1、苗醫藥(癲癇癥療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省鳳凰縣
(3)保護單位:鳳凰縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
2、苗醫藥(鉆節風療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:湖南省花垣縣
(3)保護單位:湘西青山苗族醫學文化有限公司
3、苗醫藥(骨傷蛇傷療法),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省雷山縣
(3)保護單位:雷山縣非物質文化遺產保護中心
4、苗醫藥(九節茶藥制作工藝),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州
(3)保護單位:黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院(黔東南苗族侗族自治州苗醫苗藥研究院、黔東南苗族侗族自治州民族醫藥研究院附屬苗醫醫院)
5、苗醫藥(骨髓骨傷藥膏),編號:Ⅸ-15
(1)批次/類型:2021年(第五批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:貴州省黔東南苗族侗族自治州麻江縣
苗醫藥被列為(wei)第二批國(guo)家級非物質文(wen)化遺產(chan)名錄
申報名稱:傳統醫藥
申遺項目:苗(miao)醫正骨、蛇(she)傷療法(fa)和(he)“九節(jie)茶”制作工藝。
苗(miao)醫正骨術主要分為湘西(張氏和(he)花垣)苗(miao)醫正骨術和(he)黔(qian)東(dong)南苗(miao)醫正骨術,一般以(yi)小夾板固定并(bing)外敷以(yi)傷(shang)藥,著名的傷(shang)藥有柏林(lin)接骨散藥等。
苗族常用九節茶來治療頭(tou)暈(九節茶、苦丁茶用水煎服)、骨折(九節茶、野葡萄根、泡桐樹根皮(pi)、四塊瓦鮮品(pin)搗爛,加白酒外裹患處)、風濕疼痛(九節茶用水煎服)。
申報(bao)編(bian)號:Ⅸ-15
申(shen)報地區(qu):貴州省雷(lei)山縣、黔東南苗(miao)族侗(dong)族自治(zhi)州。
苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)簡述:苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)主(zhu)要分布于苗(miao)(miao)族聚居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)嶺山(shan)脈(mo)、烏(wu)蒙(meng)山(shan)脈(mo)等(deng)廣(guang)大地區。在我國苗(miao)(miao)族聚居(ju)的(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)大地區建立了(le)不少的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)材種植生(sheng)產基地,大力開(kai)(kai)發(fa)常用的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)材。豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)資源正在逐步得到開(kai)(kai)發(fa),有的(de)(de)(de)已被制成保(bao)健品投放到市(shi)場。
常見藥材:血藤(teng)、鐵筷子、百金條、白(bai)龍(long)須、藍(lan)布正等。
珍稀藥材(cai):八角蓮、九月生(sheng)、金鐵(tie)鎖、一支箭、 仙桃(tao)草等。
苗(miao)醫(yi)簡(jian)史:起源很早,在(zai)早期的(de)(de)醫(yi)藥活(huo)動近(jin)似“巫醫(yi)合一(yi)”。 隨(sui)著苗(miao)族文化知識的(de)(de)提高,“巫醫(yi)一(yi)家”的(de)(de)狀況已逐步解體。苗(miao)醫(yi)均(jun)是個人設診,采取(qu)民間行醫(yi)的(de)(de)方式。醫(yi)護一(yi)體,無(wu)專門(men)的(de)(de)護理(li)(li)。苗(miao)醫(yi)理(li)(li)論:“兩病(bing)(bing)兩綱”理(li)(li)論,即(ji)將一(yi)切疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)歸納為(wei)冷病(bing)(bing)和熱(re)病(bing)(bing)并輔以“冷病(bing)(bing)熱(re)治、熱(re)病(bing)(bing)冷治”兩大治則。對病(bing)(bing)因(yin)的(de)(de)認(ren)識較為(wei)樸素(su),認(ren)為(wei)是季(ji)節氣(qi)(qi)候和外來毒素(su)(如(ru)風毒、水毒、氣(qi)(qi)毒、寒毒)等所致(zhi)。
診斷方法: 望、號、問、觸。
特色治(zhi)療:糖藥(yao)針療法(fa)和滾(gun)蛋療法(fa)都是苗醫特有的治(zhi)療方法(fa),前者發源(yuan)于(yu)苗族古代(dai)狩(shou)獵活動,后者則起源(yuan)于(yu)巫(wu)術。
苗藥分三門(men),十六類。十六類分屬(shu)于(yu)三門(men)之中。
熱療類(lei),冷療類(lei),提火類(lei),退火類(lei),止痛(tong)類(lei),止塞類(lei),止瀉類(lei),健胃類(lei),幫交環類(lei)。
表毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),趕毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),敗毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),攻(gong)毒(du)藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),退(tui)氣藥(yao)(yao)類(lei),解危藥(yao)(yao)類(lei)。
補體藥類。
植物藥(yao)宜(yi)(yi)在其搜(sou)媚(mei)若充(chong)盛時節采(cai)集(ji)。如根類(lei)藥(yao)宜(yi)(yi)在植株茂盛期至(zhi)翌年抽苗前(qian),莖(jing)葉(xie)宜(yi)(yi)在生(sheng)長(chang) 旺期,花類(lei)宜(yi)(yi)在待放時,果(guo)類(lei)宜(yi)(yi)在初熟(shu)間,芽以嬌嫩鮮美為好,皮類(lei)以漿汁(zhi)富足(zu)最(zui)佳;魚、蝦(xia)、蟲、獸要辨別(bie)直假(jia),肉質腐敗者不(bu)可(ke)入藥(yao);礦物、金屬宜(yi)(yi)剔(ti)凈(jing)雜質。講(jiang)究品(pin)味等次,擇優(you)取用。
藥(yao)物(wu)制作包括一般加工,炮制,提煉,合成以及劑型改(gai)革等,各有工藝要求(qiu)和(he)流程,但其目(mu)的只(zhi)有三(san)點(dian):一是純潔各薄港(gang)搜(sou),二是改(gai)善瑪汝務翠,三(san)是優化搜(sou)媚若。總之,是在(zai)藥(yao)物(wu)的物(wu)質、結構、能量(liang)三(san)方面予以人為(wei)的改(gai)進。
苗醫用(yong)藥配(pei)方有兩個法(fa)則。第(di)一個,是配(pei)單不配(pei)雙(shuang);第(di)二個,是三位一體(ti)。
配(pei)(pei)單不配(pei)(pei)雙,就是(shi)只用(yong)1,3,5,7,9,11…之(zhi)類成單的(de)藥物(wu)種(zhong)數(shu)配(pei)(pei)制藥方(fang)(fang),而不用(yong)2,4,6,8,10,12 …之(zhi)類成雙的(de)藥物(wu)種(zhong)數(shu)配(pei)(pei)方(fang)(fang)。不少老苗醫師都認為“配(pei)(pei)單”比“配(pei)(pei)雙”療效好。
三位一(yi)體,就是各(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga)(ga):苗語。即(ji)最重要的(de)(de)(de)領(ling)頭(tou)藥(yao))。各(ge)(ge)(ge)薄(bo)(bo)嘎(ga)(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)薄(bo)(bo)嘎(ga)(ga)(ga):苗語。即(ji)鋪底藥(yao))。各(ge)(ge)(ge)管嘎(ga)(ga)(ga)(各(ge)(ge)(ge)管嘎(ga)(ga)(ga):苗語。即(ji)監(jian)護(hu)藥(yao))。三類藥(yao)物共組成方。各(ge)(ge)(ge)碑(bei)嘎(ga)(ga)(ga),意為(wei)領(ling)頭(tou)藥(yao),是針對病情起主要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao);各(ge)(ge)(ge)薄(bo)(bo)嘎(ga)(ga)(ga),意為(wei)鋪底藥(yao),是對領(ling)頭(tou)藥(yao)有相資作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)或對身體有補益作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao);各(ge)(ge)(ge)管嘎(ga)(ga)(ga),意為(wei)監(jian)護(hu)藥(yao),是緩解領(ling)頭(tou)藥(yao)、鋪底藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)劣(lie)性(xing)和毒副作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),督(du)促(cu)共達病所的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)。這三類功(gong)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)與別的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物共配成方,形成三位一(yi)體,就能發揮藥(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)良好療(liao)效。
根據配單(dan)不配雙(shuang)(shuang)的(de)法則,在“三位(wei)一(yi)體”的(de)三個方面,也只(zhi)能用(yong)單(dan)數(shu),不用(yong)雙(shuang)(shuang)數(shu)。即領頭(tou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)只(zhi)用(yong)一(yi)種;鋪(pu)底(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)可用(yong)多(duo)種,但必須(xu)是(shi)單(dan)數(shu);監(jian)護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)也只(zhi)宜(yi)一(yi)種。這樣(yang),所配出藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方都是(shi)單(dan)數(shu)。“一(yi)山無二虎”,領頭(tou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)與監(jian)護藥(yao)(yao)(yao)都是(shi)有“權力”的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),故只(zhi)宜(yi)一(yi)種;鋪(pu)底(di)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)基(ji)礎性的(de)力量,必須(xu)要扎實一(yi)些(xie),故常用(yong)至3,5,7,9種,也可只(zhi)用(yong)一(yi)種,假若用(yong)于治(zhi)療某些(xie)頑疾沉疴(ke),可以“韓信點兵,多(duo)多(duo)益善”。
