高(gao)(gao)郵(you)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),古(gu)名樊(fan)良湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),又名新(xin)開湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。屬(shu)淮河(he)流域,淮河(he)入江水(shui)(shui)(shui)道(dao)穿湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),終(zhong)達(da)長(chang)江。跨(kua)江蘇省(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)郵(you)市、寶應縣(xian)、金湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)縣(xian)與安徽(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)天長(chang)市,水(shui)(shui)(shui)域總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)760.67平方公里(平水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)),僅次于(yu)太(tai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),洪(hong)澤湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),為(wei)江蘇省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)第三大(da)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。一般水(shui)(shui)(shui)位5.55米深。屬(shu)跡洼地型湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊,水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)寬廣,環(huan)境優美,物產(chan)豐(feng)富。高(gao)(gao)郵(you)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)大(da)閘蟹(xie)、高(gao)(gao)郵(you)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)龍蝦是著(zhu)名的(de)品(pin)種(zhong)之一,魚蝦的(de)產(chan)量也很大(da)。高(gao)(gao)郵(you)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)是天長(chang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)路入江通(tong)道(dao)。在,龜、蝦、蟹(xie)等(deng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)品(pin)豐(feng)富,亦以(yi)產(chan)鴨(ya)著(zhu)名。
蘆(lu)葦迷宮是(shi)(shi)高郵湖蘆(lu)葦蕩濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園的核(he)心部分,屬原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)湖泊濕(shi)地(di)(di),總面積(ji)約80萬平方(fang)米,是(shi)(shi)大世界基(ji)尼(ni)斯(si)認證為“中國最大原(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)水(shui)上(shang)蘆(lu)葦迷宮”,其中大小灘涂、河(he)港星羅棋布,魚蝦肥美,擁有多種鳥類(lei)、水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物及濕(shi)地(di)(di)植(zhi)被(bei),來這里不(bu)僅能欣賞蘆(lu)葦搖曳生(sheng)(sheng)姿,還能一覽原(yuan)始的濕(shi)地(di)(di)風貌。更是(shi)(shi)被(bei)人們譽為“天(tian)然氧倉”。
高郵湖湖底(di)平坦,湖底(di)高程(cheng)3.5-4.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),高郵湖常年(nian)水(shui)位(wei)5-5.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),蓄水(shui)5-6億(yi)立方米(mi)(mi)(mi),汛(xun)期(qi)蓄水(shui)9.38億(yi)立方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。死水(shui)位(wei)5米(mi)(mi)(mi),死庫容(rong)4.6億(yi)立米(mi)(mi)(mi),蓄水(shui)位(wei)5.7米(mi)(mi)(mi),蓄水(shui)面積648平方公里,灌(guan)溉庫容(rong)4.2億(yi)立米(mi)(mi)(mi),防洪水(shui)位(wei)9.24米(mi)(mi)(mi),防洪庫容(rong)27億(yi)立米(mi)(mi)(mi),蒸發(fa)量(liang)890毫米(mi)(mi)(mi)。
湖(hu)水呈黃綠色至淡黃色,為重碳(tan)酸鹽類鈣(gai)組I型水。據2010年數據,高郵湖(hu)pH平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為8.66,溶(rong)解氧(yang)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為7.3毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),總氮平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為1.02毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),總磷平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為0.051毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),CODMn平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為9.61毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),葉綠素a平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為10.38毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),透明度(du)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)為0.69米。
高郵(you)湖地(di)處(chu)長江、淮河下(xia)游內陸(lu)水域,浮游植物(wu)有(you)9門(men)(men)156屬(shu)(shu),其(qi)中(zhong)蘭(lan)藻(zao)門(men)(men)29屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)18.6%,隱藻(zao)門(men)(men)2屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)1.3%,金藻(zao)門(men)(men)5屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.2%,黃藻(zao)門(men)(men)2屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)1.3%,硅藻(zao)門(men)(men)29屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)18.6%,甲藻(zao)門(men)(men)4屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)2.6%,裸藻(zao)門(men)(men)6屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.8%,綠藻(zao)門(men)(men)78屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)50%,輪藻(zao)門(men)(men)1屬(shu)(shu),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)0.6%。浮游動(dong)物(wu)有(you)288種,其(qi)中(zhong)原生動(dong)物(wu)94種,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)32.6%,輪蟲106種,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)36.8%,枝角(jiao)類(lei)50種,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17.4%,橈(rao)足類(lei)38種,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)13.2%。
