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衛靈公（前540年(nian)(nian)(nian)—前493年(nian)(nian)(nian)），姬(ji)姓，名(ming)元，春秋時期衛國第二十(shi)八代國君，前534年(nian)(nian)(nian)—前493年(nian)(nian)(nian)在位。

因多(duo)猜忌且脾氣暴躁留下不好的(de)(de)史(shi)學評價。但其擅長(chang)識人，知人善任，也(ye)正(zheng)是他(ta)提拔的(de)(de)三個大(da)臣(chen)孔圉、祝(zhu)鮀(tuo)、王孫(sun)賈的(de)(de)合作，才使衛(wei)國的(de)(de)國家機器運(yun)行正(zheng)常。

主要經歷

衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)，春秋時期衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)第二十八代(dai)國(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)，姬姓，名元(yuan)。其(qi)生于(yu)(yu)“韓宣子(zi)為(wei)政聘于(yu)(yu)諸侯(hou)之歲”（即昭公(gong)(gong)二年(nian)，前540年(nian)），卒(zu)于(yu)(yu)哀公(gong)(gong)二年(nian)（前493年(nian)），壽(shou)47歲。初，因衛(wei)(wei)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)宣姜無(wu)(wu)子(zi)，嬖人(ren)(ren)（愛，愛也）婤(chou)姶生縶(zhi)與(yu)元(yuan)，而縶(zhi)“惡疾”，不(bu)良于(yu)(yu)行，故孔(kong)成子(zi)與(yu)史朝(chao)借夢(meng)廢長立幼，昭公(gong)(gong)七(qi)年(nian)衛(wei)(wei)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)卒(zu)，元(yuan)登基，是為(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)，在位42年(nian)。衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)雖(sui)限于(yu)(yu)國(guo)(guo)勢未能稱(cheng)霸(ba)，但其(qi)所(suo)作所(suo)為(wei)絲毫不(bu)遜于(yu)(yu)齊桓晉文楚(chu)莊秦穆那些(xie)霸(ba)主們，為(wei)一代(dai)諸侯(hou)之佼佼者。據《孔(kong)子(zi)家語(yu)·賢(xian)君(jun)(jun)第十三》載，在魯哀公(gong)(gong)問“當今之君(jun)(jun)，孰為(wei)最賢(xian)”時，孔(kong)子(zi)對曰：“丘未之見也，抑(yi)有衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)乎？”，評價不(bu)謂不(bu)高。但孔(kong)子(zi)曾(ceng)說(shuo)衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)無(wu)(wu)道，以至于(yu)(yu)人(ren)(ren)們執著于(yu)(yu)這個(ge)刻板印象，卻忽視了孔(kong)子(zi)后面(mian)的贊揚，由此衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)落下了不(bu)好(hao)的名聲。

《左傳》載：昭(zhao)公二(er)年(nian)，晉(jin)韓宣子因“為政聘于諸(zhu)侯”，是(shi)年(nian)衛靈公出生，名元，其兄縶患“惡疾”，不良于行，故孔成子與史朝借夢衛始祖(zu)康叔而立元為太子。

昭公(gong)七年，衛襄公(gong)惡卒，冬(dong)十二月下葬，明年靈公(gong)即位，時年六(liu)歲(sui)。

昭公(gong)十二年，靈公(gong)以國(guo)君身份(fen)“如晉(jin)”，賀(he)晉(jin)頃(qing)公(gong)登基。明年，與(yu)晉(jin)、魯、宋(song)、鄭(zheng)等諸侯(hou)會(hui)于(yu)平丘。

昭公(gong)(gong)二(er)十(shi)年，齊豹、北宮喜(xi)、褚(chu)師圃(pu)、公(gong)(gong)子朝四家叛亂，殺靈公(gong)(gong)兄縶，傷靈公(gong)(gong)叔南(nan)楚，兩日旋平，終靈公(gong)(gong)在世(shi)衛國再無(wu)此類內亂。

昭公二十一年，靈(ling)公使叛亂回國的公子朝領兵救宋，以(yi)安眾心。

昭公二十五(wu)年(nian)、二十七(qi)年(nian)，兩次(ci)使(shi)北宮(gong)喜(xi)會于諸侯，以(yi)彰其平亂(luan)之功(gong)。

