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基本介紹

武夷山(shan)國(guo)家公(gong)園體制試點區(qu)位于福建(jian)省北(bei)(bei)部(bu)，周邊分(fen)別(bie)與福建(jian)省武夷山(shan)市西北(bei)(bei)部(bu)、建(jian)陽市和邵武市北(bei)(bei)部(bu)、光(guang)澤縣東南(nan)部(bu)、江西省鉛(qian)山(shan)縣南(nan)部(bu)毗鄰。經國(guo)土部(bu)門確權登(deng)記，試點區(qu)總面積942.02平方公(gong)里。

地理環境

地質地貌

武夷山國家公園(yuan)主要分(fen)布了前震旦(dan)系(xi)和震旦(dan)系(xi)的變質巖(yan)系(xi)，中生代的火山巖(yan)、花崗巖(yan)和碎屑巖(yan)。

在中生代晚(wan)期(qi)，武夷山發生了強烈的火(huo)(huo)山噴發活動，繼之為(wei)大規模的花崗巖侵入，已發現本區有豐富的火(huo)(huo)山機構，為(wei)典型(xing)的亞洲東(dong)部(bu)環太(tai)平洋帶(dai)的構造特征。白堊紀晚(wan)期(qi)的紅色砂礫巖是形成(cheng)丹霞地貌的主體(ti)。

中生(sheng)代的地(di)(di)(di)(di)殼運動奠定(ding)了(le)武(wu)夷山地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌的基(ji)本(ben)骨架。告性對武(wu)夷山地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌發育(yu)也很明(ming)顯，西部(bu)海(hai)拔1500m以上的山峰，基(ji)本(ben)上由堅硬的凝灰熔巖和流紋巖等(deng)構(gou)成，東部(bu)紅色(se)砂頁巖地(di)(di)(di)(di)區則往往發育(yu)有(you)較寬的谷地(di)(di)(di)(di)和盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。所以武(wu)夷山豐(feng)富的地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌類型是地(di)(di)(di)(di)質構(gou)造、流水侵蝕(shi)、風化剝蝕(shi)、重力崩塌(ta)等(deng)綜合作用的結果(guo)。

氣候情況

四(si)季分明地處中亞熱帶，武夷山四(si)季氣(qi)溫(wen)較均勻、溫(wen)和濕(shi)潤，年(nian)平均氣(qi)溫(wen)約12℃～13℃，1月均溫(wen)3℃左右，極(ji)端最(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)可達-15℃，7月均溫(wen)23℃～24℃；年(nian)降水量(liang)在2000毫米以上，是(shi)福建省降水量(liang)多(duo)地區。年(nian)相對(dui)濕(shi)度高達85%，霧(wu)日在100天以上。

土地資源

國有土地(di)面(mian)積282.36平方公(gong)里(li)，占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積比(bi)例的(de)28.74%；集體土地(di)面(mian)積700.23平方公(gong)里(li)，占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)積比(bi)例71.26%，森林覆蓋率(lv)達到(dao)87.86%。

