1、回族醫藥(張氏回醫正骨療法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區吳忠市
(3)保護單位:寧夏張氏回醫正骨醫院
2、回族醫藥(回族湯瓶八診療法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區銀川市
(3)保護單位:寧夏湯瓶八診文化產業發展有限公司
3、回族醫藥(陳氏回族醫技十法),編號:Ⅸ-17
(1)批次/類型:2014年(第四批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:寧夏回族自治區吳忠市
(3)保護單位(wei):寧夏伊康回族醫藥(yao)研究(jiu)所(有限(xian)公司)
隨著(zhu)阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯人(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)鄰國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)交往,鄰國(guo)文(wen)化(hua)隨之在阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯諸國(guo)滲透,并互相補益(yi),醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)上也是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)此(ci)。伊斯(si)蘭教(jiao)創始人(ren)(ren)穆(mu)罕(han)默德曾說過:“學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)問遠在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo),亦當求之”。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)于(yu)公元651年(nian)正式友好往來,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)交往也興于(yu)此(ci)時(shi)。因此(ci)許(xu)多阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe),特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)些哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家不斷總結自己民族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)療(liao)實踐經驗(yan),同(tong)(tong)時(shi)還(huan)將其(qi)他國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)譯(yi)成(cheng)阿(a)文(wen)。如(ru)格(ge)(ge)夫(fu)退葉在《哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)家傳記》一(yi)書中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提到:“巴士(shi)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生馬西(xi)爾(er)(er)朱衛是(shi)(shi)(shi)哈(ha)里發(fa)奧馬·阿(a)不杜·阿(a)齊茲時(shi)代以色列學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe),其(qi)真名叫馬西(xi)爾(er)(er)·吉(ji)斯(si),精通(tong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue),在奧馬爾(er)(er)時(shi)主持翻(fan)譯(yi)愛(ai)赫蘭·格(ge)(ge)斯(si)的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),成(cheng)書于(yu)哈(ha)里發(fa)穆(mu)爾(er)(er)時(shi)代,他的(de)(de)(de)另(ling)兩部著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)《食物的(de)(de)(de)力量(liang)及(ji)(ji)益(yi)損(sun)》和《草(cao)(cao)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)功能及(ji)(ji)益(yi)損(sun)》”。在哈(ha)里發(fa)奧馬爾(er)(er)時(shi)代(公元717年(nian)至(zhi)719年(nian))還(huan)請精明醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生充當教(jiao)育和醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)顧問。倭瑪亞王(wang)朝的(de)(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)個哈(ha)里發(fa)哈(ha)立德·葉其(qi)德是(shi)(shi)(shi)第一(yi)個將希臘文(wen)天文(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、化(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)專著(zhu)譯(yi)成(cheng)阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯文(wen)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),由于(yu)其(qi)哲學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、文(wen)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)修養高深,貢(gong)獻卓著(zhu),被阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯后世(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者(zhe)稱為賢哲。不言而喻,隨文(wen)化(hua)交流,醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)理論的(de)(de)(de)相互補益(yi)滲透現象在后世(shi)阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不乏其(qi)例(li),這與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)《海藥(yao)(yao)本草(cao)(cao)》《千(qian)金要(yao)方(fang)》《本草(cao)(cao)綱目》等(deng)記載(zai)阿(a)拉(la)(la)(la)(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥(yao)(yao)同(tong)(tong)屬一(yi)理,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)歷史(shi)事實。
早在公元(yuan)7世紀,阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)一(yi)(yi)伊斯(si)蘭醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)曾居世界醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)先進行(xing)列,并對西(xi)方現代醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)有巨大(da)(da)影響。到中(zhong)世紀,阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)偉大(da)(da)的(de)哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、科學(xue)(xue)(xue)家、醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)家阿(a)維(wei)森納的(de)足跡遍及伊拉(la)(la)克、波斯(si)、阿(a)塞拜疆、巴基斯(si)坦(tan)大(da)(da)片(pian)土地。他一(yi)(yi)生(sheng)大(da)(da)膽實踐,潛(qian)心鉆研,廣征博求,于(yu)公元(yuan)980至1037年著成(cheng)(cheng)熔(rong)古(gu)希臘醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、印度醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、中(zhong)國醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)與哲(zhe)學(xue)(xue)(xue)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)爐的(de)巨著—— 《醫(yi)(yi)(yi)典》 ,成(cheng)(cheng)為現代醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)和阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)奠(dian)基人(ren)。中(zhong)世紀阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)著作繁多,不少已散失,包括(kuo)《醫(yi)(yi)(yi)典》在內,流傳至今尚(shang)有400多種。
由(you)于阿(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)廣泛吸收希臘醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、羅馬醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、印度醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(包括中國醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)脈(mo)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)在(zai)內)的(de)(de)精髓(sui),在(zai)漫長的(de)(de)歷史過程(cheng)中逐漸形成了自己的(de)(de)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)體系。其礪酆誦氖恰八拇笪鎦恃?怠薄Ⅰ八慕蜓?怠薄5焦(jiao)??2世紀,伊朗著名(ming)醫(yi)家拉齊(qi)斯(si)的(de)(de)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)巨著《綜合(he)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)》10卷和阿(a)巴(ba)薩德·達維(wei)亞的(de)(de)《綜合(he)百科(ke)全書(shu)》問世,更(geng)加豐(feng)富了阿(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)治療學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容。是時(shi)阿(a)拉伯(bo)(bo)醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)已成為有理論有豐(feng)富經驗(yan)的(de)(de)古代醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。
中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國回(hui)回(hui)醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)發展,相伴于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)(a)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)交流(liu)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)阿(a)(a)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)交流(liu)歷史(shi)源遠流(liu)長,最(zui)早可追(zhui)溯到(dao)西(xi)漢。當(dang)時張騫(qian)兩次(ci)出(chu)使西(xi)域后,中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國與西(xi)域之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)交流(liu)日益頻繁,據(ju)史(shi)料記載張騫(qian)曾到(dao)達大(da)(da)宛(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞費爾干納)、大(da)(da)月(yue)氏(shi)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阿(a)(a)富汗北(bei)部)、大(da)(da)夏(xia)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阿(a)(a)姆河南)、康居(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞撒馬爾罕)等國,并從大(da)(da)月(yue)氏(shi)經安(an)息(xi)(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)伊朗)直抵大(da)(da)秦(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羅馬)。張騫(qian)的(de)副使曾達身毒國(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)印度北(bei)、盂加拉、巴(ba)基斯坦(tan)一帶)及??賓(即(ji)(ji)(ji)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)克什米爾及巴(ba)基斯坦(tan)北(bei)部),經此路輸入中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)物(wu)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有不少藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu),據(ju)范(fan)行準先生(sheng)統計(ji):礦物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)如石硫(liu)黃、密陀僧(seng)等凡18種(zhong),植物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)如木香、豆蔻等凡58種(zhong),動(dong)物(wu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)羚羊(yang)角及龍涎等凡16種(zhong),共計(ji)92種(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相當(dang)一部分是(shi)阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)地區的(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)。這些藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)均被當(dang)時漢醫(yi)吸收(shou)和應用。
