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基本介紹

天牛(niu)是多食亞目天牛(niu)科昆蟲的(de)總稱，咀嚼式口器，有(you)很(hen)長(chang)的(de)觸角(jiao)，常常超過(guo)身體(ti)的(de)長(chang)度，全世(shi)界約有(you)超過(guo)20,000種。有(you)一些(xie)種類屬(shu)于害蟲，其幼蟲生活于木材中，可能對樹(shu)或建筑物造成危害。

天(tian)牛(niu)是植食性昆蟲，會危害木(mu)本植物，大部(bu)分松、柏、柳、榆、核桃、柑橘、蘋果、桃和茶(cha)等(deng)，一部(bu)分棉、麥、玉米、高粱、甘蔗和麻等(deng)，少數(shu)木(mu)材、建筑(zhu)、房屋和家具等(deng)，是林業生產、作物栽培和建筑(zhu)木(mu)材上的(de)主要害蟲。

鞘翅目(mu)(Coleoptera)天(tian)牛(niu)科(Cerambycidae)甲蟲，其英文(wen)俗(su)名(ming)得自多(duo)數種的(de)極長觸(chu)角(jiao)。分布全(quan)球，但熱帶(dai)最多(duo)。長0.4～18cm，不過，若把觸(chu)角(jiao)計算(suan)在(zai)內，長度可增加2～3倍。許多(duo)成蟲（如歐洲的(de)蜂形虎天(tian)牛(niu)〔Clytus arietes〕）采花粉，體色黃、黑、橙(cheng)相間，酷似(si)(si)黃蜂；有些虎天(tian)牛(niu)屬(shu)（Clytus）的(de)熱帶(dai)種類(lei)(lei)貌似(si)(si)蟻類(lei)(lei)；非洲的(de)大天(tian)牛(niu)（Pterognatha gigas）則像一塊帶(dai)有幾條線(xian)（伸出的(de)觸(chu)角(jiao)）的(de)苔(tai)蘚(xian)或地(di)衣(yi)。

常見種類

天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)很多(duo)(duo)(duo)，世界已知22000種(zhong)，中國也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)2200種(zhong)左(zuo)右，分布廣泛，為害普遍，幾(ji)乎每一種(zhong)樹(shu)木，都受不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)所侵害。而(er)(er)受害較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)木，像桑樹(shu)有(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)28種(zhong)，柳(liu)樹(shu)和(he)楊樹(shu)有(you)(you)(you)25種(zhong)，柑(gan)桔類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)18種(zhong)，松樹(shu)有(you)(you)(you)23種(zhong)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)中數量多(duo)(duo)(duo)、常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)除(chu)星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)和(he)桑天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)外，還有(you)(you)(you)光肩星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、桃紅頸(jing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、白(bai)(bai)筋天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、紅緣(yuan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、云(yun)斑白(bai)(bai)條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、竹緣(yuan)虎天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、深山(shan)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)等。典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、身體(ti)呈長(chang)圓筒形(xing)，背部(bu)略扁，觸角特長(chang)，特別是比較(jiao)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)種(zhong)，如(ru)星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、桑天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)、云(yun)斑白(bai)(bai)條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)等，它(ta)們(men)壯碩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軀體(ti)和(he)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)角，使人意識到牛(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印象(xiang)(xiang)。其實天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)形(xing)大小(xiao)也(ye)頗有(you)(you)(you)變異，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸角較(jiao)短(duan)，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)呈卵圓形(xing)或(huo)(huo)其它(ta)形(xing)狀，有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則摹擬(ni)其它(ta)昆蟲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)，如(ru)薔(qiang)薇(wei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)屬、花天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)亞科很像蜂類(lei)(lei)(lei)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)又以(yi)色(se)彩美麗著稱，但很多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)或(huo)(huo)少呈棕褐色(se)，或(huo)(huo)以(yi)花斑排列(lie)，和(he)樹(shu)干(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)相橡，而(er)(er)具有(you)(you)(you)隱匿色(se)或(huo)(huo)保護(hu)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。

大(da)(da)(da)(da)多數天牛(niu)是(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)型或中型的種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)，體(ti)長在15～50mm之(zhi)間。但亦有(you)很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)的如(ru)大(da)(da)(da)(da)山鋸天牛(niu)，體(ti)長可達(da)110mm，較小的如(ru)微小天牛(niu)，體(ti)長僅0.5mm。同種(zhong)(zhong)個體(ti)之(zhi)間有(you)時(shi)大(da)(da)(da)(da)小變異也(ye)很(hen)大(da)(da)(da)(da)，如(ru)星天牛(niu)體(ti)長19～39mm，體(ti)寬6～14mm。

