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基本介紹

天(tian)牛是多(duo)食(shi)亞目天(tian)牛科(ke)昆蟲的總稱，咀嚼式口器，有很(hen)長的觸角(jiao)，常常超過身體的長度，全世界約有超過20,000種。有一些種類屬于(yu)害(hai)蟲，其幼蟲生活(huo)于(yu)木(mu)材中，可能對樹或建筑物造成危(wei)害(hai)。

天牛是植食(shi)性昆蟲，會危害木本植物，大部分(fen)松(song)、柏、柳、榆、核桃、柑橘、蘋(pin)果(guo)、桃和(he)茶等(deng)，一部分(fen)棉、麥、玉(yu)米(mi)、高粱、甘蔗和(he)麻等(deng)，少數木材、建筑、房屋和(he)家具(ju)等(deng)，是林業生產、作物栽培和(he)建筑木材上的主要害蟲。

鞘翅目(Coleoptera)天牛(niu)科(Cerambycidae)甲蟲，其英文(wen)俗名得(de)自多數(shu)種(zhong)的(de)極長(chang)觸(chu)角(jiao)。分布(bu)全球，但熱(re)帶(dai)最多。長(chang)0.4～18cm，不過，若把觸(chu)角(jiao)計算(suan)在內，長(chang)度(du)可(ke)增加2～3倍。許多成蟲（如(ru)歐洲的(de)蜂形虎天牛(niu)〔Clytus arietes〕）采花粉，體色黃、黑、橙相間，酷似(si)黃蜂；有(you)些(xie)虎天牛(niu)屬（Clytus）的(de)熱(re)帶(dai)種(zhong)類貌似(si)蟻類；非洲的(de)大(da)天牛(niu)（Pterognatha gigas）則(ze)像一塊帶(dai)有(you)幾條線（伸出的(de)觸(chu)角(jiao)）的(de)苔蘚或地衣(yi)。

常見種類

天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類很(hen)多，世界已(yi)知22000種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中國也有(you)(you)(you)2200種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右，分布(bu)廣泛，為害(hai)普(pu)遍，幾乎每一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樹(shu)木，都受不同的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類所侵害(hai)。而受害(hai)較(jiao)(jiao)多的(de)(de)樹(shu)木，像桑(sang)樹(shu)有(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，柳樹(shu)和楊樹(shu)有(you)(you)(you)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，柑桔類有(you)(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，松樹(shu)有(you)(you)(you)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)中數量多、常(chang)見的(de)(de)除星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)和桑(sang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)外，還有(you)(you)(you)光肩星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、桃紅(hong)頸天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、白筋天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、紅(hong)緣(yuan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、云斑(ban)(ban)白條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、竹緣(yuan)虎(hu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、深山天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)等。典型的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類、身體(ti)呈(cheng)長(chang)圓筒形(xing)(xing)，背部(bu)略扁(bian)，觸角(jiao)(jiao)特長(chang)，特別是比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)常(chang)見的(de)(de)幾種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、桑(sang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、云斑(ban)(ban)白條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)等，它們壯碩的(de)(de)軀體(ti)和突出(chu)的(de)(de)兩角(jiao)(jiao)，使人意(yi)識到牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)印象(xiang)。其實天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)體(ti)形(xing)(xing)大小(xiao)也頗有(you)(you)(you)變異，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)觸角(jiao)(jiao)較(jiao)(jiao)短(duan)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)體(ti)呈(cheng)卵圓形(xing)(xing)或(huo)(huo)(huo)其它形(xing)(xing)狀，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)則摹擬其它昆蟲的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)象(xiang)，如(ru)薔薇(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)屬、花天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)亞科很(hen)像蜂類。天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)又以色(se)(se)彩美麗著稱，但很(hen)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類或(huo)(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)(huo)少呈(cheng)棕褐色(se)(se)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)以花斑(ban)(ban)排列(lie)，和樹(shu)干的(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)相橡，而具有(you)(you)(you)隱匿色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)(huo)保護色(se)(se)的(de)(de)作用。

