菊花(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(chrysanthemum stone carving)是湖南(nan)瀏(liu)陽(yang)縣(xian)獨(du)特的手(shou)工藝(yi)品,用生成于(yu)2億多年前的菊花(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)琢(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)而成。瀏(liu)陽(yang)菊花(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)被譽為“全(quan)球(qiu)第(di)一(yi)”。此石(shi)像菊花(hua)一(yi)樣,花(hua)芯(xin)有(you)單芯(xin)、雙芯(xin)、三芯(xin)和無芯(xin),有(you)類似竹葉(xie)菊、繡球(qiu)龍葵菊、蒲葉(xie)菊和金錢(qian)菊花(hua)型等(deng)。雕(diao)(diao)(diao)琢(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)藝(yi)人(ren)利用菊花(hua)石(shi)這些特點,精工雕(diao)(diao)(diao)琢(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo),理出花(hua)瓣,添枝加葉(xie),浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)成叢(cong)叢(cong)菊花(hua)。近年來,突破(po)平面造型,發展到立體多層花(hua)卉,并(bing)使人(ren)物進入這一(yi)獨(du)特的工藝(yi)品,如雕(diao)(diao)(diao)琢(zhuo)(zhuo)(zhuo)成“黃巢詠菊”、“天女散花(hua)”等(deng)人(ren)物神話故事作品。瀏(liu)陽(yang)菊花(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)技藝(yi)精湛,構思巧妙,曾獲(huo)得巴(ba)拿馬萬國博覽會獎牌。
花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)為中(zhong)國三大奇石(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)一(yi),主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)湖南瀏(liu)陽,瀘溪(xi)(xi)一(yi)帶。其(qi)產(chan)生于(yu)(yu)2.7億(yi)年前(qian),為二疊紀(ji)棲霞(xia)期碳酸巖中(zhong)柱狀天青石(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)菱鍶礦等含鍶礦物(wu)圍繞某(mou)一(yi)結晶中(zhong)心生長而成的(de)結核并經漫長地(di)質(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)用而形成的(de),宛如潔白無瑕的(de)菊花(hua),故(gu)又(you)名“石(shi)(shi)(shi)菊花(hua)”瀘溪(xi)(xi)菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)產(chan)于(yu)(yu)瀘溪(xi)(xi)縣(xian)浦(pu)市鎮(zhen)辛(xin)女溪(xi)(xi)附(fu)近(jin)的(de)巖門(men)溪(xi)(xi)水(shui)庫腹地(di)的(de)灰洞坳村(cun)(cun)至(zhi)高山坪村(cun)(cun)一(yi)帶,該地(di)已探明(ming)總儲量800萬立方米,資源十分(fen)豐富,尤其(qi)是灰洞坳村(cun)(cun)堪稱菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)村(cun)(cun)。村(cun)(cun)菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)地(di)優良,十分(fen)適合作(zuo)(zuo)為菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕刻工藝(yi)品(pin)原料,而且本村(cun)(cun)菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕工藝(yi)品(pin)在(zai)菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕工藝(yi)品(pin)美術(shu)界(jie)享(xiang)有(you)(you)極高的(de)聲譽,其(qi)產(chan)品(pin)遠銷美國、日本、馬來西亞(ya)、新(xin)加(jia)坡(po)、香港等國家(jia)和(he)(he)地(di)區。在(zai)這里還有(you)(you)個美麗的(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)盤(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)辛(xin)女的(de)故(gu)事。盤(pan)古(gu)開天十八(ba)峒,辛(xin)女撒下花(hua)數叢。唯有(you)(you)盤(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)峒奇雅(ya),菊花(hua)至(zhi)今(jin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)開。”瀘溪(xi)(xi)菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)取之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)瀘溪(xi)(xi)縣(xian)浦(pu)市鎮(zhen),當(dang)地(di)遠古(gu)先(xian)民(min)(min)盤(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)辛(xin)女居住(zhu)地(di)——盤(pan)瓠(hu)(hu)峒中(zhong)。其(qi)花(hua)形成于(yu)(yu)兩億(yi)多年前(qian),被譽為“永不凋謝(xie)的(de)菊花(hua)”,以“全(quan)球一(yi)”著(zhu)稱于(yu)(yu)世(shi)。菊花(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕乃(nai)雕刻藝(yi)術(shu)家(jia)隨(sui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)賦形,鬼斧(fu)神工,與天共創之(zhi)珍(zhen)(zhen)品(pin),觀賞(shang)和(he)(he)收藏價值。已數獲(huo)世(shi)博(bo)(bo)會金獎(jiang),故(gu)宮(gong)博(bo)(bo)物(wu)院、人民(min)(min)大會堂和(he)(he)中(zhong)國工藝(yi)美術(shu)館都有(you)(you)珍(zhen)(zhen)品(pin)館藏。