植物資源

武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家(jia)公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)屬(shu)(shu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)常綠(lv)闊葉林區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)，中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)常綠(lv)闊葉林地(di)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)，浙(zhe)閩(min)山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)甜(tian)櫧、木(mu)(mu)荷林區(qu)(qu)(qu)。公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)內自然環境多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣，發(fa)育(yu)著(zhu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)被類型，還有(you)(you)210.70平(ping)方公(gong)里原生性(xing)森(sen)林植(zhi)(zhi)被未受(shou)到人為破壞，是亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)東部(bu)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)森(sen)林植(zhi)(zhi)被保存完(wan)好的(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)。公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)內相對海拔最高達(da)1700米，隨著(zhu)海拔的(de)遞(di)增(zeng)，氣溫的(de)遞(di)減和(he)降水量的(de)增(zeng)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，植(zhi)(zhi)被垂(chui)直帶(dai)(dai)(dai)譜明顯，依次分布(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)針闊葉混交林，溫性(xing)針葉林、中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)苔(tai)蘚矮(ai)曲(qu)林、中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)草甸五個垂(chui)直帶(dai)(dai)(dai)譜，是中(zhong)國(guo)大陸東南部(bu)發(fa)育(yu)完(wan)好的(de)垂(chui)直帶(dai)(dai)(dai)譜。2007年已知(zhi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)類數量在中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)位居前(qian)(qian)列(lie)，有(you)(you)中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong)，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀(yin)杏等(deng)為單種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類數量在中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)位居前(qian)(qian)列(lie)，有(you)(you)中(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong)，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀(yin)杏等(deng)為單種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)；截止至2007有(you)(you)28種(zhong)(zhong)珍稀(xi)瀕危(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)列(lie)入《中(zhong)國(guo)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)紅(hong)皮(pi)書(shu)》，如(ru)鵝掌楸、銀(yin)鐘樹、南方鐵杉、觀光木(mu)(mu)、紫莖(jing)等(deng)。武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)蘭(lan)科(ke)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)尤(you)其豐富，已知(zhi)有(you)(you)32屬(shu)(shu)78種(zhong)(zhong)，寬距(ju)(ju)蘭(lan)，多(duo)(duo)(duo)花(hua)寬距(ju)(ju)蘭(lan)為中(zhong)國(guo)新記(ji)錄種(zhong)(zhong)，盂蘭(lan)為福建(jian)省公(gong)布(bu)(bu)新記(ji)錄。而蕨(jue)(jue)類就(jiu)有(you)(you)14個，如(ru)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)鐵角蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)蹄蓋蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)耳(er)蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)假瘤(liu)足、武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)粉背蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)凸軸(zhou)蕨(jue)(jue)等(deng)以“武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)”作為種(zhong)(zhong)加詞(ci)的(de)就(jiu)達(da)6種(zhong)(zhong)之多(duo)(duo)(duo)。武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)的(de)古(gu)樹名木(mu)(mu)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)古(gu)、大、珍、多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)特(te)點，如(ru)武(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)宮880年樹齡的(de)古(gu)桂、坑(keng)上980年樹齡的(de)南方紅(hong)豆杉等(deng)，具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)極高的(de)科(ke)研和(he)保存價值。

動物資源

武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家公(gong)(gong)(gong)園在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)地理(li)區劃(hua)上屬于東洋界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)印亞界(jie)的華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東部丘陵平原亞區。公(gong)(gong)(gong)園內地貌復(fu)雜(za)，生態環境類(lei)(lei)型多樣，為(wei)野(ye)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)棲(qi)息繁(fan)衍提(ti)供了理(li)想場(chang)所，被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外生物(wu)(wu)學家譽為(wei)“蛇(she)的王(wang)國(guo)”、“昆(kun)蟲世(shi)界(jie)”、“鳥(niao)的天堂”、“世(shi)界(jie)生物(wu)(wu)模式標本(ben)的產地”、“研究亞洲兩棲(qi)爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的鑰(yao)匙”。2007年(nian)武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)已知(zhi)的動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)5110種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：哺乳綱(gang)(gang)(gang)71種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥(niao)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)256種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚綱(gang)(gang)(gang)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲(qi)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行(xing)綱(gang)(gang)(gang)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，昆(kun)蟲已定名4635種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)700余個新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)新記錄）。在動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尤以兩棲(qi)、爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)(lei)和昆(kun)類(lei)(lei)分布眾多而(er)著(zhu)名于世(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外生物(wu)(wu)學家把(ba)武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)稱為(wei)“研究兩棲(qi)、爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的鑰(yao)匙”、“鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)天堂”、“蛇(she)的王(wang)國(guo)”、“昆(kun)蟲世(shi)界(jie)”。到2011年(nian)已列入國(guo)際《瀕危物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)際貿易公(gong)(gong)(gong)約》（CITES）的動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，黑麂、金鐵豺(chai)、黃腹(fu)角雉等11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列入一級(ji)保護(hu)。屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)澳(ao)候(hou)鳥(niao)保護(hu)協定保護(hu)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)97種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)野(ye)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，崇安髭蟾(chan)（角怪）、崇安地蜥、崇安斜鱗蛇(she)、掛墩鴉(ya)雀(que)更為(wei)武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)所特(te)有(you)(you)。