定公(gong)四年，與晉、魯、宋、蔡等諸侯會(hui)盟，因(yin)聽說歃血時位(wei)次(ci)于蔡后，靈公(gong)即派祝(zhu)佗游說周(zhou)王(wang)臣萇弘，事成，捍衛了衛國(guo)的國(guo)格。

定(ding)公(gong)(gong)六年(nian)，魯伐晉，過(guo)不(bu)假道，及還，陽(yang)虎又使季桓子(zi)、孟獻子(zi)不(bu)告而過(guo)衛都，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)大怒，派彌子(zi)瑕率兵追擊，公(gong)(gong)叔文子(zi)入諫，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)遂召彌子(zi)瑕還。

定公七年(nian)，派人與齊(qi)景(jing)公密(mi)謀(mou)，使其羈執衛(wei)行人（外交部長）北宮結(jie)并侵衛(wei)，趁機(ji)削弱北宮氏之勢力。

定公八年，因會(hui)盟(meng)時受晉(jin)沙陀、成何之辱，靈(ling)公表示：”我讓衛國受辱，請改立國君“。

定公九年，靈(ling)公以半數之兵過中(zhong)(zhong)牟，中(zhong)(zhong)牟欲擊(ji)之，一直(zhi)逃亡(wang)在中(zhong)(zhong)牟的褚師圃說：”衛(wei)國兵力(li)雖(sui)少，但(dan)衛(wei)靈(ling)公在那兒，是不可能(neng)戰(zhan)勝的，還(huan)不如攻打齊(qi)軍“。中(zhong)(zhong)牟乃舍(she)衛(wei)而擊(ji)齊(qi)，繳獲(huo)其戰(zhan)車五百乘。

定公十年，晉師(shi)圍(wei)衛都，成(cheng)何(he)狐假虎威，靈公堅守(shou)不出(chu)，晉師(shi)乃退，殺辱于(yu)靈公之(zhi)沙陀（成(cheng)何(he)逃亡）與衛講(jiang)和。

定公(gong)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)，靈公(gong)驅逐欲為亂的公(gong)叔戌（公(gong)叔發——即公(gong)叔文子，謚(shi)襄(xiang)貞(zhen)文子——之(zhi)子）、趙(zhao)(zhao)陽（趙(zhao)(zhao)魘之(zhi)后）、北(bei)宮結（前衛之(zhi)行人）和太子蒯瞶、公(gong)孟驅（縶之(zhi)子）。

哀(ai)公(gong)二(er)年(nian)，靈公(gong)卒(zu)，生前欲立郢為(wei)(wei)太子(zi)，郢辭，靈公(gong)卒(zu)后南(nan)子(zi)傳其(qi)遺命令郢即位，郢又辭，并推舉(ju)蒯聵之(zhi)子(zi)輒即位，是為(wei)(wei)出公(gong)。

其他信息

軼事典故

典故一

《左傳》載：昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十年(nian)，因(yin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)兄縶(zhi)“狎齊豹（狎，輕(qing)褻；齊豹，衛司寇）、惡(e)北宮喜(xi)、褚(chu)師(shi)圃(pu)，而(er)(er)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)”通(tong)于襄(xiang)夫人(ren)宣(xuan)姜，懼（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)乃襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)弟、靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)叔(shu)，與以相貌俊美著稱的(de)宋朝(chao)無關，更與南(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)無關，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)私通(tong)的(de)是其嫂宣(xuan)姜，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)叛(pan)亂(luan)(luan)時(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尚未(wei)娶南(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)）“，故四家叛(pan)亂(luan)(luan)，農歷六(liu)(liu)月二(er)(er)十九日(ri)齊豹首先發難(nan)，以伏兵殺縶(zhi)，時(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在平(ping)壽，聞亂(luan)(luan)返都(dou)，但時(shi)局(ju)已(yi)經失控，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)只得帶少數人(ren)逃至死鳥（地名，不(bu)(bu)知何處，應離濮(pu)不(bu)(bu)遠），其時(shi)齊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫青（齊頃公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)孫子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，字子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)石）正要(yao)聘衛，聞訊后急忙請示齊景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，齊景(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說：”只要(yao)還沒出衛國的(de)國境，（靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)）就還是衛國的(de)國君。“，于是公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫青繼續(xu)聘衛，并”親執鐸(duo)“為靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)警(jing)戒。六(liu)(liu)月三十日(ri)北宮喜(xi)的(de)家宰攻殺齊豹，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)晚即趕回國都(dou)與北宮氏盟約，第二(er)(er)天又跟”國人(ren)“盟誓，迅速穩定了局(ju)勢，然后才(cai)開始(shi)追究責任，所以八(ba)月二(er)(er)十五日(ri)褚(chu)師(shi)圃(pu)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝(chao)、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玉霄、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)高魴奔晉，閏(run)八(ba)月十二(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殺了叛(pan)亂(luan)(luan)根源之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)的(de)宣(xuan)姜，徹(che)底穩定了衛國內(nei)部局(ju)勢，自此之(zhi)(zhi)后二(er)(er)十九年(nian)內(nei)衛國再無此類(lei)內(nei)亂(luan)(luan)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔(shu)戌和蒯瞶未(wei)遂(sui)者不(bu)(bu)算），而(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)時(shi)只有18歲。

