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衛靈公（前(qian)(qian)540年(nian)—前(qian)(qian)493年(nian)），姬姓(xing)，名元，春秋時期衛國第二(er)十八(ba)代(dai)國君，前(qian)(qian)534年(nian)—前(qian)(qian)493年(nian)在位(wei)。

因多猜忌且(qie)脾氣暴躁留下不好的史學評價。但其擅長識(shi)人，知人善(shan)任，也正(zheng)是他(ta)提拔的三(san)個大臣孔圉、祝鮀(tuo)、王孫(sun)賈的合作，才(cai)使衛(wei)國的國家機器(qi)運行正(zheng)常。

主要經歷

衛(wei)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)，春秋(qiu)時期(qi)衛(wei)國第(di)二(er)十八代(dai)國君，姬姓，名(ming)(ming)元。其(qi)生于(yu)(yu)(yu)“韓宣子(zi)為(wei)政聘于(yu)(yu)(yu)諸侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)歲”（即昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)二(er)年(nian)，前(qian)540年(nian)），卒于(yu)(yu)(yu)哀公(gong)二(er)年(nian)（前(qian)493年(nian)），壽47歲。初，因衛(wei)襄公(gong)夫人宣姜無子(zi)，嬖人（愛，愛也）婤(chou)姶(yan)生縶(zhi)與(yu)(yu)元，而縶(zhi)“惡疾”，不(bu)(bu)良于(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)，故(gu)孔(kong)成子(zi)與(yu)(yu)史(shi)朝借(jie)夢廢(fei)長立幼，昭(zhao)(zhao)公(gong)七年(nian)衛(wei)襄公(gong)卒，元登基，是為(wei)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)，在(zai)位(wei)42年(nian)。衛(wei)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)雖限于(yu)(yu)(yu)國勢未(wei)能稱霸，但其(qi)所作所為(wei)絲毫不(bu)(bu)遜(xun)于(yu)(yu)(yu)齊桓晉文楚莊秦穆那些霸主(zhu)們(men)，為(wei)一代(dai)諸侯(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者。據《孔(kong)子(zi)家語·賢(xian)君第(di)十三》載，在(zai)魯哀公(gong)問(wen)“當今之(zhi)(zhi)君，孰為(wei)最(zui)賢(xian)”時，孔(kong)子(zi)對曰：“丘未(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)見也，抑有衛(wei)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)乎(hu)？”，評(ping)價(jia)不(bu)(bu)謂不(bu)(bu)高(gao)。但孔(kong)子(zi)曾(ceng)說衛(wei)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)無道，以至于(yu)(yu)(yu)人們(men)執著于(yu)(yu)(yu)這個刻板印(yin)象，卻忽視了孔(kong)子(zi)后面的贊揚，由此衛(wei)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)落下了不(bu)(bu)好的名(ming)(ming)聲。

《左傳》載：昭公(gong)二(er)年(nian)，晉韓宣(xuan)子因“為政聘于諸侯”，是(shi)年(nian)衛靈公(gong)出生，名元(yuan)，其兄縶患“惡疾”，不良于行，故(gu)孔成子與史朝(chao)借夢(meng)衛始(shi)祖(zu)康叔而(er)立元(yuan)為太子。

昭(zhao)公七(qi)年，衛(wei)襄(xiang)公惡卒，冬(dong)十二月下葬，明年靈公即位，時年六歲。

昭公十二年(nian)，靈公以國(guo)君身份“如晉”，賀晉頃公登基。明年(nian)，與晉、魯(lu)、宋、鄭等諸侯會于平丘。

昭公(gong)二(er)十年，齊豹、北宮喜、褚師圃、公(gong)子朝四家叛亂(luan)，殺靈公(gong)兄縶，傷靈公(gong)叔南楚，兩日旋平(ping)，終靈公(gong)在世衛國(guo)再無此類內(nei)亂(luan)。

昭公(gong)二十一年，靈公(gong)使叛亂(luan)回國的公(gong)子朝領兵救宋，以安眾心。

昭公二(er)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)、二(er)十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)，兩次使(shi)北宮喜會于諸侯，以彰(zhang)其(qi)平亂之功。

定公四(si)年，與晉(jin)、魯、宋(song)、蔡(cai)等諸侯會盟，因聽說歃血時位次于蔡(cai)后，靈公即派祝(zhu)佗游(you)說周王臣萇弘，事成，捍衛了衛國(guo)(guo)的國(guo)(guo)格(ge)。

