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衛靈(ling)公（前(qian)(qian)540年(nian)—前(qian)(qian)493年(nian)），姬姓，名元(yuan)，春(chun)秋時期衛國(guo)第二十八代國(guo)君，前(qian)(qian)534年(nian)—前(qian)(qian)493年(nian)在位。

因多(duo)猜忌且脾(pi)氣暴躁留(liu)下不好的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)學評價。但其擅長識人(ren)(ren)，知人(ren)(ren)善任，也(ye)正是他提拔的(de)(de)(de)三(san)個大臣孔圉(yu)、祝鮀、王孫賈的(de)(de)(de)合(he)作，才使衛國的(de)(de)(de)國家機器運行正常(chang)。

主要經歷

衛(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，春(chun)秋時期衛(wei)國第二十(shi)八代國君，姬姓，名(ming)元(yuan)(yuan)。其生于(yu)“韓(han)宣子(zi)為(wei)政聘于(yu)諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)歲(sui)”（即昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二年(nian)，前540年(nian)），卒于(yu)哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二年(nian)（前493年(nian)），壽47歲(sui)。初，因衛(wei)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)夫人宣姜(jiang)無子(zi)，嬖人（愛，愛也）婤姶生縶(zhi)與(yu)(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)，而縶(zhi)“惡(e)疾”，不(bu)良(liang)于(yu)行(xing)，故孔(kong)成子(zi)與(yu)(yu)史朝(chao)借夢廢長(chang)立幼(you)，昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)七(qi)年(nian)衛(wei)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)卒，元(yuan)(yuan)登(deng)基(ji)，是為(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，在(zai)位42年(nian)。衛(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)雖限于(yu)國勢未(wei)能稱霸(ba)，但其所(suo)作所(suo)為(wei)絲毫不(bu)遜于(yu)齊桓晉(jin)文楚莊秦穆那些霸(ba)主(zhu)們，為(wei)一代諸(zhu)侯之(zhi)佼佼者。據《孔(kong)子(zi)家語·賢君第十(shi)三》載，在(zai)魯哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)問(wen)“當今(jin)之(zhi)君，孰為(wei)最賢”時，孔(kong)子(zi)對曰：“丘未(wei)之(zhi)見也，抑(yi)有衛(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)乎？”，評(ping)價(jia)不(bu)謂不(bu)高。但孔(kong)子(zi)曾(ceng)說(shuo)衛(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)無道，以至于(yu)人們執著于(yu)這個刻板印象，卻忽視了孔(kong)子(zi)后面的贊揚，由此衛(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)落下了不(bu)好(hao)的名(ming)聲。

《左(zuo)傳》載：昭(zhao)公(gong)二年(nian)，晉韓宣子因“為(wei)政聘于(yu)諸(zhu)侯”，是年(nian)衛靈公(gong)出(chu)生，名元，其兄(xiong)縶患“惡(e)疾”，不良于(yu)行，故孔成子與史(shi)朝借夢衛始祖(zu)康叔(shu)而立元為(wei)太子。

昭公七(qi)年，衛襄公惡卒，冬十二月下(xia)葬，明年靈公即位，時年六(liu)歲(sui)。

昭公(gong)十二(er)年(nian)，靈公(gong)以國君身份“如晉(jin)”，賀晉(jin)頃公(gong)登基(ji)。明(ming)年(nian)，與晉(jin)、魯、宋、鄭等諸侯會(hui)于(yu)平丘。

昭(zhao)公(gong)(gong)二(er)十年，齊豹、北宮喜、褚師圃、公(gong)(gong)子朝四家(jia)叛亂(luan)(luan)，殺(sha)靈公(gong)(gong)兄縶，傷靈公(gong)(gong)叔南(nan)楚，兩日旋(xuan)平(ping)，終靈公(gong)(gong)在世衛國再無此類(lei)內亂(luan)(luan)。

昭公(gong)(gong)二十(shi)一年，靈公(gong)(gong)使叛亂(luan)回國(guo)的公(gong)(gong)子朝領兵救宋，以安眾心。

昭公二十(shi)五年(nian)、二十(shi)七年(nian)，兩(liang)次使北宮喜會于諸侯，以彰其(qi)平亂之功(gong)。

定公(gong)(gong)四年，與晉、魯、宋(song)、蔡等諸侯會盟，因聽說歃血時(shi)位(wei)次于(yu)蔡后，靈公(gong)(gong)即派祝佗游(you)說周王臣萇弘，事成，捍衛了衛國(guo)的國(guo)格。