典故二

定(ding)公七年，北宮(gong)氏因”平亂(luan)“之(zhi)功勢力(li)越(yue)來越(yue)大，靈公幾不能制，故靈公與齊景(jing)公密謀，先派(pai)北宮(gong)結聘齊（其(qi)時(shi)北宮(gong)喜(xi)已卒，謚貞子，北宮(gong)結為家族長），再(zai)讓(rang)(rang)齊景(jing)公尋隙把北宮(gong)結抓(zhua)起來并(bing)出兵(bing)侵衛，靈公把責任(ren)推到北宮(gong)結身(shen)上，趁機削弱北宮(gong)氏的(de)勢力(li)，然后再(zai)和齊景(jing)公盟約讓(rang)(rang)其(qi)退兵(bing)，既解決了北宮(gong)氏尾(wei)大不掉的(de)問題又不使其(qi)他大臣起疑(yi)心(xin)，同時(shi)還加(jia)強(qiang)了與齊國(guo)的(de)關系，可謂一(yi)石三鳥。

典故三

定公(gong)九年，為支(zhi)援齊景公(gong)，靈公(gong)帶(dai)兵(bing)車五百乘欲過中(zhong)(zhong)牟，時(shi)晉國(guo)有(you)兵(bing)車千乘在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)牟，所以(yi)靈公(gong)令(ling)人占卜（這在(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)很重要，凡事均(jun)需謀(mou)之(zhi)于天(tian)，得到指令(ling)后再定行止，《孔子(zi)家語》載孔子(zi)亦喜此道(dao)），但占卜的(de)那位不知是過于激動(dong)還是業務不精，竟將占卜用的(de)龜甲燒(shao)焦了(le)，沒有(you)了(le)道(dao)具當(dang)(dang)然就無法(fa)與老天(tian)爺(ye)溝通(tong)了(le)，就在(zai)(zai)那位占卜者誠恐誠惶的(de)時(shi)候，靈公(gong)卻豪(hao)情(qing)萬丈(zhang)地說：“可(ke)以(yi)前進，我(wo)(wo)們(men)衛國(guo)的(de)兵(bing)車有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)牟的(de)一(yi)半(ban)，我(wo)(wo)本(ben)人也可(ke)以(yi)抵他(ta)們(men)的(de)另(ling)一(yi)半(ban)，加(jia)起(qi)來(lai)正好和(he)他(ta)們(men)的(de)兵(bing)力匹敵(di)！”。

靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)這還真不是吹(chui)牛，中(zhong)牟當(dang)時也真的(de)(de)想修(xiu)理他(ta)，畢竟是在人家的(de)(de)地(di)盤上，人家的(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)還比靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)多(duo)一倍，可(ke)逃(tao)亡在中(zhong)牟的(de)(de)褚師(shi)圃卻說(shuo)：”衛(wei)國的(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)雖少，有衛(wei)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)在那兒，是不可(ke)戰(zhan)勝的(de)(de)，還不如打齊(qi)國的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊。“中(zhong)牟果然因(yin)此未(wei)修(xiu)理靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)而去(qu)打了齊(qi)軍(jun)，結果繳獲了齊(qi)國的(de)(de)戰(zhan)車五百乘(cheng)。時隔二(er)十(shi)多(duo)年，褚師(shi)圃仍(reng)畏靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)如虎，可(ke)見靈(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)當(dang)年平叛時手段之高(gao)超(chao)。

