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)與別的藥(yao)(yao)物共(gong)配成方(fang)，形成三位(wei)一體，就(jiu)能發揮藥(yao)(yao)物的良好(hao)療效(xiao)。

根(gen)據配單(dan)(dan)不(bu)(bu)配雙的法(fa)則，在(zai)“三位一(yi)(yi)體”的三個方面，也只能用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)數(shu)，不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)雙數(shu)。即領(ling)頭(tou)藥(yao)只用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)；鋪底(di)藥(yao)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多種(zhong)(zhong)，但必(bi)須是單(dan)(dan)數(shu)；監(jian)護藥(yao)也只宜(yi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。這樣，所(suo)配出藥(yao)方都是單(dan)(dan)數(shu)。“一(yi)(yi)山無二(er)虎”，領(ling)頭(tou)藥(yao)與監(jian)護藥(yao)都是有“權力”的藥(yao)，故(gu)只宜(yi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)；鋪底(di)藥(yao)是基礎性(xing)的力量，必(bi)須要扎實一(yi)(yi)些(xie)，故(gu)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)至3，5，7，9種(zhong)(zhong)，也可(ke)只用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)，假若(ruo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于治(zhi)療某些(xie)頑疾沉疴，可(ke)以“韓信點兵，多多益(yi)善(shan)”。

苗(miao)醫忌用雙數配方，源出于(yu)制天命、破均(jun)衡、反(fan)靜(jing)止、廢舊(jiu)態、創新(xin)序的(de)(de)(de)醫學思想；其三(san)位一體的(de)(de)(de)配方法(fa)則，源出于(yu)苗(miao)醫先祖阿濮濮僮所講的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)條缺一不得(de)生”。這(zhe)兩點都與(yu)楚(chu)國時苗(miao)族(zu)先民(min)屈(qu)原(yuan)所述的(de)(de)(de)“御陰陽”與(yu)《老(lao)子》所講的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)生萬(wan)物(wu)”哲(zhe)理有關。

藥(yao)方，是(shi)治病藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)人工(gong)組合(he)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)。這(zhe)個結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)組合(he)得好(hao)(hao)，就會形(xing)成藥(yao)方的(de)瑪汝務翠(cui)(cui)(cui)，就能(neng)發揮(hui)良(liang)好(hao)(hao)的(de)療(liao)效；組合(he)得不(bu)好(hao)(hao)，就會形(xing)成藥(yao)方的(de)瑪假務翠(cui)(cui)(cui)(瑪假務翠(cui)(cui)(cui)：苗語。不(bu)良(liang)的(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou))。即不(bu)良(liang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)，于是(shi)就不(bu)可能(neng)發揮(hui)良(liang)效，甚至(zhi)發生(sheng)有(you)害(hai)作用。因此(ci)，在選(xuan)藥(yao)配(pei)方時，不(bu)但要注(zhu)意(yi)“三位一體”，還(huan)要注(zhu)意(yi)利(li)用事(shi)物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)成的(de)相(xiang)資、相(xiang)制、相(xiang)征或相(xiang)奪的(de)三大關系，即在選(xuan)藥(yao)上(shang)(shang)、用藥(yao)分量上(shang)(shang)、制作方法上(shang)(shang)以及服藥(yao)方式、禁忌事(shi)項等(deng)方面，注(zhu)意(yi)發揚(yang)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)之間的(de)良(liang)性關系，避(bi)免惡性關系，這(zhe)樣，才能(neng)使藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)產生(sheng)最佳(jia)的(de)治病療(liao)效。