雖然早(zao)在西漢時期(qi)張騫、甘英先后通(tong)使西域,但阿拉伯(bo)與中國的正式友(you)好往來則始于唐代,醫(yi)藥方(fang)面(mian)也興(xing)于此時。
公元651年,第三任哈里(li)發(fa)歐斯(si)曼使節于(yu)8月25日到(dao)(dao)(dao)達(da)中(zhong)國(guo)長安(an)(an),進見唐(tang)(tang)皇,搭起了中(zhong)阿(a)友(you)誼的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橋梁。自此(ci)以后(hou)阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)等穆斯(si)林主要沿水旱兩路(lu)往(wang)來于(yu)中(zhong)阿(a)之間,水路(lu)由波斯(si)灣(wan)(wan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)馬爾(er)納灣(wan)(wan)。經(jing)(jing)盂加拉(la)(la)灣(wan)(wan)抵(di)馬六甲(jia)海(hai)峽至(zhi)我國(guo)南海(hai)達(da)廣州、泉州、杭(hang)州,再轉至(zhi)長安(an)(an);陸路(lu)則經(jing)(jing)波斯(si)、阿(a)富汗(han)到(dao)(dao)(dao)新疆天山南北,最(zui)后(hou)達(da)唐(tang)(tang)都長安(an)(an)。比較(jiao)而言,穆斯(si)林經(jing)(jing)水路(lu)達(da)中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間要比陸路(lu)早100年。從(cong)唐(tang)(tang)永(yong)徽二(er)年到(dao)(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)貞元十五年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)148年中(zhong),阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)遣唐(tang)(tang)使多(duo)達(da)36次。當時(shi)唐(tang)(tang)人(ren)稱(cheng)阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)人(ren)為(wei)大食(Taz或Tazih的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)譯(yi)音)人(ren)。唐(tang)(tang)安(an)(an)史之亂,大食應中(zhong)國(guo)之請求(qiu),派精(jing)兵支援(yuan)唐(tang)(tang)王朝,后(hou)一(yi)些阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)人(ren)即定居中(zhong)國(guo)。據(ju)史料(liao)記載,在安(an)(an)史之亂到(dao)(dao)(dao)長安(an)(an)有(you)(you)更多(duo)大食人(ren),其(qi)中(zhong)大部分長期(qi)居住在“西市(shi)”一(yi)帶(dai),從(cong)事(shi)“回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)”奇(qi)香(xiang)(xiang)異藥(yao)經(jing)(jing)營。由于(yu)盛唐(tang)(tang)五代(dai)(dai)時(shi)期(qi),阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)與中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系最(zui)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)商業貿易,醫藥(yao)方(fang)面則是(shi)香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)進口,有(you)(you)時(shi)一(yi)處經(jing)(jing)營香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)珠寶者(zhe)甚至(zhi)達(da)一(yi)二(er)十萬人(ren),單香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)貿易有(you)(you)時(shi)竟(jing)達(da)千斤(jin)之多(duo),如此(ci)大大豐(feng)富了中(zhong)藥(yao)品種。到(dao)(dao)(dao)唐(tang)(tang)末五代(dai)(dai)時(shi),最(zui)負(fu)盛名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)醫藥(yao)家李珣,人(ren)稱(cheng)李波斯(si)。他著有(you)(you)一(yi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)獨具(ju)風(feng)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)學著作(zuo)《海(hai)藥(yao)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)》,顧(gu)名(ming)思義,該書之所以用(yong)(yong)“海(hai)藥(yao)”命(ming)名(ming),是(shi)因其(qi)所收錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)來自海(hai)外(wai)(wai)。該書為(wei)總結(jie)唐(tang)(tang)末時(shi)南方(fang)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)與海(hai)外(wai)(wai)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)臨(lin)床(chuang)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)學著作(zuo),有(you)(you)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文獻學價值。另(ling)外(wai)(wai)還有(you)(you)鄭(zheng)虔(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《胡(hu)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)》及非醫藥(yao)學書籍《西陽雜(za)俎》等也記載了許多(duo)外(wai)(wai)來藥(yao)物(wu)(wu),包括(kuo)阿(a)拉(la)(la)伯(bo)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)。
在(zai)(zai)唐代(dai)不僅有香藥輸入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國,與之同(tong)時(shi)一些醫(yi)(yi)療技術也(ye)傳入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)國,如(ru)在(zai)(zai)《千金翼方·養性》中(zhong)(zhong)所記(ji)載的“悖散(san)湯(tang)”(又名(ming)牛乳(ru)補虛破氣(qi)(qi)方),本為波斯、大(da)秦(qin)醫(yi)(yi)方,曾在(zai)(zai)朝野間(jian)(jian)廣為流(liu)傳,對治療氣(qi)(qi)痢、一切(qie)氣(qi)(qi)病、健運脾胃其效甚佳。從(cong)唐代(dai)開始,回(hui)回(hui)先民(min)(min)對香藥推廣應用頗多貢(gong)獻,如(ru)用香藥防(fang)治疾病、薰洗衣物(wu)、化(hua)(hua)妝美(mei)容、調味食品、祛邪防(fang)腐等(deng)。同(tong)時(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國穆斯林(lin)研究(jiu)介(jie)紹了(le)大(da)量阿(a)拉伯世(shi)界文化(hua)(hua)成就如(ru)數(shu)學、天(tian)文歷法等(deng),而中(zhong)(zhong)國的造紙術、針灸學、脈學、煉丹術、臨床(chuang)科(ke)學經驗也(ye)源源不斷地(di)輸入(ru)阿(a)拉伯國家,特別(bie)是造紙術輾轉外傳,給歐洲(zhou)中(zhong)(zhong)世(shi)紀文明以很(hen)大(da)促進。因此(ci)早期的回(hui)回(hui)先民(min)(min)為中(zhong)(zhong)外文化(hua)(hua)的交(jiao)流(liu)做出了(le)重大(da)貢(gong)獻,尤其在(zai)(zai)未(wei)有空間(jian)(jian)傳播科(ke)技的時(shi)代(dai),堪稱豐功偉績。
宋(song)(song)代(dai),中(zhong)國與西域的(de)陸路(lu)交通不(bu)如海(hai)路(lu)發(fa)達,在東南沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)一(yi)帶如廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)、泉州(zhou)(zhou)、杭州(zhou)(zhou)、揚州(zhou)(zhou)等(deng)地集居了大(da)量的(de)大(da)食人,其中(zhong)不(bu)乏香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)巨商與醫家,且人數日(ri)增。由于(yu)海(hai)上交通頻繁,宋(song)(song)皇特命在廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)、杭州(zhou)(zhou)、泉州(zhou)(zhou)等(deng)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)地設“市(shi)舶(bo)司(si)”以管理(li)海(hai)外貿易及對外文化交流(liu)。載入史冊的(de)有福建(jian)蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)家族(zu)(zu)。《宋(song)(song)會要稿·蕃夷(yi)七(qi)》記載的(de)蒲(pu)壽庚,也是宋(song)(song)代(dai)著(zhu)名香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)富商。《蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)家譜》有“家居西板”,“世秉清真教,天(tian)下(xia)蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)皆一(yi)脈”之記載,蒲(pu)氏(shi)(shi)家族(zu)(zu)興盛于(yu)宋(song)(song)元,衰(shuai)落于(yu)明清,世襲經商大(da)食香(xiang)(xiang)藥(yao)。