定公(gong)六年(nian)，魯伐晉，過(guo)(guo)不假道(dao)，及還，陽虎又(you)使季桓子(zi)、孟(meng)獻子(zi)不告而過(guo)(guo)衛都(dou)，靈公(gong)大(da)怒，派彌子(zi)瑕率(lv)兵(bing)追擊，公(gong)叔文子(zi)入諫(jian)，靈公(gong)遂召(zhao)彌子(zi)瑕還。

定公七(qi)年，派(pai)人(ren)與(yu)齊景公密(mi)謀，使(shi)其羈(ji)執衛(wei)行人(ren)（外交部長）北宮結并侵衛(wei)，趁機(ji)削弱北宮氏之勢力(li)。

定公八年，因會(hui)盟(meng)時受晉沙陀、成何之(zhi)辱，靈(ling)公表示：”我讓(rang)衛國(guo)受辱，請改立國(guo)君“。

定公九年，靈(ling)公以半數之兵過中牟(mou)(mou)，中牟(mou)(mou)欲擊之，一直逃亡在(zai)中牟(mou)(mou)的褚師圃說：”衛國兵力(li)雖(sui)少，但(dan)衛靈(ling)公在(zai)那兒，是不(bu)可能戰勝的，還不(bu)如攻(gong)打(da)齊軍“。中牟(mou)(mou)乃(nai)舍(she)衛而擊齊，繳(jiao)獲其(qi)戰車五百乘。

定公十年，晉師圍衛都，成何狐假虎威，靈公堅守不出，晉師乃退，殺辱(ru)于(yu)靈公之沙陀（成何逃亡）與衛講和。

定公(gong)(gong)十(shi)四年，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)驅逐(zhu)欲為亂的公(gong)(gong)叔戌(xu)（公(gong)(gong)叔發(fa)——即公(gong)(gong)叔文(wen)子，謚(shi)襄(xiang)貞文(wen)子——之(zhi)子）、趙陽(yang)（趙魘之(zhi)后）、北宮結（前衛(wei)之(zhi)行人）和太子蒯(kuai)瞶、公(gong)(gong)孟(meng)驅（縶之(zhi)子）。

哀(ai)公(gong)二年，靈(ling)公(gong)卒，生前(qian)欲立郢(ying)為太子，郢(ying)辭，靈(ling)公(gong)卒后南子傳其遺(yi)命令郢(ying)即位，郢(ying)又辭，并推(tui)舉蒯聵(kui)之子輒即位，是為出公(gong)。

其他信息

軼事典故

典故一

《左傳(chuan)》載：昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)十年(nian)，因(yin)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)兄(xiong)縶(zhi)“狎(xia)齊豹（狎(xia)，輕褻(xie)；齊豹，衛(wei)司寇）、惡北宮喜、褚(chu)師圃，而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)朝”通(tong)于襄(xiang)夫(fu)人(ren)宣(xuan)(xuan)姜(jiang)(jiang)，懼（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)朝乃襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)弟、靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)叔，與(yu)以相貌俊美著稱的(de)(de)宋(song)朝無關，更與(yu)南(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)無關，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)朝私通(tong)的(de)(de)是(shi)其嫂宣(xuan)(xuan)姜(jiang)(jiang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)朝叛亂時(shi)(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)尚未娶南(nan)(nan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)）“，故四家(jia)叛亂，農歷六月二(er)十九日齊豹首先發難，以伏兵殺縶(zhi)，時(shi)(shi)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在平(ping)壽，聞(wen)亂返(fan)都，但時(shi)(shi)局(ju)(ju)已經失控，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)只得帶少數人(ren)逃(tao)至死(si)鳥（地名，不知何處，應離濮不遠），其時(shi)(shi)齊公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青（齊頃(qing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)孫(sun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，字子(zi)(zi)(zi)石）正要聘衛(wei)，聞(wen)訊后急忙請示齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，齊景公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說：”只要還(huan)(huan)沒出(chu)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)境，（靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)）就還(huan)(huan)是(shi)衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君。“，于是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青繼續聘衛(wei)，并”親執鐸“為靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)警戒。六月三十日北宮喜的(de)(de)家(jia)宰攻(gong)殺齊豹，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當晚即(ji)趕回國(guo)(guo)都與(yu)北宮氏盟約，第(di)二(er)天又跟”國(guo)(guo)人(ren)“盟誓，迅速(su)穩定(ding)了局(ju)(ju)勢，然后才開始追究(jiu)責任，所以八(ba)月二(er)十五日褚(chu)師圃、公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)朝、子(zi)(zi)(zi)玉霄、子(zi)(zi)(zi)高魴奔晉，閏八(ba)月十二(er)靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)殺了叛亂根源之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)宣(xuan)(xuan)姜(jiang)(jiang)，徹底穩定(ding)了衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)內部局(ju)(ju)勢，自(zi)此之(zhi)后二(er)十九年(nian)內衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)再無此類內亂（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)叔戌和蒯瞶未遂(sui)者不算），而靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)當時(shi)(shi)只有18歲(sui)。