天牛(niu)(niu)的幼蟲以及成蟲多喜在(zai)樹(shu)木上活動，如桑樹(shu)、柳樹(shu)和(he)楊(yang)樹(shu)、柑桔類(lei)、松樹(shu)等都有多種(zhong)天牛(niu)(niu)種(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)其繁(fan)衍(yan)。天牛(niu)(niu)中數(shu)量多，對植被危(wei)害較大。

天牛的(de)寄主范圍在各種(zhong)類間亦有不同，很(hen)多種(zhong)類如(ru)星天牛、桑天牛、云斑天牛等，其食性廣泛，能加害多種(zhong)不同科的(de)植(zhi)物；有的(de)則限于同科或(huo)接近的(de)屬，如(ru)大牙和曲牙鋸天牛為(wei)害禾本科植(zhi)物，樟紅天牛為(wei)害樟樹和楠(nan)木樹。

形態及特征

天(tian)牛幼蟲淡黃或白色，天(tian)牛成蟲體呈(cheng)長圓(yuan)筒形 體前端擴(kuo)展成圓(yuan)形，似頭，故俗名圓(yuan)頭鉆(zhan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)蟲，上(shang)腭強(qiang)壯，能鉆(zhan)入樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)內生活兩年以上(shang)，破壞木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)。化蛹(yong)前向外鉆(zhan)一孔(kong)道，在樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)內化蛹(yong)，新羽(yu)化的成蟲經此孔(kong)道而出。三(san)對足，兩對翅(chi)。由于這種鉆(zhan)木(mu)(mu)(mu)習性，天(tian)牛危害木(mu)(mu)(mu)材(cai)和漿材(cai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、景觀樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)以及木(mu)(mu)(mu)本觀賞植物甚巨。

成(cheng)蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)呈長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)筒形(xing)，背(bei)(bei)部略(lve)扁；觸角著生在額的(de)突起（稱(cheng)觸角基(ji)瘤）上，具(ju)有(you)使觸角自由轉動和向后覆蓋于蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)背(bei)(bei)上的(de)功能(neng)。爪通常(chang)(chang)呈單齒(chi)(chi)式，少數呈附(fu)齒(chi)(chi)式。除鋸天牛(niu)類(lei)外，中胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)板常(chang)(chang)具(ju)發(fa)(fa)音(yin)器。幼蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)粗肥，呈長(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)形(xing)，略(lve)扁，少數體(ti)(ti)細長(chang)(chang)。頭呈橫闊或(huo)長(chang)(chang)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)，常(chang)(chang)縮入(ru)前胸(xiong)背(bei)(bei)板很深。天牛(niu)因其(qi)力大(da)如牛(niu)，善(shan)于在天空中飛翔(xiang)，因而得(de)天牛(niu)之(zhi)(zhi)名；又(you)因它發(fa)(fa)出(chu)“咔嚓、咔嚓”之(zhi)(zhi)聲(sheng)(sheng)，其(qi)聲(sheng)(sheng)很象是(shi)鋸樹之(zhi)(zhi)聲(sheng)(sheng)，故又(you)被稱(cheng)作“鋸樹郎”。此外，中國(guo)南方有(you)些地區(qu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“水牯牛(niu)”、“水牛(niu)”等(deng)，北方有(you)些地區(qu)稱(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)“春牛(niu)兒”。此蟲(chong)因種類(lei)不同(tong)，體(ti)(ti)形(xing)的(de)大(da)小(xiao)差別極大(da)，最大(da)者(zhe)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)可達11cm，而小(xiao)者(zhe)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)僅0.4～0.5cm，此蟲(chong)特別的(de)特征(zheng)是(shi)其(qi)觸角極長(chang)(chang)，中國(guo)華北有(you)一(yi)種叫做長(chang)(chang)角灰(hui)天牛(niu)的(de)，其(qi)觸角長(chang)(chang)度可達自身(shen)體(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)的(de)4～5倍(bei)，普通所見(jian)(jian)的(de)天牛(niu)，其(qi)觸須(xu)亦可達10cm左(zuo)右。另外一(yi)個(ge)特征(zheng)就是(shi)它強有(you)力的(de)下巴。天牛(niu)體(ti)(ti)色大(da)多為(wei)黑色，體(ti)(ti)上具(ju)有(you)金屬(shu)的(de)光澤，其(qi)成(cheng)蟲(chong)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)(jian)于林(lin)區(qu)、果園等(deng)處，飛行(xing)時鞘(qiao)翅(chi)張開不動，由內翅(chi)扇動，發(fa)(fa)出(chu)“嚶嚶”之(zhi)(zhi)聲(sheng)(sheng)。它多數為(wei)1年(nian)(nian)發(fa)(fa)生1代(dai)，也有(you)3年(nian)(nian)2代(dai)或(huo)2年(nian)(nian)一(yi)代(dai)的(de)，是(shi)危(wei)害楊、柳、桑、槐、梧桐(tong)、苦楝等(deng)樹木的(de)

