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李春是中國(guo)隋(sui)代(dai)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)橋梁(liang)工匠，舉(ju)世聞(wen)名的(de)(de)趙州橋就是他最偉大的(de)(de)杰作，這個濃(nong)縮了(le)中華人民(min)智慧結晶的(de)(de)標志性橋梁(liang)，開創了(le)中國(guo)橋梁(liang)建造的(de)(de)嶄新局面，為中國(guo)橋梁(liang)技(ji)術的(de)(de)發展(zhan)作出了(le)巨大貢獻(xian)。

趙州橋(qiao)的敞肩圓(yuan)弧拱(gong)形式是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)勞動人(ren)(ren)(ren)民的一(yi)大創造，西方在14世紀(ji)才出現(xian)敞肩圓(yuan)弧石拱(gong)橋(qiao)，已經比中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)晚了600多年。英國(guo)著名中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學技術(shu)史專家李約瑟博士在其巨著《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)科(ke)(ke)學技術(shu)史》中(zhong)(zhong)曾經列舉了26項從(cong)1世紀(ji)到18世紀(ji)先后由中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)傳到歐洲和(he)其他地區的科(ke)(ke)學技術(shu)成果，其中(zhong)(zhong)的第(di)18項就是(shi)弧形拱(gong)橋(qiao)。趙州橋(qiao)建(jian)成后成為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)北南交通的要沖，有“坦途箭直(zhi)千人(ren)(ren)(ren)過，驛使馳驅萬國(guo)通”的美譽。舟船在橋(qiao)下航行，人(ren)(ren)(ren)馬車輛從(cong)橋(qiao)上駛過，大大方便了交通運輸和(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民生活，為**河兩(liang)岸人(ren)(ren)(ren)員來往提(ti)供了便利條件。

這座大橋自(zi)建成(cheng)至今已有1300多年(nian)，這期間經歷了(le)8次以上(shang)地震的影響，8次以上(shang)戰(zhan)爭的考驗(yan)；承受了(le)無數次人畜車輛的重壓(ya)，飽經無數次風刀霜(shuang)劍(jian)、冰雪(xue)雨水的沖蝕，卻雄姿不(bu)減(jian)當年(nian)，仍巍(wei)然屹立在洨(xiao)河(he)上(shang)。

解放以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，趙(zhao)(zhao)州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)被列(lie)為(wei)全國(guo)重點文物保護單位，有關部門對這一古代大橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)進(jin)行了(le)(le)徹底維修，以(yi)保持其輝煌(huang)的(de)歷史地位。趙(zhao)(zhao)州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)民聰明(ming)智(zhi)慧的(de)象征和進(jin)行愛國(guo)主(zhu)義、歷史主(zhu)義教育(yu)的(de)場所。趙(zhao)(zhao)州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)的(de)建成(cheng)在中(zhong)國(guo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史上(shang)具有重要影晌(shang)，它的(de)大跨度、圓弧拱、敝肩形式(shi)力以(yi)后(hou)(hou)的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)建設開創(chuang)了(le)(le)新的(de)天(tian)地。隋代以(yi)后(hou)(hou)，出現了(le)(le)許多與趙(zhao)(zhao)州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)相類似的(de)大型(xing)拱橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，已(yi)經發現的(de)就有十幾座(zuo)，如山西崞縣的(de)普濟(ji)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、晉城的(de)景德橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、河北趙(zhao)(zhao)縣的(de)永通橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、濟(ji)美橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)等(deng)。趙(zhao)(zhao)州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)已(yi)經成(cheng)為(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)建設的(de)典范。

然而象(xiang)趙州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)這樣突出的技術成(cheng)就和(he)象(xiang)李春(chun)(chun)這樣杰(jie)出的橋(qiao)(qiao)梁專家，在(zai)封(feng)(feng)建(jian)(jian)社會中并不(bu)為封(feng)(feng)建(jian)(jian)統(tong)治者(zhe)所重視，甚至在(zai)史(shi)書中也沒有留(liu)下多少痕跡，我們除了(le)知(zhi)道隋朝(chao)工匠李春(chun)(chun)設計建(jian)(jian)造了(le)這座舉世聞名的大橋(qiao)(qiao)外(wai)，其他卻一無(wu)所知(zhi)，不(bu)能不(bu)說是(shi)一個(ge)很大的遺憾。但(dan)是(shi)即使如此我們仍然堅(jian)信：李春(chun)(chun)作為一代(dai)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁專家和(he)趙州(zhou)橋(qiao)(qiao)作為一座歷史(shi)名橋(qiao)(qiao)將永(yong)載祖(zu)國(guo)史(shi)冊(ce)，為后人(ren)所牢記。

