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鼓舞簡介

鼓(gu)舞(wu)——是一邊(bian)擊鼓(gu)邊(bian)舞(wu)的苗族(zu)民間舞(wu)蹈。鼓(gu)為木制，以牛革蒙于(yu)兩端(duan)，置(zhi)于(yu)架上敲擊。苗族(zu)“鼓(gu)舞(wu)”有(you)悠久的歷史(shi)淵源。歷史(shi)上有(you)關苗族(zu)擊鼓(gu)歌舞(wu)的文(wen)字記載，較早(zao)的可見于(yu)唐代《朝野僉載》卷十四：“五溪蠻(man)，父母死，于(yu)村外閭其尸，三年而(er)葬(zang)，打鼓(gu)路歌，親戚飲宴舞(wu)戲(xi)一月(yue)余日。”的記述。說明(ming)“鼓(gu)舞(wu)”早(zao)在唐代就盛行于(yu)苗族(zu)民俗之(zhi)中，至今已有(you)上千年的歷史(shi)了。苗族(zu)“鼓(gu)舞(wu)”主要分布(bu)于(yu)湖南西部(bu)和貴州東(dong)南部(bu)清(qing)水江流域一帶。

各地鼓舞風格

由于長期分散居住，以及(ji)語言、服飾、風習方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)差異，各地“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”風格特點和形(xing)(xing)式各不相同(tong)。在(zai)湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)西(xi)部的(de)(de)(de)鳳凰、保(bao)靖(jing)(jing)、花垣等縣(xian)有(you)(you)“花鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”(包括(kuo)后來(lai)在(zai)此基礎上(shang)發(fa)展(zhan)起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)男子和女(nv)子“雙(shuang)人鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”)，古丈(zhang)等縣(xian)有(you)(you)“團圓(yuan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“跳年鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”，保(bao)靖(jing)(jing)、花垣有(you)(you)“猴兒鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。在(zai)貴州省(sheng)東南(nan)(nan)部清水江(jiang)沿岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)江(jiang)、鎮遠(yuan)等縣(xian)有(you)(you)“踩(cai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”，黔東南(nan)(nan)地區的(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)江(jiang)縣(xian)和湘(xiang)西(xi)地區個別(bie)地方(fang)有(you)(you)“木鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”，施(shi)秉、銅仁等縣(xian)有(you)(you)“調鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”。上(shang)述(shu)各種形(xing)(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，在(zai)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)歷史階段、各有(you)(you)不同(tong)功(gong)能，在(zai)社會生(sheng)活中(zhong)發(fa)揮著(zhu)自己的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。如原來(lai)“木鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”，僅為祭(ji)祀祖先、祈神禳(rang)災、娛(yu)神、娛(yu)祖靈所(suo)用，“調鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)”則主要用于喪葬(zang)儀式告慰亡(wang)靈，“團圓(yuan)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“踩(cai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“花鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”等，主要是在(zai)每年春節(jie)和隆重的(de)(de)(de)傳統節(jie)日中(zhong)娛(yu)樂(le)。如今(jin)，都演變為節(jie)慶(qing)活動(dong)和人們勞動(dong)之(zhi)余不可缺少的(de)(de)(de)一種文化(hua)娛(yu)樂(le)形(xing)(xing)式。功(gong)能的(de)(de)(de)轉化(hua)，也(ye)促使(shi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)奏及(ji)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)動(dong)作(zuo)發(fa)生(sheng)更為復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)，而(er)具(ju)表演性質。

起源

苗(miao)族鼓舞的(de)(de)(de)起源(yuan)不一，相傳遠古的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，多頭(tou)魔(mo)怪(guai)危害(hai)苗(miao)鄉，糟塌(ta)婦女(nv)，吞食孩(hai)子，無惡(e)不作。勇敢(gan)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)族后生亞(ya)雄率同寨的(de)(de)(de)伙伴們跳下(xia)天(tian)坑(keng)，經過七(qi)天(tian)七(qi)夜的(de)(de)(de)血戰，終于殺死了(le)兇殘的(de)(de)(de)多頭(tou)魔(mo)怪(guai)，救出了(le)美女(nv)阿珠。全寨人扶老(lao)攜(xie)幼圍著(zhu)熊(xiong)(xiong)熊(xiong)(xiong)的(de)(de)(de)篝火(huo)狂歡，慶賀勝利。亞(ya)雄等勇士剝(bo)下(xia)魔(mo)怪(guai)的(de)(de)(de)皮，蒙成一面(mian)大鼓使勁(jing)敲(qiao)打……據(ju)說，這便是苗(miao)鼓的(de)(de)(de)起源(yuan)。