大(da)(da)多數天牛(niu)是大(da)(da)型或(huo)中型的種類，體(ti)(ti)長(chang)在15～50mm之(zhi)間(jian)。但(dan)亦(yi)有很大(da)(da)的如大(da)(da)山(shan)鋸(ju)天牛(niu)，體(ti)(ti)長(chang)可達110mm，較小(xiao)的如微小(xiao)天牛(niu)，體(ti)(ti)長(chang)僅0.5mm。同種個(ge)體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)有時大(da)(da)小(xiao)變異也很大(da)(da)，如星天牛(niu)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)19～39mm，體(ti)(ti)寬6～14mm。

天(tian)牛的幼(you)蟲以及成蟲多(duo)喜在(zai)樹(shu)木(mu)上活動(dong)，如桑(sang)樹(shu)、柳(liu)樹(shu)和楊樹(shu)、柑桔類、松樹(shu)等(deng)都有多(duo)種(zhong)天(tian)牛種(zhong)類在(zai)其(qi)繁衍。天(tian)牛中數量多(duo)，對植被危(wei)害(hai)較大。

天(tian)牛的(de)寄主范(fan)圍在各種類(lei)間(jian)亦有不(bu)同，很多種類(lei)如星天(tian)牛、桑(sang)天(tian)牛、云斑天(tian)牛等，其食性廣泛，能加害(hai)多種不(bu)同科的(de)植物(wu)；有的(de)則限于同科或接(jie)近的(de)屬，如大(da)牙和(he)曲牙鋸天(tian)牛為害(hai)禾(he)本科植物(wu)，樟紅天(tian)牛為害(hai)樟樹和(he)楠木樹。

形態及特征

天牛(niu)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)淡(dan)黃或白色，天牛(niu)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)呈長圓(yuan)筒形(xing) 體(ti)前端擴展(zhan)成(cheng)圓(yuan)形(xing)，似(si)頭，故(gu)俗名圓(yuan)頭鉆(zhan)木(mu)(mu)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，上(shang)腭強壯(zhuang)，能鉆(zhan)入樹內(nei)生(sheng)活兩年以上(shang)，破壞木(mu)(mu)材。化蛹前向外鉆(zhan)一(yi)孔(kong)道，在樹內(nei)化蛹，新羽化的成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)經此(ci)孔(kong)道而(er)出(chu)。三對足，兩對翅。由(you)于(yu)這種鉆(zhan)木(mu)(mu)習(xi)性(xing)，天牛(niu)危(wei)害木(mu)(mu)材和漿(jiang)材樹、景觀樹、果樹以及木(mu)(mu)本觀賞植物甚巨。

成蟲(chong)體呈長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)筒形，背部略扁(bian)；觸(chu)角著生(sheng)在(zai)額的(de)(de)突起(qi)（稱(cheng)(cheng)觸(chu)角基瘤）上，具有(you)使觸(chu)角自由轉動和向(xiang)后覆蓋于蟲(chong)體背上的(de)(de)功能(neng)。爪通(tong)常(chang)呈單(dan)齒式，少數(shu)呈附齒式。除鋸天(tian)牛(niu)類外，中胸(xiong)背板常(chang)具發(fa)音器。幼蟲(chong)體粗肥(fei)，呈長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形，略扁(bian)，少數(shu)體細長(chang)(chang)(chang)。頭呈橫闊或長(chang)(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)形，常(chang)縮入前(qian)胸(xiong)背板很深。天(tian)牛(niu)因其(qi)(qi)(qi)力(li)大(da)如牛(niu)，善于在(zai)天(tian)空中飛翔，因而得(de)天(tian)牛(niu)之(zhi)名；又(you)因它(ta)(ta)發(fa)出“咔(ka)嚓(ca)、咔(ka)嚓(ca)”之(zhi)聲(sheng)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)聲(sheng)很象是鋸樹之(zhi)聲(sheng)，故又(you)被(bei)稱(cheng)(cheng)作“鋸樹郎”。此(ci)(ci)外，中國南方有(you)些(xie)地(di)區(qu)(qu)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為“水牯(gu)牛(niu)”、“水牛(niu)”等，北方有(you)些(xie)地(di)區(qu)(qu)稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)為“春(chun)牛(niu)兒”。此(ci)(ci)蟲(chong)因種類不(bu)同，體形的(de)(de)大(da)小差別(bie)極大(da)，最大(da)者(zhe)體長(chang)(chang)(chang)可達(da)11cm，而小者(zhe)體長(chang)(chang)(chang)僅(jin)0.4～0.5cm，此(ci)(ci)蟲(chong)特別(bie)的(de)(de)特征(zheng)是其(qi)(qi)(qi)觸(chu)角極長(chang)(chang)(chang)，中國華北有(you)一(yi)種叫做(zuo)長(chang)(chang)(chang)角灰(hui)天(tian)牛(niu)的(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)觸(chu)角長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)可達(da)自身體長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)4～5倍(bei)，普通(tong)所見的(de)(de)天(tian)牛(niu)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)觸(chu)須亦可達(da)10cm左(zuo)右。另外一(yi)個特征(zheng)就是它(ta)(ta)強(qiang)有(you)力(li)的(de)(de)下(xia)巴。天(tian)牛(niu)體色大(da)多(duo)為黑色，體上具有(you)金屬的(de)(de)光澤，其(qi)(qi)(qi)成蟲(chong)常(chang)見于林區(qu)(qu)、果園等處，飛行時(shi)鞘翅張(zhang)開不(bu)動，由內翅扇動，發(fa)出“嚶嚶”之(zhi)聲(sheng)。它(ta)(ta)多(duo)數(shu)為1年(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)1代，也有(you)3年(nian)(nian)2代或2年(nian)(nian)一(yi)代的(de)(de)，是危害(hai)楊、柳、桑、槐、梧桐、苦楝等樹木(mu)的(de)(de)