貢獻影響

趙州橋的(de)設計在中國橋梁技(ji)術史有以下創新(xin)：

1．采用(yong)圓(yuan)(yuan)弧(hu)拱形(xing)式(shi)，改(gai)變了中國(guo)大(da)石(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)多為(wei)半(ban)(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)拱的(de)傳統，中國(guo)古代石(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)拱形(xing)大(da)多為(wei)半(ban)(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)，這種形(xing)式(shi)比(bi)較優美、完整(zheng)，但(dan)也存在兩(liang)方面(mian)的(de)缺陷：一(yi)是交通不(bu)便(bian)，半(ban)(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)橋(qiao)(qiao)拱用(yong)于跨(kua)(kua)(kua)度(du)(du)比(bi)較小的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)比(bi)較合適(shi)，而(er)大(da)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)度(du)(du)的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)選用(yong)半(ban)(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)拱，就會使拱頂很(hen)高(gao)，造成橋(qiao)(qiao)高(gao)坡陡、車馬行人過橋(qiao)(qiao)非常不(bu)便(bian)。二(er)是施(shi)工不(bu)利，半(ban)(ban)(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)拱石(shi)(shi)砌石(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)腳手架就會很(hen)高(gao)，增(zeng)加施(shi)工的(de)危(wei)險性。為(wei)此(ci)，李春和(he)工匠們一(yi)起創造性地采用(yong)了圓(yuan)(yuan)弧(hu)拱形(xing)式(shi)，使石(shi)(shi)拱高(gao)度(du)(du)大(da)大(da)降低。趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)主(zhu)孔凈跨(kua)(kua)(kua)度(du)(du)為(wei)37.02米(mi)，而(er)拱高(gao)只有7.25米(mi)，拱高(gao)和(he)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)度(du)(du)之比(bi)為(wei)1:5左(zuo)右，這樣就實(shi)現了低橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)和(he)大(da)跨(kua)(kua)(kua)度(du)(du)的(de)雙(shuang)重目的(de)，橋(qiao)(qiao)面(mian)過渡平穩，車輛行人非常方便(bian)，而(er)且還具有用(yong)料省、施(shi)工方便(bian)等優點(dian)。當然圓(yuan)(yuan)弧(hu)形(xing)拱對兩(liang)端橋(qiao)(qiao)基(ji)的(de)推力(li)相應增(zeng)大(da)，需要對橋(qiao)(qiao)基(ji)的(de)施(shi)工提出更高(gao)的(de)要求。

2．采用敞肩(jian)。這(zhe)是(shi)李(li)春(chun)對(dui)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)肩(jian)進行的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大(da)(da)(da)(da)改(gai)(gai)進，把以(yi)往橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)建筑中(zhong)采用的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)肩(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)敞肩(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，即在(zai)大(da)(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)兩端各設兩個(ge)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，靠近大(da)(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)腳的(de)(de)(de)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)凈(jing)跨為(wei)3.8米(mi)，另一拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)跨為(wei)2.8米(mi)。這(zhe)種大(da)(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)敞肩(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具有(you)優異的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)性能，首先可以(yi)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)泄洪(hong)(hong)能力(li)(li)，減輕(qing)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)季(ji)節由于水(shui)(shui)(shui)量增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)而產生的(de)(de)(de)洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)對(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)力(li)(li)。古代(dai)洨河每逢(feng)汛期，水(shui)(shui)(shui)勢較大(da)(da)(da)(da)，對(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)泄洪(hong)(hong)能力(li)(li)是(shi)個(ge)考(kao)驗(yan)，四個(ge)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就可以(yi)分(fen)擔部分(fen)洪(hong)(hong)流，據(ju)(ju)計(ji)算四個(ge)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)過水(shui)(shui)(shui)面積16%左右(you)，大(da)(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)(da)降低洪(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)對(dui)大(da)(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)影響，提(ti)高大(da)(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的(de)(de)(de)安全性。其次敞肩(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)比實(shi)(shi)肩(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可節省大(da)(da)(da)(da)量土石材料，減輕(qing)橋(qiao)(qiao)身的(de)(de)(de)自重(zhong)，據(ju)(ju)計(ji)算四個(ge)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可以(yi)節省石料26立方米(mi)，減輕(qing)自身重(zhong)量700噸，從(cong)而減少橋(qiao)(qiao)身對(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)臺和橋(qiao)(qiao)基(ji)的(de)(de)(de)垂直壓力(li)(li)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)平推力(li)(li)，增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)固。第三增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)了造型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)優美(mei)，四個(ge)小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)均(jun)衡對(dui)稱，大(da)(da)(da)(da)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與小拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)構(gou)成一幅(fu)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)圖畫(hua)，顯得更加(jia)(jia)(jia)輕(qing)巧秀麗，體現建筑和藝術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)完整(zheng)統(tong)一。第四符(fu)合結構(gou)力(li)(li)學(xue)理論，敞肩(jian)拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)式結構(gou)在(zai)承載時使橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)處于有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)，可減少主拱(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圈的(de)(de)(de)變形，提(ti)高了橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)承載力(li)(li)和穩(wen)定性。