宋(song)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)阿海(hai)外貿易(yi)(yi)較(jiao)唐(tang)代(dai)有(you)(you)很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan),貿易(yi)(yi)品種(zhong)由唐(tang)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍寶犀牙為主(zhu)、香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥為輔,漸(jian)變(bian)(bian)為以(yi)(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥貿易(yi)(yi)為主(zhu)。宋(song)太平興國七年,宋(song)太祖(zu)曾下(xia)詔令對(dui)海(hai)外香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)料(liao)放通行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)37種(zhong),其銷路較(jiao)廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)(you)醫療(liao)(liao)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥如丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍腦香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、乳香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、草豆蔻(kou)、沉(chen)(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、檀香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍涎香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)油(you)等。由于大(da)量(liang)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)引進,從而(er)大(da)大(da)豐富了中(zhong)醫方(fang)(fang)藥及(ji)治療(liao)(liao)方(fang)(fang)法。宋(song)代(dai)醫方(fang)(fang)較(jiao)唐(tang)代(dai)醫方(fang)(fang)在香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用或組(zu)方(fang)(fang)上有(you)(you)明顯(xian)(xian)變(bian)(bian)化,就《太平圣惠(hui)方(fang)(fang)》而(er)言,僅卷(juan)48“諸(zhu)心(xin)痛(tong)(tong)門(men)”以(yi)(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you):沉(chen)(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散(san)3首(shou)(shou)、沉(chen)(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)1首(shou)(shou)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散(san)6首(shou)(shou)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)6首(shou)(shou)、丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)1首(shou)(shou);《圣濟總錄(lu)》卷(juan)56“心(xin)痛(tong)(tong)門(men)”以(yi)(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)煮散(san)、木香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)湯(tang)、豆蔻(kou)湯(tang)、丁香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)湯(tang)、沉(chen)(chen)(chen)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)散(san)等31方(fang)(fang)次(ci),計應(ying)用香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥8種(zhong)。《太平惠(hui)民(min)和劑(ji)局(ju)(ju)方(fang)(fang)》是(shi)宋(song)代(dai)政(zheng)府和劑(ji)局(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)藥配本,書中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)藥命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)醫方(fang)(fang)不下(xia)30余(yu)種(zhong),其中(zhong)有(you)(you)不少(shao)名(ming)方(fang)(fang),眾所周知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)、至寶丹、牛黃清(qing)(qing)心(xin)丸(wan)等便是(shi)。蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)中(zhong)15味藥就有(you)(you)13味是(shi)進口藥,至今(jin)蘇(su)合香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)丸(wan)對(dui)于中(zhong)風所致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)志不清(qing)(qing)、牙關緊(jin)閉、半身不遂(sui)等重癥有(you)(you)明顯(xian)(xian)療(liao)(liao)效。其間,大(da)食醫家及(ji)學(xue)者功不可沒。
宋代在社會上(shang)廣用香(xiang)料(liao)、香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)薰衣、焚香(xiang)、啖香(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)際,禮尚(shang)往來亦常以香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)作(zuo)為(wei)饋(kui)贈(zeng)佳品,用香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)配制的藥(yao)(yao)茶甚至一度(du)成為(wei)社會生(sheng)活中(zhong)的時尚(shang)。皇權(quan)貴族之(zhi)(zhi)間也(ye)(ye)視藥(yao)(yao)茶為(wei)饋(kui)贈(zeng)佳品。民(min)間百姓們不僅(jin)用香(xiang)藥(yao)(yao)治(zhi)病,而且也(ye)(ye)用于消毒。泉(quan)州有(you)香(xiang)料(liao)文獻記載:“蕃藥(yao)(yao)能治(zhi)冷氣,醫(yi)學多用之(zhi)(zhi)……,泉(quan)人每(mei)歲家(jia)無貧(pin)富,皆(jie)燃(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)如燔(fan)柴”。現(xian)代研究,燃(ran)燒香(xiang)料(liao),對于防止傳染(ran)病傳播和擴散有(you)一定作(zuo)用。這(zhe)種習俗,自(zi)古至今,不僅(jin)在回民(min)中(zhong)間流行,在閩南地區其(qi)他(ta)民(min)族中(zhong)也(ye)(ye)同(tong)樣流行。
元代(dai)一(yi)(yi)統(tong)天下,將國內民(min)族(zu)分為(wei)四等(deng),即蒙(meng)古人、色目人、漢人及南(nan)人。穆(mu)斯(si)林(lin)則是色目人中的主要分子,他們往往與蒙(meng)古人享受同等(deng)待遇,無(wu)論(lun)在法律上(shang)或事實上(shang)都優于漢人,同時在元代(dai)“回回”一(yi)(yi)名(ming)開始代(dai)替“大食人”,被人們認為(wei)信仰(yang)伊斯(si)蘭教者的名(ming)稱。如(ru)此(ci)(ci)則為(wei)阿(a)拉(la)伯(bo)醫藥的廣泛深入傳(chuan)播與興盛(sheng)打下了良(liang)好的政治(zhi)基(ji)礎,且(qie)元人統(tong)一(yi)(yi)中國之后,繼續奉行南(nan)宋時的海(hai)外貿易政策,推行少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族(zu)醫藥共(gong)存(cun)的方針(zhen),回回醫藥在此(ci)(ci)得以興旺發達(da)。
元(yuan)(yuan)初,在(zai)元(yuan)(yuan)朝政府中設有相應的醫藥(yao)(yao)機構。元(yuan)(yuan)世祖即(ji)位后效法漢制(zhi)在(zai)建立(li)(li)太(tai)醫院(yuan)之(zhi)后,于至元(yuan)(yuan)七年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1273年(nian))改回(hui)回(hui)愛(ai)薛所立(li)(li)京(jing)師(shi)醫藥(yao)(yao)院(yuan)為廣惠司。據(ju)《元(yuan)(yuan)史·百官(guan)志》說(shuo):“廣惠司秩正(zheng)三品,掌修制(zhi)御用回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)(yao)物及和劑,以療諸宿衛士及在(zai)京(jing)孤(gu)寒者”。至元(yuan)(yuan)二十九年(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)1291年(nian))先后在(zai)大(da)都、上都建立(li)(li)“回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)(yao)物院(yuan)”;至治二年(nian)隸(li)廣惠司,定置達魯(lu)花赤一員(yuan)(yuan),大(da)使二員(yuan)(yuan),副使一員(yuan)(yuan)。
金元(yuan)之際,西域技術之士,醫家之流多入仕于元(yuan),如愛薛、答里麻(ma)等。
由于元(yuan)代統治者對阿拉(la)伯(bo)藥(yao)物(wu)高度重視(shi),元(yuan)代阿拉(la)伯(bo)人(ren)在當時政府中的醫(yi)藥(yao)機構里占(zhan)極(ji)大(da)勢力、廣惠司是回(hui)回(hui)醫(yi)家的大(da)本(ben)營。
另(ling)外(wai)還有一些祖籍西域,生于中國,精(jing)通漢、回醫(yi)(yi)(yi)藥的(de)(de)學(xue)者(zhe),如元末著(zhu)名學(xue)者(zhe)丁(ding)鶴年,為虔(qian)誠(cheng)的(de)(de)伊(yi)斯蘭(lan)教徒,工儒學(xue),通奧義,精(jing)詩律,是一位善兼醫(yi)(yi)(yi)術的(de)(de)人。又如元末明初(chu)杭州(zhou)的(de)(de)穆斯林大商人鄂(e)施曼(man)乃的(de)(de)子孫曾設立豪華的(de)(de)私人醫(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan),取名“鄂(e)施曼(man)尼雅”,聘有回回醫(yi)(yi)(yi)生從職。陶宗儀《南村輟耕錄》所記,不乏不知姓名的(de)(de)回回醫(yi)(yi)(yi)官為百姓治病的(de)(de)事例。
金(jin)元(yuan)之(zhi)際醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)文(wen)(wen)化領域(yu)學(xue)術活(huo)躍(yue),百家爭鳴,中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)界出(chu)現了金(jin)元(yuan)四大學(xue)派,回(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)文(wen)(wen)化此(ci)時也發(fa)展到(dao)鼎盛時期,涌現了與回(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)藥(yao)物院有(you)關的(de)、集阿拉(la)伯醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)學(xue)與中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統醫(yi)(yi)學(xue)為一(yi)體,具有(you)中(zhong)國回(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)特色(se)的(de)醫(yi)(yi)藥(yao)大型(xing)綜合(he)性醫(yi)(yi)著(zhu)《回(hui)(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)(hui)藥(yao)方》等專著(zhu)。
《回(hui)回(hui)藥方》(以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)《藥方》)。中國回(hui)族醫藥學(xue)大(da)型綜合性典籍(ji),未著撰(zhuan)人,紅格(ge)明抄本(ben),原書36卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan),殘存4卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan),現藏于北京圖書館。全文基本(ben)上用漢文記述(shu),并夾(jia)雜不(bu)少阿拉伯(bo)、波斯藥物名稱(cheng)術語的(de)原文和音(yin)譯詞(ci)匯。現殘存卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)為:目錄卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)之(zhi)下、卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)12、卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)30、卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)34。
