上(shang)(shang)(shang)黨(dang)門(men)是(shi)隋代(dai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)黨(dang)郡(jun)(jun)署的大門(men),始建于(yu)隋朝開皇年(nian)(nian)間(約公元(yuan)581年(nian)(nian)至(zhi)600年(nian)(nian)),位于(yu)長(chang)治(zhi)市區中心府坡街北端(duan)的高(gao)崗上(shang)(shang)(shang),隋代(dai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)黨(dang)郡(jun)(jun)單(dan)指今長(chang)治(zhi)。“上(shang)(shang)(shang)黨(dang)”一詞是(shi)指太行山上(shang)(shang)(shang)較(jiao)高(gao)的地方,《釋名》中解釋說:“黨(dang),所也。在于(yu)山上(shang)(shang)(shang),其所較(jiao)高(gao),故 曰上(shang)(shang)(shang)黨(dang)”。上(shang)(shang)(shang)黨(dang)門(men)的門(men)樓海拔1500米,十分雄偉壯觀。
登上(shang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓遠眺(tiao),上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)古城景(jing)色歷(li)歷(li)在目,遠山近水盡收眼(yan)底。唐(tang)朝(chao)景(jing)龍元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)707年),唐(tang)玄宗李隆基(ji)(ji)任潞州(zhou)別(bie)駕時,居住在上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)內的(de)潞州(zhou)衙(ya)署(shu)。他在隋(sui)朝(chao)建(jian)筑的(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上(shang),對上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)進行裝 飾,并在附近修建(jian)了(le)梳妝樓、看花樓、德風亭等(deng)(deng)建(jian)筑。他做了(le)皇帝后,又(you)重(zhong)返這里增修了(le)飛龍宮、圣瑞(rui)閹、望云(yun)軒等(deng)(deng)。北(bei)宋靖康年間,金兵大(da)舉南下(xia),攻陷隆德(今 長(chang)治市(shi)),上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)毀于(yu)兵火之中。現存的(de)上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)是明代重(zhong)建(jian)的(de)。上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)坐北(bei)朝(chao)南,居高臨下(xia),挺拔獨立。門(men)(men)(men)(men)為重(zhong)檐(yan)歇山式結構(gou),大(da)門(men)(men)(men)(men)左側(ce)建(jian)有鐘樓,右側(ce)建(jian)有鼓(gu)樓, 鐘鼓(gu)樓一曰“風馳(chi)”,一曰“云(yun)動(dong)”。意思(si)是說建(jian)筑在上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)高聳(song)天(tian)外。兩樓臺基(ji)(ji)高峙、平行排列(lie),遙(yao)相映襯。樓高門(men)(men)(men)(men)低,高低錯落(luo),主從分(fen)別(bie),充分(fen)反映了(le) 封建(jian)官府的(de)威嚴(yan),極富民(min)族風格。上(shang)黨(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)作為省級文物重(zhong)點保護(hu)單位,得到了(le)多次維修和彩畫。
上黨門(men)(men)(men)座(zuo)北向南,建筑(zhu)布局(ju)依次有(you)琉璃(li)影(ying)壁、門(men)(men)(men)庭(也稱大(da)門(men)(men)(men)),鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)居(ju)大(da)門(men)(men)(men)左右,二(er)(er)門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)二(er)(er)門(men)(men)(men)影(ying)壁,中(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)東便門(men)(men)(men)、西(xi)(xi)便門(men)(men)(men),牌坊、大(da)堂、二(er)(er)堂及(ji)東西(xi)(xi)配房廂(xiang)房,飛龍宮、德風亭 、辦公院(yuan) 、西(xi)(xi)花園、瀛春臺(tai)等建筑(zhu)。亭堂摟(lou)宮組群(qun)結合,高(gao)(gao)低錯落,規(gui)模宏闊。現僅存(cun)大(da)門(men)(men)(men) 、鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou) 、府二(er)(er)堂、辦公院(yuan)、西(xi)(xi)花園等建筑(zhu)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)與(yu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)平行排列,臺(tai)基高(gao)(gao)峙(zhi),主從有(you)別,錯落有(you)致。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)面寬三間(jian)(jian)(jian),進(jin)深四(si)椽,明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)辟門(men)(men)(men),兩次間(jian)(jian)(jian)青(qing)磚砌(qi)筑(zhu)扇面墻,單(dan)檐(yan)懸山頂(ding)。屋頂(ding)灰脊灰獸(shou),簡板布瓦(wa)裝(zhuang)修(xiu)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)青(qing)磚砌(qi)筑(zhu)城(cheng)垛、券洞、踏道,上筑(zhu)閣樓(lou)(lou),廣深三間(jian)(jian)(jian),重檐(yan)歇山頂(ding)。右側(ce)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)上一匾(bian)書(shu),曰(yue)“風馳”,左側(ce)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)上一匾(bian)書(shu),曰(yue)“云動”,以示高(gao)(gao)聳入云之意。外側(ce)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)相襯,斗拱密(mi)致,脊獸(shou)富麗,與(yu)門(men)(men)(men)庭交相輝(hui)映,是一處(chu)地方衙署中(zhong)(zhong)富有(you)民族風格的(de)門(men)(men)(men)庭式的(de)古建筑(zhu)。游人登樓(lou)(lou)遠眺,長治城(cheng)廓盡(jin)收眼底。