害蟲。

鋸(ju)天牛(niu)(niu)亞(ya)科：（Prioninae），鞘翅革質(zhi)，淡褐色，前胸（頭後面地區）側向擴展，緣(yuan)有(you)(you)齒突(tu)。該亞(ya)科的(de)松天牛(niu)(niu)屬(shu)（Parandra,或稱(cheng)異天牛(niu)(niu)屬(shu)，有(you)(you)時(shi)列入椎天牛(niu)(niu)科〔Spondylidae〕）生(sheng)于(yu)松樹(shu)中，闊頸鋸(ju)天牛(niu)(niu)（Prionus laticollis）的(de)幼蟲(chong)生(sheng)活在葡萄、蘋果、白楊、南方越(yue)橘和其他的(de)果樹(shu)、觀賞樹(shu)等(deng)樹(shu)根中

花天牛(niu)亞(ya)科：（Lepturinae）。包括(kuo)接(jie)(jie)骨木天牛(niu)（Desmocerus palliatus），肩部似(si)著一黃斗篷，觸角多結節，故又稱斗篷結節天牛(niu)（cloaked knotty-horn beetle）。取食接(jie)(jie)骨木的花和葉，幼(you)蟲鉆入莖(jing)髓中。

溝(gou)脛天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)亞科(ke)：（Lamiinae），包括墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)屬（Monochamus）的(de)(de)食木(mu)蟲(chong)，灰棕色(se)(se)，長(chang)約30公(gong)(gong)厘（1.2吋，不包括長(chang)觸角）。幼(you)蟲(chong)在松、冷杉樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)內鉆孔直(zhi)徑達10公(gong)(gong)厘（0.3吋）。蘋圓頭天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)（Saperda candida）是(shi)一種嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)蘋果害(hai)蟲(chong)。繞枝(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou)脛天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)（Oncideres cingulata，即割(ge)枝(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)）產卵在枝(zhi)(zhi)條內，然後(hou)(hou)(hou)沿(yan)枝(zhi)(zhi)條圓周割(ge)一溝(gou)，後(hou)(hou)(hou)枝(zhi)(zhi)條枯死并(bing)斷裂，幼(you)蟲(chong)在枯枝(zhi)(zhi)中發(fa)(fa)育。光(guang)肩星(xing)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(Anoplophora glabripennis），原(yuan)產于中國和(he)朝鮮，是(shi)許多(duo)硬(ying)材(cai)(cai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)主要害(hai)蟲(chong)，尤其是(shi)對楓樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、白(bai)蠟槭(qi)、七葉樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)（馬栗）、鹿眼(yan)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、柳樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)榆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)亮黑(hei)色(se)(se)，有(you)不規(gui)則的(de)(de)白(bai)點，體大，長(chang)1.9～3.8cm（0.75～1.5吋）。觸角黑(hei)色(se)(se)帶(dai)有(you)白(bai)環，長(chang)3.8～10.2cm（1.5～4吋）。在夏日數(shu)月中，成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)雌蟲(chong)嚼碎樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)皮產卵，造成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)一個直(zhi)徑約1.3cm（0.5吋）的(de)(de)明(ming)顯深色(se)(se)傷疤。待幼(you)蟲(chong)孵出(chu)後(hou)(hou)(hou)，移(yi)棲樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)心處，在那里(li)取食、發(fa)(fa)育成(cheng)(cheng)熟，然後(hou)(hou)(hou)挖洞出(chu)來，留下9.5公(gong)(gong)厘（0.375吋）寬(kuan)的(de)(de)洞。據說(shuo)光(guang)肩星(xing)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)是(shi)跟著(zhu)貨板運送(song)到(dao)北美，1996年(nian)(nian)使(shi)紐約蟲(chong)患成(cheng)(cheng)災，幾年(nian)(nian)之後(hou)(hou)(hou)又傳到(dao)新澤西、伊利諾州的(de)(de)芝加哥和(he)安大略省的(de)(de)多(duo)倫多(duo)。防(fang)治措施(shi)包括移(yi)除和(he)銷毀樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)木(mu)，隔離受傳染的(de)(de)疫區、嚴(yan)格管控木(mu)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)運送(song)，并(bing)用殺蟲(chong)劑治療，把光(guang)肩星(xing)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)限制在隔離區內。