目錄卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)下包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)19至36據目錄可見,卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)19為(wei)(wei)咳(ke)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、濕嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、喘嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)血(xue)、嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)痰、肺經腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)、說(shuo)治(zhi)咳(ke)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)20為(wei)(wei)胸(xiong)(xiong)膈凝聚、胸(xiong)(xiong)膈熱促、胸(xiong)(xiong)弱、胸(xiong)(xiong)疼痛、胸(xiong)(xiong)奄濁、胸(xiong)(xiong)冷(leng)濕、胸(xiong)(xiong)中(zhong)生(sheng)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、開胸(xiong)(xiong)膈等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)21為(wei)(wei)腸(chang)風肚腹門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)腸(chang)風、腸(chang)中(zhong)生(sheng)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、腸(chang)中(zhong)生(sheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)22為(wei)(wei)瀉痢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)、方(fang)及瀉從(cong)遍身(shen)(shen)(shen)來的、胃(wei)經泄瀉、腸(chang)經泄瀉等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)23為(wei)(wei)嘔(ou)吐(tu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、痞(pi)證(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、秘門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、勞(lao)瘵門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、補(bu)益門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men);嘔(ou)吐(tu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)嘔(ou)吐(tu)、吐(tu)瀉、泄瀉、止吐(tu)、止瀉等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);痞(pi)證(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)痞(pi)證(zheng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);秘門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)臟腑不通(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、能通(tong)(tong)小水類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);勞(lao)瘵門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)勞(lao)熱、勞(lao)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、勞(lao)嗽(sou)(sou)(sou)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);補(bu)益門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)補(bu)益類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)24為(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)一(yi)切(qie)(qie)熱類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)胸(xiong)(xiong)膈冷(leng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、胃(wei)經冷(leng)、一(yi)切(qie)(qie)冷(leng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)25為(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)血(xue)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)斑(ban)(ban)疹門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、瘧疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不依常度、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)喘急等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)血(xue)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)治(zhi)吐(tu)血(xue)、能吐(tu)血(xue)、下血(xue)、止血(xue)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)斑(ban)(ban)疹門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)時(shi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、斑(ban)(ban)疹等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);瘧疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)瘧疾(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)26為(wei)(wei)身(shen)(shen)(shen)體門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)身(shen)(shen)(shen)體肥(fei)瘦(shou)、身(shen)(shen)(shen)體疼痛、癍痕花繡、治(zhi)體氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、治(zhi)生(sheng)虱(shi)、手足等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)27為(wei)(wei)黃病(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、蠱癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、積聚門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),黃病(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)黃類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei),蠱癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)蠱癥(zheng)(zheng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);積聚門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)積聚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)28為(wei)(wei)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、脫肛痔(zhi)(zhi)漏門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、谷(gu)通(tong)(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)身(shen)(shen)(shen)體疼痛腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、熱腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、冷(leng)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、寒濕腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、一(yi)切(qie)(qie)腳(jiao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);脫肛痔(zhi)(zhi)漏門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)痔(zhi)(zhi)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、腸(chang)風痔(zhi)(zhi)漏、痔(zhi)(zhi)風、脫肛等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);谷(gu)通(tong)(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)谷(gu)通(tong)(tong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)29為(wei)(wei)雜(za)癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)16條,方(fang)189首(shou)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)30為(wei)(wei)雜(za)癥(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),載(zai)方(fang)307首(shou)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)31為(wei)(wei)婦人眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、小兒(er)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。婦人眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)婦人身(shen)(shen)(shen)內(nei)動(dong)靜、乳上癥(zheng)(zheng)候、懷孕動(dong)靜、子宮癥(zheng)(zheng)候、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);小兒(er)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)小兒(er)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疾(ji)(ji)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)32為(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)、疬瘡(chuang)(chuang)、惡瘡(chuang)(chuang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng),卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)33為(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、疥癬(xian)(xian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瘡(chuang)(chuang)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)疥瘡(chuang)(chuang)、甜瘡(chuang)(chuang)、疳瘡(chuang)(chuang)、癩瘡(chuang)(chuang)、臭瘡(chuang)(chuang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。疥癬(xian)(xian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)疥瘡(chuang)(chuang)、癬(xian)(xian)瘡(chuang)(chuang)、一(yi)切(qie)(qie)疥癬(xian)(xian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)34金瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、針(zhen)灸門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、湯(tang)火所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、棒瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、治(zhi)人齒所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。金瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)刀箭(jian)(jian)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、取(qu)箭(jian)(jian)頭刺簽等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);折(zhe)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)損、接骨(gu)、骨(gu)脫出等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);針(zhen)灸門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)灸各種癥(zheng)(zheng)候類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);湯(tang)火所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)湯(tang)火所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);棒瘡(chuang)(chuang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)棒打傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);治(zhi)人齒所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)治(zhi)人齒咬(yao)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)35為(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、辟(pi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)及說(shuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)毒(du)物(wu)、辨驗何等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)毒(du)物(wu)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)、解(jie)服藥毒(du)、解(jie)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)獸(shou)所(suo)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);辟(pi)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)辟(pi)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、辟(pi)惡物(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)36為(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)合(he)(he)藥餌(er)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)合(he)(he)諸(zhu)般(ban)馬準門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)香湯(tang)煎(jian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、活物(wu)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花果菜(cai)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)合(he)(he)藥餌(er)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)及制藥法,相合(he)(he)藥法、比量用藥、說(shuo)造良方(fang)。藥性(xing)期度、藥餌(er)分(fen)(fen)兩等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)合(he)(he)諸(zhu)般(ban)馬準門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)論(lun)及方(fang)87首(shou)(均已(yi)分(fen)(fen)見各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men));眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)香湯(tang)煎(jian)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)湯(tang)藥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);活物(wu)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)活物(wu)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei);眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花果菜(cai)治(zhi)病(bing)(bing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)(kuo)眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)果物(wu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)菜(cai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)花物(wu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)。
從上述部分藥目錄所涉及的病種門類(lei)可以看出,《藥方》是一部包括內、外、婦(fu)、兒、骨(gu)傷、皮膚等科,內容豐富的中(zhong)國回族醫學方書。從現存3卷(juan)所載(zai)方劑看,全(quan)書所載(zai)可能達,6000~7000首之多。其系統(tong)性、綜合性不亞于中(zhong)醫古籍《外臺(tai)秘(mi)要》。
《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)》以敘(xu)方(fang)為主,方(fang)論結(jie)合,回回藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)并用(yong)(yong)。據統(tong)計《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)》殘(can)卷(juan)常用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)259種(zhong)(zhong),明顯屬于海藥(yao)(yao)(yao)并注明中(zhong)(zhong)文名稱者有(you)(you)(you)61種(zhong)(zhong);沿(yan)用(yong)(yong)阿(a)(a)拉伯藥(yao)(yao)(yao)名。從《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)》中(zhong)(zhong)所載方(fang)劑(ji)(ji)來看(kan),無明顯君(jun)、臣、佐、使之(zhi)配伍。據研(yan)究,《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)》不(bu)僅與(yu)阿(a)(a)拉伯醫(yi)學(xue)有(you)(you)(you)根深(shen)的(de)(de)淵源(yuan)關系(xi)(xi),而(er)且突出特色,東西合壁(bi)。在藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)劑(ji)(ji)型的(de)(de)運用(yong)(yong)方(fang)面(mian),既有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式的(de)(de)丸(wan)、散、膏、湯,又(you)保存有(you)(you)(you)阿(a)(a)拉伯式的(de)(de)芳香揮發藥(yao)(yao)(yao)、滴鼻(bi)劑(ji)(ji)、露酒(jiu)劑(ji)(ji)、油劑(ji)(ji),糖漿劑(ji)(ji);有(you)(you)(you)些醫(yi)方(fang)的(de)(de)臨床(chuang)應用(yong)(yong)如菖蒲煎劑(ji)(ji)治療中(zhong)(zhong)風等(deng),又(you)是借鑒了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)學(xue)經驗并和回回醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)相結(jie)合的(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)法。《藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)》有(you)(you)(you)它自己(ji)獨特的(de)(de)思想(xiang)體系(xi)(xi),反映(ying)了成書時代中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)回醫(yi)對疾病認(ren)識在理(li)論上已較(jiao)成熟,這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)理(li)論既保存有(you)(you)(you)阿(a)(a)拉伯醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)特征,也有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)成份。
《藥方》內(nei)容之廣,涉及(ji)(ji)(ji)臨床多科,同時(shi)在治(zhi)療方法(fa)(fa)(fa)上也較豐(feng)富,對(dui)(dui)有(you)些疾病則采用(yong)內(nei)外并(bing)治(zhi)。當(dang)然《藥方》的(de)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)除了(le)阿(a)拉伯醫學的(de)治(zhi)方經驗外,其中(zhong)也不(bu)乏傳統中(zhong)醫的(de)治(zhi)療方法(fa)(fa)(fa)以及(ji)(ji)(ji)民間驗方。值得一(yi)提的(de)是許多方法(fa)(fa)(fa)特別是一(yi)些外治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)及(ji)(ji)(ji)其對(dui)(dui)骨傷(shang)科的(de)論治(zhi)具備了(le)時(shi)代的(de)先進性(xing)。如(ru)《藥方》中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)頭(tou)部外傷(shang)的(de)診斷,是根(gen)據組織損傷(shang)程度劃分(fen)的(de),并(bing)分(fen)別使用(yong)不(bu)同的(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)療。對(dui)(dui)外傷(shang)腫(zhong)(zhong)脹不(bu)退(tui),且并(bing)發全(quan)身癥狀者,主張(zhang)作“十字”切開(kai),排膿引流。對(dui)(dui)顱(lu)骨下膿腫(zhong)(zhong),采用(yong)鉆孔鋸開(kai)的(de)開(kai)顱(lu)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)等,在今(jin)天看(kan)來(lai)尚且合理。
《藥(yao)方》“折傷(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)”、“針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)門(men)(men)”之(zhi)論(lun)(lun)述較全面(mian)。“折傷(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)”基(ji)本上包括了(le)(le)(le)古今(jin)骨(gu)(gu)科(ke)的(de)(de)內(nei)容,包括了(le)(le)(le)軟組織損傷(shang)(shang)、骨(gu)(gu)傷(shang)(shang)及關節脫臼,并從(cong)理論(lun)(lun)上闡(chan)述了(le)(le)(le)這些損傷(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)、發(fa)生機制、診斷和治療(liao)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa),對一些合并癥也(ye)作了(le)(le)(le)相應的(de)(de)介紹。從(cong)而反映了(le)(le)(le)14世紀時(shi)期中國骨(gu)(gu)傷(shang)(shang)科(ke)診療(liao)水平發(fa)展成就。在今(jin)天看來,“折傷(shang)(shang)門(men)(men)”中許(xu)多(duo)(duo)內(nei)容仍有臨(lin)床實(shi)用(yong)價值。“針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)門(men)(men)”實(shi)為專論(lun)(lun)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)而罕論(lun)(lun)針(zhen),所論(lun)(lun)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)有三種(zhong)情況,即艾(ai)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、藥(yao)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)、烙灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu),以(yi)烙灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)所占(zhan)篇幅最長,尤為詳述,其(qi)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)醫學的(de)(de)燒烙法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。