苗醫(yi)(yi)忌用雙數配方(fang),源出于制(zhi)天命、破(po)均衡、反靜止、廢舊(jiu)態、創新序的(de)醫(yi)(yi)學思想;其(qi)三位一體的(de)配方(fang)法則,源出于苗醫(yi)(yi)先祖阿濮(pu)濮(pu)僮所(suo)講(jiang)的(de)“三條(tiao)缺一不得生”。這兩點都與楚國時苗族先民屈原(yuan)所(suo)述的(de)“御陰陽(yang)”與《老子》所(suo)講(jiang)的(de)“三生萬物(wu)”哲理有關(guan)。
藥(yao)方(fang),是治病(bing)藥(yao)物(wu)的人工組合結構(gou)。這個結構(gou)組合得(de)好(hao),就(jiu)會形(xing)成(cheng)藥(yao)方(fang)的瑪(ma)汝務翠,就(jiu)能發揮良(liang)好(hao)的療效(xiao);組合得(de)不好(hao),就(jiu)會形(xing)成(cheng)藥(yao)方(fang)的瑪(ma)假(jia)務翠(瑪(ma)假(jia)務翠:苗語(yu)。不良(liang)的結構(gou))。即不良(liang)結構(gou),于是就(jiu)不可能發揮良(liang)效(xiao),甚至發生有害作(zuo)用(yong)。因此,在選(xuan)藥(yao)配方(fang)時,不但要(yao)注意(yi)“三位一體”,還要(yao)注意(yi)利用(yong)事(shi)物(wu)生成(cheng)的相資、相制(zhi)、相征或相奪(duo)的三大(da)關系(xi),即在選(xuan)藥(yao)上、用(yong)藥(yao)分量(liang)上、制(zhi)作(zuo)方(fang)法上以及服藥(yao)方(fang)式、禁(jin)忌事(shi)項(xiang)等方(fang)面,注意(yi)發揚(yang)事(shi)物(wu)之間的良(liang)性關系(xi),避免惡性關系(xi),這樣,才能使(shi)藥(yao)物(wu)產生最佳的治病(bing)療效(xiao)。
苗醫對(dui)疾(ji)病(bing)的治療(liao)有三個途徑(jing),即調整搜媚若,補充(chong)各(ge)薄港搜,改善瑪(ma)汝務翠。
這就是(shi)苗族生成哲學(xue)一分為三論在治病中的具體(ti)運用。
苗(miao)醫整病學(xue)的重要內(nei)容有三大原(yuan)則,十六大法,四十九套方術。
調整(zheng)搜媚(mei)若(ruo),補充各薄(bo)港搜,改善(shan)瑪(ma)汝務翠(cui),這是苗醫整(zheng)病的三大原則。
整病的(de)原(yuan)則,就是處(chu)理(li)疾病問(wen)題(ti)的(de)準繩(sheng),是不(bu)可違(wei)背的(de)規(gui)律,如果(guo)違(wei)背了,就要犯醫療(liao)錯(cuo)誤。如心(xin)力不(bu)足,則屬于(yu)搜媚(mei)若虧損(sun),治療(liao)應當用補心(xin)的(de)方法以(yi)調整搜媚(mei)若,假若使用退火的(de)藥物(wu)去治療(liao),使心(xin)力更虧,就會出(chu)現血壓下降、循環衰竭(jie)、腦架(jia)失養、本命(ming)無(wu)依、生(sheng)靈能(neng)廢止等危急病征,甚或導致(zhi)死亡(wang)。又(you)如失水的(de)病人,屬于(yu)各薄港搜缺乏,就必須補液(ye);腸梗阻屬于(yu)瑪汝(ru)務翠破壞,治療(liao)當用趕毒法而不(bu)能(neng)用止塞法等。
趕(gan)毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),敗毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),攻毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),熱(re)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),提火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退(tui)火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)(zhi)瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),健胃(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),幫交(jiao)(jiao)環法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),補體法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),表(biao)毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),退(tui)氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),止(zhi)(zhi)塞法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),解(jie)危(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。這苗醫(yi)整病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)學的十(shi)六大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),是針對十(shi)六種病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)而立(li)。趕(gan)毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)積(ji)毒(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),敗毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)雄毒(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),攻毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)惡(e)毒(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),止(zhi)(zhi)痛(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)疼(teng)痛(tong)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),冷療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急(ji)熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),熱(re)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)急(ji)冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),提火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)內(nei)冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),退(tui)火(huo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)火(huo)毒(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),止(zhi)(zhi)瀉法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)瀉肚病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),健胃(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)胃(wei)弱病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),幫交(jiao)(jiao)環法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)交(jiao)(jiao)環不和病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),補體法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)虧損病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),表(biao)毒(du)(du)(du)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)風冷氣水毒(du)(du)(du)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),退(tui)氣法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)氣壅病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),止(zhi)(zhi)塞法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)外漏病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou),解(jie)危(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)危(wei)急(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)。十(shi)六大法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的具體應用,請(qing)看十(shi)七(qi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)候(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)議(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)章節。
生藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、煎湯術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥酒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吸藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、丸散術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吹藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、涂藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、擦藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、敷(fu)貼術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、藥洗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、掛藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、睡藥術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、薰煙術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、蒸療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、導氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、推抹術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、刮痧術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、吮吸術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、拔罐術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、放血術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、麻醉術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、開(kai)刀(dao)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、縫合(he)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、包扎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、正骨(gu)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灌氣術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燙(tang)熨術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、烘(hong)烤術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、滾蛋術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、灰碗(wan)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火燎術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燈火術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、燒燙(tang)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、火針(zhen)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、發泡術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、打針(zhen)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、挑紗術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、點堂術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浸水、光照術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、冷浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、熱浴術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、操練術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、戢(ji)毒術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、化水毒、沖喜術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、治神術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、食療術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。
苗醫對疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的命(ming)名(ming)(ming)具(ju)有樸素(su)、生動(dong)的形(xing)象(xiang)思維特(te)點(dian),他們(men)根據(ju)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)外觀(guan)征象(xiang),多(duo)以(yi)動(dong)、植物形(xing)象(xiang)、聲音、金屬(shu)色澤等(deng)取類比象(xiang)命(ming)名(ming)(ming),如(ru)(ru)(ru)雙上肢(zhi)抽搐象(xiang)鷂鷹(ying)閃翅(chi)的叫“鷂子經”,膝關節(jie)紅腫發亮、形(xing)如(ru)(ru)(ru)貓頭(tou)的叫“貓頭(tou)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,色形(xing)如(ru)(ru)(ru)高梁的“高梁痘證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,色澤如(ru)(ru)(ru)銅、鐵的“銅疔“、“鐵疔”等(deng)。另有以(yi)主癥、病(bing)(bing)(bing)因、病(bing)(bing)(bing)變部(bu)位命(ming)名(ming)(ming)或互為結合命(ming)名(ming)(ming)的,如(ru)(ru)(ru)“米黃證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“雪皮風(feng)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“寒風(feng)經”、“白(bai)口菌”、“男色證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、“月家樂證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”等(deng)。在(zai)苗族醫生中(zhong)流行著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)有一(yi)百(bai)單(dan)八證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的說(shuo)法(fa),但(dan)因地域及分(fen)(fen)支的不同,有將(jiang)一(yi)百(bai)單(dan)八 證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)分(fen)(fen)解為“三十(shi)(shi)六經、七十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”、有叫“三十(shi)(shi)六證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、七十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)疾(ji)二(er)(er)或稱“四十(shi)(shi)九證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、四十(shi)(shi)九翻、十(shi)(shi)丹(dan)毒”,據(ju)說(shuo)這些(xie)數字(zi)只(zhi)是為了(le)應一(yi)百(bai)單(dan)八的概念,并(bing)非(fei)確切的定(ding)數。一(yi)般(ban)來說(shuo),苗醫是根據(ju)各種疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的某(mou)些(xie)共同屬(shu)性而將(jiang)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)進行歸類,分(fen)(fen)為經、證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、翻、龜、小兒(er)胎病(bing)(bing)(bing)、新生兒(er)抽病(bing)(bing)(bing)、丹(dan)毒、療、癀、花(hua)、瘡(chuang)等(deng)類。
(一)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類(lei)凡以發(fa)病急(ji)驟、病勢(shi)險(xian)惡,并(bing)以發(fa)熱、抽搐、昏迷(mi)或疼(teng)痛為主癥的(de)一類(lei)疾病大(da)都歸為“經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”類(lei),如(ru)36經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有:仙麥(mai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(馬苧經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),麥(mai)坐經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(走馬經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),替(ti)謬經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(魚肚(du)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),錄慕(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(錄慕(mu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),苧太(tai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(天吊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),代替(ti)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(肚(du)腹經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),獨經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(迷(mi)沉經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)),翻(fan)斗(dou)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(腳翻(fan)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、鬧(nao)青經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(心經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))……等。操黔東方言的(de)苗醫稱尚(shang)有?經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)病,嗯(ng)(ng)(扯經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、衣(yi)批嗯(ng)(ng)(半邊(bian)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、啞嗯(ng)(ng)(啞經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、讀(du)嗯(ng)(ng)(火(huo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、生嗯(ng)(ng)(冷(leng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、哈嗯(ng)(ng)(快(kuai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))、干嗯(ng)(ng)(慢經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。