苗醫治療學

概述

苗醫對疾病的(de)治療有三個途(tu)徑，即調(diao)整搜媚若，補充各薄(bo)港(gang)搜，改善(shan)瑪汝務翠(cui)。

這就是苗族生成哲(zhe)學(xue)一分(fen)為三論在治病中的具(ju)體運(yun)用。

苗醫(yi)整(zheng)病學的重要(yao)內容有三(san)大原則，十六大法，四十九套方(fang)術。

三大原則

調(diao)整(zheng)搜媚若，補充各薄港搜，改善瑪汝務(wu)翠，這是(shi)苗醫整(zheng)病的三大(da)原則。

整病的原則，就(jiu)(jiu)是處理疾病問題(ti)的準繩，是不(bu)可違背的規律，如(ru)果違背了(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)要犯醫(yi)療錯誤(wu)。如(ru)心(xin)力不(bu)足，則屬于(yu)搜(sou)(sou)媚若(ruo)虧損(sun)，治(zhi)療應當(dang)用(yong)補心(xin)的方法以(yi)調整搜(sou)(sou)媚若(ruo)，假若(ruo)使(shi)用(yong)退火(huo)的藥物去(qu)治(zhi)療，使(shi)心(xin)力更虧，就(jiu)(jiu)會出現(xian)血壓(ya)下降、循環衰竭、腦架失養、本命無依(yi)、生(sheng)靈能廢止等(deng)危急病征，甚或(huo)導致死亡。又(you)如(ru)失水的病人(ren)，屬于(yu)各薄港搜(sou)(sou)缺乏，就(jiu)(jiu)必須補液；腸梗阻屬于(yu)瑪汝務翠破壞(huai)，治(zhi)療當(dang)用(yong)趕毒(du)法而不(bu)能用(yong)止塞法等(deng)。

十六大法

趕毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，敗(bai)毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，攻毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，止(zhi)痛法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，熱(re)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，提(ti)火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，退火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，止(zhi)瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，健胃(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，幫交環(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，補體法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，表(biao)(biao)毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，退氣(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，止(zhi)塞(sai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，解(jie)危(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。這(zhe)苗醫整病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學(xue)的十(shi)六大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，是針對十(shi)六種病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)而立。趕毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)積毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，敗(bai)毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)雄毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，攻毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)惡毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，止(zhi)痛法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)疼痛病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，熱(re)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，提(ti)火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)內冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，退火法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)火毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，止(zhi)瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)瀉肚病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，健胃(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)胃(wei)弱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，幫交環(huan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)交環(huan)不和病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，補體法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)虧損(sun)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，表(biao)(biao)毒(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)風冷氣(qi)水毒(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，退氣(qi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)氣(qi)壅(yong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，止(zhi)塞(sai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)外漏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，解(jie)危(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)危(wei)急病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。十(shi)六大(da)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的具體應用(yong)，請看十(shi)七病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)議治(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)章(zhang)節(jie)。

四十九套方術

生藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、煎湯術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥酒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吸(xi)藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、丸散術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吹藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、涂藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、擦(ca)藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、敷貼術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥洗(xi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、掛藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、睡藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、薰煙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、蒸療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、導氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、推抹術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、刮痧(sha)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吮吸(xi)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、拔罐術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、放血術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、麻(ma)醉術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、開刀術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、縫合(he)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、包扎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、正骨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燙熨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、烘烤術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、滾(gun)蛋術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灰碗(wan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火燎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燈火術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燒(shao)燙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火針術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、發(fa)泡術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、打針術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、挑紗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、點(dian)堂術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浸水、光照術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱(re)浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、操練(lian)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、戢(ji)毒(du)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、化水毒(du)、沖(chong)喜術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、治神術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、食療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。

對疾病的命名及分類

苗醫對疾病的命名及分類

苗(miao)醫(yi)對疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)命名(ming)具有(you)(you)樸素、生動的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象思(si)維特點(dian)，他(ta)們根據(ju)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)外觀(guan)征象，多以動、植物形(xing)(xing)象、聲音、金屬(shu)(shu)色(se)澤等(deng)(deng)取類比象命名(ming)，如(ru)雙(shuang)上肢(zhi)抽搐象鷂鷹閃翅的(de)(de)叫(jiao)“鷂子經(jing)(jing)(jing)”，膝關節(jie)紅腫(zhong)發亮、形(xing)(xing)如(ru)貓(mao)頭(tou)的(de)(de)叫(jiao)“貓(mao)頭(tou)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”，色(se)形(xing)(xing)如(ru)高梁的(de)(de)“高梁痘證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”，色(se)澤如(ru)銅、鐵的(de)(de)“銅疔“、“鐵疔”等(deng)(deng)。另(ling)有(you)(you)以主癥、病(bing)(bing)因、病(bing)(bing)變部(bu)位命名(ming)或(huo)互為結合命名(ming)的(de)(de)，如(ru)“米黃證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“雪皮風證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“寒(han)風經(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“白口(kou)菌(jun)”、“男色(se)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“月(yue)家樂(le)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”等(deng)(deng)。在苗(miao)族醫(yi)生中流行(xing)著“病(bing)(bing)有(you)(you)一百(bai)單(dan)八證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)說法，但因地域及分(fen)支的(de)(de)不同，有(you)(you)將(jiang)一百(bai)單(dan)八 證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)解為“三十(shi)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)、七十(shi)二(er)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、有(you)(you)叫(jiao)“三十(shi)六(liu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、七十(shi)二(er)疾(ji)二(er)或(huo)稱“四十(shi)九(jiu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、四十(shi)九(jiu)翻(fan)、十(shi)丹毒(du)”，據(ju)說這些(xie)數(shu)字只是為了應一百(bai)單(dan)八的(de)(de)概念，并非確切的(de)(de)定(ding)數(shu)。一般來說，苗(miao)醫(yi)是根據(ju)各(ge)種疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)某些(xie)共(gong)同屬(shu)(shu)性而將(jiang)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)進(jin)行(xing)歸類，分(fen)為經(jing)(jing)(jing)、證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、翻(fan)、龜、小兒(er)胎病(bing)(bing)、新(xin)生兒(er)抽病(bing)(bing)、丹毒(du)、療、癀(huang)、花、瘡等(deng)(deng)類。