天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)是(shi)人們熟(shu)知的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)類昆蟲。很多(duo)(duo)(duo)人在孩童(tong)時期(qi)，曾(ceng)經(jing)捕捉到(dao)或(huo)觀察(cha)到(dao)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)，對它(ta)(ta)們發生(sheng)興趣。有趣的(de)(de)是(shi)當(dang)你(ni)抓住(zhu)它(ta)(ta)時，會發出(chu)“嘎吱嘎吱”聲響(xiang)，企(qi)圖(tu)掙脫逃(tao)命(ming)。如若在其腿上縛一(yi)(yi)(yi)根細線(xian)，任其飛(fei)翔，還能聽(ting)到(dao)“嚶(ying)嚶(ying)”之聲呢。天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)玩(wan)法很多(duo)(duo)(duo)，如天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)賽跑、天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)拉車、天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)釣(diao)(diao)魚、天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)賽叫等等，比起充斥市場的(de)(de)電(dian)動玩(wan)具來，玩(wan)這種“自然寵物”要(yao)有趣得多(duo)(duo)(duo)。不(bu)過(guo)在這里要(yao)提醒大家，在玩(wan)的(de)(de)時候(hou)，當(dang)心別被天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)強壯的(de)(de)上顎咬著手！ 在民(min)間(jian)流行一(yi)(yi)(yi)種“天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)釣(diao)(diao)魚”的(de)(de)游戲，十分逗人開懷。方法是(shi)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)盛水的(de)(de)盆中，置一(yi)(yi)(yi)魚形(xing)小(xiao)片，穿孔系(xi)(xi)線(xian)，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)頭系(xi)(xi)在天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)角(jiao)上，線(xian)長適(shi)度，將(jiang)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)置于另一(yi)(yi)(yi)小(xiao)木(mu)條上，浮于水面，天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)四(si)周環水，局促不(bu)安，頻(pin)頻(pin)揮動觸(chu)角(jiao)，形(xing)同釣(diao)(diao)魚，魚若離水，則釣(diao)(diao)魚成(cheng)功。如兩蟲比賽，以先釣(diao)(diao)起者為勝，十分有趣。天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)年齡稍大些的(de)(de)有手指那么粗，年齡小(xiao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些的(de)(de)差不(bu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)只有鉛筆一(yi)(yi)(yi)般細。

生活習性

天(tian)牛(niu)一般(ban)(ban)以(yi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干內(nei)越(yue)冬。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化后(hou)(hou)，有(you)的(de)(de)需進行補(bu)充營(ying)養，取(qu)食(shi)花粉、嫩枝、嫩葉、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)汁或(huo)果實、菌類(lei)等，有(you)的(de)(de)不需補(bu)充營(ying)養。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽命(ming)一般(ban)(ban)10余天(tian)至1～2個(ge)月(yue)；但(dan)在(zai)(zai)蛹(yong)(yong)室(shi)內(nei)越(yue)冬的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可達7～8個(ge)月(yue)，雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽命(ming)比雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)短(duan)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)間與復眼(yan)小(xiao)眼(yan)面粗、細有(you)關，一般(ban)(ban)小(xiao)眼(yan)面粗的(de)(de)，多在(zai)(zai)晚上(shang)(shang)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)，有(you)趨(qu)光(guang)性；小(xiao)眼(yan)面細的(de)(de)，多在(zai)(zai)白天(tian)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵(luan)方(fang)式(shi)與口(kou)(kou)器形式(shi)有(you)關，一般(ban)(ban)前口(kou)(kou)式(shi)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)卵(luan)時(shi)將(jiang)卵(luan)直接(jie)產(chan)入(ru)粗糙樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮或(huo)裂縫中(zhong)(zhong)；下(xia)(xia)口(kou)(kou)式(shi)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)先在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干上(shang)(shang)咬成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)刻槽(cao)(cao)，然后(hou)(hou)將(jiang)卵(luan)產(chan)在(zai)(zai)刻槽(cao)(cao)內(nei)。天(tian)牛(niu)主要以(yi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)蛀食(shi)，生活(huo)時(shi)間長，對(dui)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干危害嚴重。當(dang)卵(luan)孵(fu)化出(chu)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后(hou)(hou)，初齡幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)即蛀入(ru)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干，最初在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮下(xia)(xia)取(qu)食(shi)，待齡期(qi)增大后(hou)(hou)，即鉆入(ru)木質部(bu)為害，有(you)的(de)(de)種類(lei)僅停留在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮下(xia)(xia)生活(huo)，不蛀入(ru)木質部(bu)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干內(nei)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)，蛀食(shi)隧道的(de)(de)形狀和長短(duan)隨(sui)種類(lei)而異(yi)。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干或(huo)枝條上(shang)(shang)蛀食(shi)，在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)距離(li)內(nei)向樹(shu)(shu)(shu)皮上(shang)(shang)開口(kou)(kou)作為通氣孔(kong)，向外推出(chu)排泄物和木屑。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)老熟后(hou)(hou)即筑成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較寬(kuan)的(de)(de)蛹(yong)(yong)室(shi)，兩端以(yi)纖維和木屑堵塞，而在(zai)(zai)其中(zhong)(zhong)化蛹(yong)(yong)。蛹(yong)(yong)期(qi)約10～20多天(tian)。