典故四

《孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)家(jia)語》載：魯哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)曾頗為(wei)(wei)自負地問孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)：”現(xian)在(zai)的國(guo)君誰(shui)最賢？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)回答(da)(da)：”最賢的我還沒(mei)見(jian)過，相(xiang)比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下應該是(shi)衛靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)吧(ba)？“，哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)說：”我聽說靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)閨(gui)門之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內無(wu)(wu)別（應指南(nan)子(zi)參(can)政），你怎么(me)說他(ta)是(shi)賢君呢？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)答(da)(da)道：”我說的是(shi)他(ta)在(zai)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)上的行(xing)事(shi)，不是(shi)指他(ta)在(zai)家(jia)里(li)的事(shi)。“，哀(ai)公(gong)(gong)又(you)問：”他(ta)在(zai)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)上的行(xing)事(shi)如何？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)答(da)(da)道：”靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)弟子(zi)渠牟(mou)，其智足治千乘，其信足以(yi)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)愛而(er)(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)有(you)(you)士林(lin)國(guo)者，見(jian)賢必進之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)退與(yu)分(fen)其祿，是(shi)以(yi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)無(wu)(wu)游(you)放之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)賢而(er)(er)(er)尊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)有(you)(you)士慶足者，衛國(guo)有(you)(you)大(da)事(shi)則(ze)必起而(er)(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)事(shi)則(ze)退而(er)(er)(er)容賢，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)悅(yue)而(er)(er)(er)敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)有(you)(you)大(da)夫(fu)史(shi)（茍(gou)(gou)），以(yi)道去(qu)衛，而(er)(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)郊舍三日，琴瑟(se)不御，必待(dai)史(shi)（茍(gou)(gou)）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入，而(er)(er)(er)后敢入。臣以(yi)此(ci)(ci)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，雖(sui)次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢，不亦可乎(hu)？“。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)在(zai)這里(li)講了(le)(le)四個(ge)人(ren)的事(shi)，一是(shi)渠牟(mou)，即彌(mi)(mi)牟(mou)，字子(zi)瑕，也(ye)就是(shi)被演繹為(wei)(wei)分(fen)桃奪車(che)的那位，但人(ren)家(jia)韓非在(zai)《說難》中(zhong)只是(shi)借用衛靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)和(he)彌(mi)(mi)子(zi)瑕這兩個(ge)人(ren)講了(le)(le)個(ge)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)，再拿(na)這個(ge)故(gu)(gu)事(shi)作比喻罷(ba)了(le)(le)，人(ren)家(jia)還講過一個(ge)守株待(dai)兔的故(gu)(gu)事(shi)呢，你拿(na)它當故(gu)(gu)事(shi)當成(cheng)語都無(wu)(wu)所謂(wei)，可千萬別當了(le)(le)真，歷史(shi)上的彌(mi)(mi)子(zi)瑕乃衛國(guo)的將軍，智信兼備，死后謚文(wen)子(zi)，所以(yi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)”愛而(er)(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。而(er)(er)(er)”士“（士在(zai)當時為(wei)(wei)”職(zhi)(zhi)稱“，貴(gui)族無(wu)(wu)職(zhi)(zhi)者為(wei)(wei)士，有(you)(you)職(zhi)(zhi)者為(wei)(wei)大(da)夫(fu)、卿）林(lin)國(guo)和(he)慶足一個(ge)”見(jian)賢必進“，一個(ge)”有(you)(you)大(da)事(shi)則(ze)起而(er)(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)事(shi)則(ze)退而(er)(er)(er)容賢（此(ci)(ci)為(wei)(wei)真君子(zi)也(ye)）“，故(gu)(gu)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)”賢而(er)(er)(er)尊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“、”悅(yue)而(er)(er)(er)敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。再就是(shi)大(da)夫(fu)史(shi)茍(gou)(gou)（原文(wen)缺(que)字，應該為(wei)(wei)史(shi)茍(gou)(gou)，與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)子(zi)同夢康叔而(er)(er)(er)廢縶立元的史(shi)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)時與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曾孫孔(kong)(kong)圉共為(wei)(wei)相(xiang)），其可能與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)圉政見(jian)不合而(er)(er)(er)”去(qu)衛“，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)就到郊外住了(le)(le)三天，禁(jin)絕聲色，一定等史(shi)茍(gou)(gou)回來后才回宮。