(一(yi)(yi))經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類(lei)凡以發病(bing)急驟(zou)、病(bing)勢險(xian)惡，并以發熱、抽(chou)搐、昏迷或疼痛為主癥的一(yi)(yi)類(lei)疾病(bing)大都歸為“經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”類(lei)，如36經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有(you)：仙麥(mai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(馬(ma)苧(zhu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，麥(mai)坐經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(走馬(ma)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，替謬(miu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(魚肚經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，錄慕經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(錄慕經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，苧(zhu)太(tai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(天(tian)吊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，代替經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(肚腹經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，獨經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(迷沉經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))，翻斗經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(腳翻經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、鬧青經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(心經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))……等。操黔東方言的苗醫稱尚有(you)?經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)病(bing)，嗯(ng)(ng)(扯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、衣批(pi)嗯(ng)(ng)(半邊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、啞嗯(ng)(ng)(啞經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、讀嗯(ng)(ng)(火經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、生(sheng)嗯(ng)(ng)(冷經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、哈嗯(ng)(ng)(快經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、干嗯(ng)(ng)(慢經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。

(二)證類

凡以疼痛(tong)、吐瀉、發熱、咳(ke)嗽、出血(xue)、痘(dou)、疹(zhen)等(deng)為主癥，或某癥狀單獨出現(xian)(xian)，或幾個癥狀同時出現(xian)(xian)的各種疾病(bing)，苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)將這一(yi)類疾病(bing)歸為“證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”類，如72證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有：巴鼓干(gan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(公(gong)雞證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)謬證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(青沙(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、昏拓證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(頭瘟證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、能鋼(gang)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(鋼(gang)蛇證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)體證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(紅沙(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、代公(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(狗心證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、布容證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(羊毛證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、巴轉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(擺子證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))，豪指證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃病(bing)心)、孟朱替證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(水臌證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))等(deng)。操黔(qian)東方(fang)言(yan)苗(miao)醫(yi)(yi)補充；常(chang)見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如拿約證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃鱔證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、嗯欒證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(迷經(jing)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、愛我(wo)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(烏鴉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、，胡西證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(縮筋(jin)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))……等(deng)二十多種。

因在烈日(ri)下久(jiu)曬(shai)，或感受瘴嵐(lan)穢濁之氣所(suo)致的各種(zhong)急證，如口鼻(bi)出血、心腹疼(teng)痛(tong)、厥(jue)逆(ni)吐(tu)瀉、昏迷痙厥(jue)等，并伴見某種(zhong)動(dong)物形態動(dong)作(zuo)的，苗醫統稱為翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，包括朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、心經(jing)疔(ding)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(心經(jing)疔(ding)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、巴(ba)古翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(烏鴉翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))，代構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(狗翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))，界構翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(白(bai)眼翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、大能翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛇(she)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、松拿(na)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(啞巴(ba)翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))、姑寶姐翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(蛤蟆翻(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan))……等49種(zhong)。

(四)胎病

農村小兒中(zhong)，常見因營養不(bu)良或微量元素(su)缺乏(fa)所致(zhi)的消瘦神疲(pi)、毛(mao)發干枯、厭食(shi)好哭、哭聲細微、夜(ye)眠驚惕等癥(zheng)，苗醫根據其不(bu)同見癥(zheng)及(ji)哭聲稱為小兒12胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)病：胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)麥(馬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)育(牛胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)容(羊胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)干(雞胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)構(狗胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)板(豬胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)忙(貓胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)訣(金胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)嘔(銀胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)崩(花胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)奈(人臉(lian))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)慢(猴(hou)胎(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai))。