定公(gong)六年，魯伐(fa)晉，過不(bu)假道(dao)，及還，陽虎(hu)又使季桓子(zi)、孟獻子(zi)不(bu)告而過衛都，靈(ling)公(gong)大怒(nu)，派彌子(zi)瑕率兵(bing)追擊，公(gong)叔文(wen)子(zi)入諫，靈(ling)公(gong)遂召彌子(zi)瑕還。

定(ding)公(gong)七年，派人與齊景公(gong)密謀，使其羈執(zhi)衛行人（外交部(bu)長(chang)）北宮結并侵衛，趁機削弱北宮氏之勢力。

定公八年，因(yin)會盟(meng)時受晉沙陀、成(cheng)何(he)之(zhi)辱，靈(ling)公表示：”我(wo)讓衛國受辱，請(qing)改立國君(jun)“。

定(ding)公九年(nian)，靈公以(yi)半(ban)數之(zhi)兵過中(zhong)牟，中(zhong)牟欲擊之(zhi)，一直逃亡在(zai)中(zhong)牟的(de)褚(chu)師圃說：”衛國(guo)兵力雖少，但(dan)衛靈公在(zai)那兒，是不可能(neng)戰勝(sheng)的(de)，還不如攻打齊軍“。中(zhong)牟乃舍衛而擊齊，繳獲其(qi)戰車五百乘。

定公(gong)十年，晉師圍衛都，成何(he)狐(hu)假虎威，靈公(gong)堅守不(bu)出，晉師乃退，殺辱(ru)于靈公(gong)之(zhi)沙陀(tuo)（成何(he)逃亡(wang)）與(yu)衛講和(he)。

定公十(shi)四年，靈公驅逐欲為亂(luan)的公叔(shu)戌（公叔(shu)發(fa)——即公叔(shu)文子，謚襄(xiang)貞文子——之(zhi)子）、趙(zhao)陽（趙(zhao)魘之(zhi)后）、北宮結（前衛之(zhi)行人）和太子蒯瞶、公孟驅（縶之(zhi)子）。

哀公二年，靈公卒，生前欲立郢為太(tai)子(zi)，郢辭，靈公卒后南(nan)子(zi)傳其遺命令郢即位(wei)，郢又辭，并推舉蒯聵之子(zi)輒(zhe)即位(wei)，是為出公。

其他信息

軼事典故

典故一

《左傳》載：昭公(gong)(gong)(gong)二(er)(er)十(shi)年，因(yin)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)兄(xiong)縶“狎(xia)齊(qi)豹(bao)(bao)（狎(xia)，輕褻；齊(qi)豹(bao)(bao)，衛司寇）、惡(e)北(bei)宮(gong)喜(xi)、褚師圃，而公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝”通于襄夫人宣(xuan)姜(jiang)，懼（公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝乃襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)弟、靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)叔，與以相貌俊美著稱的(de)宋朝無關，更(geng)與南子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)無關，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝私(si)通的(de)是其嫂宣(xuan)姜(jiang)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝叛亂(luan)時(shi)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)尚(shang)未娶(qu)南子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)）“，故四家叛亂(luan)，農歷六(liu)月二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)日齊(qi)豹(bao)(bao)首(shou)先(xian)發難(nan)，以伏兵殺(sha)縶，時(shi)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)在平壽，聞(wen)亂(luan)返都(dou)，但時(shi)局已(yi)經失控，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)只(zhi)得(de)帶少數人逃至(zhi)死鳥(niao)（地名(ming)，不知何處，應離(li)濮不遠），其時(shi)齊(qi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青(qing)（齊(qi)頃(qing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)孫(sun)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，字(zi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)石）正要聘衛，聞(wen)訊后急忙請示齊(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)，齊(qi)景公(gong)(gong)(gong)說：”只(zhi)要還沒出(chu)衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境，（靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)）就(jiu)還是衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君。“，于是公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)青(qing)繼(ji)續聘衛，并”親執鐸“為靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)警(jing)戒(jie)。六(liu)月三十(shi)日北(bei)宮(gong)喜(xi)的(de)家宰攻殺(sha)齊(qi)豹(bao)(bao)，靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)晚即趕回國(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)與北(bei)宮(gong)氏盟(meng)約，第二(er)(er)天又跟”國(guo)(guo)(guo)人“盟(meng)誓，迅速穩定(ding)了局勢(shi)(shi)，然后才開始追究責任，所以八(ba)月二(er)(er)十(shi)五日褚師圃、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)朝、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玉霄、子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)高魴奔晉(jin)，閏八(ba)月十(shi)二(er)(er)靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)殺(sha)了叛亂(luan)根源之(zhi)(zhi)一的(de)宣(xuan)姜(jiang)，徹(che)底穩定(ding)了衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)內部局勢(shi)(shi)，自此之(zhi)(zhi)后二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)年內衛國(guo)(guo)(guo)再無此類(lei)內亂(luan)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)叔戌和(he)蒯(kuai)瞶(kui)未遂(sui)者不算），而靈(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)當(dang)時(shi)只(zhi)有18歲。