底(di)棲動(dong)物(wu)有92種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中軟體動(dong)物(wu)腹足(zu)類(lei)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.3%,斧足(zu)類(lei)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)23.9%,節肢動(dong)物(wu)的甲(jia)殼類(lei)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)15.2%,水生(sheng)昆蟲(chong)16種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17.4%,環節動(dong)物(wu)的多毛(mao)類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.3%,寡毛(mao)類(lei)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)7.6%,蛭類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.3%,其(qi)他12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)13%。
水(shui)生植(zhi)物共29科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中萍(ping)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、水(shui)蕨科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、芡科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、菱(ling)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、柳(liu)葉菜科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、唇形(xing)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、胡麻科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、貍藻科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、金魚科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、桔(jie)梗(geng)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、黑三棱科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、茨藻科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、燈心草(cao)(cao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)(ge)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),各(ge)(ge)占(zhan)1.6%,槐葉萍(ping)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、繖形(xing)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、龍膽科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、玄參科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、澤瀉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、天南星科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、浮萍(ping)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)(ge)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),各(ge)(ge)占(zhan)3.2%;小二(er)仙草(cao)(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、雨(yu)久花科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)(ge)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),各(ge)(ge)占(zhan)4.8%,睡蓮科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、蓮子菜科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、菜苤科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、禾本科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、莎草(cao)(cao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)(ge)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),各(ge)(ge)占(zhan)6.5%,蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)12.9%。
魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類計(ji)有(you)(you)24科(ke)(ke)(ke)74屬109種。作為捕(bu)撈(lao)對象的(de)主要有(you)(you)鯉科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鳀科(ke)(ke)(ke)、銀魚(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鯰(nian)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鮠(wei)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鰻(man)鱺科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鯔科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鮨(qi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、鱧(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、合鰓科(ke)(ke)(ke)、塘鱧(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、杜文魚(yu)(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)等(deng)12科(ke)(ke)(ke),主要有(you)(you)鯉、鯽、青、草、鰱(lian)、鳙、鳊、魴、、紅(hong)鰭鲌(ba)(ba)、蒙古(gu)紅(hong)鲌(ba)(ba)、翹咀紅(hong)鲌(ba)(ba)、條、鳡魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、鰟鮍、大(da)銀魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、太湖短(duan)吻銀魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、梅鱭、鯰(nian)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、黃顙魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、河鰻(man)、鱖魚(yu)(yu)(yu)、黑魚(yu)(yu)(yu)等(deng)。另外,還有(you)(you)蝦、蟹和貝類。高(gao)郵湖在三河閘(zha)建閘(zha)之前,青、草、鰱(lian)、鳙四大(da)家(jia)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)捕(bu)撈(lao)量,1952年(nian)占(zhan)總捕(bu)撈(lao)量的(de)12%,1953年(nian)建閘(zha)后,四大(da)家(jia)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)捕(bu)撈(lao)量逐年(nian)減少,到(dao)1960年(nian),僅占(zhan)捕(bu)撈(lao)量的(de)0.16%,幾乎到(dao)了絕跡的(de)程度。
江蘇省湖蕩灘地多,水生經濟植物資源豐富,可分為挺水植物、浮葉植物、漂浮植物和沉水植物四大類。主要品種如下:挺水植物有蓮藕、蘆葦、蒲草等。一般生長在靠近岸邊水淺的地方,植株挺立于水中,部分基葉伸出水面。省內淡水水域均有分布,特別是湖泊、河蕩地區資源豐富。浮葉植物有菱、芡實、莼菜等,根生在水底,莖比較柔軟,葉片浮于水面。菱主要分布在里下河、蘇州水網地區;芡實在湖蕩、港汊和漚田均有分布;莼菜以太湖東山所產有名。漂浮植物有水葫蘆、水浮蓮、浮萍等,整株植物飄浮水面,其根不著生于水底,省內河溝和湖蕩地區均有分布,資源比較豐富。沉水植物有有苦草、馬來眼子菜、輪葉黑藻等,植株生于水中,湖蕩地區均有分布,資源豐富。