(五)抽病

是初生(sheng)小(xiao)兒最常見(jian)(jian)的(de)一(yi)類(lei)對各種(zhong)有害環境不(bu)適應性(xing)或過敏性(xing)疾(ji)病(bing)，主要表現(xian)為身(shen)熱面黃(huang)、煩躁啼哭、吐奶厭食、噴嚏流淚(lei)、指紋色紫等，根據病(bing)因及表現(xian)不(bu)同而有不(bu)同的(de)抽(chou)病(bing)，最常見(jian)(jian)的(de)有以下幾種(zhong)：幾朗(lang)抽(chou)(日抽(chou))、巧(qiao)抽(chou)(煙抽(chou))、靛抽(chou)(靛抽(chou))、都(dou)抽(chou)(木(mu)抽(chou))，此外尚有月、露、風(feng)、雨、人、畜、水而致病(bing)者，但較為少見(jian)(jian)。

(六)丹類

本病(bing)發病(bing)急驟，初起(qi)有發熱(re)、惡寒、頭痛、骨節痛、惡心等(deng)全身癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)，繼而出現皮疹。皮疹略高(gao)于皮膚，色紅(hong)如涂(tu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)，邊緣清(qing)楚，表面光亮灼熱(re)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)大如掌，繼而擴散(san)，甚(shen)者遍身，或癢或痛，發無定處，根據(ju)其(qi)(qi)(qi)初發部位(wei)及擴散(san)路徑不同，苗醫將其(qi)(qi)(qi)分為(wei)10丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)毒(du)：晝(zhou)買丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(飛灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)買松丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(走灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)麥丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(鬼火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)真度丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(天火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)汁斗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(天灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)卡煮丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(水丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)替丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(葫蘆丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)勞丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(野火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)保斗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(煙火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝(zhou)漏丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(壺漏丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))。

(七)癀類

初起患部腫(zhong)痛，繼(ji)而向深層(ceng)和周圍(wei)擴大(da)，形(xing)成大(da)片紅腫(zhong)熱痛的硬(ying)塊，四周漫腫(zhong)，伴全身(shen)寒熱癥狀。常見有讀仿(fang)(火癀)、歐(ou)仿(fang)(水癀)、恨松(song)仿(fang)(巴(ba)骨癀)節(jie)。

(八)花類

多因癀(huang)類失治(zhi)誤治(zhi)而來，后期皮膚紅腫潰爛、腐(fu)肉外翻突起，其(qi)形(xing)如(ru)花狀，此時多伴有人體(ti)消瘦，面色蒼白，食(shi)欲不振，低熱等(deng)全身癥狀，因其(qi)病灶發于某(mou)處而名(ming)某(mou)花，如(ru)哥(ge)巫榜(奶花)、骨(gu)汁榜(背花)、娘榜(坐花)，另有一些不是(shi)因癀(huang)失治(zhi)而來，只因其(qi)病灶如(ru)某(mou)種(zhong)物(wu)體(ti)開(kai)花狀，或呈(cheng)現某(mou)種(zhong)花紋而得(de)名(ming)，如(ru)蠟榜(蠟燭花)，講姑(gu)買榜(蘿1、花)等(deng)。

(九)疔類

是一種急性皮膚傳(chuan)染性疾病(bing)，因其(qi)病(bing)灶形小(xiao)根深，頑硬如釘而得名(ming)，好發(fa)于(yu)人(ren)體暴露(lu)部(bu)位，如頭(tou)面(mian)及四肢末端(duan)，并伴(ban)有寒戰高熱、煩(fan)渴引飲，甚(shen)則(ze)昏迷譫語。本病(bing)發(fa)病(bing)急驟，病(bing)情(qing)兇險，不(bu)急治則(ze)死。根據(ju)(ju)疔(ding)發(fa)特點，有樣干不(bu)公(gong)(飛疔(ding))、歐干不(bu)公(gong)(水(shui)疔(ding))、那干不(bu)公(gong)(干疔(ding))、讀公(gong)(火疔(ding))、倒公(gong)(銅(tong)疔(ding))、哨公(gong)(鐵疔(ding))，此外根據(ju)(ju)發(fa)生部(bu)位不(bu)同(tong)還(huan)有節(jie)骨疔(ding)、箍頸疔(ding)、手板(ban)(ban)疔(ding)、腳板(ban)(ban)疔(ding)等。

