大古(gu)(gu)力水(shui)電站始建于1934年(nian),到(dao)1951年(nian)完成裝機容(rong)量197.4萬千瓦,是當時(shi)世界上(shang)最大的水(shui)電站。1967年(nian)開(kai)始擴建,1980年(nian)完工,裝機總容(rong)量達680.9萬千瓦,仍(reng)是當時(shi)世界上(shang)最大的水(shui)電站,直至1986年(nian)后讓位(wei)于古(gu)(gu)里水(shui)電站和伊泰(tai)普水(shui)電站,居世界第三位(wei)。
大古力水(shui)庫兼有(you)防洪和發電雙重(zhong)功能,其有(you)效庫容(rong)64.5億立(li)方米(mi)(mi),其水(shui)量豐富,泥沙很少,水(shui)庫無移(yi)民問(wen)題。電站大壩(ba)(ba)為混凝土重(zhong)力壩(ba)(ba),壩(ba)(ba)高(gao)168米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)(ba)軸線為直線,長(chang)1272米(mi)(mi)。中間為溢流(liu)壩(ba)(ba)段,長(chang)503米(mi)(mi),溢洪道(dao)11孔,每孔凈寬41米(mi)(mi),設(she)(she)計泄水(shui)能力28300立(li)方米(mi)(mi)/秒。壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)本身設(she)(she)有(you)通(tong)航(hang)設(she)(she)施,壩(ba)(ba)址以上集水(shui)面積(ji)19.2萬平(ping)方公里,占哥倫比亞(ya)河全(quan)流(liu)域面積(ji)的 28.7%。壩(ba)(ba)址平(ping)均(jun)年徑流(liu)量963億立(li)方米(mi)(mi)。
電(dian)站(zhan)初(chu)期工(gong)程(cheng)建有(you)(you)第一廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)第二(er)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)(fang)(fang),各裝(zhuang)9臺(tai)容(rong)量為(wei)10.8萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)水輪發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),第一廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)(fang)(fang)內還裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)3臺(tai)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),每臺(tai)1萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。擴建工(gong)程(cheng)又新(xin)建了第三廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)(fang)(fang),裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)3臺(tai)60萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)和(he)(he)3臺(tai)80.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),總容(rong)量為(wei)421.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。第一廠(chang)(chang)(chang)房(fang)(fang)(fang)初(chu)期安裝(zhuang)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu)經重繞線(xian)圈后,提高(gao)出力(li)至12.5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa),18臺(tai)發電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)合計(ji)(ji)出力(li)達(da)225萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。電(dian)站(zhan)平均年發電(dian)量共計(ji)(ji)202億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時,電(dian)能用230千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)壓輸電(dian)線(xian)向外輸送。此外,大古力(li)水電(dian)站(zhan)還在左岸上游建了一座(zuo)抽(chou)水蓄能電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang),裝(zhuang)有(you)(you)4臺(tai)53.5MW和(he)(he)2臺(tai)50MW抽(chou)水蓄能機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)(zu),共31.4萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa),四個電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)總裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)量達(da)到 680.9萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)。
大古(gu)力水電(dian)站用(yong)60萬和80.5萬千(qian)瓦(wa)大型水輪機(ji),轉(zhuan)輪直徑分別(bie)為9.78米和9.90米,因尺寸(cun)過大,故采用(yong)分瓣制造現場焊接的技(ji)術。發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)子重達(da)(da)1760噸,安(an)裝(zhuang)時,專門設計制造了起(qi)重能(neng)力達(da)(da)2000噸的廠內起(qi)重架(jia)。
大古力水(shui)電站(zhan)是80年代(dai)中期以前世(shi)界上最(zui)大的水(shui)電站(zhan)。位(wei)于美國西(xi)北部華盛頓(dun)州斯波坎市附(fu)近,是哥倫比亞河在美國境內(nei)最(zui)上游的一座梯級水(shui)電站(zhan)。
大(da)古(gu)(gu)力(li)水(shui)(shui)利樞(shu)紐是一座(zuo)集(ji)發電(dian)(dian)、防洪(hong)、灌(guan)溉、調節徑(jing)流、城市供水(shui)(shui)、旅游(you)和改善(shan)航運等綜合效益的(de)大(da)型水(shui)(shui)利樞(shu)紐,是哥倫比亞河上(shang)一系列壩中最大(da)、最復雜的(de)一座(zuo)。該電(dian)(dian)站發電(dian)(dian)與抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)結(jie)合、發電(dian)(dian)與蓄電(dian)(dian)結(jie)合。在(zai)上(shang)世紀(ji)40年(nian)代,大(da)古(gu)(gu)力(li)電(dian)(dian)站為美國西北地區(qu)軍工(gong)企(qi)業,鋁廠、重機(ji)械廠、船廠、飛機(ji)廠、核(he)武器生產企(qi)業提供了廉價電(dian)(dian)力(li);從(cong)1962年(nian)~1992年(nian),哥倫比亞流域農作(zuo)物產量(liang)翻了一番(fan),主要就是得益于充(chong)足(zu)的(de)水(shui)(shui)利灌(guan)溉。電(dian)(dian)站初期以220 kV高壓輸電(dian)(dian)線路接入(ru)邦納(na)維爾電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong),擴建(jian)后改用(yong)500 kV超高壓輸電(dian)(dian)。
大古(gu)力水電站是(shi)美國哥倫(lun)比亞(Columbia)河干流(liu)上。壩(ba)址位(wei)于華盛頓州斯波(bo)坎市以(yi)西大約(yue)145公里(li)處,離古(gu)力市45公里(li)。
壩(ba)址處(chu),河(he)岸(an)以上大(da)部分地(di)(di)區為哥(ge)倫比亞(ya)河(he)玄武巖,壩(ba)基為花崗巖,堅(jian)硬、質(zhi)量好,有少量風化,河(he)床覆蓋層厚6~46米。壩(ba)址位于地(di)(di)震(zhen)少發地(di)(di)區,基本地(di)(di)震(zhen)烈度為6度,最大(da)震(zhen)級(ji)為7.5級(ji)。
主壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)軸線(xian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直線(xian),壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)長(chang)1179米(mi)(mi),高(gao)167.6米(mi)(mi),壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)寬9.1米(mi)(mi),高(gao)程(cheng)399.59米(mi)(mi),大壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)底部最寬處達(da)152.4米(mi)(mi)。上游(you)面(mian)從(cong)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)至高(gao)程(cheng)311.81米(mi)(mi)處為(wei)(wei)(wei)垂(chui)直面(mian),以(yi)(yi)下坡度則為(wei)(wei)(wei)1∶0.15,下游(you)面(mian)從(cong)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)頂(ding)(ding)至高(gao)程(cheng)388.01米(mi)(mi)處為(wei)(wei)(wei)垂(chui)直面(mian),以(yi)(yi)下則為(wei)(wei)(wei)1∶0.8的斜面(mian)。壩(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)內設有總長(chang)13.7公里的檢查廊道,還有總長(chang)4公里的豎井。
前池(chi)(chi)壩緊鄰右(you)壩肩(jian),與主壩軸線(xian)約呈64°角,其壩基(ji)高(gao)程(cheng)約為(wei)338.33米(mi)(mi),壩頂高(gao)程(cheng)為(wei)399.59米(mi)(mi),頂寬9.1米(mi)(mi)。上(shang)游(you)面(mian)(mian)為(wei)垂(chui)(chui)直面(mian)(mian),下游(you)面(mian)(mian)從(cong)壩頂至高(gao)程(cheng)388.01米(mi)(mi)處(chu)為(wei)垂(chui)(chui)直面(mian)(mian),以(yi)下則為(wei)1∶0.65的(de)斜面(mian)(mian)。前池(chi)(chi)壩壩頂長約356.6米(mi)(mi),結構物高(gao)61米(mi)(mi)。另外,在前池(chi)(chi)壩右(you)邊有一面(mian)(mian)向(xiang)東方的(de)長為(wei)56.7米(mi)(mi)的(de)翼壩,用以(yi)封閉前池(chi)(chi)的(de)北端。
溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)壩段布置在河床,長502.9米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),設11孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)表面(mian)溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),各裝有寬(kuan)41.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)8.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的鼓(gu)形閘門(men),閘門(men)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)口單寬(kuan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量48立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)。溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)壩下游面(mian)從鼓(gu)形閘門(men)凸緣(yuan)處(高(gao)(gao)(gao)程380.39米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))至溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)壩消力戽起點處(高(gao)(gao)(gao)程270.90米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi))為(wei)1∶0.8的傾斜(xie)面(mian)。溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)壩采用(yong)(yong)連續(xu)式消力戽消能(neng),消力戽半(ban)徑為(wei)15.2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),其(qi)挑坎(kan)比倒拱高(gao)(gao)(gao)9.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),戽內單寬(kuan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)量56.3立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒(miao),總(zong)功率342萬千(qian)瓦,由于(yu)河床砂礫被(bei)卷入(ru)戽內及施工(gong)殘渣未徹底清除,消力戽曾被(bei)嚴重磨損,后來用(yong)(yong)特制的沉箱進(jin)行水(shui)(shui)(shui)下修復(fu)。當水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)位達到393.19米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時,溢(yi)(yi)(yi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)壩閘門(men)開(kai)啟(qi),總(zong)泄(xie)洪(hong)能(neng)力為(wei)21900立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)。壩體(ti)內設有40孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)鋼襯(chen)砌(qi)的、直徑為(wei)2.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),每個泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)由厚(hou)度為(wei)2.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的附環(huan)門(men)控制。泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)分2層等距離排列,其(qi)中20孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位于(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)程315.98米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處,另20孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位于(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)程346.46米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處。此外,在高(gao)(gao)(gao)程285.22米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)處還建(jian)有20孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong),主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)施工(gong)導(dao)流(liu)(liu)(liu),后來用(yong)(yong)混(hun)凝土封(feng)堵。當水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)位達到393.71米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時,這(zhe)40孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的泄(xie)洪(hong)能(neng)力可(ke)達6400立(li)(li)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒(miao)。