典故二

定(ding)公七年(nian)，北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)氏因”平(ping)亂“之功(gong)勢力越來越大，靈(ling)(ling)公幾不能制(zhi)，故靈(ling)(ling)公與齊(qi)景公密謀，先派北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)聘齊(qi)（其(qi)時(shi)北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)喜已卒，謚(shi)貞子，北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)為(wei)家族長），再讓齊(qi)景公尋(xun)隙把北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)抓起(qi)來并出兵侵衛，靈(ling)(ling)公把責任推到北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)結(jie)身(shen)上(shang)，趁機削弱北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)氏的(de)勢力，然(ran)后再和齊(qi)景公盟(meng)約讓其(qi)退兵，既解(jie)決了(le)北(bei)(bei)宮(gong)(gong)氏尾(wei)大不掉的(de)問題(ti)又不使(shi)其(qi)他大臣起(qi)疑心，同時(shi)還(huan)加強了(le)與齊(qi)國的(de)關系，可謂一石三(san)鳥(niao)。

典故三

定(ding)公九年(nian)，為支(zhi)援齊景公，靈公帶兵車五百乘欲過中(zhong)牟(mou)，時(shi)晉國(guo)(guo)有(you)兵車千乘在中(zhong)牟(mou)，所以(yi)靈公令(ling)(ling)人(ren)占(zhan)(zhan)卜（這在當時(shi)很重要，凡(fan)事均需謀之于(yu)天，得(de)到指(zhi)令(ling)(ling)后再定(ding)行止(zhi)，《孔(kong)子家(jia)語》載孔(kong)子亦喜(xi)此道(dao)），但占(zhan)(zhan)卜的(de)(de)那位不(bu)知(zhi)是(shi)過于(yu)激(ji)動還是(shi)業務(wu)不(bu)精，竟將(jiang)占(zhan)(zhan)卜用的(de)(de)龜甲(jia)燒焦了，沒有(you)了道(dao)具當然就無法與老(lao)天爺(ye)溝(gou)通了，就在那位占(zhan)(zhan)卜者誠恐誠惶的(de)(de)時(shi)候，靈公卻豪(hao)情萬丈地(di)說：“可(ke)以(yi)前進，我們(men)衛國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)兵車有(you)中(zhong)牟(mou)的(de)(de)一(yi)半，我本人(ren)也可(ke)以(yi)抵他們(men)的(de)(de)另一(yi)半，加起(qi)來正好(hao)和他們(men)的(de)(de)兵力匹敵(di)！”。

靈公(gong)這還真不(bu)是(shi)吹牛，中(zhong)(zhong)牟當時也真的想修(xiu)理他(ta)，畢竟是(shi)在(zai)(zai)人家的地盤上，人家的兵力(li)還比靈公(gong)多(duo)一倍，可逃亡在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)牟的褚(chu)師(shi)(shi)圃卻(que)說：”衛國(guo)的兵力(li)雖少，有衛靈公(gong)在(zai)(zai)那(nei)兒，是(shi)不(bu)可戰勝的，還不(bu)如(ru)打齊(qi)國(guo)的軍(jun)隊。“中(zhong)(zhong)牟果然(ran)因此(ci)未修(xiu)理靈公(gong)而去打了齊(qi)軍(jun)，結果繳獲了齊(qi)國(guo)的戰車(che)五(wu)百乘。時隔二十多(duo)年(nian)，褚(chu)師(shi)(shi)圃仍畏靈公(gong)如(ru)虎，可見靈公(gong)當年(nian)平叛時手段之高超。