(十)瘡類

指病灶表淺(qian)的一類皮膚病，據(ju)其不同性狀及(ji)發生(sheng)部(bu)位有：讀萬潑(火(huo)旋瘡)、干紐(niu)潑(白口瘡)、哥巫潑(乳瘡)等。

(十一)龜類

是長在(zai)腹內形(xing)似龜背的各種包(bao)塊。包(bao)塊質軟，按(an)之(zhi)(zhi)消(xiao)(xiao)失，起手復現，聚散(san)無(wu)(wu)常叫(jiao)(jiao)崩播(氣龜)；質較硬，按(an)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)消(xiao)(xiao)叫(jiao)(jiao)向播(血龜)；按(an)之(zhi)(zhi)堅硬如石(shi)叫(jiao)(jiao)衣播(石(shi)龜)。包(bao)塊圓而(er)無(wu)(wu)角屬陰叫(jiao)(jiao)“母龜”，圓而(er)有角屬陽叫(jiao)(jiao)“公龜”。

據(ju)統(tong)計，苗(miao)醫掌握(wo)病(bing)種有(you)200余種，廣泛涉及(ji)到內、外、婦、兒、神經、精神、骨傷、皮(pi)膚、寄生(sheng)蟲及(ji)各種傳(chuan)染病(bing)、流行病(bing)等，其(qi)歸類方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法自成體系，并具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定的(de)(de)科學性及(ji)規范性。但因(yin)地(di)域不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)有(you)別，各地(di)苗(miao)族醫在(zai)疾病(bing)命名(ming)、證(zheng)治上(shang)有(you)不盡相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)之(zhi)處(chu)，有(you)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名(ming)異(yi)(yi)癥、同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥異(yi)(yi)名(ming)的(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，如同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)叫“飛(fei)蛾證(zheng)”，湘西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)的(de)(de)“飛(fei)蛾證(zheng)”其(qi)臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)是發熱、鼻翼煽動(dong)、咳嗽氣(qi)急(ji)、胸(xiong)痛(tong)等；黔(qian)(qian)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)的(de)(de)“飛(fei)蛾證(zheng)”臨(lin)床(chuang)(chuang)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)是發熱、扁(bian)桃體紅腫疼痛(tong)等。又如黔(qian)(qian)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)的(de)(de)“雷(lei)公證(zheng)”是頭(tou)部劇烈(lie)疼痛(tong)，以戴帽一(yi)圈尤甚，而湘西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)之(zhi)“雷(lei)公證(zheng)”則是以胸(xiong)痛(tong)、咳嗽、吐(tu)血(xue)等為(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)主癥，“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)名(ming)異(yi)(yi)癥”者治法迥異(yi)(yi)。另有(you)“同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥異(yi)(yi)名(ming)”者，如同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)好食生(sheng)米(mi)、面色萎(wei)黃(huang)、浮腫乏(fa)力的(de)(de)，湘西方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“米(mi)黃(huang)證(zheng)”，黔(qian)(qian)東(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“黃(huang)腫病(bing)”；同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)口干舌燥(zao)、多食多飲、腹脹大而形體消瘦(shou)者，有(you)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)(cheng)“魚肚經”，有(you)的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“水證(zheng)”，“異(yi)(yi)名(ming)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)癥”者其(qi)治療方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)藥一(yi)般是相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或相似的(de)(de)。

貴州苗藥資源現狀

貴州特殊的(de)生態環(huan)境及復雜多樣的(de)自然條件(jian)，孕育(yu)著(zhu)無比豐富(fu)而特有的(de)藥(yao)用動(dong)、植物資(zi)源與礦物資(zi)源，為中國著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)四(si)大(da)道(dao)地藥(yao)材產區之一，也(ye)是我國著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)苗鄉，蘊藏(zang)著(zhu)極其豐富(fu)的(de)苗藥(yao)資(zi)源。