(二)證類
凡以疼(teng)痛、吐(tu)瀉(xie)、發(fa)熱、咳嗽(sou)、出血、痘、疹等為主癥,或(huo)某癥狀(zhuang)單獨(du)出現,或(huo)幾(ji)個癥狀(zhuang)同(tong)時(shi)出現的各(ge)種疾病(bing)(bing),苗醫(yi)將這一(yi)類疾病(bing)(bing)歸為“證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”類,如(ru)72證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)有:巴鼓干(gan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(公(gong)雞證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)謬(miu)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(青沙(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、昏拓證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(頭瘟(wen)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、能鋼證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(鋼蛇(she)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、沙(sha)體證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(紅(hong)沙(sha)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、代公(gong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(狗心(xin)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、布容(rong)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(羊毛證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、巴轉(zhuan)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(擺子證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)),豪(hao)指證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃(huang)病(bing)(bing)心(xin))、孟(meng)朱替證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(水臌證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))等。操(cao)黔東方言苗醫(yi)補充(chong);常(chang)見證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)如(ru)拿約證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(黃(huang)鱔證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、嗯(ng)欒證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(迷(mi)經證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、愛我證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(烏(wu)鴉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))、,胡西證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(縮筋證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng))……等二十(shi)多種。
因在烈日下(xia)久曬,或感受瘴嵐穢濁之氣所致的(de)(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)急證,如(ru)口鼻出血、心腹疼(teng)痛、厥逆(ni)吐(tu)瀉、昏(hun)迷痙厥等,并(bing)伴(ban)見某種(zhong)(zhong)動物形(xing)態動作(zuo)的(de)(de),苗醫統稱為翻(fan)(fan),包括(kuo)朱砂翻(fan)(fan)(朱砂翻(fan)(fan))、心經疔(ding)翻(fan)(fan)(心經疔(ding)翻(fan)(fan))、巴古翻(fan)(fan)(烏鴉翻(fan)(fan)),代構翻(fan)(fan)(狗翻(fan)(fan)),界構翻(fan)(fan)(白眼翻(fan)(fan))、大能(neng)翻(fan)(fan)(蛇翻(fan)(fan))、松(song)拿翻(fan)(fan)(啞巴翻(fan)(fan))、姑寶姐(jie)翻(fan)(fan)(蛤蟆翻(fan)(fan))……等49種(zhong)(zhong)。
(四)胎病
農(nong)村小兒(er)中,常(chang)見因(yin)營(ying)養不良或微量(liang)元素(su)缺(que)乏(fa)所致的消瘦神(shen)疲、毛發干枯、厭食好哭、哭聲(sheng)細微、夜眠驚惕等癥,苗醫(yi)根據其不同見癥及哭聲(sheng)稱為小兒(er)12胎(tai)(tai)(tai)病:胎(tai)(tai)(tai)麥(馬胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)育(牛胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)容(羊胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)干(雞(ji)胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)構(gou)(狗胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)板(豬胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)忙(貓胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)訣(金胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)嘔(銀(yin)胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)崩(花胎(tai)(tai)(tai))、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)奈(人臉)、胎(tai)(tai)(tai)慢(猴胎(tai)(tai)(tai))。
(五)抽病
是初(chu)生小兒最常見(jian)的一類對各種有害環境不(bu)適應性或(huo)過敏性疾病,主要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)身(shen)熱面黃、煩(fan)躁啼(ti)哭、吐奶厭食(shi)、噴嚏流(liu)淚、指紋色紫等,根據病因(yin)及表(biao)現(xian)不(bu)同而有不(bu)同的抽(chou)(chou)(chou)病,最常見(jian)的有以下幾種:幾朗抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(日抽(chou)(chou)(chou))、巧抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(煙抽(chou)(chou)(chou))、靛抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(靛抽(chou)(chou)(chou))、都抽(chou)(chou)(chou)(木抽(chou)(chou)(chou)),此外尚有月、露、風、雨(yu)、人、畜、水而致(zhi)病者,但較為(wei)少見(jian)。
(六)丹類
本(ben)病發病急驟,初起有發熱、惡寒、頭痛、骨節痛、惡心等全身癥(zheng)狀,繼而(er)出現(xian)皮疹。皮疹略高(gao)于(yu)皮膚,色紅如涂丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan),邊緣清楚,表面光亮灼熱,其(qi)大如掌(zhang),繼而(er)擴散(san),甚者遍身,或(huo)癢(yang)或(huo)痛,發無定處(chu),根據(ju)其(qi)初發部位及擴散(san)路徑不(bu)同,苗醫將其(qi)分為10丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)毒:晝買(mai)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(飛(fei)灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝買(mai)松丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(走灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝麥丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(鬼火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝真度丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(天(tian)火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝汁(zhi)斗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(天(tian)灶丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝卡煮(zhu)丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(水丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝替丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(葫蘆丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝勞丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(野(ye)火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝保斗丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(煙火丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))、晝漏丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(壺漏丹(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan))。
