上(shang)黨門是(shi)隋代上(shang)黨郡署的(de)大門,始(shi)建于隋朝(chao)開皇年間(約公元581年至600年),位于長(chang)治市區中心(xin)府坡街北端的(de)高崗上(shang),隋代上(shang)黨郡單指今長(chang)治。“上(shang)黨”一詞是(shi)指太行(xing)山上(shang)較(jiao)高的(de)地方,《釋名(ming)》中解(jie)釋說:“黨,所也。在于山上(shang),其所較(jiao)高,故 曰上(shang)黨”。上(shang)黨門的(de)門樓海拔1500米(mi),十分雄偉壯觀。
登上(shang)(shang)門(men)樓遠眺(tiao),上(shang)(shang)黨古(gu)城景色(se)歷歷在目,遠山近水盡(jin)收(shou)眼底(di)。唐朝景龍(long)元年(公元707年),唐玄宗李(li)隆(long)基任潞(lu)州別駕(jia)時,居住(zhu)在上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)內的(de)潞(lu)州衙署。他在隋(sui)朝建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang),對上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)進行裝(zhuang) 飾,并在附近修建(jian)了(le)梳妝樓、看花(hua)樓、德風(feng)亭(ting)等建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。他做了(le)皇帝后,又(you)重返這里增修了(le)飛龍(long)宮、圣瑞閹、望云軒等。北宋靖(jing)康年間,金兵大舉南下(xia)(xia),攻陷(xian)隆(long)德(今 長治市(shi)),上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)毀于兵火之(zhi)中。現存(cun)的(de)上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)是(shi)明代重建(jian)的(de)。上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)坐北朝南,居高(gao)臨下(xia)(xia),挺拔獨立。門(men)為重檐歇山式結構,大門(men)左側(ce)建(jian)有鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓,右側(ce)建(jian)有鼓樓, 鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓樓一曰“風(feng)馳”,一曰“云動”。意思是(shi)說(shuo)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)在上(shang)(shang)黨的(de)上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)高(gao)聳天外。兩樓臺基高(gao)峙、平行排列(lie),遙相映襯。樓高(gao)門(men)低,高(gao)低錯(cuo)落,主從分別,充分反映了(le) 封建(jian)官(guan)府(fu)的(de)威嚴,極富民族風(feng)格(ge)。上(shang)(shang)黨門(men)作為省級文(wen)物重點保護單(dan)位(wei),得(de)到了(le)多(duo)次維修和彩畫。
上黨門(men)(men)(men)座(zuo)北向南,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)布局依次有(you)琉璃(li)影壁、門(men)(men)(men)庭(也稱大(da)門(men)(men)(men)),鼓(gu)鐘(zhong)(zhong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)居大(da)門(men)(men)(men)左(zuo)右,二(er)(er)(er)(er)門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)二(er)(er)(er)(er)門(men)(men)(men)影壁,中門(men)(men)(men)及(ji)東便門(men)(men)(men)、西(xi)(xi)便門(men)(men)(men),牌坊(fang)、大(da)堂(tang)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)堂(tang)及(ji)東西(xi)(xi)配房廂房,飛龍宮(gong)、德風(feng)亭(ting) 、辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)院 、西(xi)(xi)花(hua)園、瀛(ying)春臺等建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。亭(ting)堂(tang)摟宮(gong)組群結(jie)合,高(gao)(gao)低(di)錯落,規模宏闊。現僅存大(da)門(men)(men)(men) 、鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou) 、府二(er)(er)(er)(er)堂(tang)、辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)院、西(xi)(xi)花(hua)園等建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)與鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)平(ping)行排列,臺基高(gao)(gao)峙,主從(cong)有(you)別,錯落有(you)致(zhi)。大(da)門(men)(men)(men)面寬三間,進深(shen)(shen)四(si)椽,明間辟門(men)(men)(men),兩次間青磚(zhuan)砌筑(zhu)(zhu)扇面墻,單檐懸山(shan)頂(ding)。屋頂(ding)灰(hui)脊灰(hui)獸,簡板(ban)布瓦(wa)裝(zhuang)修。鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)青磚(zhuan)砌筑(zhu)(zhu)城垛、券洞(dong)、踏道,上筑(zhu)(zhu)閣(ge)樓(lou)(lou),廣深(shen)(shen)三間,重檐歇山(shan)頂(ding)。右側(ce)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou)(lou)上一匾(bian)書,曰“風(feng)馳”,左(zuo)側(ce)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)上一匾(bian)書,曰“云動(dong)”,以示(shi)高(gao)(gao)聳(song)入(ru)云之意。外側(ce)鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)相襯,斗拱密致(zhi),脊獸富麗,與門(men)(men)(men)庭交(jiao)相輝映,是一處地方衙(ya)署中富有(you)民(min)族風(feng)格的門(men)(men)(men)庭式的古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。游人登(deng)樓(lou)(lou)遠眺,長治城廓盡收眼(yan)底(di)。
《潞州(zhou)志》載:元泰定二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1325年(nian)(nian)(nian))州(zhou)治(唐(tang)建(jian))毀于兵火,三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1326年(nian)(nian)(nian))潞州(zhou)招撫使完(wan)顏南合(he)修繕,公廨(xie)廳堂(tang)(tang)有嚴。至(zhi)正壬午(1342年(nian)(nian)(nian))郡守張瞻甫重建(jian)公生明(ming)堂(tang)(tang),即今(jin)之廳事(shi),以及賓幕吏曹之署,府庫囹(ling)圄之所,無(wu)一不備。國朝洪(hong)武元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1368年(nian)(nian)(nian))知州(zhou)潘黼因舊址(zhi)建(jian)。天順三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1459年(nian)(nian)(nian))知州(zhou)王楫新建(jian)后堂(tang)(tang)。成化三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1467年(nian)(nian)(nian))知州(zhou)計昌重建(jian)大(da)房,年(nian)(nian)(nian)久圮毀。