在書中烙灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)適應癥被分為16等,涉及范圍很廣,包括了(le)(le)(le)內(nei)科(ke)、外科(ke)、眼科(ke)、傷(shang)(shang)科(ke)、皮膚(fu)等多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)疾(ji)病(bing),其(qi)病(bing)因(yin)多(duo)(duo)與體(ti)(ti)內(nei)惡液(ye)有關,具體(ti)(ti)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是采用(yong)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)器械(xie)、燒烙皮膚(fu),令(ling)其(qi)破損、潰爛(lan)、流膿,而不能早用(yong)生肌收(shou)口之(zhi)藥(yao),必令(ling)其(qi)膿外流,則體(ti)(ti)內(nei)之(zhi)惡液(ye)因(yin)之(zhi)排出(chu),然(ran)后(hou)施用(yong)生肌收(shou)口的(de)(de)藥(yao),使(shi)之(zhi)平復(fu)。《藥(yao)方》中灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)雖(sui)然(ran)以(yi)烙灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為主(zhu)體(ti)(ti),也(ye)確(que)實(shi)帶有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)阿(a)(a)拉伯(bo)醫學特(te)色(se),但(dan)中醫特(te)有的(de)(de)艾(ai)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)在書中出(chu)現(xian)(xian)及烙灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中出(chu)現(xian)(xian)針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)穴位,這說(shuo)明(ming)《藥(yao)方》的(de)(de)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)體(ti)(ti)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)共(gong)同的(de)(de)醫學特(te)色(se)。
《海(hai)(hai)藥本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》。作者為(wei)唐(tang)末(mo)五代時的(de)(de)李珣。祖籍(ji)波(bo)斯,又名(ming)李波(bo)斯,善(shan)詩。曾(ceng)幾代定居長安西市一帶,以賣藥為(wei)生,《海(hai)(hai)藥本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》收(shou)藥124種(zhong),大多數來自波(bo)斯等地(di)及南海(hai)(hai)諸地(di)區,因此(ci)為(wei)回回醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥根基的(de)(de)一部分,對中(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)也曾(ceng)有過作用。有醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)專家指出(chu),在(zai)唐(tang)末(mo)五代時在(zai)民族醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)藥史(shi)上有突出(chu)貢獻(xian)的(de)(de)書籍(ji)首推《海(hai)(hai)藥本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》。它還補充了(le)《神(shen)農(nong)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》《名(ming)醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)別(bie)錄》 《唐(tang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》 《食療本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)》《本(ben)(ben)(ben)草(cao)(cao)拾(shi)遺》等不(bu)足,且糾正了(le)前著的(de)(de)一些錯記,豐富了(le)中(zhong)國藥物學(xue)(xue),是回回醫(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)重要基礎(chu)與典籍(ji)。
《飲(yin)(yin)(yin)膳(shan)正要》。本(ben)書是(shi)我國第一(yi)部(bu)營養學專(zhuan)著,成書于(yu)元(yuan)代天歷三年(nian)(公元(yuan)1330年(nian))。作(zuo)者(zhe)忽思(si)慧(又作(zuo)和斯輝(hui)),史書無載。從本(ben)書序文和進書表來看(kan),是(shi)元(yuan)仁宗時的宮(gong)廷(ting)飲(yin)(yin)(yin)膳(shan)太(tai)醫(yi)(yi),舊說(shuo)是(shi)蒙古(gu)族醫(yi)(yi)家。這部(bu)書初刊后(hou),明清(qing)兩代多次翻刻,但因(yin)屢遭兵(bing)災,已(yi)散佚不(bu)多。書中配方多以(yi)(yi)羊肉為主料(liao),“聚(ju)珍(zhen)異(yi)撰”第一(yi)方馬思(si)答(da)吉(ji)(ji)湯(tang),《本(ben)草綱(gang)目(mu)·菜部(bu)》蒔蘿條附馬思(si)答(da)吉(ji)(ji)注:“元(yuan)時飲(yin)(yin)(yin)膳(shan)用(yong)之,云極香料(liao)也(ye)(ye)。不(bu)知何況,故附之。”書中多引用(yong)回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)豆子、回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)蔥(cong)、回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)青、回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)小油(you)。許多食品冠以(yi)(yi)“胡(hu)(hu)”字,如胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)、胡(hu)(hu)麻、胡(hu)(hu)椒(jiao)、胡(hu)(hu)荽等(deng)。以(yi)(yi)胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)為例(li),《本(ben)草綱(gang)目(mu)》指(zhi)出:“元(yuan)人《飲(yin)(yin)(yin)膳(shan)正要》作(zuo)回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)蔥(cong),似言自(zi)胡(hu)(hu)地,故曰胡(hu)(hu)蔥(cong)耳”。《洛(luo)陽伽蘭記(ji)·城南》記(ji):“獅子者(zhe),波斯國胡(hu)(hu)王所(suo)獻也(ye)(ye)”。可見大量配方是(shi)信(xin)仰伊斯蘭教的民族和國家飲(yin)(yin)(yin)食療法所(suo)用(yong)。將《飲(yin)(yin)(yin)膳(shan)正要》推論為“兼通蒙漢醫(yi)(yi)學”的太(tai)醫(yi)(yi)所(suo)撰,看(kan)來根據不(bu)足。
《瑞(rui)(rui)竹(zhu)(zhu)堂經驗方(fang)(fang)》 (下稱《瑞(rui)(rui)竹(zhu)(zhu)堂方(fang)(fang)》)。原著(zhu)在(zai)明(ming)代中(zhong)(zhong)葉后國內已(yi)失(shi)傳(chuan),但書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)許多內容(rong)則(ze)散見于國內外(wai)(wai)許多醫(yi)(yi)藥文獻(xian),其(qi)原序(xu)兩(liang)則(ze)及(ji)(ji)清(qing)明(ming)兩(liang)代若干(gan)輯佚和(he)抄本,分別在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國和(he)日(ri)本有關(guan)部門(men)和(he)私家珍藏(zang),作者及(ji)(ji)成書(shu)年(nian)代國內外(wai)(wai)專(zhuan)家爭(zheng)論(lun)不一,清(qing)乾(qian)隆年(nian)間修纂的《四(si)庫全書(shu)》曾將明(ming)代《永(yong)樂大典》中(zhong)(zhong)本書(shu)散在(zai)內容(rong)搜采編輯為(wei)5卷24門(men)。集得內、外(wai)(wai)、婦、兒(er)、眼、齒、調補、美容(rong)等科效方(fang)(fang)170余首。當時“計(ji)亡(wang)闕已(yi)十(shi)之五六”,中(zhong)(zhong)國中(zhong)(zhong)醫(yi)(yi)研(yan)究院(yuan)現(xian)藏(zang)有清(qing)代《抄本瑞(rui)(rui)竹(zhu)(zhu)堂經驗方(fang)(fang)》及(ji)(ji)仿明(ming)刻日(ri)刊(kan)本《瑞(rui)(rui)竹(zhu)(zhu)堂經驗方(fang)(fang)》,有的專(zhuan)家認為(wei)本書(shu)作者肯定(ding)是回回醫(yi)(yi)家,其(qi)名為(wei)沙圖穆蘇·薩謙(qian)齋,官至(zhi)元(yuan)朝御史兼太守。其(qi)成書(shu)年(nian)代不晚于泰定(ding)三年(nian)(公元(yuan)1327年(nian)),陳(chen)垣先生(sheng)在(zai)其(qi)名著(zhu)《勵耕書(shu)屋(wu)叢(cong)刊(kan)·元(yuan)西域人華化(hua)(hua)考》中(zhong)(zhong)早已(yi)經將本書(shu)作者考證為(wei)“華化(hua)(hua)”了(le)的回。
清(qing)代《抄本瑞竹堂(tang)經(jing)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)》現亡闕(que)者多,但明刻日(ri)刊(kan)本可能近《瑞竹堂(tang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)》原(yuan)帙(zhi)。此(ci)日(ri)刊(kan)本按明刻分15卷(juan),每(mei)卷(juan)1門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men),集方(fang)(fang)(fang)300余首,即諸風門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、心氣(qi)痛(tong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、疝氣(qi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、積滯門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、痰(tan)飲門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、喘(chuan)嗽(sou)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、滋補(bu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、瀉痢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、頭面口眼門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、耳鼻門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、發(fa)口門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、咽(yan)喉門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、雜(za)治(zhi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、瘡(chuang)腫門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、婦女門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、兒門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。該書(shu)用香(xiang)藥較(jiao)多,書(shu)中記載的懸吊水桶淋浴式是回族自古以來獨特的衛生(sheng)傳統習慣(guan),另有治(zhi)急氣(qi)疼方(fang)(fang)(fang)、治(zhi)惡瘡(chuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)、治(zhi)疔(ding)瘡(chuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在其方(fang)(fang)(fang)名(ming)上標有“海上方(fang)(fang)(fang)”等(deng)字(zi)樣,還(huan)有的驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)特別強(qiang)調(diao)忌馬、驢(lv)、豬肉等(deng)。
回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)方(fang)以敘方(fang)為主,方(fang)論結合(he),回(hui)回(hui)藥(yao)方(fang)與(yu)傳統中藥(yao)并用。