害蟲。

鋸天牛(niu)亞(ya)科(ke)：（Prioninae），鞘翅革質，淡褐色，前胸（頭後面地區）側向擴展，緣有(you)齒突。該亞(ya)科(ke)的松(song)天牛(niu)屬（Parandra,或(huo)稱異天牛(niu)屬，有(you)時列入椎天牛(niu)科(ke)〔Spondylidae〕）生(sheng)于(yu)松(song)樹(shu)(shu)中，闊頸(jing)鋸天牛(niu)（Prionus laticollis）的幼蟲生(sheng)活(huo)在葡萄、蘋果、白楊(yang)、南方(fang)越橘(ju)和其(qi)他(ta)的果樹(shu)(shu)、觀賞樹(shu)(shu)等(deng)樹(shu)(shu)根中

花(hua)(hua)天牛(niu)亞科：（Lepturinae）。包括(kuo)接(jie)骨木天牛(niu)（Desmocerus palliatus），肩(jian)部似著一(yi)黃斗篷(peng)，觸角多結(jie)節，故(gu)又(you)稱斗篷(peng)結(jie)節天牛(niu)（cloaked knotty-horn beetle）。取(qu)食接(jie)骨木的(de)花(hua)(hua)和葉，幼蟲鉆入莖(jing)髓中。

溝(gou)(gou)脛(jing)天牛(niu)亞科：（Lamiinae），包括(kuo)墨天牛(niu)屬(shu)（Monochamus）的(de)(de)(de)食木蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，灰(hui)棕(zong)色(se)，長(chang)約30公(gong)厘(li)（1.2吋(cun)(cun)(cun)，不包括(kuo)長(chang)觸角）。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)松、冷(leng)杉(shan)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)內鉆孔直徑達10公(gong)厘(li)（0.3吋(cun)(cun)(cun)）。蘋圓頭天牛(niu)（Saperda candida）是一(yi)種嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)蘋果害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。繞枝(zhi)溝(gou)(gou)脛(jing)天牛(niu)（Oncideres cingulata，即割(ge)枝(zhi)天牛(niu)）產(chan)卵(luan)在(zai)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)內，然後(hou)沿(yan)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)圓周割(ge)一(yi)溝(gou)(gou)，後(hou)枝(zhi)條(tiao)(tiao)枯死并斷裂，幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)枯枝(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)發育(yu)。光(guang)肩星天牛(niu)(Anoplophora glabripennis），原(yuan)產(chan)于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)和(he)朝鮮，是許(xu)多硬材樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)主要害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，尤其是對楓樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、白蠟槭、七(qi)葉樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)（馬栗）、鹿眼樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、柳(liu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)榆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)亮黑色(se)，有不規則(ze)的(de)(de)(de)白點，體大(da)，長(chang)1.9～3.8cm（0.75～1.5吋(cun)(cun)(cun)）。觸角黑色(se)帶(dai)有白環，長(chang)3.8～10.2cm（1.5～4吋(cun)(cun)(cun)）。在(zai)夏日數月中(zhong)(zhong)，成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)嚼碎(sui)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮產(chan)卵(luan)，造成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)木一(yi)個直徑約1.3cm（0.5吋(cun)(cun)(cun)）的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)顯深色(se)傷疤。待幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)孵出(chu)後(hou)，移棲樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)心(xin)處，在(zai)那里取食、發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)熟，然後(hou)挖洞出(chu)來，留下9.5公(gong)厘(li)（0.375吋(cun)(cun)(cun)）寬的(de)(de)(de)洞。據說光(guang)肩星天牛(niu)是跟(gen)著貨板運送到北(bei)美，1996年(nian)使紐(niu)約蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)患成(cheng)(cheng)災，幾年(nian)之後(hou)又傳(chuan)到新澤西、伊利諾(nuo)州的(de)(de)(de)芝加哥(ge)和(he)安大(da)略省的(de)(de)(de)多倫多。防治措施包括(kuo)移除和(he)銷(xiao)毀樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)木，隔離受傳(chuan)染的(de)(de)(de)疫區、嚴(yan)格管控木材的(de)(de)(de)運送，并用殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)劑(ji)治療，把(ba)光(guang)肩星天牛(niu)限制在(zai)隔離區內。