(七)癀類
初起患部腫痛,繼而向深層(ceng)和(he)周(zhou)圍擴(kuo)大,形成大片紅(hong)腫熱(re)痛的(de)硬塊,四周(zhou)漫腫,伴全身(shen)寒(han)熱(re)癥狀。常見有(you)讀(du)仿(fang)(火(huo)癀(huang))、歐(ou)仿(fang)(水癀(huang))、恨松仿(fang)(巴骨癀(huang))節。
(八)花類
多(duo)因癀類失(shi)治誤(wu)治而來,后期皮膚紅腫潰爛、腐肉(rou)外(wai)翻突起,其形(xing)如花(hua)(hua)(hua)狀,此(ci)時(shi)多(duo)伴有人體消瘦,面色蒼白,食(shi)欲不振,低熱等(deng)全身癥狀,因其病灶發于某(mou)(mou)處而名某(mou)(mou)花(hua)(hua)(hua),如哥巫榜(bang)(奶(nai)花(hua)(hua)(hua))、骨汁榜(bang)(背花(hua)(hua)(hua))、娘榜(bang)(坐(zuo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)),另有一(yi)些不是因癀失(shi)治而來,只因其病灶如某(mou)(mou)種物體開花(hua)(hua)(hua)狀,或呈(cheng)現某(mou)(mou)種花(hua)(hua)(hua)紋而得(de)名,如蠟榜(bang)(蠟燭花(hua)(hua)(hua)),講姑買榜(bang)(蘿1、花(hua)(hua)(hua))等(deng)。
(九)疔類
是一種急(ji)(ji)性皮膚(fu)傳染性疾(ji)病(bing),因其病(bing)灶(zao)形小根(gen)(gen)深(shen),頑硬如(ru)釘而(er)得名,好發于人體暴露(lu)部位,如(ru)頭面及四肢末(mo)端,并伴有(you)寒戰高熱、煩渴引飲(yin),甚則昏迷譫語。本病(bing)發病(bing)急(ji)(ji)驟,病(bing)情兇險,不(bu)(bu)急(ji)(ji)治則死。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)疔(ding)發特點,有(you)樣干不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(飛疔(ding))、歐干不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(水疔(ding))、那干不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)(干疔(ding))、讀(du)公(gong)(gong)(火疔(ding))、倒公(gong)(gong)(銅疔(ding))、哨公(gong)(gong)(鐵疔(ding)),此外根(gen)(gen)據(ju)發生部位不(bu)(bu)同還(huan)有(you)節骨疔(ding)、箍(gu)頸疔(ding)、手板(ban)疔(ding)、腳板(ban)疔(ding)等(deng)。
(十)瘡類
指病灶表(biao)淺的一類皮膚病,據其不同性狀及發生部位有:讀萬潑(火旋瘡(chuang))、干紐潑(白口瘡(chuang))、哥巫(wu)潑(乳瘡(chuang))等。
(十一)龜類
是(shi)長在腹內形似龜(gui)(gui)背的各(ge)種包(bao)塊(kuai)(kuai)。包(bao)塊(kuai)(kuai)質軟,按之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)消(xiao)失,起(qi)手復(fu)現,聚散無(wu)常(chang)叫崩(beng)播(bo)(氣龜(gui)(gui));質較硬,按之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不消(xiao)叫向播(bo)(血龜(gui)(gui));按之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堅硬如石叫衣播(bo)(石龜(gui)(gui))。包(bao)塊(kuai)(kuai)圓而(er)無(wu)角屬陰叫“母龜(gui)(gui)”,圓而(er)有角屬陽(yang)叫“公龜(gui)(gui)”。
據統計(ji),苗(miao)(miao)醫掌握病(bing)(bing)種有200余種,廣泛涉(she)及到(dao)內、外、婦、兒、神經、精(jing)神、骨傷、皮膚、寄生蟲及各(ge)種傳染(ran)病(bing)(bing)、流行病(bing)(bing)等,其(qi)歸類方(fang)法(fa)自成體(ti)(ti)系,并具有一定的(de)科學性及規范性。但因地(di)(di)(di)域不(bu)同(tong)(tong),方(fang)言有別,各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫在(zai)疾病(bing)(bing)命(ming)名(ming)、證(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)上有不(bu)盡(jin)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)之處,有同(tong)(tong)名(ming)異(yi)癥(zheng)(zheng)、同(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)異(yi)名(ming)的(de)現(xian)象(xiang),如同(tong)(tong)叫“飛蛾證(zheng)(zheng)”,湘(xiang)西(xi)方(fang)言的(de)“飛蛾證(zheng)(zheng)”其(qi)臨床表(biao)(biao)現(xian)是(shi)(shi)發熱(re)、鼻翼煽(shan)動、咳(ke)嗽氣急(ji)、胸痛(tong)等;黔東(dong)(dong)方(fang)言的(de)“飛蛾證(zheng)(zheng)”臨床表(biao)(biao)現(xian)是(shi)(shi)發熱(re)、扁桃體(ti)(ti)紅腫(zhong)疼(teng)痛(tong)等。又如黔東(dong)(dong)方(fang)言的(de)“雷公證(zheng)(zheng)”是(shi)(shi)頭部劇烈(lie)疼(teng)痛(tong),以戴帽一圈尤甚(shen),而(er)湘(xiang)西(xi)方(fang)言之“雷公證(zheng)(zheng)”則是(shi)(shi)以胸痛(tong)、咳(ke)嗽、吐血等為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其(qi)主癥(zheng)(zheng),“同(tong)(tong)名(ming)異(yi)癥(zheng)(zheng)”者治(zhi)法(fa)迥異(yi)。另(ling)有“同(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)異(yi)名(ming)”者,如同(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)好食生米(mi)、面色萎黃(huang)、浮腫(zhong)乏力(li)的(de),湘(xiang)西(xi)方(fang)言稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“米(mi)黃(huang)證(zheng)(zheng)”,黔東(dong)(dong)方(fang)言稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“黃(huang)腫(zhong)病(bing)(bing)”;同(tong)(tong)樣表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)口干舌燥(zao)、多食多飲、腹(fu)脹大而(er)形(xing)體(ti)(ti)消瘦(shou)者,有的(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)稱(cheng)“魚肚(du)經”,有的(de)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“水(shui)證(zheng)(zheng)”,“異(yi)名(ming)同(tong)(tong)癥(zheng)(zheng)”者其(qi)治(zhi)療(liao)方(fang)藥一般(ban)是(shi)(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似的(de)。
貴州特殊(shu)的生(sheng)態環境及復雜多(duo)樣的自然條(tiao)件,孕(yun)育著無比豐富(fu)而(er)特有的藥用動(dong)、植(zhi)物資源與礦(kuang)物資源,為(wei)中國著名的四大道地藥材產區(qu)之一,也是我國著名的苗鄉,蘊藏(zang)著極其豐富(fu)的苗藥資源。
貴(gui)州地處我(wo)國大西(xi)南的(de)東(dong)(dong)南部(bu),云貴(gui)高(gao)原東(dong)(dong)部(bu),位(wei)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)經103。36’~109。35’,北緯24。37’~29。13’,居長(chang)江、珠江兩大河(he)流(liu)上(shang)游的(de)分水嶺地帶,是隆(long)起于(yu)四川盆地和(he)廣西(xi)、湘西(xi)丘陵之(zhi)間的(de)亞熱帶巖溶化(hua)高(gao)原山(shan)(shan)(shan)地,境內(nei)地勢起伏,西(xi)高(gao)東(dong)(dong)低,主(zhu)要山(shan)(shan)(shan)地有烏(wu)蒙山(shan)(shan)(shan)、大婁山(shan)(shan)(shan)、梵(fan)凈山(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)苗嶺;境內(nei)河(he)流(liu)縱橫,平均海拔l000m,最高(gao)1900m,最低137m。
