斡道沖,字宗圣,西夏(xia)仁宗李仁孝時重(zhong)臣,靈州(今寧夏(xia)靈武)人,從夏(xia)主遷居興慶府(今寧夏(xia)銀川),世代(dai)掌修夏(xia)國史。
他不但在(zai)學術上頗有造詣,而且淡泊(bo)功名,尤其對奸相(xiang)佞臣剛直不阿,敢于(yu)直言(yan),勇于(yu)斗(dou)爭,是西夏歷(li)史上不可多得的一位漢族(zu)名相(xiang)。
他年(nian)八歲時(shi)以《尚書(shu)》中童子舉。精通(tong)五經,譯《論語(yu)注》,作《論語(yu)小義》二(er)十卷,又作《周易卜筮斷(duan)》,用蕃字(西夏文)寫(xie)成(cheng),流行夏境。任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)在(zai)朝(chao)(chao)廷任(ren)國(guo)相(xiang)時(shi),專橫(heng)跋扈,唯有斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)敢于(yu)同(tong)他抗爭。早在(zai)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)上表請求入朝(chao)(chao)時(shi),斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)就進諫反對(dui),說任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)入朝(chao)(chao),是(shi)想干(gan)預國(guo)政,自古外戚擅權(quan),國(guo)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)亂,能(neng)保證他沒有異心(xin)嗎?在(zai)斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)等剛介之士(shi)的堅(jian)持反對(dui)下,仁孝(xiao)皇(huang)帝沒有允(yun)許(xu)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)入朝(chao)(chao)。這使得(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)視(shi)斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)眼中釘。后任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)進為(wei)(wei)國(guo)相(xiang)后,斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)不(bu)(bu)畏權(quan)勢,冒著生命危險,多(duo)次彈劾任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)濫殺(sha)無(wu)辜,網(wang)羅(luo)親黨。任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)恨得(de)(de)(de)(de)咬牙切齒,想殺(sha)斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong),只是(shi)斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)名氣太大(da),恐(kong)引(yin)起眾怒,只好(hao)讓斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)閑居在(zai)家(jia),不(bu)(bu)準他參(can)理國(guo)政。為(wei)(wei)此,斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)沉寂了幾乎二(er)十年(nian),仍處之淡然。斡(wo)(wo)(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)敢于(yu)同(tong)任(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)敬(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)(wei)首(shou)的專權(quan)跋扈、投(tou)機鉆(zhan)營、圖謀篡權(quan)的奸臣做堅(jian)決斗爭,表現了其“寧為(wei)(wei)玉碎(sui),不(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)瓦(wa)全”的大(da)無(wu)畏鴻儒氣魄,其人(ren)品為(wei)(wei)世人(ren)所敬(jing)(jing)(jing)仰。
西夏乾佑元(yuan)年(nian)(1170年(nian)),任得(de)敬篡權陰(yin)謀被粉碎,第二年(nian)五月(yue),李仁孝以(yi)斡(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)為(wei)(wei)西夏國中(zhong)書令,朝中(zhong)官吏引為(wei)(wei)楷模(mo)。在(zai)斡(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)的(de)影(ying)響下,群(qun)臣敢于直言(yan),敢于對(dui)時政提出(chu)自己的(de)看法,這對(dui)社會的(de)發展和經濟的(de)繁榮,非(fei)常必要和有益。不久,眾望所歸,斡(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)又被任命為(wei)(wei)國相(xiang)。
西(xi)夏乾佑十(shi)四年(1183年),斡(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)因勞累而死。他任(ren)西(xi)夏國相(xiang)十(shi)余年間,廉潔施政,生(sheng)活(huo)儉樸,史載“家(jia)無私(si)蓄,僅有書籍(ji)數床而已”,可謂兩袖清風,一身正氣(qi)。仁孝皇(huang)帝聞訊后,悲痛萬(wan)分(fen),令人將(jiang)斡(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)遺像畫(hua)于(yu)郡縣學,尊為楷模,世代與孔(kong)子共祭祀,表現出對(dui)斡(wo)道(dao)沖(chong)的崇高評(ping)價和(he)深切緬懷。
直到(dao)元代(dai),斡(wo)道沖還被尊(zun)(zun)為一流學(xue)者,儒(ru)學(xue)大師(shi)。元代(dai)翰(han)林(lin)學(xue)士(shi)虞伯生撰有《西夏相斡(wo)公(gong)畫像贊》云:“西夏之盛,禮事(shi)孔子。極其(qi)(qi)尊(zun)(zun)親,以帝(di)廟祀。乃有儒(ru)臣,早(zao)究(jiu)典謨(mo)。通經同文,教其(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)都。遂相其(qi)(qi)君(jun),作(zuo)服施(shi)采。顧(gu)瞻學(xue)宮(gong),遺(yi)像斯生。國(guo)(guo)廢時遠,人鮮克知。壞(huai)宮(gong)改作(zuo),不聞(wen)金絲。不忘其(qi)(qi)親,存賢子孫。載國(guo)(guo)丹青,取征良史(shi)。”斡(wo)道沖昭垂百代(dai)清芬,其(qi)(qi)德操令(ling)后人慕仰,可(ke)謂西夏賢相儒(ru)臣。
天盛三年(nian)(1151)為蕃漢教(jiao)授。在(zai)朝剛介直言,與御史(shi)中丞熱辣公濟、翰林學士兼樞(shu)密都承旨(zhi)焦景顏(yan)共同(tong)抵(di)制(zhi)外(wai)戚任得(de)敬的專權和分國活動。任得(de)敬被誅后,乾(qian)祐(you)二(er)年(nian)(1171)擢為中書(shu)令。輔佐仁(ren)宗穩定政局(ju),發展文(wen)化,很多重(zhong)要典籍即(ji)在(zai)此(ci)時刊(kan)印(yin)。乾(qian)祐(you)十四(si)年(nian)死,為相十數(shu)年(nian),家無私蓄,藏書(shu)甚多,死后,仁(ren)宗圖畫其像,從祀于孔廟。