三(san)溪(xi)(xi)村(cun)位于(yu)福州市長樂(le)區江田(tian)鎮(zhen)。三(san)溪(xi)(xi)亦名(ming)鼎(ding)溪(xi)(xi),因屏山諸溪(xi)(xi)流會于(yu)石潭,成鼎(ding)足三(san)分之勢(shi)而得(de)名(ming)。上游稱(cheng)潼溪(xi)(xi),下游析(xi)為北、南兩(liang)溪(xi)(xi),北溪(xi)(xi)又名(ming)祠堂(tang)溪(xi)(xi),南溪(xi)(xi)又叫街當溪(xi)(xi)。這里(li)風景(jing)優美,人文景(jing)觀頗具特色(se)。
三溪(xi)有(you)(you)詩(shi)贊曰:“列嶂如屏(ping)掛望中(zhong)(zhong),流霞晚罩氣熊熊。斑斕五(wu)色迷蒼洞,盤郁千(qian)層擁(yong)碧穹。散綺遙連江(jiang)練凈,騰輝斜接日(ri)華(hua)紅。溪(xi)山不(bu)數吳(wu)航勝,第(di)一曾聞品晦翁。”三溪(xi)開發歷史可追(zhui)溯至唐季,三溪(xi)潘(pan)(pan)姓始(shi)祖著(zhu)作郎潘(pan)(pan)綱當年(nian)(nian)(nian)遷居至此。宋(song)(song)時,這里(li)的經濟文(wen)(wen)化相(xiang)當發達(da),宋(song)(song)狀元(yuan)、宰(zai)相(xiang)鄭性之(zhi),簽書樞(shu)密事高應松(song),監察御史潘(pan)(pan)文(wen)(wen)卿(qing)(qing),太守潘(pan)(pan)斌,理學(xue)宗師朱熹等(deng),或(huo)傳學(xue)、或(huo)游觀,或(huo)就學(xue)于此地。南(nan)宋(song)(song)淳(chun)熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)(1174~1189年(nian)(nian)(nian)),潘(pan)(pan)氏子弟授(shou)業于朱熹,受其影響,連中(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)者有(you)(you)10名。早(zao)在(zai)北宋(song)(song)祥符元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1008年(nian)(nian)(nian))潘(pan)(pan)循、潘(pan)(pan)衢(qu)兄(xiong)弟同(tong)登進士(shi);從第(di)四代(dai)到第(di)七代(dai),曾出5個中(zhong)(zhong)丞(cheng),故(gu)有(you)(you)“二(er)難(nan)(nan)進士(shi),四葉中(zhong)(zhong)丞(cheng)”之(zhi)譽(yu)。在(zai)宋(song)(song)朝,僅潘(pan)(pan)姓一族就有(you)(you)59人考中(zhong)(zhong)進士(shi)。現尚留存許(xu)多唐、宋(song)(song)以(yi)來(lai)文(wen)(wen)物古跡(ji),主(zhu)要有(you)(you)天(tian)龍井、摶紗潭、九(jiu)仙洞、皈(gui)愚洞、龍潭、釣鰲石(shi)和(he)宋(song)(song)代(dai)蘇舜元(yuan)(字才翁)等(deng)摩崖題刻。“二(er)難(nan)(nan)碑”橫跨北溪(xi)、南(nan)溪(xi)的5座石(shi)橋,明(ming)(ming)代(dai)朝元(yuan)觀和(he)陳省等(deng)摩崖題刻,潘(pan)(pan)文(wen)(wen)卿(qing)(qing)故(gu)居,紫陽(yang)閣遺址,明(ming)(ming)南(nan)昌知府(fu)莊維春故(gu)居,潘(pan)(pan)氏宗祠,“鐘秀毓英(ying)”石(shi)碑坊及近百方(fang)散見于村間(jian)、廟(miao)內(nei)、橋邊等(deng)珍貴碑刻,不(bu)勝枚舉(ju)。
每(mei)逢(feng)端午節,總要(yao)在溪(xi)中(zhong)競渡龍舟,鑼(luo)鼓喧天,頗為(wei)熱(re)鬧。近(jin)年來,在上級領(ling)導(dao)關心支(zhi)持下,對(dui)村莊進行整修、綠化(hua),保護(hu)和修復文物(wu)古跡。
1999年,福建省人民政(zheng)府公布為第一(yi)批省級(ji)歷史文化(hua)名村。
福州市(shi)長(chang)樂區(qu)江(jiang)田(tian)鎮三(san)溪(xi)村位于;吳(wu)航十二景之一“屏嶂(zhang)鋪霞”所在的屏山腳下,因潼溪(xi)、南溪(xi)、北(bei)溪(xi)匯集于此而得名。為首(shou)批(pi)省級5個(ge)歷史文化(hua)名村之一。距長(chang)樂區(qu)城區(qu)15公里,土地面積16平方公里,總(zong)人口(kou)13700人。
三溪(xi)(xi)也稱鼎(ding)溪(xi)(xi)。上游(you)為(wei)潼(tong)溪(xi)(xi),建(jian)有(you)庫(ku)容(rong)達千萬方(fang)的(de)三溪(xi)(xi)水庫(ku);下(xia)游(you)分(fen)為(wei)南、北(bei)兩(liang)溪(xi)(xi),南溪(xi)(xi)入海,北(bei)溪(xi)(xi)入閩江口。南北(bei)雙溪(xi)(xi)有(you)唐宋以來所建(jian)石橋(qiao)(qiao)5座,分(fen)別名為(wei):大橋(qiao)(qiao)、平橋(qiao)(qiao)、小(xiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)、當橋(qiao)(qiao)和下(xia)橋(qiao)(qiao)。北(bei)溪(xi)(xi)的(de)大橋(qiao)(qiao),長43米,寬2.4米,高4.4米,橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)石板上有(you)“宋咸(xian)淳已巳秋重修”的(de)刻字。