貴州地(di)(di)(di)(di)處(chu)中(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶中(zhong)部,主(zhu)要受東南(nan)季風影響,氣候(hou)屬亞(ya)熱帶高原山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)型,具(ju)有(you)溫暖濕潤、冬無嚴(yan)寒、夏無酷暑、光(guang)熱水同(tong)期(qi)的基本(ben)氣候(hou)特征。同(tong)時,立體(ti)氣候(hou)明顯,垂(chui)直差異(yi)顯著(zhu),各地(di)(di)(di)(di)年平均(jun)氣溫在8~20℃,大部分地(di)(di)(di)(di)區在15~C左(zuo)右,年降雨(yu)量(liang)為850~1600mm,多(duo)在1000?D1300ram,多(duo)數(shu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區無霜期(qi)為210~350d,一般在270d左(zuo)右。
貴州的植被(bei)類型為中亞熱帶常(chang)綠闊葉林,由殼斗科(ke)、樟科(ke)、山茶科(ke),以及木蘭科(ke)的栲(kao)屬、青岡(gang)櫟、樟屬、楨楠屬和木荷屬等優(you)勢樹種構(gou)成,一般分布在海撥l400m。在石灰巖地區(qu)多為石灰巖常(chang)綠櫟林。
貴(gui)州(zhou)中藥(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)無比豐(feng)富,經(jing)20世紀80~90年代的(de)大(da)規模、系統(tong)的(de)全省(sheng)中藥(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)普查,貴(gui)州(zhou)有(you)中藥(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)4290種(zhong)(zhong),其中植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)3924種(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)275科,1384屬(shu);如(ru)蕨類(lei)30科,200種(zhong)(zhong);裸子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)11科,25種(zhong)(zhong);被子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)196科,2577種(zhong)(zhong)),占91.5%;動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)289種(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)126科),占6.7%,礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(隸屬(shu)于(yu)(yu)10類(lei)),占1.8%;在全國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)普查的(de)363種(zhong)(zhong)重(zhong)(zhong)點藥(yao)材品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)中,貴(gui)州(zhou)有(you)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)達326種(zhong)(zhong),占89.6%。貴(gui)州(zhou)中藥(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)豐(feng)富程度與全國(guo)各省(sheng)區比較,僅次于(yu)(yu)云南(5050種(zhong)(zhong))、廣(guang)西(4590種(zhong)(zhong))及四川(含原重(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)市,4354種(zhong)(zhong)),名列前茅,榮(rong)居第4位,果真是“川廣(guang)云貴(gui),地道(dao)藥(yao)材“。
貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)不(bu)但具有(you)(you)(you)豐富(fu)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan),而且(qie)也(ye)(ye)蘊藏有(you)(you)(you)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)。貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)來源(yuan)(yuan),同中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)樣,屬天然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)范疇(chou),涉及到植物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和(he)(he)礦物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。據(ju)調查(cha),貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)在4000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右,正如貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)畢節地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)老苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)所言:(苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))病(bing)有(you)(you)(you)108癥,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)(you)3800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(泛指高(gao)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu))3000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)者(zhe)(zhe)(泛指低等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)、動物(wu)(wu)、礦物(wu)(wu)及其它類)800種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。如別具特色的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)觀音草(cao)、米槁、艾納香、八爪(zhua)金龍、仙桃草(cao)、旱蓮草(cao)、活血丹、大丁草(cao)、重(zhong)樓等(deng)。近(jin)幾十年(nian)(nian)(nian)來,通過對苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)聚居(ju)地區(qu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)廣泛深入調查(cha)、整理(li)與研(yan)(yan)究(jiu),據(ju)不(bu)完(wan)全統(tong)計,常(chang)見苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)2000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右,最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)達(da)400種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)己收載(zai)于全國(guo)(guo)性(xing)或(huo)(huo)地方(fang)性(xing)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)專著。如《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)志》第一(yi)(yi)卷(juan)(juan)(1984年(nian)(nian)(nian))收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、第二(er)卷(juan)(juan)(1990年(nian)(nian)(nian))收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)集》(1988年(nian)(nian)(nian))收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)163種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)少(shao)數民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)集》(1989年(nian)(nian)(nian))收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)91種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)學》收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)340種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)》(1992年(nian)(nian)(nian))收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)197種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)與開發(fa)》(1998年(nian)(nian)(nian))收載(zai)經(jing)按國(guo)(guo)家有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)規(gui)定再評價并(bing)批準為貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材地方(fang)標準的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)165種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)彩色圖集》收載(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)368種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等(deng)。此外(wai)湖(hu)南、云南、廣西等(deng)省區(qu)出版的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)書(shu)籍和(he)(he)發(fa)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)學術論文中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)少(shao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)記述(shu)。