天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)是人(ren)們(men)(men)熟(shu)知(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)類昆(kun)蟲。很多(duo)人(ren)在(zai)孩童(tong)時期，曾(ceng)經捕(bu)捉到或觀(guan)察到天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)，對它們(men)(men)發生興趣(qu)(qu)。有(you)(you)趣(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是當你抓(zhua)住它時，會發出“嘎吱嘎吱”聲響，企圖(tu)掙脫(tuo)逃(tao)命。如(ru)若在(zai)其(qi)腿上(shang)縛一(yi)(yi)根(gen)細線(xian)(xian)，任其(qi)飛翔(xiang)，還能聽到“嚶嚶”之聲呢(ni)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玩法很多(duo)，如(ru)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)賽跑、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)拉車、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)釣(diao)魚、天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)賽叫等等，比起充斥(chi)市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)電動玩具來，玩這種(zhong)“自然寵物”要有(you)(you)趣(qu)(qu)得多(duo)。不過在(zai)這里要提醒大家，在(zai)玩的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候，當心別被天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)強壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)顎咬著手(shou)！ 在(zai)民間(jian)流行一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)“天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)釣(diao)魚”的(de)(de)(de)(de)游戲，十分逗人(ren)開懷。方法是在(zai)一(yi)(yi)盛(sheng)水的(de)(de)(de)(de)盆中(zhong)，置一(yi)(yi)魚形小(xiao)片(pian)，穿孔系(xi)線(xian)(xian)，另一(yi)(yi)頭系(xi)在(zai)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)角(jiao)上(shang)，線(xian)(xian)長(chang)適度，將天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)置于另一(yi)(yi)小(xiao)木條上(shang)，浮于水面，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)四周環水，局促不安，頻頻揮(hui)動觸角(jiao)，形同釣(diao)魚，魚若離水，則釣(diao)魚成(cheng)功。如(ru)兩(liang)蟲比賽，以(yi)先釣(diao)起者為勝(sheng)，十分有(you)(you)趣(qu)(qu)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)年齡(ling)稍(shao)大些(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)手(shou)指那么粗(cu)，年齡(ling)小(xiao)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)不多(duo)只有(you)(you)鉛(qian)筆(bi)一(yi)(yi)般細。