天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)的幼蟲(chong)(chong)蛀(zhu)食(shi)樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)和樹(shu)(shu)枝，影響樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)的生長發(fa)育(yu)，使樹(shu)(shu)勢(shi)衰弱，導致(zhi)病(bing)菌侵入，也易被風折(zhe)斷。受害(hai)(hai)嚴重時，整(zheng)株死亡，木(mu)材被蛀(zhu)，失去(qu)工藝價值。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)主(zhu)要是木(mu)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的害(hai)(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)，在幼蟲(chong)(chong)期蛀(zhu)蝕樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)、枝條及(ji)根部。有一部分(fen)為(wei)害(hai)(hai)草(cao)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，幼蟲(chong)(chong)生活于莖或(huo)根內(nei)，如(ru)菊天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)、瓜藤(teng)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)等。個別種類(lei)如(ru)棉(mian)蒴天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)，則為(wei)害(hai)(hai)棉(mian)蒴。還有少數種類(lei)，幼蟲(chong)(chong)不生活在植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)組織內(nei)，而(er)是在土壤中取食(shi)根部，如(ru)大(da)牙(ya)(ya)及(ji)曲牙(ya)(ya)鋸天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)、草(cao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)等等。

關于成(cheng)蟲的(de)(de)食(shi)性，已知有取(qu)食(shi)花(hua)粉(fen)、嫩(nen)樹(shu)(shu)皮(pi)、嫩(nen)枝、葉、根(gen)、樹(shu)(shu)汁、果實、菌類等不同(tong)習性。一(yi)(yi)般說(shuo)來，花(hua)天牛(niu)類常(chang)以(yi)花(hua)粉(fen)為食(shi)。溝脛(jing)天牛(niu)類常(chang)食(shi)害嫩(nen)樹(shu)(shu)皮(pi)、嫩(nen)枝和葉。其(qi)它亞科的(de)(de)成(cheng)蟲亦(yi)有取(qu)食(shi)的(de)(de)，亦(yi)有一(yi)(yi)部分可能并不取(qu)食(shi)。在同(tong)一(yi)(yi)亞科內食(shi)性的(de)(de)變異亦(yi)很大。

