武夷山(shan)(shan)國家公園體制試點區位(wei)于(yu)福(fu)建省北(bei)(bei)部,周(zhou)邊分別與福(fu)建省武夷山(shan)(shan)市西北(bei)(bei)部、建陽市和邵武市北(bei)(bei)部、光澤縣東南部、江西省鉛山(shan)(shan)縣南部毗鄰。經(jing)國土部門確權登記,試點區總面積942.02平方公里。
武夷(yi)山國(guo)家公園主要分(fen)布了(le)前震旦系(xi)和(he)(he)震旦系(xi)的變(bian)質巖(yan)(yan)系(xi),中生(sheng)代的火山巖(yan)(yan)、花崗巖(yan)(yan)和(he)(he)碎屑巖(yan)(yan)。
在(zai)中生代晚期,武夷山發(fa)生了強烈的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)山噴發(fa)活動(dong),繼之為大規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)花崗巖侵入(ru),已發(fa)現本(ben)區有(you)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)山機構,為典型的(de)(de)(de)亞洲東部環太平洋帶的(de)(de)(de)構造特征。白堊紀晚期的(de)(de)(de)紅色砂礫巖是形(xing)成丹霞(xia)地貌的(de)(de)(de)主體。
中(zhong)生代的(de)(de)地(di)殼運動奠定了武夷山(shan)地(di)貌(mao)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)骨架(jia)。告(gao)性對武夷山(shan)地(di)貌(mao)發育也很明(ming)顯,西部海拔(ba)1500m以上的(de)(de)山(shan)峰,基(ji)本(ben)上由堅硬的(de)(de)凝灰熔巖(yan)和流(liu)紋巖(yan)等(deng)構(gou)成(cheng),東部紅色砂(sha)頁巖(yan)地(di)區則往往發育有較(jiao)寬的(de)(de)谷地(di)和盆地(di)。所以武夷山(shan)豐富(fu)的(de)(de)地(di)貌(mao)類型是(shi)地(di)質構(gou)造(zao)、流(liu)水侵蝕、風化剝蝕、重力(li)崩塌等(deng)綜(zong)合(he)作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)結果。
四(si)季分明地處中亞熱(re)帶,武夷山四(si)季氣溫(wen)(wen)較(jiao)均勻、溫(wen)(wen)和濕潤,年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)約12℃~13℃,1月均溫(wen)(wen)3℃左右,極端最(zui)低氣溫(wen)(wen)可達(da)-15℃,7月均溫(wen)(wen)23℃~24℃;年(nian)降水量(liang)在2000毫(hao)米以(yi)上,是(shi)福建省降水量(liang)多地區。年(nian)相對濕度(du)高達(da)85%,霧日在100天(tian)以(yi)上。
國有土地面(mian)積(ji)282.36平方(fang)公里(li),占總面(mian)積(ji)比(bi)例的28.74%;集體土地面(mian)積(ji)700.23平方(fang)公里(li),占總面(mian)積(ji)比(bi)例71.26%,森林覆蓋(gai)率(lv)達(da)到87.86%。
武(wu)(wu)夷山國(guo)(guo)家公園屬(shu)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶常綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)區域(yu),中(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶常綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)地帶,浙閩山丘甜櫧、木荷林(lin)區。公園內自然環境(jing)多樣,發(fa)育著多種(zhong)(zhong)多樣的(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)被類型(xing),還(huan)有(you)(you)210.70平方公里原(yuan)生性森林(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)被未受(shou)到人為破(po)壞(huai),是亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶東部(bu)地區森林(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)被保存完好(hao)的(de)(de)區域(yu)。公園內相對海(hai)拔(ba)最(zui)高達(da)1700米(mi),隨著海(hai)拔(ba)的(de)(de)遞增,氣溫(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)遞減和(he)降(jiang)水量(liang)的(de)(de)增多,植(zhi)(zhi)被垂(chui)(chui)直帶譜(pu)(pu)明(ming)顯(xian),依次分(fen)布有(you)(you)針闊(kuo)葉混交林(lin),溫(wen)(wen)性針葉林(lin)、中(zhong)山苔蘚矮曲林(lin)、中(zhong)山草(cao)甸(dian)五個垂(chui)(chui)直帶譜(pu)(pu),是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)大(da)陸(lu)東南部(bu)發(fa)育完好(hao)的(de)(de)垂(chui)(chui)直帶譜(pu)(pu)。2007年(nian)已知植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類數量(liang)在(zai)中(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶地區位居前列,有(you)(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)屬(shu)27屬(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong),許(xu)多如銀(yin)杏(xing)等為單(dan)(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)孑遺植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3728種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類數量(liang)在(zai)中(zhong)亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶地區位居前列,有(you)(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)有(you)(you)屬(shu)27屬(shu)31種(zhong)(zhong),許(xu)多如銀(yin)杏(xing)等為單(dan)(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)孑遺植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu);截止至2007有(you)(you)28種(zhong)(zhong)珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危種(zhong)(zhong)列入《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)紅(hong)皮書(shu)》,如鵝掌楸(qiu)、銀(yin)鐘樹(shu)、南方鐵(tie)杉(shan)、觀光木、紫(zi)莖等。