生活習性

天(tian)牛一(yi)般(ban)以幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)內越冬(dong)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化(hua)后，有(you)的(de)需進行補(bu)充營養(yang)，取(qu)食(shi)(shi)花粉(fen)、嫩(nen)(nen)枝、嫩(nen)(nen)葉、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)汁或果實、菌類(lei)等，有(you)的(de)不需補(bu)充營養(yang)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽命(ming)一(yi)般(ban)10余(yu)天(tian)至(zhi)1～2個月；但在(zai)(zai)蛹(yong)室內越冬(dong)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可達7～8個月，雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽命(ming)比雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)短。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活(huo)動(dong)時間與復眼(yan)小(xiao)眼(yan)面(mian)粗、細有(you)關，一(yi)般(ban)小(xiao)眼(yan)面(mian)粗的(de)，多(duo)在(zai)(zai)晚上活(huo)動(dong)，有(you)趨光性；小(xiao)眼(yan)面(mian)細的(de)，多(duo)在(zai)(zai)白天(tian)活(huo)動(dong)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵(luan)方式與口(kou)器形式有(you)關，一(yi)般(ban)前(qian)口(kou)式的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產卵(luan)時將卵(luan)直(zhi)接(jie)產入粗糙樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)或裂縫中；下(xia)口(kou)式的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)先在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)上咬成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)刻槽，然后將卵(luan)產在(zai)(zai)刻槽內。天(tian)牛主(zhu)要以幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)(shi)，生(sheng)活(huo)時間長(chang)，對樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)危害嚴重。當(dang)卵(luan)孵化(hua)出幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后，初齡(ling)幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)即蛀(zhu)(zhu)入樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)，最(zui)初在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)下(xia)取(qu)食(shi)(shi)，待齡(ling)期(qi)增大后，即鉆入木質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)為害，有(you)的(de)種類(lei)僅停留在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)下(xia)生(sheng)活(huo)，不蛀(zhu)(zhu)入木質(zhi)部(bu)(bu)。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)內活(huo)動(dong)，蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)(shi)隧道的(de)形狀和(he)長(chang)短隨種類(lei)而異。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)干(gan)或枝條上蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定距(ju)離(li)內向樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮(pi)上開口(kou)作為通氣孔，向外推出排(pai)泄物和(he)木屑(xie)。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)老熟后即筑成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較寬的(de)蛹(yong)室，兩端以纖(xian)維和(he)木屑(xie)堵塞，而在(zai)(zai)其中化(hua)蛹(yong)。蛹(yong)期(qi)約10～20多(duo)天(tian)。

天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)的(de)幼(you)蟲蛀食(shi)樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)和(he)樹(shu)(shu)枝，影(ying)響樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)的(de)生長發(fa)育(yu)，使(shi)樹(shu)(shu)勢衰(shuai)弱(ruo)，導致(zhi)病菌侵入(ru)，也易被風折斷。受(shou)害(hai)(hai)嚴重(zhong)時(shi)，整株(zhu)死(si)亡，木(mu)材被蛀，失去工藝(yi)價值。天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)主要是木(mu)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)害(hai)(hai)蟲，在(zai)幼(you)蟲期蛀蝕樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)、枝條(tiao)及根部。有一部分(fen)為害(hai)(hai)草本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，幼(you)蟲生活于莖或根內，如菊天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)、瓜藤天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)等(deng)。個別(bie)種類如棉蒴(shuo)(shuo)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)，則為害(hai)(hai)棉蒴(shuo)(shuo)。還(huan)有少(shao)數(shu)種類，幼(you)蟲不生活在(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)組織內，而是在(zai)土壤中取食(shi)根部，如大牙(ya)及曲牙(ya)鋸(ju)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)、草天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)等(deng)等(deng)。

關(guan)于成蟲的食(shi)性，已知有取(qu)食(shi)花(hua)粉、嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)樹(shu)(shu)皮、嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)枝、葉、根(gen)、樹(shu)(shu)汁、果(guo)實、菌類等(deng)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)習性。一(yi)般(ban)說來，花(hua)天牛類常以(yi)花(hua)粉為食(shi)。溝(gou)脛天牛類常食(shi)害嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)樹(shu)(shu)皮、嫩(nen)(nen)(nen)枝和葉。其它(ta)亞(ya)科的成蟲亦有取(qu)食(shi)的，亦有一(yi)部分可能并不(bu)取(qu)食(shi)。在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)亞(ya)科內食(shi)性的變(bian)異亦很(hen)大。