前人有(you)一(yi)幅對聯概括這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)水(shui)風光:“屏(ping)嶂鋪霞山(shan)積錦,龍(long)潭(tan)印月水(shui)浮珠”。朱(zhu)子(zi)嘗(chang)游覽和(he)傳(chuan)學(xue)于此(ci),勒(le)“溪(xi)山(shan)第一(yi)”四(si)字。可見三溪(xi)的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然景觀(guan)之優美。三溪(xi)的(de)(de)(de)屏(ping)山(shan)高不(bu)過百米(mi),但登山(shan)途中景觀(guan)美不(bu)勝(sheng)收。山(shan)上(shang)大小(xiao)巖石(shi)(shi)千(qian)姿百態(tai)。如猴頭(tou)(tou)、豬首(shou)、母(mu)雞下蛋、五蛇聚(ju)會等,栩栩如生,維妙維肖。山(shan)腰有(you)一(yi)個(ge)“皈愚洞”,由(you)三塊巖石(shi)(shi)頂托一(yi)25米(mi)長6米(mi)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)巨石(shi)(shi)構成。周圍古(gu)樹參天(tian),是(shi)村民避暑(shu)納涼(liang)的(de)(de)(de)好去處。附(fu)近還(huan)有(you)“九(jiu)仙洞”,天(tian)成石(shi)(shi)門供人出入,十幾平方米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)方形巖洞內(nei)供奉著“九(jiu)仙君”,不(bu)少香客從老遠跑到這(zhe)個(ge)洞里“祈夢(meng)”。山(shan)巔巨巖有(you)一(yi)深不(bu)知(zhi)底的(de)(de)(de)“天(tian)龍(long)井”,傳(chuan)說一(yi)只小(xiao)牛伸頭(tou)(tou)向洞中喝水(shui),不(bu)慎(shen)跌入井中不(bu)見,次日在(zai)海邊發(fa)現(xian)小(xiao)牛的(de)(de)(de)尸體
站(zhan)在(zai)山(shan)顛平坦寬闊的(de)“龍背”上極目遠(yuan)眺(tiao),大海與(yu)藍天(tian)相(xiang)接,煙波浩(hao)渺,北至(zhi)機場南至(zhi)牛角(jiao)山(shan),長(chang)樂南鄉一帶(dai)的(de)村(cun)落盡收眼底,足令游(you)客心(xin)曠神怡,流連(lian)忘返。三溪水庫邊山(shan)頂有(you)兩塊(kuai)巨(ju)石重疊(die),上面的(de)一塊(kuai)有(you)賈慶林題刻“中丞”二字,在(zai)兩石相(xiang)接縫隙塞入(ru)硬(ying)幣,大風過(guo)后(hou)會被軋扁(bian)。
三溪美麗的(de)(de)山(shan)水風(feng)光吸引了無數名(ming)宦雅(ya)士前來游覽,留下眾多吟詠三溪景(jing)(jing)色的(de)(de)佳作名(ming)篇,藝術水準很高的(de)(de)摩崖(ya)石(shi)刻比比皆是,成為(wei)三溪一道(dao)瑰麗的(de)(de)人文(wen)景(jing)(jing)觀。村北(bei)柏山(shan)的(de)(de)仙字巖為(wei)上(shang)下兩(liang)塊巨巖重疊(die)而成。上(shang)面(mian)一塊刻有“釣鰲”兩(liang)字楷書(shu)(shu),每字80厘米(mi)見方;下面(mian)一塊刻有“慶(qing)歷丁亥秋,颶風(feng)起,余涉(she)是山(shan)巔,觀海(hai)(hai)波也,才翁題(ti)”,篆(zhuan)(zhuan)書(shu)(shu)。才翁姓蘇名(ming)舜元,時任(ren)福(fu)建觀察使,著(zhu)名(ming)書(shu)(shu)法家。巨巖右方還有2首五言律詩篆(zhuan)(zhuan)書(shu)(shu),記述(shu)宋時當地(di)“颶風(feng)掀(xian)漲海(hai)(hai),淠鹵灌(guan)低原”和海(hai)(hai)嘯災(zai)情,分別(bie)為(wei)宋熙寧年間福(fu)州知府廉轉運(yun)使張徽和福(fu)建轉運(yun)判官蔣之(zhi)奇(qi)題(ti)。這些摩崖(ya)石(shi)刻為(wei)研究宋代篆(zhuan)(zhuan)書(shu)(shu)風(feng)格和長樂市的(de)(de)歷史(shi)地(di)理變遷提供了珍貴資料。
植柱(zhu)廟、朝元觀、鷲嶺(ling)祠等始建于宋(song)代的(de)寺(si)(si)廟亭閣,依(yi)山傍巖,錯落有(you)致。最早(zao)也是(shi)最大的(de)是(shi)唐(tang)咸(xian)通六年(878年)所建的(de)當(dang)陽寺(si)(si),雖因(yin)戰亂圮(pi)毀,但遺(yi)址(zhi)尚存(cun)巨大的(de)石柱(zhu)石槽等建筑材料。三溪宗教(jiao)寺(si)(si)廟的(de)文化主旨及以懲(cheng)惡揚善為主題的(de)傳(chuan)說故事,讓(rang)游客在明山秀水中感受至(zhi)(zhi)善至(zhi)(zhi)美的(de)人性。紫(zi)陽閣(俗稱(cheng)朱子祠)旁有(you)株墨竹,相傳(chuan)是(shi)朱熹殘墨潑在竹上染成黑色,千百年來這株神奇的(de)墨竹依(yi)然(ran)挺(ting)拔茁(zhuo)壯。
自古龍(long)舟(zhou)日競(jing)渡(du),獨(du)有三溪夜賽(sai)航。這里的(de)龍(long)舟(zhou)夜渡(du)是我省(sheng)獨(du)有的(de)鄉土風情。從村中穿過(guo)的(de)南溪,每(mei)年端午節夜間燈光輝(hui)映,溪中龍(long)舟(zhou)競(jing)發(fa),兩(liang)岸(an)及橋(qiao)上人(ren)潮如涌,熱鬧(nao)非(fei)凡(fan)。
三(san)溪(xi)以其山(shan)(shan)水交融(rong)、自然奇秀和歷史悠久、人文薈萃,造(zao)就了文化(hua)品位較高的旅游資(zi)源,開發利用(yong)潛力(li)很大。近年來,歷史文化(hua)名村管委(wei)會采(cai)取有力(li)措(cuo)施(shi)保護山(shan)(shan)上的摩(mo)崖題(ti)刻(ke)不再被人開采(cai),并在(zai)山(shan)(shan)坡溪(xi)畔植(zhi)樹(shu)綠化(hua)和防(fang)止(zhi)溪(xi)流(liu)遭受污(wu)染。已經疏(shu)浚南北雙(shuang)溪(xi)河道,游客(ke)可以劃龍舟從(cong)水上進入景區游覽。