上(shang)黨門門樓(lou)(lou)(lou)的東(dong)(dong)西兩(liang)側為鐘鼓(gu)二(er)(er)樓(lou)(lou)(lou),據《潞州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志》載:“鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou)(lou),在(zai)今(jin)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)側。洪武三(san)十(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1399年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)傅(fu)遂建(jian)于子城門上(shang),基(ji)(ji)址猶(you)存,天順七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1463年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)李睿筑(zhu)今(jin)臺(tai)(tai),建(jian)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)于其上(shang),與鐘樓(lou)(lou)(lou)東(dong)(dong)西相并。成化(hua)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)孫坷(ke)用磚石砌臺(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji)。歲久樓(lou)(lou)(lou)毀(hui),弘治(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1496年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)建(jian)。鐘樓(lou)(lou)(lou),在(zai)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)治(zhi)(zhi)前西側。洪武三(san)十(shi)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1399年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)傅(fu)遂建(jian)筑(zhu),歲久樓(lou)(lou)(lou)毀(hui)臺(tai)(tai)崩。弘治(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)補筑(zhu)臺(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji),用磚石包砌,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)亦改(gai)建(jian)焉。”據《潞州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)志》載“國朝康(kang)熙九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1671年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)汪(wang)宗魯重(zhong)修又增建(jian)里(li)老(lao)柜書(shu)(shu)、快(kuai)手民(min)壯、皂隸(li)房(fang),東(dong)(dong)西公廨(xie)門榜棚;二(er)(er)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1691年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)劉民(min)瞻重(zhong)修二(er)(er)堂;雍正四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1727年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)沈一葵(kui)重(zhong)修照壁榜棚;六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1729年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)管(guan)學(xue)宣(xuan)重(zhong)修土(tu)地祠、寅賓館;八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1731年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))署(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)事(shi)長治(zhi)(zhi)縣(xian)知(zhi)縣(xian)錢人龍重(zhong)修里(li)老(lao)柜書(shu)(shu)房(fang)東(dong)(dong)十(shi)三(san)間;乾隆四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1740年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)張秉(bing)綸(lun)重(zhong)修二(er)(er)堂及儀門增建(jian)官(guan)廳(ting);六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1742年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)雷暢改(gai)贊(zan)政廳(ting)為贊(zan)侯祠。”
北宋靖(jing)康年(nian)間(jian)(1126——1127),金兵大舉南下攻陷隆德(今長(chang)治(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)),上黨(dang)門被毀于(yu)兵火之中。現(xian)存(cun)上黨(dang)門和左惻鐘樓為(wei)明洪武(wu)年(nian)間(jian)重建,右側(ce)鼓樓則為(wei)天順年(nian)間(jian)增建。鐘鼓二樓平(ping)行排列,一(yi)曰“風馳”,一(yi)曰“云動”,以示高聳如云之意。現(xian)已成為(wei)長(chang)治(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)的象征。游人登樓眺望,長(chang)治(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)貌盡收眼底。
至民國元年(nian),經過多年(nian)的(de)兵火戰亂,以及人為的(de)毀壞,上黨門(men)(men)內的(de)建(jian)筑已大(da)部不存(cun)(cun)。現僅存(cun)(cun)大(da)門(men)(men)、鐘鼓二樓、府(fu)二堂、辦公院、西花園等建(jian)筑,上黨門(men)(men)已成為長治市極具代表性的(de)古建(jian)筑。
現存(cun)的上黨(dang)門和兩側的鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)則為(wei)明代知州(zhou)(zhou)馬暾所修。明弘治九年,潞州(zhou)(zhou)知州(zhou)(zhou)馬暾在(zai)其為(wei)任六年之(zhi)后,在(zai)“政洽民孚(fu),治有余力(li)”的情況下,對(dui)原來的鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou)進(jin)行(xing)了大(da)規模的整修改建,“樸素(su)渾堅,雄偉固壯”,這就(jiu)是鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)(gu)樓(lou)(lou),這就(jiu)是上黨(dang)門。