典故四

《孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)家語》載：魯哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曾(ceng)頗為(wei)自(zi)負(fu)地(di)問孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)：”現在(zai)的(de)國君誰(shui)最賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)？“，孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)回答：”最賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)我(wo)(wo)還沒見過，相比(bi)(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下應該(gai)是(shi)衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)吧？“，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)：”我(wo)(wo)聽(ting)說(shuo)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)閨門(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內無別(bie)（應指南子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)參政(zheng)），你怎么說(shuo)他(ta)(ta)是(shi)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)君呢(ni)？“，孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答道(dao)：”我(wo)(wo)說(shuo)的(de)是(shi)他(ta)(ta)在(zai)朝(chao)廷上的(de)行(xing)事(shi)，不(bu)是(shi)指他(ta)(ta)在(zai)家里的(de)事(shi)。“，哀公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)(you)(you)問：”他(ta)(ta)在(zai)朝(chao)廷上的(de)行(xing)事(shi)如(ru)何？“，孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)答道(dao)：”靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)渠(qu)(qu)牟，其(qi)(qi)智(zhi)足(zu)(zu)(zu)治(zhi)千乘，其(qi)(qi)信足(zu)(zu)(zu)以(yi)(yi)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)愛而(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)(you)(you)有士(shi)林(lin)(lin)國者(zhe)，見賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)必進(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，而(er)(er)退與(yu)(yu)分其(qi)(qi)祿，是(shi)以(yi)(yi)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)無游(you)放之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)(you)(you)有士(shi)慶足(zu)(zu)(zu)者(zhe)，衛(wei)(wei)國有大(da)事(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)必起而(er)(er)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無事(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)退而(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)悅而(er)(er)敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；又(you)(you)(you)有大(da)夫史(shi)（茍），以(yi)(yi)道(dao)去衛(wei)(wei)，而(er)(er)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)郊舍三日，琴瑟不(bu)御，必待史(shi)（茍）之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入(ru)，而(er)(er)后(hou)敢入(ru)。臣以(yi)(yi)此(ci)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，雖次之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，不(bu)亦可乎？“。孔子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)這(zhe)里講(jiang)了(le)(le)四個(ge)人(ren)的(de)事(shi)，一是(shi)渠(qu)(qu)牟，即彌牟，字子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)，也就(jiu)是(shi)被演繹為(wei)分桃(tao)奪(duo)車的(de)那位(wei)，但人(ren)家韓非在(zai)《說(shuo)難(nan)》中只是(shi)借(jie)用衛(wei)(wei)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)彌子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)人(ren)講(jiang)了(le)(le)個(ge)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)，再拿這(zhe)個(ge)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)作比(bi)(bi)喻罷(ba)了(le)(le)，人(ren)家還講(jiang)過一個(ge)守株待兔的(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)呢(ni)，你拿它(ta)當(dang)故(gu)(gu)(gu)事(shi)當(dang)成語都無所謂，可千萬別(bie)當(dang)了(le)(le)真，歷史(shi)上的(de)彌子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)瑕(xia)乃衛(wei)(wei)國的(de)將軍(jun)，智(zhi)信兼備，死后(hou)謚文(wen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，所以(yi)(yi)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”愛而(er)(er)任(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。而(er)(er)”士(shi)“（士(shi)在(zai)當(dang)時為(wei)”職稱“，貴(gui)族無職者(zhe)為(wei)士(shi)，有職者(zhe)為(wei)大(da)夫、卿）林(lin)(lin)國和(he)慶足(zu)(zu)(zu)一個(ge)”見賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)必進(jin)“，一個(ge)”有大(da)事(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)起而(er)(er)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無事(shi)則(ze)(ze)(ze)(ze)退而(er)(er)容賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（此(ci)為(wei)真君子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)也）“，故(gu)(gu)(gu)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”賢(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)而(er)(er)尊(zun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“、”悅而(er)(er)敬(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“。再就(jiu)是(shi)大(da)夫史(shi)茍（原文(wen)缺字，應該(gai)為(wei)史(shi)茍，與(yu)(yu)孔成子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)同夢康叔而(er)(er)廢縶立元的(de)史(shi)朝(chao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時與(yu)(yu)孔成子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曾(ceng)孫孔圉(yu)(yu)共為(wei)相），其(qi)(qi)可能與(yu)(yu)孔圉(yu)(yu)政(zheng)見不(bu)合而(er)(er)”去衛(wei)(wei)“，靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就(jiu)到郊外(wai)住了(le)(le)三天，禁絕聲色，一定等史(shi)茍回來后(hou)才回宮。