繁殖方式

天牛(niu)(niu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長短依種(zhong)類(lei)而(er)異，有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)完成(cheng)1代(dai)或(huo)2代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，也有二(er)、三年(nian)(nian)(nian)甚至四、五年(nian)(nian)(nian)完成(cheng)1代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同地(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)史有時亦(yi)很(hen)不(bu)同，如(ru)黃(huang)星(xing)桑(sang)天牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)江蘇需三年(nian)(nian)(nian)完成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)世(shi)代(dai)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)廣東(dong)則(ze)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)兩代(dai)。由于(yu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱藏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，對(dui)(dui)它們進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)史觀察(cha)很(hen)有困難(nan)。又由于(yu)寄(ji)主植(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件如(ru)老幼(you)(you)、健(jian)康、干(gan)濕程(cheng)度等，對(dui)(dui)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長發育影響很(hen)大(da)(da)。不(bu)良(liang)條件常引起(qi)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滯(zhi)育而(er)使(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)世(shi)代(dai)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)地(di)延長。所(suo)以(yi)同-種(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)同一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)區內(nei)(nei)(nei)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)呈現不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發育過程(cheng)。文獻上(shang)有許多關于(yu)長壽(shou)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記，這些大(da)(da)都是根據木材(cai)制(zhi)成(cheng)了家具后(hou)，經(jing)過若干(gan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，忽然發現其中尚有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，或(huo)者(zhe)天牛(niu)(niu)忽然羽(yu)化而(er)此證(zheng)明(ming)它在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)木器內(nei)(nei)(nei)已生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)了很(hen)多年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)。已有很(hen)多這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例子，證(zheng)明(ming)天牛(niu)(niu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可(ke)以(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、二(er)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)，而(er)最高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2個記錄是40年(nian)(nian)(nian)和45年(nian)(nian)(nian)。天牛(niu)(niu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般以(yi)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)越(yue)冬，或(huo)以(yi)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蛹室內(nei)(nei)(nei)越(yue)冬，即(ji)上(shang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)秋冬之際羽(yu)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，留(liu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蛹室內(nei)(nei)(nei)到翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)春夏間(jian)才(cai)出來。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般不(bu)長，十數天到一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)、二(er)個月(yue)(yue)，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)蛹室內(nei)(nei)(nei)越(yue)冬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)達到七、八個月(yue)(yue)。雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽(shou)命一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般較雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)為短。成(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)各(ge)種(zhong)類(lei)間(jian)也各(ge)有不(bu)同，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)白天日光下活(huo)(huo)動，活(huo)(huo)躍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是花天牛(niu)(niu)類(lei)；有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)夜晚或(huo)陰(yin)天活(huo)(huo)動，或(huo)整(zheng)晚都能(neng)(neng)活(huo)(huo)動。

產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)方式(shi)：主要有兩種(zhong)，一種(zhong)是(shi)雌蟲在產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)前先用(yong)上顎咬(yao)破樹皮（特別(bie)是(shi)溝(gou)脛天牛）， 然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)管(guan)插入，每孔(kong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)一粒，也有產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)多粒的(de)。這樣(yang)形成(cheng)的(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)孔(kong)，其形狀大小在各種(zhong)類間常有不(bu)同，有的(de)很(hen)顯著，在防治上可(ke)作搜滅蟲卵(luan)(luan)的(de)指示。另一種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)方式(shi)不(bu)先咬(yao)孔(kong)，而是(shi)直接(jie)用(yong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)管(guan)在樹皮縫隙內(nei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)。在少數情況下(xia)，也有產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)在枝干光滑部分(fen)的(de)。士居種(zhong)類產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)于土壤(rang)內(nei)。

初孵的(de)幼(you)蟲(chong)一般(ban)先在(zai)皮(pi)下(xia)蛀食，經(jing)過或長或短的(de)時期后才深(shen)入到木(mu)(mu)質部分(fen)。少數種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)僅(jin)在(zai)皮(pi)下(xia)蛀蝕(shi)。也有(you)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)則穿鑿不(bu)(bu)深(shen)，僅(jin)在(zai)邊(bian)材部為害(hai)。許多種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)侵害(hai)基干或粗枝，有(you)的(de)在(zai)根干，有(you)的(de)則在(zai)枝條蛀蝕(shi)。幼(you)蟲(chong)蛀蝕(shi)時穿鑿各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)坑(keng)(keng)道，或上或下(xia)，或左或右，或彎(wan)或直，隨種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)而異，但也有(you)許多種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)坑(keng)(keng)道很不(bu)(bu)規則。在(zai)坑(keng)(keng)道內常充(chong)滿蟲(chong)糞及纖維(wei)質木(mu)(mu)屑．有(you)時蟲(chong)糞木(mu)(mu)屑由蟲(chong)孔向外排(pai)出，有(you)時受害(hai)處并有(you)樹汁(zhi)流出。老熟(shu)幼(you)蟲(chong)常筑(zhu)成較寬的(de)坑(keng)(keng)道作(zuo)為蛹室，兩端(duan)以纖維(wei)木(mu)(mu)屑封閉，在(zai)其中化蛹。