武(wu)(wu)夷山蘭科植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)尤其豐富,已知有(you)(you)32屬(shu)78種(zhong)(zhong),寬距(ju)蘭,多花寬距(ju)蘭為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)新記(ji)錄種(zhong)(zhong),盂(yu)蘭為福建省公布新記(ji)錄。而(er)蕨(jue)(jue)類就(jiu)有(you)(you)14個,如武(wu)(wu)夷山鐵(tie)角蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷蹄蓋蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷耳蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷假(jia)瘤足、武(wu)(wu)夷粉(fen)背蕨(jue)(jue)、武(wu)(wu)夷凸軸蕨(jue)(jue)等以“武(wu)(wu)夷”作(zuo)為種(zhong)(zhong)加詞的(de)(de)就(jiu)達(da)6種(zhong)(zhong)之多。武(wu)(wu)夷山的(de)(de)古(gu)樹(shu)名木具有(you)(you)古(gu)、大(da)、珍(zhen)、多的(de)(de)特(te)點,如武(wu)(wu)夷宮880年(nian)樹(shu)齡的(de)(de)古(gu)桂(gui)、坑上(shang)980年(nian)樹(shu)齡的(de)(de)南方紅(hong)豆杉(shan)等,具有(you)(you)極(ji)高的(de)(de)科研(yan)和(he)保存價值。
武(wu)夷(yi)山國(guo)(guo)家公(gong)園(yuan)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)動(dong)物(wu)地(di)(di)(di)理區劃上(shang)屬于東洋(yang)界(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)印亞界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)東部丘陵(ling)平原亞區。公(gong)園(yuan)內地(di)(di)(di)貌復(fu)雜,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環境(jing)類(lei)型多(duo)樣,為(wei)野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)棲息(xi)繁衍提供了理想(xiang)場(chang)所,被(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)家譽為(wei)“蛇的(de)(de)(de)王國(guo)(guo)”、“昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)”、“鳥(niao)的(de)(de)(de)天堂”、“世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)模(mo)式標本的(de)(de)(de)產地(di)(di)(di)”、“研究亞洲兩(liang)棲爬行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)鑰(yao)匙(chi)(chi)”。2007年武(wu)夷(yi)山已(yi)知的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有5110種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):哺乳綱71種(zhong)(zhong),鳥(niao)綱256種(zhong)(zhong),魚綱40種(zhong)(zhong),兩(liang)棲綱35種(zhong)(zhong),爬行(xing)綱73種(zhong)(zhong),昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)已(yi)定名(ming)4635種(zhong)(zhong)(其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有700余個新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong),20種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)新(xin)記錄)。在動(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)尤以(yi)兩(liang)棲、爬行(xing)類(lei)和昆(kun)(kun)類(lei)分布眾多(duo)而著(zhu)名(ming)于世(shi)(shi)(shi),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)家把武(wu)夷(yi)山稱為(wei)“研究兩(liang)棲、爬行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)鑰(yao)匙(chi)(chi)”、“鳥(niao)類(lei)天堂”、“蛇的(de)(de)(de)王國(guo)(guo)”、“昆(kun)(kun)蟲(chong)世(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)”。到2011年已(yi)列(lie)入(ru)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)《瀕危(wei)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)貿易(yi)公(gong)約》(CITES)的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)物(wu)有46種(zhong)(zhong),黑(hei)麂、金鐵豺、黃腹角(jiao)雉等11種(zhong)(zhong)列(lie)入(ru)一(yi)級保護(hu)。屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥(niao)保護(hu)協定保護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有97種(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特有野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)49種(zhong)(zhong),崇(chong)(chong)安(an)髭(zi)蟾(chan)(角(jiao)怪)、崇(chong)(chong)安(an)地(di)(di)(di)蜥、崇(chong)(chong)安(an)斜(xie)鱗蛇、掛墩鴉雀更為(wei)武(wu)夷(yi)山所特有。
