武(wu)夷山國(guo)家公園(yuan)體制試點(dian)區(qu)位(wei)于福(fu)建省北(bei)(bei)部(bu),周邊(bian)分(fen)別與(yu)福(fu)建省武(wu)夷山市(shi)(shi)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)、建陽市(shi)(shi)和邵武(wu)市(shi)(shi)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)、光澤縣東南(nan)(nan)部(bu)、江西(xi)省鉛山縣南(nan)(nan)部(bu)毗鄰。經國(guo)土(tu)部(bu)門確權登(deng)記,試點(dian)區(qu)總面積942.02平(ping)方公里。
武夷(yi)山(shan)國家(jia)公園主要(yao)分布了(le)前震(zhen)旦系(xi)和(he)震(zhen)旦系(xi)的(de)變質巖(yan)系(xi),中生(sheng)代的(de)火(huo)山(shan)巖(yan)、花崗巖(yan)和(he)碎屑巖(yan)。
在中生代(dai)晚(wan)期,武夷山(shan)發生了強烈的(de)(de)火山(shan)噴發活動,繼(ji)之為大(da)規模的(de)(de)花崗巖(yan)侵入,已發現本區(qu)有豐富的(de)(de)火山(shan)機(ji)構,為典型的(de)(de)亞洲東部環太(tai)平洋帶(dai)的(de)(de)構造特征。白堊紀晚(wan)期的(de)(de)紅(hong)色(se)砂礫巖(yan)是形成丹霞地貌(mao)的(de)(de)主體。
中生代(dai)的地殼運動(dong)奠定了武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)地貌的基(ji)本骨架。告性(xing)對武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)地貌發(fa)育也很明顯,西部海(hai)拔1500m以(yi)上的山(shan)峰,基(ji)本上由堅硬的凝灰熔巖(yan)(yan)和流紋巖(yan)(yan)等構成,東部紅(hong)色砂頁巖(yan)(yan)地區則往往發(fa)育有(you)較寬(kuan)的谷地和盆地。所以(yi)武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)豐(feng)富的地貌類(lei)型是(shi)地質構造、流水侵蝕(shi)、風化剝(bo)蝕(shi)、重力崩塌等綜合作(zuo)用的結果。
四季(ji)分明(ming)地處(chu)中亞(ya)熱帶(dai),武夷山(shan)四季(ji)氣溫較均(jun)勻、溫和濕潤,年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣溫約12℃~13℃,1月均(jun)溫3℃左(zuo)右(you),極端最低氣溫可(ke)達(da)-15℃,7月均(jun)溫23℃~24℃;年(nian)(nian)降水量在2000毫米以上,是(shi)福建省降水量多地區。年(nian)(nian)相對(dui)濕度高達(da)85%,霧日在100天以上。
國有土(tu)地(di)面積(ji)282.36平(ping)(ping)方公里(li),占(zhan)總面積(ji)比例的(de)28.74%;集體土(tu)地(di)面積(ji)700.23平(ping)(ping)方公里(li),占(zhan)總面積(ji)比例71.26%,森林(lin)覆蓋率達到87.86%。
武(wu)夷山國(guo)(guo)家公(gong)園(yuan)屬(shu)(shu)亞熱帶(dai)常綠闊葉林(lin)(lin)區(qu)(qu)域(yu),中(zhong)亞熱帶(dai)常綠闊葉林(lin)(lin)地帶(dai),浙閩山丘(qiu)甜(tian)櫧、木荷林(lin)(lin)區(qu)(qu)。公(gong)園(yuan)內自然環境多(duo)(duo)樣,發育(yu)著多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)類型,還有(you)210.70平方(fang)公(gong)里原生性(xing)森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)未受到人(ren)為(wei)破(po)壞,是(shi)亞熱帶(dai)東(dong)部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)(qu)森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)保(bao)存(cun)完(wan)(wan)好的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)。公(gong)園(yuan)內相對海拔最高達1700米,隨著海拔的(de)(de)(de)遞增(zeng)(zeng),氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)遞減和(he)降水量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)多(duo)(duo),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)譜(pu)(pu)明顯,依次分布(bu)有(you)針闊葉混交林(lin)(lin),溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)針葉林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)山苔蘚(xian)矮曲林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)山草甸五個垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)譜(pu)(pu),是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)大陸東(dong)南部(bu)(bu)發育(yu)完(wan)(wan)好的(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)譜(pu)(pu)。2007年(nian)已知植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)3728種(zhong)。種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)類數量(liang)在(zai)中(zhong)亞熱帶(dai)地區(qu)(qu)位(wei)居(ju)前(qian)列(lie),有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有(you)屬(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)31種(zhong),許(xu)(xu)多(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀杏(xing)等(deng)為(wei)單種(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)3728種(zhong)。