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基本介紹

武夷山國家公園體制試點區位于福(fu)建省北(bei)部，周邊分別與福(fu)建省武夷山市(shi)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)部、建陽市(shi)和邵武市(shi)北(bei)部、光澤縣東南部、江西(xi)(xi)省鉛山縣南部毗鄰。經(jing)國土部門確權登(deng)記(ji)，試點區總面(mian)積(ji)942.02平方公里。

地理環境

地質地貌

武夷山國家公園主要分布(bu)了前震(zhen)旦系(xi)和(he)震(zhen)旦系(xi)的變質巖系(xi)，中生代(dai)的火(huo)山巖、花崗巖和(he)碎屑巖。

在中生代(dai)晚(wan)期，武夷山發生了(le)強(qiang)烈(lie)的(de)(de)火山噴發活動，繼之為大規模的(de)(de)花崗巖侵入(ru)，已發現本區有豐富的(de)(de)火山機構，為典型的(de)(de)亞洲東部環太平洋帶的(de)(de)構造特征。白堊(e)紀晚(wan)期的(de)(de)紅色(se)砂礫巖是形成丹霞地貌的(de)(de)主體。

中生代的地(di)殼(ke)運動(dong)奠(dian)定(ding)了(le)武(wu)夷(yi)山地(di)貌的基本骨架。告性(xing)對武(wu)夷(yi)山地(di)貌發育也很明顯，西部(bu)海拔(ba)1500m以上(shang)的山峰，基本上(shang)由堅硬的凝灰(hui)熔巖和流紋巖等構(gou)成，東部(bu)紅色砂頁巖地(di)區則往往發育有較寬的谷(gu)地(di)和盆地(di)。所以武(wu)夷(yi)山豐富的地(di)貌類型是(shi)地(di)質構(gou)造、流水侵蝕(shi)、風(feng)化剝蝕(shi)、重力(li)崩塌等綜合作用的結果。

氣候情況

四季(ji)(ji)分明(ming)地(di)處中亞熱帶，武(wu)夷(yi)山四季(ji)(ji)氣溫較均勻、溫和濕(shi)潤，年平均氣溫約12℃～13℃，1月均溫3℃左右，極端最低氣溫可達-15℃，7月均溫23℃～24℃；年降(jiang)水量在(zai)2000毫米(mi)以上(shang)，是(shi)福(fu)建省降(jiang)水量多地(di)區。年相對濕(shi)度高達85%，霧日在(zai)100天以上(shang)。

土地資源

國有(you)土地面積(ji)(ji)(ji)282.36平方(fang)(fang)公里，占(zhan)總面積(ji)(ji)(ji)比例的28.74%；集體土地面積(ji)(ji)(ji)700.23平方(fang)(fang)公里，占(zhan)總面積(ji)(ji)(ji)比例71.26%，森林覆(fu)蓋率達到87.86%。