傳(chuan)說苗(miao)(miao)族大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)魔(mo)王(wang)的(de)皮做(zuo)成的(de)，苗(miao)(miao)族人(ren)民(min)每當豐(feng)收喜慶(qing)，祭(ji)(ji)祀集會，都(dou)要擂(lei)響震天大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，以震懾妖魔(mo)，祈求幸福安(an)康。苗(miao)(miao)族鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞有慶(qing)年、慶(qing)神兩(liang)種。慶(qing)年俗謂(wei)年鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，與(yu)夏歷正月(yue)初四(si)起(qi)至月(yue)半止，每晚餐(can)后(hou)(hou)暇時無(wu)事，相(xiang)約抬(tai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)于(yu)寬坪(ping)中行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)娛(yu)樂(le)，以熱鬧新年；慶(qing)神俗謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)神鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，于(yu)秋冬時，椎(zhui)牛椎(zhui)豬(zhu)隆重舉行(xing)(xing)祭(ji)(ji)，賓(bin)客(ke)畢至，演(yan)樂(le)行(xing)(xing)法時行(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)。但年鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)出于(yu)公眾游戲；神鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是(shi)(shi)屬于(yu)典(dian)祭(ji)(ji)慶(qing)祝。不論(lun)是(shi)(shi)慶(qing)年還是(shi)(shi)慶(qing)神，其設備都(dou)是(shi)(shi)用大鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)一(yi)個，斜置于(yu)木(mu)架(jia)上(shang)，一(yi)人(ren)站立鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)旁，手(shou)(shou)持木(mu)棒兩(liang)根，力擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)邊(bian)，俗謂(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)敲邊(bian)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)打(da)(da)(da)一(yi)棰(chui)，右手(shou)(shou)打(da)(da)(da)兩(liang)棰(chui)，即二夾一(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)打(da)(da)(da)法，其聲音“呱(gua)、打(da)(da)(da)、打(da)(da)(da)，呱(gua)、打(da)(da)(da)、打(da)(da)(da)”，如法敲之(zhi)(zhi)，為鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞者伴(ban)奏(zou)。鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞者手(shou)(shou)執短(duan)棒兩(liang)根，于(yu)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)正面，隨著敲邊(bian)節奏(zou)快(kuai)慢(man)緩(huan)急，兩(liang)手(shou)(shou)更(geng)換(huan)，施以打(da)(da)(da)技，“咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)咚(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”的(de)擊之(zhi)(zhi)。左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，右手(shou)(shou)舞，右手(shou)(shou)擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，左(zuo)(zuo)手(shou)(shou)舞之(zhi)(zhi)，忽(hu)(hu)快(kuai)忽(hu)(hu)慢(man)，若(ruo)斷若(ruo)接，前后(hou)(hou)旋轉，疾徐(xu)應節，聞之(zhi)(zhi)有趣(qu)，看之(zhi)(zhi)尤佳，故(gu)名鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞。

以擊(ji)鼓的性別(bie)分(fen)，又(you)分(fen)男鼓和女(nv)鼓。男鼓有雞公展翅(chi)、陣鼓催兵，犁地耕田(tian)、農夫插秧、收獲打谷、大鵬展翅(chi)、猴子(zi)戲(xi)物、九龍(long)下海…… ；女(nv)鼓有美女(nv)梳妝、包頭(tou)洗面、巧婦織錦、繡花(hua)挑(tiao)花(hua)、織麻(ma)紡紗、左右插花(hua)……苗家的鼓舞種類繁多。