發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠房(fang)分設(she)在(zai)(zai)左(zuo)右兩岸(在(zai)(zai)第三廠房(fang)興(xing)建(jian)后稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)第一和(he)第二(er)廠房(fang)),廠房(fang)寬38米(mi)(mi)(mi),高(gao)62米(mi)(mi)(mi),長231米(mi)(mi)(mi)和(he)225米(mi)(mi)(mi),各(ge)安(an)裝9臺單機(ji)(ji)容量(liang)10.8萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)混流式水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組,每(mei)臺機(ji)(ji)組由一根埋設(she)在(zai)(zai)大(da)壩(ba)混凝土中直徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)5.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)焊接壓力(li)(li)(li)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)284.68米(mi)(mi)(mi)處)的(de)(de)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)厚(hou)度為(wei)(wei)(wei)38.1mm,進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)口(高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)317.30米(mi)(mi)(mi)處)的(de)(de)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)厚(hou)度則為(wei)(wei)(wei)19.1mm。通過漸縮(suo)彎管(guan)(guan)(guan)與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)輪(lun)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)伸縮(suo)節頭(4.6米(mi)(mi)(mi)寬)相(xiang)連(lian)。第一廠房(fang)內還裝有(you)(you)3臺廠用機(ji)(ji)組,單機(ji)(ji)容量(liang)1萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa),每(mei)臺機(ji)(ji)組各(ge)由一直徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)1.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)壓力(li)(li)(li)鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。第一、二(er)廠房(fang)內的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組及廠用機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)總裝機(ji)(ji)容量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)197.4萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。開關站(zhan)設(she)在(zai)(zai)右岸,電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)運(yun)行(xing)初期以220kV高(gao)壓輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路接入邦納維(wei)爾電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統。廠房(fang)與(yu)開關站(zhan)相(xiang)距較遠,高(gao)差較大(da),曾發(fa)(fa)(fa)生出線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)因油循環不好而燒毀的(de)(de)事故,值得借鑒。 抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan)內共安(an)裝12臺機(ji)(ji)組。前6臺為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵(beng),每(mei)臺抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)45.3立(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)/米(mi)(mi)(mi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)48470千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa),總功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)29.1萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa);后6臺為(wei)(wei)(wei)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能機(ji)(ji)組,抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)流量(liang)56.6立(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒。抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能機(ji)(ji)組分別設(she)有(you)(you)一直徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)4.3米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)進水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(在(zai)(zai)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)363.71米(mi)(mi)(mi)處)和(he)一直徑為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.7米(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)泄水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan),每(mei)臺機(ji)(ji)組的(de)(de)額定(ding)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)5萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)和(he)5.35萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa),總功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)31.4萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。機(ji)(ji)組利(li)用大(da)古(gu)力(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)所發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)從大(da)古(gu)力(li)(li)(li)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫內抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)揚程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)85~110米(mi)(mi)(mi),總抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能力(li)(li)(li)611.6立(li)方米(mi)(mi)(mi)/秒,提水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灌溉哥(ge)倫比(bi)亞河左(zuo)岸干旱(han)高(gao)地(di)44.3萬(wan)公頃(qing)土地(di)。利(li)用岸上調節水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫調蓄(xu),抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)能機(ji)(ji)組可提供調峰容量(liang)31.4萬(wan)千瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)。