3．單孔(kong)。中(zhong)國古代的傳(chuan)統建筑方法，一般比較長(chang)的橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)往往采用(yong)多(duo)孔(kong)形式(shi)，這樣每(mei)孔(kong)的跨度(du)小(xiao)、坡(po)度(du)平緩，便于修建。但是多(duo)孔(kong)橋(qiao)(qiao)也有缺點，如橋(qiao)(qiao)墩多(duo)，既不利(li)于舟(zhou)船航行，也妨(fang)礙洪水(shui)宣泄；橋(qiao)(qiao)墩長(chang)期(qi)受(shou)水(shui)流沖擊、侵蝕(shi)，天(tian)長(chang)日久容(rong)易塌(ta)毀。因此，李春在設計大(da)橋(qiao)(qiao)的時候，采取(qu)了單孔(kong)長(chang)跨的形式(shi)，河(he)心不立橋(qiao)(qiao)墩，使石拱跨徑長(chang)達37米之多(duo)。這是中(zhong)國橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史(shi)上的空前創舉。

趙(zhao)州橋不僅設計獨特，而且有許多創造性。

1．橋(qiao)址選擇(ze)比(bi)較(jiao)合理，使橋(qiao)基(ji)(ji)穩固牢靠。李春根據(ju)自(zi)己多年(nian)豐富的(de)實踐經驗，經過嚴格周密勘查(cha)、比(bi)較(jiao)，選擇(ze)了洨河(he)兩(liang)岸較(jiao)為(wei)平(ping)(ping)直的(de)地方建橋(qiao)，這(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)由河(he)水(shui)沖積而(er)成，地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)表面是(shi)久經水(shui)流沖涮的(de)粗(cu)砂(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，以下(xia)是(shi)細石(shi)、粗(cu)石(shi)、細砂(sha)和(he)粘土層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。根據(ju)現代測算，這(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)每平(ping)(ping)方厘米(mi)能夠(gou)承受4.5到6.6公(gong)斤的(de)壓(ya)力，而(er)趙州橋(qiao)對(dui)地面的(de)壓(ya)力為(wei)每平(ping)(ping)方厘米(mi)5——6公(gong)斤，能夠(gou)滿(man)足大橋(qiao)的(de)要求。選定橋(qiao)址后在上面建造(zao)地基(ji)(ji)和(he)橋(qiao)臺，建橋(qiao)到如(ru)今，橋(qiao)基(ji)(ji)僅下(xia)沉了5厘米(mi)，說明(ming)這(zhe)(zhe)里的(de)地層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)非常適合于建橋(qiao)。

2．趙州橋(qiao)的(de)砌(qi)置(zhi)方法(fa)(fa)新穎(ying)、施工(gong)修(xiu)理方便。李春(chun)就地取材，選用(yong)附近州縣生產的(de)質地堅硬的(de)青(qing)灰色(se)砂(sha)石(shi)作(zuo)為建橋(qiao)石(shi)料，在石(shi)拱砌(qi)置(zhi)方法(fa)(fa)上，均采用(yong)了縱向(xiang)（順橋(qiao)方向(xiang)）砌(qi)置(zhi)方法(fa)(fa)，就是整個(ge)大橋(qiao)是由28道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)各(ge)自獨(du)立的(de)拱券(quan)沿寬(kuan)度方向(xiang)并(bing)列組合(he)(he)而成(cheng)，拱厚皆為1.03米(mi)，每(mei)券(quan)各(ge)自獨(du)立、單(dan)獨(du)操作(zuo)，相(xiang)當靈活，每(mei)券(quan)砌(qi)完全合(he)(he)攏后就成(cheng)一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)獨(du)立拼券(quan)，砌(qi)完一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)供(gong)券(quan)，移動承擔(dan)重(zhong)量的(de)“鷹架”，再砌(qi)另一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)相(xiang)鄰拱。這種砌(qi)法(fa)(fa)有很多(duo)優點，它(ta)既可以節省制作(zuo)“鷹架”所(suo)用(yong)的(de)木材，便于(yu)(yu)移動；同時又利于(yu)(yu)橋(qiao)的(de)維修(xiu)，一(yi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)拱券(quan)的(de)石(shi)塊損壞(huai)了，只要(yao)嵌入新石(shi)，進行局部修(xiu)整就行了，而不必對整個(ge)橋(qiao)進行調整。