按其表演形式和內容的不(bu)同，可分(fen)為(wei)花(hua)鼓(gu)舞、猴兒鼓(gu)舞、團(tuan)圓鼓(gu)舞、單(dan)人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)舞、雙(shuang)人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)舞、四人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)舞、跳(tiao)年鼓(gu)舞等。鼓(gu)舞的動作，大多(duo)是來自日常的生產、生活(huo)，也有些武術和動物動作的模(mo)擬。

分布

苗族“鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”主要分(fen)布于湖(hu)南(nan)西部(bu)和(he)貴(gui)州東南(nan)部(bu)清(qing)水(shui)江流域一帶。由(you)于長期分(fen)散居住，以(yi)及語言、服飾、風習方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)差(cha)異，各地(di)“鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”風格特點和(he)形式各不相同。在湖(hu)南(nan)省西部(bu)的(de)(de)鳳凰、保靖、花垣等(deng)(deng)縣有(you)(you)“花鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”(包(bao)括后來(lai)(lai)在此基礎上發展起來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)男子和(he)女子“雙人(ren)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu) ”)，古丈等(deng)(deng)縣有(you)(you)“團圓鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“跳年鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”，保靖、花垣有(you)(you)“猴兒鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”，在貴(gui)州省東南(nan)部(bu)，清(qing)水(shui)江沿岸的(de)(de)臺(tai)江、鎮遠等(deng)(deng)縣有(you)(you)“踩鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”，黔東南(nan)地(di)區的(de)(de)臺(tai)江縣和(he)湘(xiang)西地(di)區個別地(di)方(fang)有(you)(you)“木鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)”，施秉、銅(tong)仁等(deng)(deng)縣有(you)(you)“調鼓(gu)”。

不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的歷史階段、各有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)功能，在(zai)社會生(sheng)活(huo)中發揮著自己的作(zuo)用。如原來“木鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”，僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)祭祀祖(zu)先、祈神禳災、娛神、娛祖(zu)靈(ling)(ling)所用，“調鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)”則(ze)主要(yao)用于喪葬儀式(shi)告(gao)慰(wei)亡靈(ling)(ling)，“團圓鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“踩(cai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“花鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”等(deng)，主要(yao)是在(zai)每(mei)年春節(jie)(jie)和(he)(he)隆(long)重的傳統節(jie)(jie)日中娛樂。如今(jin)，都演變(bian)為(wei)(wei)節(jie)(jie)慶活(huo)動(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)人(ren)們(men)(men)勞動(dong)(dong)之余不(bu)(bu)可(ke)缺少(shao)的一(yi)(yi)種文化(hua)娛樂形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。功能的轉化(hua)，也促使鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的節(jie)(jie)奏及擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)發生(sheng)更為(wei)(wei)復雜的變(bian)化(hua)，而具表(biao)演性質(zhi)。湘西地(di)區的苗族(zu)男(nan)、女(nv)單(dan)(dan)人(ren)“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”和(he)(he)“猴兒鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”就(jiu)是明顯的例子。“花鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”通常活(huo)動(dong)(dong)于春節(jie)(jie)及“六月六”、“八月八”、“趕秋(qiu)”、“趕夏”等(deng)民(min)族(zu)傳統節(jie)(jie)日。它的活(huo)動(dong)(dong)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)是由兩(liang)(liang)人(ren)各持(chi)兩(liang)(liang)根尺許(xu)長的鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌、分別站在(zai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)的兩(liang)(liang)面同(tong)(tong)時擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，另有一(yi)(yi)人(ren)持(chi)單(dan)(dan)棒居中擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腰作(zuo)伴奏。兩(liang)(liang)者節(jie)(jie)奏要(yao)求(qiu)統一(yi)(yi)，動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)講究對(dui)稱。圍繞著他們(men)(men)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)的男(nan)女(nv)均可(ke)，多寡不(bu)(bu)限。唯舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)開始之前，須(xu)按慣(guan)例首(shou)先唱一(yi)(yi)首(shou)頌揚制鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)工匠(jiang)功德(de)的古歌，以示對(dui)祖(zu)先的紀念。以下(xia)就(jiu)逐一(yi)(yi)介紹(shao)苗族(zu)社會的“鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。