據統計《回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)》殘卷(juan)常(chang)用藥(yao)(yao)259種(zhong)(zhong),明顯屬于(yu)海藥(yao)(yao),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)文名(ming)稱(cheng)沿用阿拉(la)伯藥(yao)(yao)名(ming)的(de)有(you)61種(zhong)(zhong)。從回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)記載的(de)方(fang)劑(ji)來看,無明顯的(de)君、臣、佐、使之配伍,在(zai)藥(yao)(yao)物劑(ji)型(xing)的(de)運用方(fang)面,既有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國式的(de)“丸、散、膏、湯”,又保(bao)存了(le)(le)阿拉(la)伯“芳(fang)香揮發藥(yao)(yao)、滴鼻劑(ji)、露酒劑(ji)、油劑(ji)、糖漿劑(ji)”,有(you)些醫(yi)方(fang)的(de)臨床(chuang)應用如(ru)菖(chang)莆煎(jian)劑(ji),治療(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)風等,借鑒了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)學(xue)經驗并(bing)和回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)相結合。“回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)”有(you)它自己(ji)獨(du)特(te)的(de)思(si)想(xiang)體系而(er)且內容(rong)廣泛(fan),涉及臨床(chuang)多科(ke),同時(shi),在(zai)治療(liao)方(fang)法上也較(jiao)豐富,對有(you)些疾(ji)病采用內外并(bing)治。因此,回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)(yao)方(fang)反(fan)映了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)對疾(ji)病認識在(zai)理論上已較(jiao)成熟,這種(zhong)(zhong)理論既保(bao)存有(you)阿拉(la)伯醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)特(te)征,也有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國傳(chuan)(chuan)統醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)成分。
在長期的醫療實踐中,逐步形成了(le)很(hen)多治療各種疾病的回(hui)回(hui)藥方,民間回(hui)族(zu)群眾經常(chang)用來治療一些常(chang)見病,舉(ju)例 如下:
1主治功能:養(yang)胃(wei)散(san)寒(han),緩急止痛,健胃(wei)消脹止疼。處方組(zu)成:乳香、篳撥、高良姜、肉(rou)豆(dou)蔻、丁(ding)香、砂仁、沉(chen)香。共研細粉用黑(hei)白糖攪拌,一日兩(liang)次早晚(wan)服用。
2主治功(gong)能:補腎活血,利水(shui)消腫,消渴蠱病,腎囊流(liu)水(shui)。
處(chu)方組成:大麥面、香附子、石堿(jian)、牛糞,共研細(xi)粉用(yong)玫瑰水和醋調和攪拌而成,用(yong)布(bu)袋包上貼(tie)腹(fu)部。一日一次連貼(tie)三至五日有好轉。
3香茸湯
主治功能:腎陽(yang)虛,陽(yang)痿早泄(xie),補腎壯陽(yang),滋(zi)補肝腎。
處(chu)方組成:沉香、鹿茸、枸杞(qi)、山(shan)芋肉。開水煎(jian)服一(yi)日一(yi)劑(ji)煎(jian)三次服用。
4四合湯
主治功能(neng):祛風散寒,通絡(luo)止痛,惡吐,頭(tou)疼(teng)(頭(tou)昏,頭(tou)暈)周身關(guan)節(jie)疼(teng)痛。
處(chu)方組成:丁香(xiang)、地(di)蕉、茯(fu)茶、高(gao)良(liang)姜。(如(ru)有咳嗽,加苦(ku)杏仁、花椒,為六合湯)。開水煎(jian)湯后(hou)放(fang)黑白糖服用一(yi)至兩碗。
配制(zhi),用紅線捆(kun)扎手(shou)指(左三(san)右(you)四)拿(na)針放(fang)淤血(xue),然后(hou)發汗(han)痊愈)。放(fang)血(xue)療法是現代(dai)醫學的清血(xue)解毒消炎。
中(zhong)國回族(zu)在(zai)(zai)一千(qian)多年(nian)的與疾(ji)病作斗(dou)爭的過程中(zhong),不但形成(cheng)了獨特的回族(zu)醫藥理(li)論體系,而且形成(cheng)了至今尚存在(zai)(zai)的獨特的民(min)間療法。而民(min)間療法又可分外治法、內(nei)治法。
1.刺法(包括放血砭法及火針)
眉心放血法(fa):回族群眾俗稱挑頭。術者(zhe)端(duan)坐(zuo)患者(zhe)對側,用(yong)(yong)左右兩拇(mu)指(zhi)由眉心(印堂穴)由內向(xiang)外按捋三次,再用(yong)(yong)拇(mu)指(zhi)食指(zhi)揪起眉心,針刺放血(所用(yong)(yong)工具(ju)為(wei)一般(ban)縫衣針,下同(tong))。此(ci)法(fa)適用(yong)(yong)于風寒感冒、頭痛、身痛、前額痛、畏寒等(deng)證。
太(tai)陽穴放(fang)血(xue)法(fa)(fa):術者用拇指由(you)前額(e)向(xiang)外捋三次(ci),然后用拇指同(tong)食指揪(jiu)起太(tai)陽穴處皮膚,用針刺出血(xue)少許(xu)。此法(fa)(fa)適用于感冒頭(tou)痛(tong)、寒熱往來、血(xue)瘀頭(tou)痛(tong)、高血(xue)壓頭(tou)痛(tong)等。
腘(guo)(guo)窩(wo)放(fang)血(xue)法:患者背向醫(yi)者直(zhi)立,暴露(lu)腘(guo)(guo)窩(wo)部。術者先用手(shou)掌擊其(qi)腘(guo)(guo)窩(wo)。暴露(lu)腘(guo)(guo)窩(wo)處表(biao)淺靜脈。在腘(guo)(guo)窩(wo)中(zhong)線外(相當委中(zhong)穴(xue)),用針刺(ci)出血(xue)少許。此(ci)法主治風寒感冒、身痛、腰痛及腹(fu)痛等癥。
肘(zhou)窩(wo)放(fang)血法:暴露肘(zhou)部后(hou),術者由上臂向下捋三次,然后(hou)用一物(wu)緊束上臂,待肘(zhou)部血管怒張(zhang)。在肘(zhou)部靜脈處(chu)(相當曲池穴)放(fang)血。此法主治風寒感冒、肢體疼痛、身痛等證(zheng)。
中指(zhi)放血(xue)法(fa):用一根(gen)紅線緊束患者(zhe)中指(zhi)。術者(zhe)在中指(zhi)指(zhi)甲上(shang)一韭葉處或指(zhi)端放血(xue)。此法(fa)主治風寒感冒(mao)、小兒客(ke)忤(wu)驚風、婦人癔(yi)病(bing)。
外耳廓放(fang)血(xue)法(fa):病人背術者坐位(wei),將耳廓外側暴(bao)露。術者用(yong)手固(gu)定耳廓,暴(bao)露耳廓小(xiao)靜脈,取其上三(san)分之一(yi)處(chu),用(yong)砭石(或瓷器鈍片),輕刺小(xiao)靜脈血(xue),視(shi)其病情輕重以定其放(fang)血(xue)量。此法(fa)主治咽部紅腫充血(xue)、扁(bian)桃體炎、口(kou)瘡及皮(pi)膚疥癬(xian)、神經性皮(pi)炎等。
內迎(ying)香放血(xue)法(fa):取一銳利竹簽,放入病人鼻(bi)翼內0.5公分處,緊貼(tie)鼻(bi)翼。術(shu)者(zhe)用食指猛彈(dan)鼻(bi)翼使其(qi)出(chu)血(xue)少許。此法(fa)主治急性眼炎(yan)、紅眼、咽炎(yan)、咽部(bu)充血(xue)等證。
關(guan)(guan)節(jie)扭(niu)傷血(xue)(xue)腫放(fang)血(xue)(xue)法(fa):如關(guan)(guan)節(jie)扭(niu)傷跌(die)打局部(bu)血(xue)(xue)腫,回族(zu)民間常(chang)用局部(bu)放(fang)血(xue)(xue),配(pei)合拔火罐(guan),拔除瘀(yu)血(xue)(xue),也有(you)用小兒童尿洗之以活其血(xue)(xue)。(按《醫(yi)林纂(zuan)要》便溺:凡跌(die)打血(xue)(xue)悶欲死,灌此即(ji)蘇(su),新產(chan)和酒(jiu)飲之。可免血(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)上(shang)攻,血(xue)(xue)瘀(yu)作痛,此皆咸以散瘀(yu)。見效甚速者。《本草思辯錄》……折傷跌(die)打有(you)靈驗)。
火針刺法:方(fang)法是用一縫(feng)衣(yi)針在油燈或酒精上(shang)燒紅,在一定的部(bu)位針刺。常(chang)刺的部(bu)位有大椎穴、中脘穴。治療急性胃(wei)炎、胃(wei)痙攣(luan)、膽(dan)道蛔蟲。有時(shi)也(ye)在急性淋巴管炎上(shang)端挑刺。
2.拔(ba)法(fa):回族民間常用陶(tao)器火(huo)罐,用紙點(dian)燃,投(tou)入其中,以行拔(ba)法(fa)。所拔(ba)部位(wei)多在前額(e)、太陽(yang)穴、背(bei)部、腰(yao)部、上腹部。主治頭痛、胃痛、腰(yao)痛、背(bei)痛等,也(ye)有(you)結合放血療法(fa)者。對于(yu)膿(nong)腫(zhong)已潰、結核(he)瘺(lou)管膿(nong)液也(ye)有(you)使用,達到提(ti)膿(nong)的目(mu)的。
3.挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)法:挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)法是(shi)指挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)四縫(feng)(feng)及挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)羊毛療。挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)四縫(feng)(feng):是(shi)在(zai)小(xiao)兒手指第二關節內側(ce)用(yong)針(zhen)挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)出少量黃(huang)色粘液,主治小(xiao)兒疳積、慢性(xing)(xing)消化(hua)不良。挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)羊毛療法:(羊毛療相當于急(ji)性(xing)(xing)胃(wei)痙攣,急(ji)性(xing)(xing)膽囊炎(yan)等急(ji)性(xing)(xing)腹(fu)痛癥(zheng)狀)。方(fang)法是(shi)先用(yong)銅錢沾麻油(you)或(huo)用(yong)一小(xiao)盤邊緣(yuan)光滑側(ce)在(zai)病人背(bei)部(bu)兩(liang)側(ce)刮。待背(bei)部(bu)出現輕(qing)度瘀血征象(xiang),用(yong)縫(feng)(feng)衣針(zhen)針(zhen)孔(kong)端(duan)在(zai)背(bei)上點(dian)。發現異樣小(xiao)點(dian),用(yong)針(zhen)尖挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)起皮(pi)膚(fu)及皮(pi)下筋膜。亦有用(yong)小(xiao)刀割之(zhi)的。主治急(ji)性(xing)(xing)胃(wei)炎(yan)、急(ji)性(xing)(xing)胃(wei)痙攣、急(ji)性(xing)(xing)膽絞痛等急(ji)性(xing)(xing)腹(fu)痛癥(zheng)。
4.吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)法(fa):吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)法(fa)包括吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)杜(du)爾精(jing)神療(liao)法(fa)(宗(zong)教(jiao)名稱)及吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)藥(yao)兩種(zhong)方法(fa)。吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)杜(du)爾精(jing)神療(liao)法(fa):方法(fa)是用一(yi)潔(jie)凈蓋碗由阿(a)訇(宗(zong)教(jiao)人(ren)士)在碗壁上寫上經字(阿(a)文(wen)),放入(ru)茶葉(或相應的用中(zhong)藥(yao)加工(gong)的茶葉)沖入(ru)開水。由阿(a)訇誦讀經文(wen)及吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)氣(qi)入(ru)碗讓病人(ren)飲用。主(zhu)治一(yi)些精(jing)神性病患,此(ci)法(fa)有精(jing)神治療(liao)作用。吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)藥(yao)法(fa):將(jiang)血余炭吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)入(ru)鼻(bi)腔用于(yu)止(zhi)血。用皂角(jiao)粉吹(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)鼻(bi)治療(liao)中(zhong)風昏迷。
5.捏(nie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa):捏(nie)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)包括捏(nie)人中穴(xue)及捏(nie)脊。掐人中:方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)用(yong)拇指甲(jia)緊捏(nie)患者人中穴(xue)。主治(zhi)休克(ke)、虛脫、昏迷(mi)或癔病氣厥。掐脊也叫(jiao)捏(nie)脊:方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)在髂脊與肩(jian)胛之間(jian)分(fen)(fen)三等(deng)分(fen)(fen),揪起皮膚由下部向上部捻(nian)捏(nie),每至一(yi)份處,向上提三下。反復三次,用(yong)雙手搓5~10分(fen)(fen)鐘。此(ci)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)用(yong)于小兒疳(gan)積。消瘦、食少、面色(se)萎黃等(deng)證。
