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三十六(liu)計(ji)之(zhi)笑(xiao)(xiao)里藏刀比喻外表和(he)氣而內心陰險。在三十六(liu)計(ji)中(zhong)，該計(ji)策的(de)最大(da)特點(dian)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)運用(yong)廣泛，而且(qie)可以無師自通，笑(xiao)(xiao)容本事人(ren)類一種(zhong)美好的(de)表情，俗(su)話(hua)話(hua)拳頭不(bu)打笑(xiao)(xiao)臉人(ren)，笑(xiao)(xiao)里藏刀之(zhi)所(suo)以能夠成為一個百試不(bu)爽的(de)計(ji)謀就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)因為他擊中(zhong)了(le)人(ren)性中(zhong)最常見(jian)的(de)弱點(dian)。

計謀典故

公孫鞅計取崤山

戰國時期，秦國為(wei)了(le)對外擴(kuo)張(zhang)，必須(xu)奪(duo)取(qu)地(di)勢險(xian)要的黃(huang)河崤山一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)，派公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅為(wei)大(da)將，率(lv)兵攻(gong)打魏(wei)國。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅大(da)軍(jun)直抵魏(wei)國吳(wu)城城下。這吳(wu)城原是魏(wei)國名(ming)將吳(wu)起苦心經(jing)營之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)，地(di)勢險(xian)要，工事堅固，正面(mian)進攻(gong)恐(kong)難奏效。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅苦苦思索攻(gong)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)。他探(tan)到魏(wei)國守將是與自己曾經(jing)有過(guo)交(jiao)往的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)，心中大(da)喜。他馬上(shang)修書一(yi)(yi)封，主(zhu)(zhu)動與公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)套近乎，說(shuo)道，雖(sui)然我(wo)們倆各為(wei)其主(zhu)(zhu)，但考慮到我(wo)們以(yi)前(qian)的交(jiao)情(qing)，還是兩(liang)國罷兵，訂立和(he)約(yue)為(wei)好。念(nian)舊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)，溢干言表。他還建議(yi)約(yue)定(ding)時間會(hui)談(tan)(tan)議(yi)和(he)大(da)事。信送出后，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅還擺出主(zhu)(zhu)動撤兵的姿態，命令秦軍(jun)前(qian)鋒立即撤回(hui)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)看罷來信，又(you)見(jian)秦軍(jun)退兵，非(fei)常高興(xing)，馬上(shang)回(hui)信約(yue)定(ding)會(hui)談(tan)(tan)日(ri)期。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)已鉆入(ru)了(le)圈套，暗地(di)在會(hui)談(tan)(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)設(she)下埋伏。會(hui)談(tan)(tan)那天(tian)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)帶(dai)了(le)三(san)百名(ming)隨從(cong)(cong)到達約(yue)定(ding)地(di)點，見(jian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅帶(dai)的隨從(cong)(cong)更少，而(er)且全部(bu)沒帶(dai)兵器，更加相信對方的誠意。會(hui)談(tan)(tan)氣氛十分(fen)融洽，兩(liang)人(ren)重敘昔(xi)日(ri)友情(qing)，表達雙方交(jiao)好的誠意。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞍還擺宴(yan)款待(dai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)興(xing)沖沖人(ren)席，還未坐定(ding)，忽聽(ting)一(yi)(yi)聲號(hao)令，伏兵從(cong)(cong)四面(mian)包(bao)圍(wei)過(guo)來，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)和(he)三(san)百隨從(cong)(cong)反應不及，全部(bu)被擒。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅利(li)用(yong)被俘的隨從(cong)(cong)，騙開吳(wu)城城門(men)，占領吳(wu)城。魏(wei)國只(zhi)得割讓西河一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)，向秦求和(he)。秦國用(yong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)鞅笑里藏刀計(ji)輕(qing)取(qu)崤山一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)。