表演形式

苗族鼓(gu)舞的表演(yan)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，豐富多(duo)樣，根(gen)據跳舞的人(ren)數可以(yi)(yi)分(fen)為(wei)單人(ren)、雙人(ren)、群體(ti)鼓(gu)舞三(san)類(lei)；還可以(yi)(yi)根(gen)據鼓(gu)舞的表演(yan)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)分(fen)為(wei)猴(hou)兒鼓(gu)、對跳鼓(gu)、四(si)(si)面鼓(gu)、團(tuan)圓鼓(gu)等四(si)(si)類(lei)，花樣繁多(duo)的表演(yan)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)，應對著不同的節慶氛圍，精彩紛呈。

單人鼓舞

在苗(miao)族(zu)區域的單人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)包括(kuo)男(nan)子單人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)和(he)女子單人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)。男(nan)子單人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)一(yi)般是(shi)男(nan)女敲邊伴(ban)奏(zou)，一(yi)男(nan)子擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)起舞(wu)(wu)，手(shou)揮(hui)步(bu)動、粗獷豪放(fang)、節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)干(gan)脆(cui)、激烈有力，苗(miao)族(zu)人(ren)(ren)民常用來慶賀節(jie)(jie)日和(he)豐(feng)收(shou)。此舞(wu)(wu)有兩種(zhong)打法，一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)表演者(zhe)手(shou)執(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)槌擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)；另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)表演者(zhe)雙手(shou)握拳(quan)擊(ji)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)起舞(wu)(wu)，又叫(jiao)徒手(shou)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)。女子單人(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)是(shi)苗(miao)區最常見的一(yi)種(zhong)表演形式，一(yi)般在春節(jie)(jie)及(ji)各(ge)種(zhong)其它節(jie)(jie)日中(zhong)表演。伴(ban)奏(zou)者(zhe)執(zhi)槌敲邊或敲鑼伴(ban)奏(zou)，舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)者(zhe)手(shou)拿鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)棒獨舞(wu)(wu)，有時也有人(ren)(ren)在旁邊伴(ban)舞(wu)(wu)。其舞(wu)(wu)步(bu)疾徐有次、雙腳輪梭(suo)、絞踏(ta)清(qing)晰，上身亦隨肢步(bu)而動、腰擰(ning)胯動，舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)或大方活潑或平穩文雅或奔放(fang)開朗等。

雙人鼓舞

雙人(ren)(ren)鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)可分為男(nan)子雙人(ren)(ren)鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和女子雙人(ren)(ren)鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。此兩(liang)種鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)形式相(xiang)同(tong)，但風格(ge)有(you)很大的(de)區別，男(nan)的(de)粗獷有(you)力，女的(de)嫵媚(mei)柔美。雙人(ren)(ren)鼓舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)表演形式自(zi)由，舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)可各打一(yi)(yi)邊，也可同(tong)打一(yi)(yi)邊，也可一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)擊(ji)鼓一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)伴舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，動作左右移動、前(qian)后(hou)交替，配合協調統一(yi)(yi)，常在(zai)慶豐收(shou)和節日(ri)表演。