唐(tang)朝前,三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)建置不詳。唐(tang)時,劃長樂(le)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)安(an)時鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)歸義里。宋大(da)中(zhong)祥符元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1008年(nian)(nian)(nian)),潘循、潘衢同榜進士(shi),鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)人以此(ci)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榮(rong)(rong),改(gai)(gai)(gai)安(an)時鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)二難(nan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),改(gai)(gai)(gai)歸義里為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)同榮(rong)(rong)里。二難(nan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)轄(xia)(xia)二、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)、四、五、六、七(qi)、八都。八都轄(xia)(xia)二圖(tu)八村(cun)(cun):一圖(tu)有石(shi)門、嶺(ling)(ling)兜、嶺(ling)(ling)寺(si)、硋(ai)窯,二圖(tu)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)有邦上、新(xin)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、阮山(shan)(shan)(shan)。元、明(ming)、清至民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)初(chu)期沿用宋制(zhi)。民(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)23年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1934年(nian)(nian)(nian))7月,福(fu)建省設(she)十個(ge)行政督(du)(du)察區(qu)(qu)(qu),第(di)(di)一督(du)(du)察區(qu)(qu)(qu)行署駐長樂(le),時稱(cheng)長樂(le)專署,長樂(le)縣屬(shu)之。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)設(she)聯保(bao)處(chu),駐三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)營田(tian)(tian)(tian)陳氏宗祠,轄(xia)(xia)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南保(bao)、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北保(bao),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)警察所設(she)在潘氏宗祠,附(fu)設(she)監(jian)獄(閘(zha)仔)。聯保(bao)處(chu)后(hou)改(gai)(gai)(gai)稱(cheng)保(bao)甲處(chu)。抗日戰(zhan)爭前后(hou),溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)南保(bao)一度(du)改(gai)(gai)(gai)稱(cheng)棋山(shan)(shan)(shan)保(bao),轄(xia)(xia)境稍(shao)有調整(zheng)。中(zhong)華人民(min)(min)共和國(guo)(guo)成立后(hou),全縣設(she)立五個(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)二區(qu)(qu)(qu)駐地(di)(di),轄(xia)(xia)古(gu)槐至松下各(ge)村(cun)(cun)。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月,全縣第(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)調整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃,增設(she)2個(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。全縣劃為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)7個(ge)行政區(qu)(qu)(qu),原來的第(di)(di)二區(qu)(qu)(qu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)七(qi)區(qu)(qu)(qu),駐地(di)(di)由(you)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)遷往(wang)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian),后(hou)又改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。原三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮和石(shi)門鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮轄(xia)(xia)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、東(dong)嶺(ling)(ling)、心田(tian)(tian)(tian)、滿山(shan)(shan)(shan)4村(cun)(cun)。1955年(nian)(nian)(nian)8月,全縣第(di)(di)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)次(ci)(ci)行政調整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃,將9個(ge)行政區(qu)(qu)(qu)合(he)并成6個(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu),各(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)以駐地(di)(di)冠名(ming),即(ji)鶴上、金峰(feng)、營前、東(dong)渡、潭頭(tou)、江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)屬(shu)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)4月,第(di)(di)四次(ci)(ci)調整(zheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃,江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)不變。