據(ju)不(bu)完(wan)全統(tong)計,常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可達(da)1500種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)多,最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)(yi)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)而中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)民(min)(min)間草(cao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)(huo)少(shao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de);或(huo)(huo)一(yi)(yi)些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)雖(sui)是苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)與其它民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)皆使用(yong)(yong)(yong),但苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)部(bu)位等(deng)卻有(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)同∞“0。總之(zhi),貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來源(yuan)(yuan)廣、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類多、產量大、品質好(hao),這為貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)天然(ran)民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)業(ye)產業(ye)化的(de)(de)(de)蓬勃發(fa)展奠定了無(wu)比(bi)堅實的(de)(de)(de)基礎。
苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)命(ming)名亦有其(qi)特(te)色與規(gui)律性(xing)(xing),苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)聚居(ju)地區和(he)方(fang)言雖有不同,但(dan)其(qi)命(ming)名方(fang)法(fa)基(ji)本相似。對(dui)(dui)“藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)謂(wei),川黔滇方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)語(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)湘西方(fang)言苗(miao)(miao)語(yu)(yu)均(jun)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“Guab”(苗(miao)(miao)文),其(qi)近(jin)似漢語(yu)(yu)譯(yi)音(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei) “ 嘎 ”(下同);黔東方(fang)言稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei) “Jab” ,“ 佳 ” 。對(dui)(dui)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)名,無(wu)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)來源于(yu)木(mu)本、草本、藤(teng)本類(lei)(lei)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),還是(shi)(shi)來源于(yu)昆蟲、鳥獸類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),其(qi)名稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)詞(ci)素(第(di)一(yi)(yi)音(yin)節(jie)(jie)(jie)、或(huo)(huo)(huo)一(yi)(yi)、二(er)音(yin)節(jie)(jie)(jie))一(yi)(yi)般都是(shi)(shi)該(gai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)別(bie)(bie)或(huo)(huo)(huo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用部(bu)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯(yi);第(di)二(er)、三詞(ci)素(一(yi)(yi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)幾(ji)個音(yin)節(jie)(jie)(jie))是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)、植(zhi)物(wu)名或(huo)(huo)(huo)特(te)征(一(yi)(yi)般特(te)征為(wei)(wei)(wei)形狀、氣(qi)味、顏(yan)色、生(sheng)(sheng)長季節(jie)(jie)(jie)及(ji)習性(xing)(xing)、功用)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯(yi)。例(li)如(ru),車前(qian)草 “ Vob ngeix dlliangt” (窩(wo)里八降): “ 窩(wo) ” ,即草類(lei)(lei),是(shi)(shi)類(lei)(lei)別(bie)(bie); “ 里 ” ,是(shi)(shi)特(te)征,即比較小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思; “ 八降 ” ,即該(gai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物(wu)名稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。又如(ru)木(mu)本藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai):以(yi)(yi) “ Det” (豆)詞(ci)起頭(tou)。 “ 豆 ”的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)譯(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)木(mu),如(ru)杜仲(zhong),苗(miao)(miao)文名為(wei)(wei)(wei) "Det dem" (豆頓)。 苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)對(dui)(dui)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識和(he)立(li)(li)方(fang)遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有其(qi)獨特(te)模式(shi)。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)在長期生(sheng)(sheng)產和(he)與疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)斗爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)中,總結積累了豐富而寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)驗(yan),逐(zhu)漸形成(cheng)了苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱(gang)(gang)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、疾(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)模式(shi),以(yi)(yi)及(ji)關于(yu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)因(yin)、疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分類(lei)(lei)、診斷、治療和(he)預防等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)具有濃郁(yu)民族(zu)特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)論(lun)。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)將疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)“冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)”、熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)”兩綱(gang)(gang),并認為(wei)(wei)(wei)冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)(shi)相互對(dui)(dui)立(li)(li)又存在一(yi)(yi)定(ding)聯(lian)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩類(lei)(lei)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。一(yi)(yi)般來說(shuo),凡疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)在發生(sheng)(sheng)發展過程中,表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)慢性(xing)(xing)、寒冷、虛弱、安靜(jing)、功能(neng)低下等多(duo)屬冷病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing);表現為(wei)(wei)(wei)急性(xing)(xing)、灼熱(re)、躁動(dong)、機能(neng)亢進的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)屬熱(re)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。