種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)類數量(liang)在(zai)中(zhong)亞熱帶(dai)地區(qu)(qu)位(wei)居(ju)前(qian)列(lie),有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有(you)屬(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)31種(zhong),許(xu)(xu)多(duo)(duo)如(ru)銀杏(xing)等(deng)為(wei)單種(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)孑遺(yi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu);截止(zhi)至2007有(you)28種(zhong)珍稀瀕危種(zhong)列(lie)入(ru)《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)紅皮書》,如(ru)鵝掌楸、銀鐘樹(shu)、南方(fang)鐵杉(shan)、觀光木、紫莖(jing)等(deng)。武(wu)夷山蘭(lan)科植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)尤(you)其(qi)豐富,已知有(you)32屬(shu)(shu)78種(zhong),寬距(ju)蘭(lan),多(duo)(duo)花寬距(ju)蘭(lan)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)新記錄種(zhong),盂(yu)蘭(lan)為(wei)福建(jian)省公(gong)布(bu)新記錄。而蕨類就有(you)14個,如(ru)武(wu)夷山鐵角(jiao)蕨、武(wu)夷蹄蓋蕨、武(wu)夷耳蕨、武(wu)夷假瘤足、武(wu)夷粉(fen)背蕨、武(wu)夷凸軸蕨等(deng)以“武(wu)夷”作(zuo)為(wei)種(zhong)加詞的(de)(de)(de)就達6種(zhong)之多(duo)(duo)。武(wu)夷山的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)樹(shu)名木具(ju)有(you)古(gu)、大、珍、多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian),如(ru)武(wu)夷宮880年(nian)樹(shu)齡的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)桂、坑上(shang)980年(nian)樹(shu)齡的(de)(de)(de)南方(fang)紅豆(dou)杉(shan)等(deng),具(ju)有(you)極(ji)高的(de)(de)(de)科研和(he)保(bao)存(cun)價值。
武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)公園在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)地理區(qu)劃上屬于東洋界(jie)(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)印亞界(jie)(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)東部丘陵平原亞區(qu)。公園內地貌復雜,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境類(lei)(lei)(lei)型多樣,為(wei)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)棲(qi)息(xi)繁(fan)衍(yan)提供了理想場所,被中(zhong)(zhong)外生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)譽為(wei)“蛇(she)的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”、“昆(kun)蟲世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)”、“鳥的(de)(de)(de)天堂”、“世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)模式標本的(de)(de)(de)產地”、“研(yan)究亞洲(zhou)兩棲(qi)爬(pa)行動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)鑰匙”。2007年(nian)武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)已知的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)5110種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong):哺乳綱(gang)71種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥綱(gang)256種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚綱(gang)40種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲(qi)綱(gang)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬(pa)行綱(gang)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),昆(kun)蟲已定(ding)名4635種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(其中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)700余個(ge)新種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)新記錄)。在動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)尤以(yi)兩棲(qi)、爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)昆(kun)類(lei)(lei)(lei)分布眾多而(er)著名于世(shi)(shi),中(zhong)(zhong)外生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)學(xue)家(jia)(jia)把武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)稱為(wei)“研(yan)究兩棲(qi)、爬(pa)行動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)鑰匙”、“鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)天堂”、“蛇(she)的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”、“昆(kun)蟲世(shi)(shi)界(jie)(jie)(jie)”。到2011年(nian)已列入國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)《瀕危物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際(ji)貿(mao)易公約(yue)》(CITES)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),黑麂、金鐵豺、黃腹角雉(zhi)等11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列入一(yi)級保(bao)護(hu)。屬中(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)、中(zhong)(zhong)澳(ao)候鳥保(bao)護(hu)協定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)97種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),崇安髭蟾(角怪(guai))、崇安地蜥、崇安斜鱗蛇(she)、掛墩鴉雀(que)更為(wei)武(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)所特(te)有(you)(you)。