典故二

定公(gong)七(qi)年，北(bei)(bei)宮氏(shi)(shi)因”平亂“之功勢力(li)越來越大，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)幾不(bu)能制(zhi)，故靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)與(yu)齊景公(gong)密謀，先派北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)(jie)聘齊（其時北(bei)(bei)宮喜已卒(zu)，謚貞子，北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)(jie)為家族(zu)長），再(zai)(zai)讓(rang)齊景公(gong)尋(xun)隙(xi)把北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)(jie)抓起(qi)(qi)來并出(chu)兵侵衛(wei)，靈(ling)(ling)公(gong)把責任推(tui)到北(bei)(bei)宮結(jie)(jie)身上(shang)，趁機削弱(ruo)北(bei)(bei)宮氏(shi)(shi)的勢力(li)，然后再(zai)(zai)和(he)齊景公(gong)盟(meng)約讓(rang)其退兵，既(ji)解決(jue)了(le)北(bei)(bei)宮氏(shi)(shi)尾大不(bu)掉的問題又(you)不(bu)使其他大臣起(qi)(qi)疑心，同時還加強了(le)與(yu)齊國的關系，可謂一石三鳥。

典故三

定公九年，為支(zhi)援齊景公，靈公帶兵(bing)(bing)車(che)五百乘欲過中(zhong)牟(mou)，時晉國(guo)有(you)兵(bing)(bing)車(che)千乘在中(zhong)牟(mou)，所以(yi)(yi)靈公令人(ren)(ren)占卜(bu)（這在當時很重(zhong)要，凡事均需謀之于天，得(de)到指令后(hou)再定行止，《孔(kong)(kong)子家語》載孔(kong)(kong)子亦喜此道），但占卜(bu)的(de)(de)那位不(bu)知(zhi)是過于激動還是業務不(bu)精，竟(jing)將占卜(bu)用的(de)(de)龜甲燒焦了(le)，沒有(you)了(le)道具當然就(jiu)(jiu)無法與老(lao)天爺溝通(tong)了(le)，就(jiu)(jiu)在那位占卜(bu)者誠(cheng)恐誠(cheng)惶的(de)(de)時候，靈公卻(que)豪情萬丈(zhang)地說：“可以(yi)(yi)前(qian)進，我(wo)們(men)衛國(guo)的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)車(che)有(you)中(zhong)牟(mou)的(de)(de)一(yi)半，我(wo)本人(ren)(ren)也可以(yi)(yi)抵他們(men)的(de)(de)另一(yi)半，加起來正好和他們(men)的(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)力匹(pi)敵(di)！”。

靈(ling)公這還(huan)真不(bu)是吹牛，中牟當(dang)時(shi)也真的(de)想修理(li)他，畢竟是在(zai)人(ren)家(jia)的(de)地盤上，人(ren)家(jia)的(de)兵力還(huan)比靈(ling)公多一倍(bei)，可(ke)(ke)逃亡在(zai)中牟的(de)褚師圃卻說：”衛國的(de)兵力雖(sui)少，有衛靈(ling)公在(zai)那兒，是不(bu)可(ke)(ke)戰勝的(de)，還(huan)不(bu)如打(da)齊(qi)國的(de)軍(jun)隊。“中牟果然因此未修理(li)靈(ling)公而去打(da)了齊(qi)軍(jun)，結果繳獲(huo)了齊(qi)國的(de)戰車五百(bai)乘。時(shi)隔二十多年，褚師圃仍畏靈(ling)公如虎，可(ke)(ke)見靈(ling)公當(dang)年平叛時(shi)手段之(zhi)高超。