瀏陽(yang)菊(ju)花石雕工藝由僅有(you)的(de)浮雕和半浮雕,發展到(dao)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)的(de)圓雕、鏤空雕、透雕;石雕作品由原來的(de)平面苗葉發創(chuang)立體花卉,由山水花草發展到(dao)古今人(ren)物(wu)、飛(fei)禽走獸。瀏陽(yang)菊(ju)花石雕《梅蘭竹菊(ju)》花瓶(ping),曾在(zai)(zai)巴拿馬(ma)國(guo)際博覽會上榮獲(huo)金質獎章。
菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)是(shi)中(zhong)國著(zhu)(zhu)名(ming)的(de)三大石(shi)雕(diao)之一(yi),當(dang)時民(min)(min)眾(zhong)取石(shi)砌壩,無意中(zhong)發現了這種(zhong)奇(qi)特的(de)石(shi)頭。它(ta)與(yu)眾(zhong)石(shi)不(bu)同,色澤呈灰色或灰黑色,上面(mian)(mian)顯(xian)現著(zhu)(zhu)一(yi)朵朵天然生成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)狀白色花(hua)(hua)紋(wen),其花(hua)(hua)紋(wen)潔白晶瑩、奇(qi)趣天成(cheng)(cheng)。于(yu)是(shi)當(dang)地(di)陽長厚開設“補天石(shi)”作坊,采用此石(shi)雕(diao)成(cheng)(cheng)硯(yan)池(chi),磨出(chu)墨汁,久潤(run)不(bu)干,具“奇(qi)石(shi)質潤(run),色緊而聲清(qing)(qing)”,深受人們喜愛(ai)。菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)的(de)發掘、雕(diao)刻成(cheng)(cheng)工藝(yi)品(pin),雖(sui)始(shi)于(yu)清(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆(long)年間,但當(dang)時只作宮廷貢品(pin),后(hou)來才(cai)流傳民(min)(min)間。據《故(gu)宮博物院院刊》記載:“清(qing)(qing)代(dai)內(nei)府中(zhong)已藏有(you)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)硯(yan)多方,其大者近尺(chi)半(ban),小者約七八寸不(bu)等(deng)。”從(cong)此,瀏陽菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)和(he)(he)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)雕(diao),名(ming)噪一(yi)時。被(bei)歷代(dai)朝廷、官員、富商作為收藏、饋贈的(de)佳品(pin)。清(qing)(qing)末民(min)(min)初,開始(shi)發展浮雕(diao),半(ban)浮雕(diao)、鏤穿和(he)(he)圓雕(diao)的(de)茶具、酒杯(bei)、茶幾、桌面(mian)(mian)、假(jia)山、花(hua)(hua)瓶等(deng)。花(hua)(hua)形由簡到(dao)繁,如“梅蘭竹菊(ju)(ju)”四君子、蝴蝶采菊(ju)(ju)、蜜蜂采花(hua)(hua)、金雞采菊(ju)(ju)等(deng)作品(pin),成(cheng)(cheng)為工藝(yi)美術(shu)珍品(pin)。清(qing)(qing)代(dai)乾(qian)隆(long)五年(1740)左右,永和(he)(he)鎮(zhen)的(de)書畫家歐錫(xi)藩和(he)(he)藝(yi)人程維達合作,用菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)刻成(cheng)(cheng)硯(yan)臺、筆(bi)洗、筆(bi)筒、筆(bi)架等(deng)文房用具。譚嗣同曾題刻《菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)秋(qiu)影硯(yan)銘》,贊賞(shang)故(gu)鄉(xiang)瀏陽的(de)菊(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)石(shi)硯(yan)。
菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕的(de)(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)除(chu)了(le)“假花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)山(shan)”、橫屏等(deng)欣(xin)賞(shang)品(pin)(pin)(pin)外(wai),還有茶壺、茶杯(bei)、碗、酒杯(bei)、桌面、像框、印(yin)盒、圖章等(deng)實用品(pin)(pin)(pin)。1910年(nian)(nian)工(gong)藝美(mei)術(shu)(shu)大(da)(da)(da)師戴清升(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)仿石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕,參加清政府在(zai)(zai)南京舉(ju)辦的(de)(de)(de)(de)勸業會展(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan),榮獲稀(xi)世珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)獎章。1915年(nian)(nian),巴(ba)拿馬(ma)萬國(guo)(guo)(guo)博(bo)覽(lan)會,戴清升(sheng)雕琢(zhuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“映雪(xue)”花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓶、“梅蘭(lan)竹菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)”屏風參展(zhan)(zhan),令(ling)世人(ren)瞠(cheng)目,拍案驚奇“石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)頭能開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”,一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)榮獲“珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)金獲”,至今保(bao)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)聯合國(guo)(guo)(guo)博(bo)物(wu)館。1924年(nian)(nian),菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕頗為(wei)(wei)(wei)興盛,有“補天(tian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”等(deng)著名(ming)(ming)作坊(fang)。菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕精品(pin)(pin)(pin)1959年(nian)(nian),新中國(guo)(guo)(guo)成立不久(jiu),瀏(liu)陽(yang)人(ren)民(min)將一(yi)(yi)尊高(gao)(gao)1.2米(mi),長60厘(li)米(mi),寬48厘(li)米(mi),重(zhong)400公斤,號稱(cheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)寶的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨型(xing)立雕珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)“石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)森山(shan)”呈現(xian)北京人(ren)民(min)大(da)(da)(da)會堂供各族(zu)人(ren)民(min)觀賞(shang),其中菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)直(zhi)徑大(da)(da)(da)達(da)54厘(li)米(mi),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣長36厘(li)米(mi),寬9厘(li)米(mi),“菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)”形態潔白(bai)晶瑩,飄逸瀟灑,共有菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)56朵(duo);1984年(nian)(nian),由藝人(ren)李(li)鶴章精雕的(de)(de)(de)(de)荷花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)金魚硯、菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硯等(deng)12件(jian)珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)在(zai)(zai)日本(ben)展(zhan)(zhan)出(chu)時引(yin)擎(qing)起轟(hong)動(dong);1999年(nian)(nian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)喜(xi)迎澳(ao)門回歸(gui),湖南省工(gong)藝美(mei)術(shu)(shu)館以工(gong)藝美(mei)術(shu)(shu)大(da)(da)(da)師袁耀初老(lao)師為(wei)(wei)(wei)首的(de)(de)(de)(de)五位(wei)大(da)(da)(da)師耗時一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)時間設計(ji)制(zhi)作了(le)雙層(ceng)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕《龍(long)球》,獻給澳(ao)門特別行政區(qu)政府。2000年(nian)(nian),在(zai)(zai)廣州舉(ju)辦的(de)(de)(de)(de)“首屆旅游購物(wu)節(jie)”上(shang),瀏(liu)陽(yang)送展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“艷菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)迎秋”、“菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)山(shan)”、“梅菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)”香爐、硯池等(deng)9件(jian)展(zhan)(zhan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)獲“天(tian)馬(ma)銀獎”,并被日、港、臺客商(shang)搶購一(yi)(yi)空;廣州鄭氏兄弟(di)收藏的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)1.7米(mi),上(shang)有66朵(duo)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),當時被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)瀏(liu)陽(yang)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)稀(xi)世珍(zhen)品(pin)(pin)(pin)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)世界上(shang)大(da)(da)(da)、重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)長沙亮(liang)相。盡管瀏(liu)陽(yang)盛產天(tian)然菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)久(jiu)負盛名(ming)(ming),但整塊(kuai)雕制(zhi)如此大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)首次。這塊(kuai)天(tian)然巨型(xing)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)原石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)重(zhong)達(da)3.5噸(dun),為(wei)(wei)(wei)顯現(xian)湖南獨(du)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕制(zhi)工(gong)藝,3名(ming)(ming)特級石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕技師歷經6個多月的(de)(de)(de)(de)精心(xin)雕琢(zhuo),除(chu)雕出(chu)形態各異、婀娜多姿的(de)(de)(de)(de)188朵(duo)天(tian)然石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)菊(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)外(wai),還雕制(zhi)了(le)18釘仰天(tian)呼嘯(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玉龍(long)環繞在(zai)(zai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之間,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)底部(bu)是(shi)碧(bi)波蕩漾的(de)(de)(de)(de)湘江,其深遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖湘文化寓(yu)意十(shi)分深刻,成型(xing)作品(pin)(pin)(pin)高(gao)(gao)達(da)1.5米(mi),長為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.5米(mi),重(zhong)達(da)1.3噸(dun)。