植物資源

武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)亞熱(re)(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)常(chang)綠闊葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)區域，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞熱(re)(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)常(chang)綠闊葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)地(di)帶(dai)(dai)，浙閩(min)山(shan)(shan)丘甜櫧、木荷林(lin)(lin)區。公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)內自然環境多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)，發育(yu)著(zhu)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)210.70平方公(gong)(gong)里原生性(xing)森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被未(wei)受到人為破壞，是亞熱(re)(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)東部地(di)區森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被保存完(wan)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)區域。公(gong)(gong)園(yuan)內相對海拔最(zui)高(gao)達1700米，隨著(zhu)海拔的(de)(de)(de)遞增(zeng)，氣溫(wen)的(de)(de)(de)遞減和降水量的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)多(duo)(duo)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)明顯，依次分(fen)布有(you)(you)(you)(you)針(zhen)闊葉(xie)混交林(lin)(lin)，溫(wen)性(xing)針(zhen)葉(xie)林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)苔蘚矮曲林(lin)(lin)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)草(cao)甸五個垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)，是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大(da)陸東南部發育(yu)完(wan)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)垂直(zhi)帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)。2007年(nian)已知植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)類(lei)數量在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞熱(re)(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)區位居前列，有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)銀(yin)杏等(deng)(deng)為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)孑(jie)遺植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)數量在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞熱(re)(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)地(di)區位居前列，有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)27屬(shu)(shu)(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，許(xu)多(duo)(duo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)銀(yin)杏等(deng)(deng)為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)孑(jie)遺植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)；截止至2007有(you)(you)(you)(you)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕(bin)危種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)列入《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)紅皮書》，如(ru)(ru)(ru)鵝掌楸、銀(yin)鐘樹(shu)(shu)、南方鐵(tie)杉(shan)(shan)、觀光(guang)木、紫莖等(deng)(deng)。武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)蘭科植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)尤其豐(feng)富(fu)，已知有(you)(you)(you)(you)32屬(shu)(shu)(shu)78種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，寬距(ju)蘭，多(duo)(duo)花寬距(ju)蘭為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)新記錄種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，盂蘭為福(fu)建省公(gong)(gong)布新記錄。而蕨類(lei)就有(you)(you)(you)(you)14個，如(ru)(ru)(ru)武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)鐵(tie)角蕨、武(wu)夷蹄蓋(gai)蕨、武(wu)夷耳蕨、武(wu)夷假瘤(liu)足、武(wu)夷粉背蕨、武(wu)夷凸軸(zhou)蕨等(deng)(deng)以“武(wu)夷”作為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加詞的(de)(de)(de)就達6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多(duo)(duo)。武(wu)夷山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)樹(shu)(shu)名(ming)木具有(you)(you)(you)(you)古(gu)、大(da)、珍(zhen)、多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，如(ru)(ru)(ru)武(wu)夷宮880年(nian)樹(shu)(shu)齡的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)桂、坑上980年(nian)樹(shu)(shu)齡的(de)(de)(de)南方紅豆杉(shan)(shan)等(deng)(deng)，具有(you)(you)(you)(you)極(ji)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)科研和保存價(jia)值。

動物資源

武夷山國(guo)(guo)(guo)家公園在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)動(dong)(dong)物地(di)(di)理區(qu)劃(hua)上屬(shu)(shu)于東洋界(jie)(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)印亞(ya)界(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東部(bu)丘陵平原亞(ya)區(qu)。公園內(nei)地(di)(di)貌復雜，生(sheng)態環境類型多樣，為野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物棲(qi)息繁衍提(ti)供了理想場所(suo)(suo)，被中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外生(sheng)物學家譽為“蛇(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)”、“昆蟲世(shi)界(jie)(jie)”、“鳥(niao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)堂”、“世(shi)界(jie)(jie)生(sheng)物模式標本的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產地(di)(di)”、“研(yan)究亞(ya)洲兩(liang)棲(qi)爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑰(yao)匙”。2007年武夷山已知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)物種(zhong)類有(you)5110種(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：哺(bu)乳綱71種(zhong)，鳥(niao)綱256種(zhong)，魚綱40種(zhong)，兩(liang)棲(qi)綱35種(zhong)，爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)綱73種(zhong)，昆蟲已定名4635種(zhong)（其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)700余個新(xin)種(zhong)，20種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)新(xin)記錄）。在(zai)動(dong)(dong)物種(zhong)類中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尤以兩(liang)棲(qi)、爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)類和昆類分布眾(zhong)多而著名于世(shi)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外生(sheng)物學家把武夷山稱為“研(yan)究兩(liang)棲(qi)、爬(pa)(pa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑰(yao)匙”、“鳥(niao)類天(tian)堂”、“蛇(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)”、“昆蟲世(shi)界(jie)(jie)”。到2011年已列入國(guo)(guo)(guo)際《瀕危物種(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際貿易公約》（CITES）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)物有(you)46種(zhong)，黑麂、金鐵豺(chai)、黃(huang)腹角(jiao)雉等11種(zhong)列入一(yi)級保護(hu)。屬(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)保護(hu)協(xie)定保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類有(you)97種(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)特有(you)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物49種(zhong)，崇安髭蟾（角(jiao)怪）、崇安地(di)(di)蜥(xi)、崇安斜鱗蛇(she)、掛(gua)墩(dun)鴉雀更為武夷山所(suo)(suo)特有(you)。