典故四

《孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)家(jia)語(yu)》載：魯哀公(gong)(gong)曾頗為(wei)(wei)自(zi)負地問孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)：”現在的(de)(de)國(guo)君(jun)誰最賢(xian)(xian)(xian)？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)回(hui)(hui)答：”最賢(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)我(wo)(wo)還沒見(jian)(jian)(jian)過，相比之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下應該是(shi)(shi)衛(wei)靈公(gong)(gong)吧？“，哀公(gong)(gong)說：”我(wo)(wo)聽說靈公(gong)(gong)閨(gui)門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內無(wu)(wu)別(bie)（應指(zhi)南(nan)子(zi)(zi)參(can)政），你怎么說他(ta)是(shi)(shi)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)君(jun)呢(ni)？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)答道(dao)：”我(wo)(wo)說的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)他(ta)在朝廷上的(de)(de)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)他(ta)在家(jia)里的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)。“，哀公(gong)(gong)又(you)問：”他(ta)在朝廷上的(de)(de)行事(shi)(shi)(shi)如何？“，孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)答道(dao)：”靈公(gong)(gong)弟子(zi)(zi)渠(qu)牟(mou)，其智(zhi)足治千(qian)乘，其信足以(yi)(yi)(yi)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，靈公(gong)(gong)愛而(er)(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)有(you)(you)士(shi)林國(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)，見(jian)(jian)(jian)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)必(bi)進之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)(er)退與(yu)分(fen)其祿，是(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)靈公(gong)(gong)無(wu)(wu)游放之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)，靈公(gong)(gong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)有(you)(you)士(shi)慶足者(zhe)(zhe)，衛(wei)國(guo)有(you)(you)大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)則必(bi)起而(er)(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)則退而(er)(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)(xian)，靈公(gong)(gong)悅(yue)(yue)而(er)(er)(er)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)有(you)(you)大(da)夫(fu)史(shi)（茍），以(yi)(yi)(yi)道(dao)去(qu)衛(wei)，而(er)(er)(er)靈公(gong)(gong)郊舍三(san)日，琴瑟不(bu)御，必(bi)待史(shi)（茍）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入，而(er)(er)(er)后敢入。臣以(yi)(yi)(yi)此(ci)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，雖次(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)，不(bu)亦可(ke)乎？“。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)(zi)在這里講(jiang)(jiang)了(le)四個人的(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，一(yi)是(shi)(shi)渠(qu)牟(mou)，即彌牟(mou)，字(zi)子(zi)(zi)瑕，也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)被演繹為(wei)(wei)分(fen)桃(tao)奪車的(de)(de)那位(wei)，但人家(jia)韓非在《說難》中只是(shi)(shi)借用(yong)衛(wei)靈公(gong)(gong)和彌子(zi)(zi)瑕這兩個人講(jiang)(jiang)了(le)個故(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)，再拿這個故(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)作比喻罷了(le)，人家(jia)還講(jiang)(jiang)過一(yi)個守株待兔的(de)(de)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)呢(ni)，你拿它當(dang)(dang)故(gu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)(dang)成(cheng)(cheng)語(yu)都無(wu)(wu)所謂，可(ke)千(qian)萬別(bie)當(dang)(dang)了(le)真，歷史(shi)上的(de)(de)彌子(zi)(zi)瑕乃衛(wei)國(guo)的(de)(de)將軍，智(zhi)信兼(jian)備，死后謚文子(zi)(zi)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)靈公(gong)(gong)”愛而(er)(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。而(er)(er)(er)”士(shi)“（士(shi)在當(dang)(dang)時為(wei)(wei)”職(zhi)(zhi)稱“，貴族無(wu)(wu)職(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)士(shi)，有(you)(you)職(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)為(wei)(wei)大(da)夫(fu)、卿）林國(guo)和慶足一(yi)個”見(jian)(jian)(jian)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)必(bi)進“，一(yi)個”有(you)(you)大(da)事(shi)(shi)(shi)則起而(er)(er)(er)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)(wu)事(shi)(shi)(shi)則退而(er)(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)(xian)（此(ci)為(wei)(wei)真君(jun)子(zi)(zi)也(ye)）“，故(gu)靈公(gong)(gong)”賢(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“、”悅(yue)(yue)而(er)(er)(er)敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。再就是(shi)(shi)大(da)夫(fu)史(shi)茍（原(yuan)文缺字(zi)，應該為(wei)(wei)史(shi)茍，與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)同夢康叔而(er)(er)(er)廢縶立元的(de)(de)史(shi)朝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)，靈公(gong)(gong)時與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)成(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曾孫(sun)孔(kong)(kong)圉共為(wei)(wei)相），其可(ke)能(neng)與(yu)孔(kong)(kong)圉政見(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)合而(er)(er)(er)”去(qu)衛(wei)“，靈公(gong)(gong)就到郊外(wai)住了(le)三(san)天，禁絕聲色，一(yi)定等(deng)史(shi)茍回(hui)(hui)來后才回(hui)(hui)宮(gong)。