貴州地(di)處我國大(da)西(xi)南的(de)東南部(bu)，云貴高原東部(bu)，位于(yu)東經103。36’～109。35’，北緯24。37’~29。13’，居長江、珠(zhu)江兩大(da)河流上游的(de)分水嶺(ling)地(di)帶，是隆(long)起(qi)于(yu)四川(chuan)盆(pen)地(di)和廣西(xi)、湘西(xi)丘陵(ling)之間的(de)亞熱帶巖溶化高原山(shan)地(di)，境內地(di)勢起(qi)伏，西(xi)高東低(di)，主要山(shan)地(di)有烏蒙山(shan)、大(da)婁(lou)山(shan)、梵凈山(shan)和苗(miao)嶺(ling)；境內河流縱橫，平均(jun)海拔l000m，最(zui)高1900m，最(zui)低(di)137m。

貴州地(di)(di)處中亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)中部(bu)，主(zhu)要受東(dong)南(nan)季風影響(xiang)，氣候屬(shu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)高原山(shan)地(di)(di)型，具有溫暖(nuan)濕潤、冬(dong)無嚴寒、夏無酷暑、光熱(re)水同期(qi)的基本氣候特征。同時，立(li)體氣候明顯，垂直(zhi)差異顯著(zhu)，各地(di)(di)年(nian)平均氣溫在(zai)(zai)8～20℃，大部(bu)分地(di)(di)區在(zai)(zai)15~C左右(you)(you)，年(nian)降(jiang)雨量為850～1600mm，多(duo)在(zai)(zai)1000?D1300ram，多(duo)數地(di)(di)區無霜期(qi)為210～350d，一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)270d左右(you)(you)。

貴州(zhou)的植被(bei)類型為中亞(ya)熱帶常綠闊葉林(lin)，由殼斗科、樟科、山(shan)茶科，以及木蘭科的栲屬、青岡(gang)櫟(li)、樟屬、楨楠(nan)屬和木荷屬等優(you)勢樹種構成(cheng)，一(yi)般(ban)分布在海(hai)撥l400m。在石(shi)灰巖地區多為石(shi)灰巖常綠櫟(li)林(lin)。

貴(gui)州中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)無比(bi)豐富，經20世紀(ji)80～90年代的(de)(de)大規模、系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)全(quan)省(sheng)中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)普查，貴(gui)州有中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)4290種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)3924種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬于(yu)275科(ke)(ke)，1384屬；如蕨類30科(ke)(ke)，200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；裸子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)11科(ke)(ke)，25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)196科(ke)(ke)，2577種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))，占91．5%；動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)289種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬于(yu)126科(ke)(ke))，占6．7%，礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬于(yu)10類)，占1．8%；在全(quan)國統(tong)(tong)一(yi)普查的(de)(de)363種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)重點藥(yao)(yao)材品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中，貴(gui)州有資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)達326種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占89．6%。貴(gui)州中藥(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)豐富程度與全(quan)國各省(sheng)區比(bi)較，僅次(ci)于(yu)云南(nan)(5050種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))、廣西(xi)(4590種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))及四(si)川(chuan)(含(han)原重慶市，4354種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))，名列前茅，榮居第(di)4位，果真是(shi)“川(chuan)廣云貴(gui)，地(di)道藥(yao)(yao)材“。

貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)但(dan)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豐富中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，而(er)且也(ye)蘊藏有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豐富的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)來源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，同(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)樣，屬(shu)天(tian)(tian)然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)范疇，涉及(ji)到植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。據(ju)(ju)調查(cha)，貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在4000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右，正如(ru)(ru)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)畢(bi)節地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)老(lao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)所言：(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi))病有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)108癥，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)3800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(泛(fan)指(zhi)高等(deng)(deng)(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu))3000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，無(wu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(泛(fan)指(zhi)低等(deng)(deng)(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)(wu)、礦(kuang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)及(ji)其它類)800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。如(ru)(ru)別具特色(se)(se)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)觀音草(cao)、米槁、艾納香、八爪金龍、仙桃(tao)草(cao)、旱蓮(lian)草(cao)、活血丹、大丁草(cao)、重樓等(deng)(deng)(deng)。近幾十年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，通過對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)聚居地(di)區(qu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)深(shen)入調查(cha)、整理與研究，據(ju)(ju)不(bu)完全(quan)統(tong)計(ji)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)見苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)2000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右，最常(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)(yue)達(da)400種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)己收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)于全(quan)國(guo)性或(huo)地(di)方性民(min)(min)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)專著。如(ru)(ru)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)民(min)(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)志》第一(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(1984年(nian)(nian)(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、第二卷(juan)(juan)(1990年(nian)(nian)(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)集》(1988年(nian)(nian)(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)163種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)集》(1989年(nian)(nian)(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)91種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)》收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)340種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)》(1992年(nian)(nian)(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為主的(de)(de)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)民(min)(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)197種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研究與開(kai)發(fa)》(1998年(nian)(nian)(nian))收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)經按國(guo)家有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)規定再評價(jia)并(bing)批準(zhun)為貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材地(di)方標準(zhun)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)165種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)彩色(se)(se)圖集》收(shou)載(zai)(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)368種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。此外湖南、云(yun)南、廣(guang)西等(deng)(deng)(deng)省區(qu)出版的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)書籍(ji)和(he)發(fa)表的(de)(de)學(xue)術論文中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)記(ji)述。據(ju)(ju)不(bu)完全(quan)統(tong)計(ji)，常(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可達(da)1500種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多，最常(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)(yue)200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)，一(yi)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)而(er)中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)或(huo)民(min)(min)間草(cao)醫(yi)(yi)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)少(shao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)；或(huo)一(yi)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)雖是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)與其它民(min)(min)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)皆使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，但(dan)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部位(wei)等(deng)(deng)(deng)卻有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)同(tong)∞“0。總之，貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)廣(guang)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類多、產量大、品質好，這為貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)(tian)然民(min)(min)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業產業化的(de)(de)蓬勃(bo)發(fa)展奠(dian)定了無(wu)比(bi)堅實的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。