原文與譯文

【原典】

信(xin)而安之①，陰(yin)以圖之②，備而后動，勿使有變。剛(gang)中柔外也③。

【注釋】

①信(xin)而安(an)之(zhi)：信(xin)，使(shi)信(xin)。安(an)，使(shi)安(an)，安(an)然，此指不生(sheng)疑心。

②陰以圖之：陰，暗地里(li)。

③剛(gang)中柔(rou)外：表面柔(rou)順，實(shi)質強硬尖利。

【按語】

兵(bing)書云：“辭卑(bei)而益(yi)備者，進也(ye)(ye)；……無約而請(qing)和者，謀也(ye)(ye)。”故(gu)凡敵(di)人之(zhi)巧言(yan)令色，皆(jie)殺機之(zhi)外露也(ye)(ye)。宋曹瑋知渭州，號令明肅，西夏(xia)(xia)人憚之(zhi)。一日(ri)瑋方對客弈(yi)棋，會有(you)叛夸數千，亡奔夏(xia)(xia)境。堠騎（騎馬的(de)偵宿(su)員）報至(zhi)，諸將相顧(gu)失色，公言(yan)笑如平(ping)時。徐謂騎日(ri)．“吾命也(ye)(ye)，汝勿(wu)顯(xian)言(yan)。”西夏(xia)(xia)人聞(wen)之(zhi)，以為(wei)襲己(ji)，盡殺之(zhi)。此(ci)臨(lin)機應變之(zhi)用也(ye)(ye)。若勾踐之(zhi)事夫(fu)差．則意使其久(jiu)而安之(zhi)矣(yi)。

作品出處

《笑里藏刀》選自(zi)《三(san)十六計(ji)》

《三十六(liu)(liu)(liu)計(ji)》或稱“三十六(liu)(liu)(liu)策”，是指中國(guo)古(gu)代三十六(liu)(liu)(liu)個兵法策略，語源于(yu)南(nan)北朝，成書于(yu)明清。它是根據我國(guo)古(gu)代卓(zhuo)越的(de)軍事思想和豐富的(de)斗爭經驗總結(jie)而成的(de)兵書，是中華民族悠久(jiu)文化遺產之一(yi)。

“三(san)(san)(san)十六(liu)計(ji)(ji)”一語，先于著書之(zhi)年(nian)(nian)，語源可考自南朝(chao)宋將(jiang)檀(tan)道濟（？—公元436年(nian)(nian)），據《南齊(qi)書·王敬則傳》：“檀(tan)公三(san)(san)(san)十六(liu)策(ce)，走(zou)為(wei)(wei)上(shang)計(ji)(ji)，汝父子唯應走(zou)耳。”意為(wei)(wei)敗(bai)局已定，無可挽回(hui)，唯有退卻，方是上(shang)策(ce)。此(ci)語后人(ren)(ren)賡相沿用(yong)，宋代惠洪《冷(leng)齋夜話》：“三(san)(san)(san)十六(liu)計(ji)(ji)，走(zou)為(wei)(wei)上(shang)計(ji)(ji)。”。及明(ming)末(mo)清初，引用(yong)此(ci)語的人(ren)(ren)更(geng)多。于是有心人(ren)(ren)采(cai)集群書，編撰(zhuan)成(cheng)《三(san)(san)(san)十六(liu)計(ji)(ji)》。但此(ci)書為(wei)(wei)何(he)時何(he)人(ren)(ren)所撰(zhuan)已難確考。

原書按計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)名排列(lie)，共分六(liu)套，即(ji)勝戰(zhan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、敵戰(zhan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、攻戰(zhan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、混戰(zhan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、并戰(zhan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、敗戰(zhan)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。前(qian)三(san)套是(shi)處于優勢所(suo)(suo)用之(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，后三(san)套是(shi)處于劣勢所(suo)(suo)用之(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。每套各包(bao)含(han)六(liu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，總共三(san)十六(liu)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。其中每計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)名稱(cheng)后的(de)解(jie)說，均(jun)系(xi)(xi)依據(ju)《易(yi)經(jing)》中的(de)陰陽變(bian)化之(zhi)(zhi)理及古代兵(bing)家剛柔、奇(qi)正、攻防(fang)、彼(bi)己、虛實、主客等(deng)對立關系(xi)(xi)相互轉化的(de)思想推(tui)演而(er)成，含(han)有(you)樸素(su)的(de)軍(jun)事辯(bian)證(zheng)法的(de)因素(su)。解(jie)說后的(de)按語(yu)，多引證(zheng)宋代以前(qian)的(de)戰(zhan)例(li)和孫武、吳(wu)起、尉繚(liao)子等(deng)兵(bing)家的(de)精辟語(yu)句(ju)。全書還(huan)有(you)總說和跋(ba)。

三十六計是我國古代兵(bing)家計謀的總結和軍事謀略學(xue)的寶貴遺產，為便于(yu)人(ren)們熟記這三十六條(tiao)妙計，有位學(xue)者在三十六計中(zhong)每(mei)取一(yi)字，依序組成一(yi)首詩：金玉檀(tan)公策，借以(yi)擒劫賊(zei)，魚蛇海間(jian)笑，羊虎桃桑隔，樹暗走癡(chi)故(gu)，釜空苦(ku)遠客(ke)，屋梁(liang)有美尸，擊魏(wei)連伐虢(guo)。