6、熏法(fa):包(bao)括(kuo)醋(cu)(cu)熏法(fa)及藥熏法(fa)兩(liang)種。醋(cu)(cu)熏法(fa):取(qu)老陳醋(cu)(cu)半(ban)碗,放在病人鼻(bi)邊(bian),取(qu)紅炭火一塊,速(su)投入醋(cu)(cu)中,使(shi)醋(cu)(cu)熏發之氣(qi)味,沖(chong)入患者鼻(bi)內。主治昏(hun)厥、癔病氣(qi)厥。藥熏法(fa):回族(zu)民間習慣用白礬、花(hua)椒熏洗(xi)陰部(bu),治陰部(bu)寒濕病。用花(hua)椒、艾葉洗(xi)瘡(chuang)。用白草煎水洗(xi)下肢,治肢體疼痛。用西河柳(liu),芫荽、紅布洗(xi)身透疹等。
7.敷(fu)(fu)(fu)法:有(you)熱(re)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)法及冷(leng)(leng)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)法。回族(zu)用(yong)醋糟(zao)加入(ru)小(xiao)(xiao)茴香或用(yong)清鹽在鍋內(nei)炒熱(re),裝(zhuang)入(ru)布袋熱(re)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)腹部治療(liao)小(xiao)(xiao)腹寒(han)痛(tong)、寒(han)疝(shan)(谷稱(cheng)偏(pian)墜)。也有(you)用(yong)磚或布鞋底烤熱(re)作熱(re)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)使(shi)用(yong)的。冷(leng)(leng)敷(fu)(fu)(fu)法在鼻出血、高熱(re)時(shi)用(yong)冷(leng)(leng)毛巾敷(fu)(fu)(fu)頭額。回族(zu)少(shao)女有(you)扎耳(er)眼(yan)的習慣,扎耳(er)眼(yan)時(shi)用(yong)冰做寒(han)冷(leng)(leng)麻醉,有(you)止血止痛(tong)作用(yong)。
8.點(dian)(dian)咽滴鼻洗(xi)眼法:回(hui)族民間治療(liao)咽部炎(yan)癥、懸雍垂水(shui)腫可用(yong)筷子(zi)蘸燒鹽(即青鹽火(huo)煅)點(dian)(dian)于咽部。用(yong)雞(ji)蛋黃(huang)油(you)點(dian)(dian)鼻,治療(liao)鼻粘膜干(gan)燥癥,用(yong)蒼耳油(you)點(dian)(dian)鼻治鼻炎(yan),用(yong)柳葉、金銀花(hua)、白菊花(hua)煎水(shui)點(dian)(dian)洗(xi)眼治急性結膜炎(yan)等。
9.涂抹(mo)法:涂抹(mo)法是抹(mo)藥結合藥敷的一種治法,常(chang)用(yong)有(you)以(yi)下幾種:①用(yong)五月端陽節蟾(chan)(chan)蜍一只,將(jiang)墨(mo)錠一支由蟾(chan)(chan)蜍口裝(zhuang)入(ru)腹中,陰干(gan)備(bei)用(yong)。用(yong)時(shi)涂于(yu)患(huan)病處,對急性炎(yan)癥紅腫(zhong),有(you)止痛消(xiao)腫(zhong)作用(yong)。②用(yong)花粉、白芷、綠(lv)豆共為細末(mo);冷(leng)水調成(cheng)糊(hu)狀,敷于(yu)患(huan)處。常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)面部(bu)炎(yan)癥、青(qing)年痤瘡等。③用(yong)鮮(xian)蒲公英一兩搗成(cheng)糊(hu)狀參(can)入(ru)蛋(dan)清調敷患(huan)處。常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)治療急性乳腺炎(yan)。
10.割法:即(ji)切除術(shu)(shu)。回(hui)族禮習在男性青年婚前(qian)做包(bao)皮(pi)切除術(shu)(shu)(稱之做頌乃悌(ti))。
內治法
回族民間偏(pian)方驗方有個(ge)重要的特點,即(ji)“藥食(shi)同療(liao)”、“寓藥于食(shi)”,這與回人善烹調,喜精作食(shi)品有一定關系(xi)。
如以羊心(xin)朱(zhu)砂同用(yong)(yong)(yong)治療(liao)(liao)心(xin)血(xue)(xue)不足之失(shi)眠、心(xin)悸、震顫。方法是(shi)取(qu)新鮮(xian)羊心(xin)一(yi)個,朱(zhu)砂1克(ke)(ke)(ke)(擂細(xi))由羊心(xin)動靜(jing)脈(mo)孔(kong)內(nei)納(na)入,用(yong)(yong)(yong)棉線縫其口,蒸熟或燉熟,用(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)切成肉(rou)片每晚服(fu)半只。本品有養血(xue)(xue)、鎮靜(jing)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)磚茶15克(ke)(ke)(ke),山(shan)楂15克(ke)(ke)(ke),紅糖20克(ke)(ke)(ke)共同炒(chao)焦。沖(chong)水(shui)飲用(yong)(yong)(yong)治療(liao)(liao)急性痢(li)疾、腹寒腹痛,有止痢(li)、暖胃作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)元肉(rou)30克(ke)(ke)(ke),大棗10克(ke)(ke)(ke),紅糖30克(ke)(ke)(ke),黑(hei)豆30克(ke)(ke)(ke)長期煎服(fu)治療(liao)(liao)貧血(xue)(xue)、產后血(xue)(xue)虛,有補(bu)血(xue)(xue)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)綠豆、蕎面等用(yong)(yong)(yong)清水(shui)調勻敷于(yu)瘡瘍處治療(liao)(liao)疔毒瘡瘍,有拔毒法火清熱作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)清油一(yi)兩熬(ao)沸(fei),放(fang)入花椒15克(ke)(ke)(ke),炸枯。取(qu)油服(fu)用(yong)(yong)(yong),有驅(qu)蟲(chong)安(an)蛔潤腸通便作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)蛔蟲(chong)腹痛及(ji)蛔蟲(chong)引起腸梗阻。用(yong)(yong)(yong)麻油調入芒硝內(nei)服(fu)治療(liao)(liao)便秘、食道炎、早(zao)期食道癌等有通閉散結的作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。
回族民(min)間的醫療(liao)經驗治療(liao)方法還很不完(wan)善,還是一(yi)個粗線條的,還需要(yao)進(jin)一(yi)發(fa)掘(jue)、整理。
回族人(ren)民善烹調,喜精(jing)做食品(pin),在飲食上有(you)本(ben)民族的(de)(de)獨特習慣,各種(zhong)風味小吃獨具風味。而(er)有(you)些“食譜(pu)”“粥譜(pu)”“茶譜(pu)”就是很好的(de)(de)保健食品(pin),有(you)明顯的(de)(de)補氣補血、健脾開胃、補腎增精(jing)作用。
配(pei)方:羯羊脖子(zi)1個,黃芪飲片(pian)60克(ke),將(jiang)羯羊脖子(zi)放入(ru)(ru)適(shi)量冷(leng)水中煮(zhu)(zhu)沸。去除油沫,先(xian)煮(zhu)(zhu)半小時,將(jiang)黃芪飲片(pian)用紗(sha)布包(bao)好,放入(ru)(ru)鍋內同煮(zhu)(zhu),待(dai)肉熟(shu)。亦可加姜(jiang)、蔥、香料。本品有(you)補氣(qi)補血(xue)、扶贏愈瘡(chuang)功效(xiao)。用于病后氣(qi)虛,大病之后。 鴿(ge)子(zi)燉三(san)七(qi)(qi):配(pei)方:鴿(ge)子(zi)(雛(chu)(chu)鴿(ge))1只(zhi),漢(han)三(san)七(qi)(qi)10克(ke)。取活雛(chu)(chu)鴿(ge)1只(zhi)宰殺,去除內臟洗凈(jing),將(jiang)漢(han)三(san)七(qi)(qi)粗粉布包(bao)放入(ru)(ru)雛(chu)(chu)鴿(ge)腹中,縫封,文火(huo)煮(zhu)(zhu)熟(shu),吃(chi)肉、飲湯。回族(zu)民間(jian)喜歡養(yang)鴿(ge),但不食成鴿(ge),這可能與宗教有(you)關,但對產后,手術后食用有(you)補氣(qi)血(xue),活血(xue)化瘀生(sheng)新(xin)的作用。
金針木耳湯:配方:黃花(hua)(hua)(黃花(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)蕾)適量(liang),木耳適量(liang)。將(jiang)黃花(hua)(hua)、木耳用溫(wen)水(shui)浸半小時(shi)使其(qi)軟(ruan)化,去除泥土(tu)雜質(zhi),加(jia)蔥、調料,水(shui)適量(liang),做成湯菜。本品有(you)治(zhi)氣虛麻木、高(gao)血壓(ya)、止(zhi)血治(zhi)痔(zhi)作用。
龍(long)眼(yan)黑豆(dou)大棗(zao)飲:配方:龍(long)眼(yan)肉(rou)(rou)15克,黑豆(dou)30克,大棗(zao)1枚,先將(jiang)黑豆(dou)用(yong)水煮(zhu)(zhu)熟(shu)留取(qu)豆(dou)汁。去(qu)除黑豆(dou)再加入棗(zao)煮(zhu)(zhu)熟(shu)放入龍(long)眼(yan)肉(rou)(rou)微煮(zhu)(zhu),成(cheng)黑紅色藥飲,每日1次。本(ben)品長(chang)久(jiu)飲用(yong)有(you)補血安神(shen)作用(yong),對(dui)貧血、心悸(ji)、失眠有(you)較好療(liao)效(xiao)。
生姜燉烏(wu)雞:配方:鮮生姜30克切成薄片,以(yi)順序排列置鍋底;小烏(wu)雞1只,去凈毛(mao)及內臟,破開雞胸(xiong),平鋪(pu)鍋中,加水適量,慢(man)火燉熟。本品有補虛散寒、安神定志、催(cui)乳(ru)作(zuo)用,可做為慢(man)性腎(shen)炎(yan)輔助療法(fa)。《別錄》有“烏(wu)雄雞主補中止(zhi)痛”。《食療本草》有“黑(hei)雌雞。”“治反胃腹痛,折骨痛、乳(ru)癰、安胎(tai)”之說。
鯽(ji)(ji)魚(yu)紅豆(dou)湯:配(pei)方(fang):新鮮鯽(ji)(ji)魚(yu)一條約重4兩,赤(chi)小豆(dou)30克。先(xian)將赤(chi)小豆(dou)煮至半熟(shu)。再將鯽(ji)(ji)魚(yu)一條放入鍋內(nei),加水及調料適量,微火燉熟(shu)即成。本品有補(bu)氣(qi)利水消腫作用。可作急慢性腎炎(yan)的輔(fu)助療法(fa)。
止咳潤(run)肺湯:配(pei)方:鮮(xian)冬梨一個切片,青蘿卜60克(ke)切片,冰糖適量(liang),蜂蜜(mi)適量(liang),川(chuan)貝母10克(ke),加水適量(liang)微火燉熟(shu)。頻(pin)頻(pin)飲之。本品有(you)清肺化痰(tan)之功,對冬春肺燥咳嗽、老人痰(tan)多有(you)一定治療效果。
回(hui)(hui)族保健與(yu)他(ta)們的生活習俗有密切關系。回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)常飲用蓋碗茶(cha),在茶(cha)葉(xie)中配(pei)上(shang)枸杞(qi)、紅(hong)棗、桂(gui)圓(yuan)、核桃仁、葡萄干(gan)、果(guo)干(gan)、冰糖、芝麻,名曰“八寶(bao)蓋碗茶(cha)”,此茶(cha)長期飲用具有健脾益腎、提神明目(mu)、益氣(qi)養(yang)血、抗(kang)御風寒(han)(han)、強身健體的作用。另(ling)外(wai)還喜歡油茶(cha),將羊(yang)肉切碎,加(jia)(jia)油脂炒熟,加(jia)(jia)面炒黃(huang),加(jia)(jia)入蔥花(hua)鹽(yan)沫(mo)拌勻而制成之(zhi)。此茶(cha)可(ke)飲可(ke)食,攜帶方便(bian),便(bian)于儲藏(zang),而且有溫胃散寒(han)(han),潤腸(chang)、補(bu)脾、健胃、益腎之(zhi)功效。
綜上所述,中國傳統醫(yi)學(xue)在其(qi)發展與完善的(de)(de)(de)過程中,借中國回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)民(min)族之(zhi)力,曾吸收融匯了阿拉(la)伯、波斯醫(yi)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)精華(hua)。而伊斯蘭醫(yi)學(xue)又(you)是融匯了埃及(ji)、希臘、印度、阿拉(la)伯古(gu)代醫(yi)學(xue)及(ji)中國古(gu)代醫(yi)學(xue)精粹而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。由此看來,回(hui)(hui)回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)學(xue)在中國傳統醫(yi)藥(yao)史(shi)上扮演(yan)了不可(ke)替(ti)代的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)角色。現如今(jin),在響應國家挖掘整理(li)各種民(min)族醫(yi)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)重大歷(li)史(shi)機遇面前,深入開展回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)回(hui)(hui)藥(yao)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)已變得極(ji)為(wei)迫切。作為(wei)回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)中的(de)(de)(de)一分子,我(wo)們有不可(ke)推卸(xie)的(de)(de)(de)責任。我(wo)們正在拯救挖掘,籌備(bei)回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)所,請廣大同(tong)行(xing)和(he)(he)關心回(hui)(hui)醫(yi)藥(yao)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)朋友們給予支持和(he)(he)幫助,讓回(hui)(hui)族醫(yi)藥(yao)重新煥發生(sheng)機,形成(cheng)具有民(min)族特(te)色醫(yi)藥(yao)文化和(he)(he)優勢產業,為(wei)人民(min)健康做出貢獻。