群體鼓舞

苗族將群體鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)稱(cheng)為(wei)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，因為(wei)參加表演(yan)的(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)多。花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)除四人(ren)(ren)(ren)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、八人(ren)(ren)(ren)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和男女混合舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)。在(zai)(zai)民間還有“團圓鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“跳(tiao)年鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”、“調年鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”之俗稱(cheng)。舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)一(yi)面擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、一(yi)面舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)。擊鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有手(shou)擊、槌擊兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)。槌擊舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有“美(mei)女梳頭”、“穿(chuan)衣整容”、“燒(shao)菜煮(zhu)飯”、“挑花(hua)(hua)(hua)繡朵”、“霸王(wang)舉鼎”、“古(gu)樹盤(pan)根”、“美(mei)女插花(hua)(hua)(hua)”、“英雄背劍”、“挖耳(er)”、“鳥飛”等(deng)20多種(zhong)(zhong)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)法；手(shou)擊舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有“獅子(zi)滾球”、“猛虎下山”、“雄鷹展(zhan)翅”、“鷺鷥伸(shen)腿”、“收割打谷(gu)”、“鋤荷(he)擔”、“花(hua)(hua)(hua)朝天開”、“雞食米”等(deng)8種(zhong)(zhong)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有兩(liang)面鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)、四面鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)之分；花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)樣繁(fan)多取勝。鳳凰(huang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，是流行(xing)在(zai)(zai)鳳凰(huang)縣(xian)境內的(de)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，此舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多在(zai)(zai)各種(zhong)(zhong)節(jie)日中表演(yan)，形(xing)(xing)式(shi)與(yu)雙人(ren)(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)類似，即(ji)由兩(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)手(shou)拿鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)槌，各站(zhan)一(yi)頭同時起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，伴(ban)奏者(zhe)則(ze)站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)腰擊邊伴(ban)奏。表演(yan)者(zhe)性別不限，可以(yi)任意組合。在(zai)(zai)鳳凰(huang)縣(xian)還有一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)習俗叫“卡羅(luo)”，新(xin)(xin)春時，新(xin)(xin)郎必須(xu)帶(dai)新(xin)(xin)娘(niang)到岳父家拜年。寨(zhai)門口就設有卡子(zi)，即(ji)“卡羅(luo)”。進門前，新(xin)(xin)郎和新(xin)(xin)娘(niang)除對歌以(yi)外，還須(xu)一(yi)起跳(tiao)一(yi)段鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，方(fang)能進門，就形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了(le)這種(zhong)(zhong)獨有的(de)雙人(ren)(ren)(ren)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。此舞(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)要求兩(liang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)動作對稱(cheng)，方(fang)向(xiang)一(yi)致，風格開朗、愉悅，節(jie)奏穩(wen)重飽滿。

猴兒鼓舞

猴(hou)兒鼓(gu)舞(wu)即是一種以摹(mo)似(si)猴(hou)子(zi)動(dong)作為主，圍繞苗(miao)鼓(gu)而舞(wu)的鼓(gu)舞(wu)形(xing)式。它別于單、雙人鼓(gu)舞(wu)的范疇，舞(wu)蹈除摹(mo)似(si)生產(chan)勞動(dong)以外，還要隨著(zhu)鼓(gu)點摹(mo)擬表演猴(hou)子(zi)摘桃、抓癢撓(nao)腮、戲鼓(gu)等動(dong)作，樣子(zi)滑稽、詼諧風趣。其中夾(jia)雜(za)著(zhu)很多高難技藝(yi)，舞(wu)姿輕盈(ying)敏捷，情緒激揚。此舞(wu)既(ji)可(ke)身穿服猴(hou)帽(mao)，化妝成猴(hou)相(xiang)表演，也可(ke)身著(zhu)便裝，摹(mo)擬猴(hou)兒狀表演。