武(wu)夷山國家公園擁有豐富的水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)資源,包括浮(fu)(fu)游藻類(lei)、浮(fu)(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)、底棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)、魚類(lei)和水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)等。其中,高(gao)等水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)共計42科51屬139種,浮(fu)(fu)游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)67種,魚類(lei)22科56屬104種,以(yi)及中華鱉(bie)、大鯢等水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。
武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)是座(zuo)歷史文化名山(shan)。早在新石(shi)器時(shi)期,古越(yue)人(ren)就已(yi)在此(ci)繁衍生息。如今懸崖絕壁(bi)上遺(yi)留的“架壑船(chuan)”和“虹橋板”,就是古越(yue)人(ren)特有(you)的葬俗。西(xi)漢時(shi),漢武(wu)帝(di)曾遣使者到武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)用(yong)干魚(yu)祭(ji)祀(si)武(wu)夷(yi)君(jun)。唐(tang)代,唐(tang)玄宗大封(feng)天(tian)(tian)下名山(shan)大川(chuan),武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)也受到封(feng)表,并刻石(shi)記(ji)載。還(huan)明令(ling)保護山(shan)林,不準砍伐。唐(tang)末五(wu)代初(chu),杜光(guang)庭(ting)在《洞天(tian)(tian)福地記(ji)》里,把武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)列為天(tian)(tian)下三十六洞天(tian)(tian)之一,稱之為“第十六升真(zhen)元化洞天(tian)(tian)”。宋紹圣二年(1095年),禱雨獲應,又封(feng)武(wu)夷(yi)君(jun)為顯道真(zhen)人(ren)。
從歷史(shi)和(he)(he)科學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度看,武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)具有(you)(you)(you)突(tu)出(chu)、普(pu)遍價(jia)值,不僅能為(wei)已消逝(shi)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)文(wen)明(ming)和(he)(he)文(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)統提(ti)供獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)見證(zheng),而且與(yu)理(li)學(xue)思想文(wen)明(ming)有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)直接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)、實質(zhi)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi),符合世界文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產第3、5標(biao)準。大自然(ran)賜予了(le)(le)武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)獨(du)特和(he)(he)優(you)越的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)環境,吸(xi)引了(le)(le)歷代(dai)高人(ren)雅(ya)士、文(wen)臣(chen)武(wu)將在山(shan)中(zhong)或(huo)游覽、或(huo)隱居、或(huo)著(zhu)述、或(huo)授徒,前赴(fu)后繼,你(ni)來我(wo)往。自然(ran)山(shan)水陶(tao)冶了(le)(le)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)情(qing),啟(qi)迪了(le)(le)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)智慧,人(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)活動傳(chuan)播,發展了(le)(le)武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan),為(wei)自然(ran)山(shan)水增輝(hui)添彩。先民(min)的(de)(de)(de)智慧,文(wen)士的(de)(de)(de)駐足在九曲溪兩岸(an)留下(xia)眾多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存:有(you)(you)(you)高懸崖壁數(shu)千年不朽的(de)(de)(de)架壑船棺(guan)18處(chu);有(you)(you)(you)朱熹(xi)、游酢、熊禾、蔡元定(ding)等鴻儒(ru)大雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)院(yuan)遺(yi)址(zhi)35處(chu);有(you)(you)(you)堪稱(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)國古(gu)書(shu)法藝術寶(bao)庫(ku)的(de)(de)(de)歷代(dai)摩崖石刻450多(duo)方,其中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)古(gu)代(dai)官府和(he)(he)鄉民(min)保護(hu)武(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)水和(he)(he)動植(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)禁令13方;有(you)(you)(you)僧道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)宮觀寺廟及(ji)遺(yi)址(zhi)60余處(chu)。
武(wu)夷山是三教名山。自秦(qin)漢以(yi)來,武(wu)夷山就為羽流禪(chan)家棲(qi)息之(zhi)地(di)(di),留下了不少宮觀(guan)、道院和庵堂故(gu)址。武(wu)夷山還曾是儒家學(xue)者倡道講學(xue)之(zhi)地(di)(di)。