3．在(zai)(zai)保持大(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)穩(wen)定性方(fang)面采取了許多嚴(yan)密措(cuo)(cuo)施。為(wei)了加強(qiang)(qiang)各道(dao)(dao)拱(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)(quan)間(jian)的(de)橫向聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)，使(shi)(shi)28道(dao)(dao)拱(gong)(gong)組成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)機整(zheng)體(ti)，連(lian)接(jie)緊(jin)密牢固(gu)，李春采取了一(yi)系(xi)列技(ji)術措(cuo)(cuo)施。1）每一(yi)拱(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)(quan)采用(yong)了下寬上(shang)窄、略有(you)(you)“收分(fen)”的(de)方(fang)法(fa)，使(shi)(shi)每個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)拱(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)(quan)向里傾(qing)斜，相(xiang)互擠(ji)靠，增強(qiang)(qiang)其(qi)橫向聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)，以(yi)防(fang)止拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)向外傾(qing)倒(dao)；在(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)的(de)寬度(du)上(shang)也(ye)采用(yong)了少量“收分(fen)”的(de)辦法(fa)，就是從(cong)橋(qiao)的(de)兩端到(dao)橋(qiao)頂逐漸收縮寬度(du)，從(cong)最寬9.6米收縮到(dao)9米，以(yi)加強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)的(de)穩(wen)定性。2）在(zai)(zai)主(zhu)券(quan)(quan)(quan)上(shang)均勻沿橋(qiao)寬方(fang)向設置了5個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)鐵(tie)拉桿(gan)(gan)，穿(chuan)過(guo)28道(dao)(dao)拱(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)(quan)，每個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)拉桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩端有(you)(you)半圓形桿(gan)(gan)頭露(lu)在(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外，以(yi)夾住28道(dao)(dao)拱(gong)(gong)券(quan)(quan)(quan)，增強(qiang)(qiang)其(qi)橫向聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)。在(zai)(zai)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)小拱(gong)(gong)上(shang)也(ye)各有(you)(you)一(yi)根鐵(tie)拉桿(gan)(gan)起同樣作用(yong)。3）在(zai)(zai)靠外側的(de)幾道(dao)(dao)拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)和兩端小拱(gong)(gong)上(shang)蓋有(you)(you)護(hu)拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)層，以(yi)保護(hu)拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；在(zai)(zai)護(hu)拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)兩側設有(you)(you)勾(gou)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)6塊，勾(gou)住主(zhu)拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)其(qi)連(lian)接(jie)牢固(gu)。4）為(wei)了使(shi)(shi)相(xiang)鄰拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)緊(jin)緊(jin)貼合(he)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起，在(zai)(zai)兩側外券(quan)(quan)(quan)相(xiang)鄰拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之間(jian)都穿(chuan)有(you)(you)起連(lian)接(jie)作用(yong)的(de)“腰(yao)鐵(tie)”，各道(dao)(dao)券(quan)(quan)(quan)之間(jian)的(de)相(xiang)鄰石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)塊也(ye)都在(zai)(zai)拱(gong)(gong)背穿(chuan)有(you)(you)“腰(yao)鐵(tie)”，把拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)連(lian)鎖起來。而且每塊拱(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)側面都鑿有(you)(you)細密斜紋，以(yi)增大(da)(da)(da)摩(mo)擦力，加強(qiang)(qiang)各券(quan)(quan)(quan)橫向聯(lian)(lian)系(xi)。這些措(cuo)(cuo)施的(de)采取使(shi)(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)連(lian)成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)緊(jin)密整(zheng)體(ti)，增強(qiang)(qiang)了整(zheng)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)(da)橋(qiao)的(de)穩(wen)定性和可靠性。