對跳鼓

對(dui)跳(tiao)鼓(gu)(gu)又稱(cheng)對(dui)鼓(gu)(gu)，是(shi)(shi)由(you)兩鼓(gu)(gu)手(shou)各站鼓(gu)(gu)的(de)一(yi)頭進行相同的(de)對(dui)稱(cheng)套(tao)路(lu)動(dong)作(zuo)的(de)跳(tiao)鼓(gu)(gu)表(biao)演，此(ci)種打(da)(da)(da)(da)法(fa)多用(yong)于賽(sai)鼓(gu)(gu)或“攔鼓(gu)(gu)”。表(biao)演時本家族的(de)打(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)頭，親友們打(da)(da)(da)(da)另一(yi)頭；或本寨的(de)打(da)(da)(da)(da)一(yi)頭，其他寨的(de)打(da)(da)(da)(da)另一(yi)頭；或甲(jia)方(fang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)乙(yi)方(fang)陪(pei)，或乙(yi)方(fang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)甲(jia)方(fang)陪(pei)。要求(qiu)甲(jia)乙(yi)雙(shuang)方(fang)動(dong)作(zuo)一(yi)致(zhi)，統一(yi)對(dui)稱(cheng)和諧(xie)。如甲(jia)打(da)(da)(da)(da)乙(yi)陪(pei)，甲(jia)方(fang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)出(chu)(chu)什(shen)么(me)套(tao)路(lu)動(dong)作(zuo)，乙(yi)方(fang)必須跟(gen)著打(da)(da)(da)(da)出(chu)(chu)什(shen)么(me)樣套(tao)路(lu)動(dong)作(zuo)；第一(yi)局結束后立(li)即進行第二局，即乙(yi)打(da)(da)(da)(da)甲(jia)陪(pei)，乙(yi)方(fang)打(da)(da)(da)(da)出(chu)(chu)什(shen)么(me)套(tao)路(lu)動(dong)作(zuo)，甲(jia)主又必須跟(gen)出(chu)(chu)什(shen)么(me)套(tao)路(lu)動(dong)作(zuo)。對(dui)打(da)(da)(da)(da)雙(shuang)方(fang)，倘若其中(zhong)一(yi)方(fang)陪(pei)打(da)(da)(da)(da)不當便為輸(shu)，另一(yi)方(fang)則為勝。因此(ci)，對(dui)鼓(gu)(gu)即成為賽(sai)鼓(gu)(gu)式。要求(qiu)鼓(gu)(gu)手(shou)既(ji)精(jing)通(tong)套(tao)路(lu)、熟練技術(shu)，又必須靈活機智，在傳統的(de)隆重聚會(hui)的(de)賽(sai)鼓(gu)(gu)中(zhong)，當棋逢(feng)對(dui)手(shou)之時，一(yi)打(da)(da)(da)(da)就是(shi)(shi)整(zheng)天或整(zheng)夜(ye)，“通(tong)宵達旦”而不肯罷休。

四面鼓舞

此(ci)舞流行于吉首市，是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)較特(te)殊的(de)(de)鼓(gu)舞形式，它所用(yong)的(de)(de)鼓(gu)是(shi)四面(mian)鼓(gu)。表(biao)演者一(yi)般為兩(liang)男(nan)兩(liang)女(nv)(nv)，交錯分開而立，各人(ren)面(mian)對各自鼓(gu)面(mian)起舞。內容一(yi)般是(shi)反映勞(lao)作動作和愉悅心情的(de)(de)，男(nan)子(zi)打鼓(gu)時(shi)女(nv)(nv)的(de)(de)陪(pei)襯，反之(zhi)女(nv)(nv)的(de)(de)打鼓(gu)則男(nan)的(de)(de)陪(pei)襯，然后，四人(ren)穿插繞花舞蹈，動作一(yi)致、對稱，直接反映出(chu)苗(miao)族(zu)人(ren)民的(de)(de)喜悅心情。

團圓鼓舞

團(tuan)圓(yuan)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)集體(ti)歌舞(wu)(wu)形(xing)式，其(qi)特(te)點是(shi)將一(yi)(yi)(yi)面大(da)鼓(gu)平置于鼓(gu)架上(shang)，選一(yi)(yi)(yi)人擊鼓(gu)，眾人和(he)著鼓(gu)點，圍(wei)著大(da)鼓(gu)起舞(wu)(wu)，人數越多越好(hao)，其(qi)動作分大(da)擺(bai)、小擺(bai)和(he)細(xi)擺(bai)三種(zhong)，男的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般跳大(da)擺(bai)，站一(yi)(yi)(yi)內(nei)圈，女的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般跳小擺(bai)和(he)細(xi)擺(bai)，站在外(wai)圈，邊跳邊唱并夾(jia)雜“啊嗬--”的(de)號子(zi)聲(sheng)，還(huan)可邊跳邊交換內(nei)外(wai)圈，直接反映了人們(men)的(de)愉(yu)悅心(xin)情。此舞(wu)(wu)節奏(zou)明(ming)顯，鼓(gu)點可任意反復，動作隨鼓(gu)點而反復。以(yi)腰(yao)和(he)手擺(bai)為主要動律(lv)，有(you)別于其(qi)他鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)的(de)特(te)征，鼓(gu)點明(ming)顯不同于其(qi)他形(xing)式的(de)鼓(gu)舞(wu)(wu)。