《潞州志(zhi)》載:元泰定二年(nian)(1325年(nian))州治(唐(tang)建)毀于兵(bing)火,三年(nian)(1326年(nian))潞州招(zhao)撫使完顏南合修繕(shan),公廨廳(ting)堂有嚴。至正(zheng)壬(ren)午(1342年(nian))郡守張瞻甫重(zhong)建公生明堂,即今之廳(ting)事,以(yi)及賓幕吏曹之署,府庫囹圄(yu)之所(suo),無一(yi)不備。國朝洪(hong)武元年(nian)(1368年(nian))知(zhi)州潘(pan)黼因舊址建。天順三年(nian)(1459年(nian))知(zhi)州王楫新建后堂。成(cheng)化三年(nian)(1467年(nian))知(zhi)州計昌重(zhong)建大房,年(nian)久圮毀。
上(shang)黨(dang)門門樓的東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩側為(wei)鐘鼓二(er)樓,據《潞州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志》載(zai):“鼓樓,在(zai)今(jin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)側。洪武(wu)三(san)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1399年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)傅(fu)(fu)遂建(jian)(jian)于(yu)子城門上(shang),基址(zhi)猶(you)存,天順七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1463年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)李睿筑今(jin)臺,建(jian)(jian)樓于(yu)其上(shang),與鐘樓東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)相并(bing)。成化七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)孫坷(ke)用磚(zhuan)石(shi)砌(qi)臺基。歲久樓毀(hui),弘治(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1496年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)建(jian)(jian)。鐘樓,在(zai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)(zhi)前西(xi)側。洪武(wu)三(san)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1399年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)傅(fu)(fu)遂建(jian)(jian)筑,歲久樓毀(hui)臺崩。弘治(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)補(bu)筑臺基,用磚(zhuan)石(shi)包砌(qi),樓亦改(gai)建(jian)(jian)焉。”據《潞州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志》載(zai)“國朝(chao)康熙九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1671年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)汪(wang)宗(zong)魯重(zhong)修(xiu)又增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)里老柜書(shu)(shu)、快手民壯、皂隸房(fang),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)公廨門榜棚;二(er)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1691年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)劉民瞻重(zhong)修(xiu)二(er)堂(tang)(tang);雍正四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1727年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)沈一(yi)葵重(zhong)修(xiu)照壁榜棚;六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1729年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)管(guan)學(xue)宣重(zhong)修(xiu)土地祠、寅賓(bin)館(guan);八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1731年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))署州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)事(shi)長治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)知(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)(xian)錢(qian)人龍重(zhong)修(xiu)里老柜書(shu)(shu)房(fang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)十(shi)(shi)三(san)間;乾(qian)隆四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1740年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)張秉綸重(zhong)修(xiu)二(er)堂(tang)(tang)及儀門增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)官廳;六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)雷暢改(gai)贊(zan)政廳為(wei)贊(zan)侯(hou)祠。”
北宋靖康年(nian)間(jian)(1126——1127),金兵(bing)大舉南下攻陷隆德(今(jin)長治市(shi)),上(shang)黨(dang)門被毀(hui)于兵(bing)火之中(zhong)。現(xian)存上(shang)黨(dang)門和左惻鐘(zhong)樓(lou)為(wei)明洪武年(nian)間(jian)重建,右側鼓(gu)樓(lou)則為(wei)天順年(nian)間(jian)增建。鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)二樓(lou)平行排列,一曰(yue)“風馳”,一曰(yue)“云動”,以示高聳如(ru)云之意。現(xian)已成為(wei)長治市(shi)的(de)象征。游人登樓(lou)眺望,長治市(shi)貌盡收眼底(di)。
至民(min)國元年,經(jing)過多(duo)年的(de)兵火戰(zhan)亂,以及人為的(de)毀壞,上(shang)黨門內的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)已(yi)大部不存。現僅存大門、鐘鼓二(er)樓、府二(er)堂、辦公院、西花(hua)園(yuan)等建(jian)筑(zhu),上(shang)黨門已(yi)成為長(chang)治市極(ji)具代表性的(de)古建(jian)筑(zhu)。
現存(cun)的(de)(de)上黨(dang)門和兩側的(de)(de)鐘鼓(gu)樓則為(wei)明代知州(zhou)馬暾(tun)所修。明弘治(zhi)九年,潞州(zhou)知州(zhou)馬暾(tun)在其為(wei)任(ren)六年之后,在“政洽(qia)民孚,治(zhi)有余力”的(de)(de)情況下,對原來的(de)(de)鐘鼓(gu)樓進行了大規(gui)模(mo)的(de)(de)整修改建(jian),“樸(pu)素渾堅,雄偉固壯”,這就是鐘鼓(gu)樓,這就是上黨(dang)門。