武夷山國家公園擁有豐(feng)富的(de)水生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物資(zi)源,包括浮游(you)藻類、浮游(you)動(dong)(dong)物、底棲動(dong)(dong)物、魚類和水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物等(deng)(deng)。其中,高等(deng)(deng)水生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物共計42科(ke)51屬(shu)139種,浮游(you)動(dong)(dong)物67種,魚類22科(ke)56屬(shu)104種,以及中華鱉、大鯢等(deng)(deng)水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物。
武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)(shi)座歷史文化名山(shan)(shan)。早在新石器時(shi)期,古(gu)越(yue)人就(jiu)已在此繁衍生息。如今(jin)懸(xuan)崖絕壁上遺留的“架(jia)壑船”和“虹橋板”,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)古(gu)越(yue)人特(te)有的葬俗。西漢(han)時(shi),漢(han)武(wu)(wu)帝(di)曾遣使者到武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)用(yong)干魚祭祀武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)君(jun)。唐代,唐玄宗大(da)(da)封天下(xia)名山(shan)(shan)大(da)(da)川,武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)也受到封表,并刻石記(ji)載。還明令保(bao)護山(shan)(shan)林(lin),不準(zhun)砍伐。唐末五代初,杜光庭(ting)在《洞(dong)天福地記(ji)》里,把武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)列為天下(xia)三十(shi)六(liu)(liu)洞(dong)天之一(yi),稱之為“第十(shi)六(liu)(liu)升(sheng)真(zhen)元化洞(dong)天”。宋紹(shao)圣二年(1095年),禱雨(yu)獲應,又封武(wu)(wu)夷(yi)君(jun)為顯(xian)道真(zhen)人。
從歷史和(he)(he)科學(xue)的(de)(de)角度看,武夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)具有(you)突出、普遍價值(zhi),不僅能為已(yi)消(xiao)逝的(de)(de)古文(wen)明(ming)和(he)(he)文(wen)化傳統提供獨特(te)的(de)(de)見證,而且(qie)與(yu)理(li)學(xue)思(si)想文(wen)明(ming)有(you)著(zhu)直接的(de)(de)、實質性的(de)(de)聯系,符合世界文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)第(di)3、5標(biao)準(zhun)。大自然賜予了(le)武夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)獨特(te)和(he)(he)優越(yue)的(de)(de)自然環(huan)境,吸引(yin)了(le)歷代(dai)(dai)高人雅士(shi)、文(wen)臣武將在(zai)山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)或(huo)游(you)覽、或(huo)隱居(ju)、或(huo)著(zhu)述、或(huo)授徒,前赴后繼(ji),你(ni)來我往(wang)。自然山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)陶冶了(le)人們的(de)(de)性情,啟迪了(le)人們的(de)(de)智慧,人類的(de)(de)活(huo)動傳播,發展(zhan)了(le)武夷(yi)山(shan)(shan),為自然山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)增輝添彩(cai)。先民的(de)(de)智慧,文(wen)士(shi)的(de)(de)駐足在(zai)九曲溪(xi)兩(liang)岸留下眾多的(de)(de)文(wen)化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存(cun):有(you)高懸(xuan)崖壁數千(qian)年(nian)不朽的(de)(de)架壑船棺(guan)18處;有(you)朱(zhu)熹、游(you)酢、熊(xiong)禾、蔡元定等鴻(hong)儒大雅的(de)(de)書院(yuan)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)35處;有(you)堪(kan)稱為中(zhong)國古書法藝術寶庫的(de)(de)歷代(dai)(dai)摩崖石刻450多方,其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)古代(dai)(dai)官(guan)府和(he)(he)鄉民保(bao)護(hu)武夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)動植物(wu)的(de)(de)禁令(ling)13方;有(you)僧道的(de)(de)宮(gong)觀寺廟及遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)60余處。
武(wu)夷山(shan)是(shi)三(san)教名山(shan)。自秦漢以來,武(wu)夷山(shan)就為羽流禪家棲息之(zhi)地(di),留(liu)下了不少宮觀、道院和(he)庵堂故址。武(wu)夷山(shan)還(huan)曾是(shi)儒家學(xue)者倡(chang)道講學(xue)之(zhi)地(di)。