1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)6月,第(di)(di)五次(ci)(ci)調整(zheng)行政區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃,撤區(qu)(qu)(qu)設(she)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)委(wei)改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)劃為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)感恩鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)轄(xia)(xia)。但(dan)不久人民(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)社(she)(she)化(hua),又劃歸江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)公(gong)(gong)社(she)(she)管(guan)轄(xia)(xia),溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、石(shi)門、港西4個(ge)高(gao)級(ji)社(she)(she)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮,后(hou)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)鎮被撤銷,直(zhi)屬(shu)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)公(gong)(gong)社(she)(she)管(guan)轄(xia)(xia)。1984年(nian)(nian)(nian)9月,公(gong)(gong)社(she)(she)改(gai)(gai)(gai)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)人民(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)社(she)(she)改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),轄(xia)(xia)江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、長林、溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、邦上、石(shi)門等14個(ge)村(cun)(cun)。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)12月,江(jiang)田(tian)(tian)(tian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)改(gai)(gai)(gai)鎮。1999年(nian)(nian)(nian),經(jing)省人民(min)(min)政府批(pi)準,將溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、邦上定為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)歷(li)史文化(hua)名(ming)村(cun)(cun),統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)文化(hua)村(cun)(cun)。
董(dong)、陳(chen)、潘諸姓(xing)在這(zhe)里繁衍生息。古代三溪(xi)曾居(ju)住王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)姓(xing)人家幾(ji)十近(jin)百(bai)(bai)戶,傳說(shuo)有(you)(you)富翁“王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)百(bai)(bai)萬”因犯法(fa)被斬,財產沒(mei)收,此后王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)姓(xing)人家日漸衰敗。民國初僅(jin)余王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)永光1戶,其子(zi)遷(qian)(qian)福州,下落(luo)不(bu)明(ming)。今尚(shang)有(you)(you)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)氏(shi)(shi)宗祠遺址。古時(shi)尚(shang)有(you)(you)廖姓(xing)20多(duo)戶,遷(qian)(qian)往金峰集仙村(cun)。經過漫長的(de)歷史發展,有(you)(you)的(de)姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)遷(qian)(qian)出(chu),有(you)(you)的(de)姓(xing)氏(shi)(shi)遷(qian)(qian)入(ru)。三溪(xi)文化(hua)村(cun)現居(ju)住有(you)(you)潘、陳(chen)、楊(yang)、林、丁、劉、曹、周、蔣、王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(另地遷(qian)(qian)入(ru),與原來(lai)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)氏(shi)(shi)不(bu)同族)、董(dong)、侯、郭、李(li)、謝、姜、吳、戴、鄭等姓(xing)。