苗醫藥資源基礎與特色

苗(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)命名(ming)(ming)亦有其(qi)特色(se)與規律性(xing)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)聚居地區和(he)(he)方(fang)言雖有不同，但其(qi)命名(ming)(ming)方(fang)法基本(ben)(ben)相似。對(dui)“藥(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱謂(wei)，川黔滇(dian)方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)語或(huo)湘西方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)(miao)語均(jun)稱之為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“Guab”（苗(miao)(miao)(miao)文），其(qi)近(jin)似漢語譯音(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) “ 嘎 ”（下同）；黔東(dong)方(fang)言稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) “Jab” ，“ 佳 ” 。對(dui)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命名(ming)(ming)，無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)木(mu)本(ben)(ben)、草(cao)(cao)本(ben)(ben)、藤本(ben)(ben)類(lei)(lei)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物藥(yao)，還是(shi)(shi)來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)昆蟲(chong)、鳥獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物藥(yao)，其(qi)名(ming)(ming)稱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)詞(ci)素（第(di)一(yi)(yi)音(yin)節(jie)(jie)、或(huo)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)(er)音(yin)節(jie)(jie)）一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都是(shi)(shi)該藥(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)別或(huo)藥(yao)用(yong)部位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意譯；第(di)二(er)(er)、三詞(ci)素（一(yi)(yi)或(huo)幾(ji)個(ge)音(yin)節(jie)(jie)）是(shi)(shi)以藥(yao)材的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)、植(zhi)(zhi)物名(ming)(ming)或(huo)特征(zheng)（一(yi)(yi)般(ban)特征(zheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)形(xing)狀、氣(qi)味、顏(yan)色(se)、生(sheng)長季(ji)節(jie)(jie)及(ji)習性(xing)、功用(yong)）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意譯。例如(ru)，車前草(cao)(cao) “ Vob ngeix dlliangt” （窩里(li)八降）： “ 窩 ” ，即(ji)草(cao)(cao)類(lei)(lei)，是(shi)(shi)類(lei)(lei)別； “ 里(li) ” ，是(shi)(shi)特征(zheng)，即(ji)比較小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意思； “ 八降 ” ，即(ji)該藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物名(ming)(ming)稱。又如(ru)木(mu)本(ben)(ben)藥(yao)材：以 “ Det” （豆）詞(ci)起頭(tou)。 “ 豆 ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意譯為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu)，如(ru)杜仲，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)文名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) "Det dem" （豆頓(dun)）。 苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)對(dui)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識和(he)(he)立(li)方(fang)遣(qian)藥(yao)有其(qi)獨特模(mo)式(shi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)在(zai)長期(qi)生(sheng)產和(he)(he)與疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐(jian)中，總結積(ji)累了豐(feng)富而寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)藥(yao)經驗(yan)，逐漸形(xing)成(cheng)了苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱(gang)、經、癥、疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)模(mo)式(shi)，以及(ji)關于(yu)(yu)病(bing)(bing)因、疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)、診斷、治療(liao)和(he)(he)預防等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具(ju)有濃郁民(min)族(zu)特色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)藥(yao)理(li)(li)論(lun)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)將疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“冷(leng)(leng)病(bing)(bing)”、熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)”兩(liang)綱(gang)，并(bing)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)冷(leng)(leng)病(bing)(bing)、熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)相互(hu)對(dui)立(li)又存在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定聯(lian)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)類(lei)(lei)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)來說，凡疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)在(zai)發(fa)生(sheng)發(fa)展過程中，表(biao)(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慢(man)(man)性(xing)、寒(han)冷(leng)(leng)、虛弱、安靜、功能(neng)低下等(deng)多(duo)屬冷(leng)(leng)病(bing)(bing)；表(biao)(biao)現為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)急性(xing)、灼熱(re)(re)、躁動(dong)、機能(neng)亢進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)屬熱(re)(re)病(bing)(bing)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)根據疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)表(biao)(biao)現和(he)(he)起病(bing)(bing)快(kuai)慢(man)(man)，分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“冷(leng)(leng)經”、“熱(re)(re)經”、“半邊經”、“快(kuai)經”、“慢(man)(man)經”五經；苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)中流行著“病(bing)(bing)有一(yi)(yi)百單八癥”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法，并(bing)將一(yi)(yi)百單八癥分(fen)解為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“三十(shi)(shi)六經、七十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)癥”，或(huo)“三十(shi)(shi)六大癥、七十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)小(xiao)(xiao)疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”，或(huo)“四十(shi)(shi)九癥、四十(shi)(shi)九翻、十(shi)(shi)丹毒”。如(ru)此則形(xing)成(cheng)了苗(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱(gang)、經、癥、疾(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)模(mo)式(shi)特色(se)。