水生生物資源

武夷山國家公園(yuan)擁有豐富的(de)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物資源(yuan)，包括(kuo)浮游(you)藻類、浮游(you)動物、底(di)棲動物、魚(yu)類和水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動物等。其中，高等水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植物共計42科(ke)(ke)51屬139種，浮游(you)動物67種，魚(yu)類22科(ke)(ke)56屬104種，以及中華鱉、大鯢等水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動物。

歷史沿革

武(wu)夷山(shan)是座歷(li)史文化名(ming)山(shan)。早在新石(shi)器(qi)時期，古越人(ren)就已在此繁衍生(sheng)息。如今懸崖絕(jue)壁上遺留(liu)的“架壑(he)船(chuan)”和“虹橋板”，就是古越人(ren)特(te)有的葬俗。西(xi)漢時，漢武(wu)帝曾遣使者到(dao)武(wu)夷山(shan)用干魚(yu)祭祀武(wu)夷君。唐(tang)代，唐(tang)玄宗大封(feng)(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)下名(ming)山(shan)大川，武(wu)夷山(shan)也受到(dao)封(feng)(feng)(feng)表(biao)，并(bing)刻石(shi)記載。還明令保護山(shan)林，不準(zhun)砍伐。唐(tang)末五代初(chu)，杜(du)光(guang)庭(ting)在《洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地記》里，把武(wu)夷山(shan)列(lie)為天(tian)(tian)下三十(shi)(shi)六洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)之一，稱之為“第(di)十(shi)(shi)六升真元(yuan)化洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”。宋紹圣二年(nian)（1095年(nian)），禱雨獲應，又封(feng)(feng)(feng)武(wu)夷君為顯道真人(ren)。

從(cong)歷史和(he)(he)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度看，武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山具有(you)突出、普遍價(jia)值，不(bu)僅(jin)能(neng)為(wei)已消逝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)化傳統提供(gong)獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)見(jian)證，而且(qie)與理學(xue)思想(xiang)文(wen)(wen)明(ming)有(you)著直接的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、實質性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系，符合(he)世界文(wen)(wen)化遺產第3、5標(biao)準(zhun)。大自然(ran)賜予(yu)了(le)(le)武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山獨特(te)和(he)(he)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)環境，吸(xi)引(yin)了(le)(le)歷代(dai)高人雅(ya)士、文(wen)(wen)臣武(wu)(wu)(wu)將在(zai)山中或(huo)游覽、或(huo)隱居、或(huo)著述、或(huo)授(shou)徒(tu)，前(qian)赴(fu)后繼，你(ni)來我(wo)往(wang)。自然(ran)山水(shui)陶冶了(le)(le)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性情(qing)，啟迪了(le)(le)人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧(hui)，人類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活動傳播(bo)，發展了(le)(le)武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山，為(wei)自然(ran)山水(shui)增輝(hui)添彩。先民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧(hui)，文(wen)(wen)士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)駐足在(zai)九曲溪兩岸留下(xia)眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化遺存(cun)：有(you)高懸崖壁數(shu)千年不(bu)朽(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)架壑船棺18處；有(you)朱(zhu)熹(xi)、游酢、熊禾、蔡(cai)元定(ding)等鴻儒大雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書院遺址35處；有(you)堪稱為(wei)中國古(gu)(gu)書法(fa)藝(yi)術寶庫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷代(dai)摩(mo)崖石刻450多(duo)方，其中有(you)古(gu)(gu)代(dai)官府和(he)(he)鄉(xiang)民保(bao)護武(wu)(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山水(shui)和(he)(he)動植物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禁令(ling)13方；有(you)僧道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宮觀(guan)寺廟及(ji)遺址60余處。

武夷山是三(san)教名山。自秦漢以(yi)來，武夷山就為(wei)羽流(liu)禪家棲息(xi)之(zhi)地(di)，留下(xia)了不少宮觀、道院和庵堂(tang)故址(zhi)。武夷山還曾是儒家學者(zhe)倡道講學之(zhi)地(di)。