苗(miao)(miao)醫(yi)(yi)根(gen)據疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)表現和(he)起病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)快慢,分為(wei)(wei)(wei)“冷經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“熱(re)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“半邊經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“快經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”、“慢經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”五經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)中流行(xing)著“病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)有一(yi)(yi)百單八癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)法(fa),并將一(yi)(yi)百單八癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)分解為(wei)(wei)(wei)“三十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)”,或(huo)(huo)(huo)“三十(shi)(shi)(shi)六(liu)大(da)癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、七十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)小(xiao)(xiao)疾(ji)(ji)”,或(huo)(huo)(huo)“四十(shi)(shi)(shi)九癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、四十(shi)(shi)(shi)九翻、十(shi)(shi)(shi)丹毒”。如(ru)此則形成(cheng)了苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)醫(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“綱(gang)(gang)、經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、癥(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、疾(ji)(ji)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)模式(shi)特(te)色。
苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的基本原則(ze)是:“熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治冷(leng)(leng)病”,“冷(leng)(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)治熱病”。苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)則(ze)分(fen)(fen)“冷(leng)(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”、“熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”兩性,又分(fen)(fen)酸、甜、辣(la)、麻、澀、辛、淡等(deng)(deng)七(qi)味。在黔東(dong)南地(di)(di)區,還根據藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的性味歸入“五經(jing)”。其(qi)(qi)原則(ze)是:凡(fan)味甜、麻、香、辣(la)的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)熱藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸屬(shu)冷(leng)(leng)經(jing);香、辣(la)的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)同時歸屬(shu)于快經(jing)、半邊經(jing);凡(fan)味酸、苦、澀的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)冷(leng)(leng)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),歸屬(shu)熱經(jing)。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)立方(fang)(fang)簡要(yao)、遣藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精(jing)煉(lian),多一方(fang)(fang)一藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的特點,并擁有(you)(you)大量“簡、便(bian)、廉(lian)、驗(yan)”的單(dan)方(fang)(fang)、驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)與秘方(fang)(fang)。在防治疑難病、常見(jian)病、慢性病、老年(nian)病等(deng)(deng)方(fang)(fang)面有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)特殊療效和(he)絕招。苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)多居住在廣袤(mao)的山區,有(you)(you)得天獨(du)厚的天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)場地(di)(di),用(yong)(yong)鮮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)可以(yi)就地(di)(di)取(qu)材(cai),勿(wu)需(xu)加工(gong)貯藏(zang),故苗(miao)(miao)族(zu)(zu)(zu)醫(yi)(yi)尚多應(ying)用(yong)(yong)鮮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),這也(ye)是其(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)特點之(zhi)一。苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一般較簡單(dan)而(er)實用(yong)(yong),除單(dan)味藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)外(wai),其(qi)(qi)復方(fang)(fang)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的組(zu)成藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)為“母藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))與“子(zi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))兩大類而(er)加以(yi)伍用(yong)(yong)。“母藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))是根據主(zhu)要(yao)癥狀(zhuang)所用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)功效而(er)確(que)定的;“子(zi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”(副(fu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)或輔藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))則(ze)是根據次(ci)要(yao)癥狀(zhuang)所用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)或協助(zhu)增強主(zhu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)功效等(deng)(deng)而(er)確(que)定的。苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)(fang)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)多數味組(zu)成,大復方(fang)(fang)較少(shao)見(jian)。苗(miao)(miao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型多種(zhong)多樣(yang),大多保(bao)持(chi)傳統劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)型特色(se)。常見(jian)的有(you)(you)水煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水酒(jiu)共煎(jian)(jian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),酒(jiu)浸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、油浸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、煎(jian)(jian)膏劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、散劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、丸(wan)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、灸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、薰蒸劑(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)。另外(wai),還有(you)(you)將藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與豬腳同燉(dun)服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)與蛋同煮服,藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)用(yong)(yong)水酒(jiu)或醋磨汁(zhi),鮮藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)搗爛外(wai)敷等(deng)(deng)多種(zhong)用(yong)(yong)法.