苗(miao)族醫用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：“熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治冷(leng)(leng)病”，“冷(leng)(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治熱病”。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則分“冷(leng)(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”、“熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”兩性(xing)，又分酸、甜、辣、麻(ma)、澀(se)、辛、淡(dan)等(deng)七味(wei)。在(zai)黔東南地區，還(huan)根(gen)據(ju)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)味(wei)歸(gui)入“五(wu)經(jing)(jing)”。其原則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：凡味(wei)甜、麻(ma)、香、辣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)屬熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，歸(gui)屬冷(leng)(leng)經(jing)(jing)；香、辣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)同時歸(gui)屬于快經(jing)(jing)、半邊(bian)經(jing)(jing)；凡味(wei)酸、苦(ku)、澀(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)屬冷(leng)(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，歸(gui)屬熱經(jing)(jing)。苗(miao)族醫用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)立方(fang)簡要、遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精(jing)煉，多(duo)(duo)一方(fang)一藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，并擁有(you)大量“簡、便(bian)、廉(lian)、驗”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)方(fang)、驗方(fang)與秘方(fang)。在(zai)防治疑難病、常見病、慢性(xing)病、老年病等(deng)方(fang)面有(you)其特殊療效和絕招(zhao)。苗(miao)族多(duo)(duo)居(ju)住在(zai)廣(guang)袤(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)區，有(you)得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)場(chang)地，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可(ke)以(yi)就地取(qu)材(cai)，勿需加工貯藏，故苗(miao)族醫尚多(duo)(duo)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，這也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特點之一。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)劑(ji)一般較(jiao)簡單(dan)而(er)實用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，除單(dan)味(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)外，其復方(fang)方(fang)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)分為“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”（主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)）與“子(zi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”（副藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)）兩大類而(er)加以(yi)伍用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。“母(mu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”（主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)）是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)主要癥狀所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)功效而(er)確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)；“子(zi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”（副藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)）則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)次(ci)要癥狀所用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)或協助增強主藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)功效等(deng)而(er)確定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)劑(ji)多(duo)(duo)數味(wei)組(zu)成，大復方(fang)較(jiao)少見。苗(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)型多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣，大多(duo)(duo)保持傳統劑(ji)型特色。常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)水煎(jian)劑(ji)、水酒(jiu)共煎(jian)劑(ji)，酒(jiu)浸劑(ji)、油(you)浸劑(ji)、煎(jian)膏(gao)劑(ji)、散劑(ji)、丸劑(ji)、灸劑(ji)、薰(xun)蒸劑(ji)等(deng)。另外，還(huan)有(you)將(jiang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)與豬腳同燉服(fu)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)與蛋(dan)同煮服(fu)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水酒(jiu)或醋磨(mo)汁，鮮(xian)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)搗爛外敷等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)法(fa).