水生生物資源

武夷山國家公(gong)園擁有豐富的(de)水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物資源，包(bao)括浮游藻類(lei)、浮游動物、底(di)棲動物、魚類(lei)和水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動物等。其中，高等水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植物共(gong)計(ji)42科51屬139種(zhong)，浮游動物67種(zhong)，魚類(lei)22科56屬104種(zhong)，以及中華鱉、大鯢等水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)動物。

歷史沿革

武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)是(shi)座歷史文(wen)化(hua)名山(shan)(shan)(shan)。早在新(xin)石器時期，古(gu)越(yue)人(ren)(ren)就(jiu)已在此繁(fan)衍生(sheng)息。如(ru)今懸崖絕(jue)壁上遺留的(de)“架(jia)壑船”和“虹(hong)橋板”，就(jiu)是(shi)古(gu)越(yue)人(ren)(ren)特有的(de)葬俗。西漢時，漢武帝(di)曾遣使(shi)者到(dao)(dao)武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)用干魚祭(ji)祀武夷(yi)(yi)君。唐(tang)代，唐(tang)玄宗大(da)封(feng)(feng)天(tian)(tian)下名山(shan)(shan)(shan)大(da)川，武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)也受到(dao)(dao)封(feng)(feng)表，并刻石記載(zai)。還明令保護山(shan)(shan)(shan)林，不準砍伐。唐(tang)末五代初(chu)，杜(du)光庭在《洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地記》里，把武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)列為(wei)天(tian)(tian)下三十(shi)六洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)之一，稱之為(wei)“第十(shi)六升(sheng)真元化(hua)洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”。宋(song)紹(shao)圣二(er)年(nian)（1095年(nian)），禱(dao)雨獲應，又(you)封(feng)(feng)武夷(yi)(yi)君為(wei)顯道真人(ren)(ren)。

從歷史和科學的(de)(de)角(jiao)度看，武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)具有(you)突出、普(pu)遍(bian)價值，不(bu)(bu)僅能為已(yi)消逝(shi)的(de)(de)古文(wen)明和文(wen)化傳統提(ti)供獨(du)特的(de)(de)見(jian)證，而(er)且(qie)與理學思想文(wen)明有(you)著直接的(de)(de)、實質性的(de)(de)聯系，符合世(shi)界文(wen)化遺(yi)產(chan)第3、5標準(zhun)。大(da)自(zi)(zi)然賜予(yu)了武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)獨(du)特和優越的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然環境(jing)，吸(xi)引了歷代(dai)高人雅(ya)士(shi)(shi)、文(wen)臣武(wu)(wu)將在山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)或游覽、或隱居、或著述、或授徒(tu)，前赴(fu)后(hou)繼(ji)，你來我往。自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)(shan)水(shui)陶冶了人們的(de)(de)性情，啟迪(di)了人們的(de)(de)智(zhi)慧，人類的(de)(de)活動傳播，發(fa)展了武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)，為自(zi)(zi)然山(shan)(shan)水(shui)增(zeng)輝添彩(cai)。先民的(de)(de)智(zhi)慧，文(wen)士(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)駐足在九曲溪兩岸留(liu)下眾(zhong)多的(de)(de)文(wen)化遺(yi)存：有(you)高懸崖壁(bi)數(shu)千(qian)年不(bu)(bu)朽的(de)(de)架壑船棺18處；有(you)朱(zhu)熹(xi)、游酢、熊禾、蔡元定等鴻儒大(da)雅(ya)的(de)(de)書院遺(yi)址35處；有(you)堪稱為中(zhong)國古書法藝術寶(bao)庫的(de)(de)歷代(dai)摩崖石刻450多方(fang)，其中(zhong)有(you)古代(dai)官府和鄉民保(bao)護(hu)武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)和動植(zhi)物的(de)(de)禁(jin)令13方(fang)；有(you)僧道的(de)(de)宮觀(guan)寺廟及遺(yi)址60余處。

武夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)是三教名山(shan)(shan)。自秦漢(han)以來，武夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)就為(wei)羽流禪家棲息之(zhi)地，留下(xia)了不(bu)少宮觀、道院(yuan)和庵(an)堂故址。武夷(yi)(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)還曾是儒(ru)家學者倡道講學之(zhi)地。