繁殖方式

天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)史(shi)的(de)(de)長(chang)短依種(zhong)類(lei)而(er)異，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一年(nian)完成(cheng)(cheng)1代或(huo)2代的(de)(de)，也(ye)(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二、三(san)年(nian)甚至四、五(wu)年(nian)完成(cheng)(cheng)1代的(de)(de)。同(tong)一種(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)地域的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)史(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)時亦(yi)很(hen)(hen)(hen)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，如黃(huang)星桑天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)在(zai)(zai)江(jiang)蘇需(xu)三(san)年(nian)完成(cheng)(cheng)一世代，而(er)在(zai)(zai)廣(guang)東則(ze)(ze)一年(nian)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)兩代。由于幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)隱(yin)藏(zang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)，對它(ta)們進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)史(shi)觀察很(hen)(hen)(hen)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)困難。又由于寄主植物的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)如老幼(you)(you)、健康(kang)、干濕程(cheng)度等，對幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)長(chang)發育(yu)影響(xiang)很(hen)(hen)(hen)大(da)。不(bu)(bu)良條(tiao)件(jian)常引起幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)滯(zhi)育(yu)而(er)使(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)世代大(da)大(da)地延(yan)長(chang)。所以同(tong)-種(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)(zai)同(tong)一地區內(nei)可能(neng)呈(cheng)現(xian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)發育(yu)過程(cheng)。文獻上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)許多關(guan)于長(chang)壽幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)記，這(zhe)些大(da)都(dou)是根據木材制成(cheng)(cheng)了家具后，經(jing)過若干年(nian)代，忽(hu)然發現(xian)其(qi)中尚有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)，或(huo)者天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)忽(hu)然羽化(hua)(hua)而(er)此證明(ming)它(ta)在(zai)(zai)木器內(nei)已生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)了很(hen)(hen)(hen)多年(nian)代。已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)(hen)多這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)例子(zi)，證明(ming)天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)可以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)到(dao)一、二十年(nian)，而(er)最高的(de)(de)2個記錄是40年(nian)和(he)45年(nian)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)一般以幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)越(yue)冬，或(huo)以成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)在(zai)(zai)蛹室內(nei)越(yue)冬，即上一年(nian)秋(qiu)冬之際(ji)羽化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)，留在(zai)(zai)蛹室內(nei)到(dao)翌年(nian)春夏間(jian)(jian)(jian)才出來。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)壽命一般不(bu)(bu)長(chang)，十數(shu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)到(dao)一、二個月，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)蛹室內(nei)越(yue)冬的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)可能(neng)達到(dao)七、八個月。雄蟲(chong)壽命一般較雌蟲(chong)為短。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)各種(zhong)類(lei)間(jian)(jian)(jian)也(ye)(ye)各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)(zai)白天(tian)(tian)(tian)日光下活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)，活(huo)(huo)躍的(de)(de)是花天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)類(lei)；有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)則(ze)(ze)在(zai)(zai)夜晚或(huo)陰天(tian)(tian)(tian)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)，或(huo)整晚都(dou)能(neng)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)。

產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)方式：主(zhu)要有(you)(you)兩種(zhong)，一(yi)種(zhong)是雌蟲(chong)在(zai)產(chan)(chan)前先用上(shang)顎咬(yao)破樹(shu)皮(pi)(pi)（特別是溝脛天牛(niu)）， 然后用產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)管插入，每孔產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)一(yi)粒，也有(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)多粒的(de)(de)。這樣(yang)形成的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)孔，其形狀大(da)小在(zai)各種(zhong)類間(jian)常(chang)有(you)(you)不(bu)同，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)很顯著，在(zai)防治(zhi)上(shang)可(ke)作搜滅蟲(chong)卵(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)指示。另一(yi)種(zhong)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)方式不(bu)先咬(yao)孔，而是直接用產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)管在(zai)樹(shu)皮(pi)(pi)縫隙內(nei)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)。在(zai)少數情況下，也有(you)(you)產(chan)(chan)在(zai)枝干(gan)光滑部分的(de)(de)。士居種(zhong)類產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)于(yu)土壤內(nei)。

初孵的幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)一般(ban)先在(zai)皮下(xia)蛀食，經(jing)過或(huo)(huo)(huo)長或(huo)(huo)(huo)短(duan)的時期后才(cai)深入到(dao)木(mu)(mu)質部分。少數種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)僅在(zai)皮下(xia)蛀蝕。也有(you)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)則(ze)穿鑿(zao)不深，僅在(zai)邊材部為害。許多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)侵害基干(gan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)粗枝(zhi)，有(you)的在(zai)根干(gan)，有(you)的則(ze)在(zai)枝(zhi)條蛀蝕。幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)蛀蝕時穿鑿(zao)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)坑(keng)(keng)道(dao)(dao)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)上或(huo)(huo)(huo)下(xia)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)左或(huo)(huo)(huo)右(you)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)彎(wan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)直，隨種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)而(er)異(yi)，但也有(you)許多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的坑(keng)(keng)道(dao)(dao)很不規則(ze)。在(zai)坑(keng)(keng)道(dao)(dao)內常充(chong)滿蟲(chong)(chong)糞及纖維質木(mu)(mu)屑．有(you)時蟲(chong)(chong)糞木(mu)(mu)屑由(you)蟲(chong)(chong)孔(kong)向外排出，有(you)時受害處并(bing)有(you)樹(shu)汁流(liu)出。老(lao)熟幼(you)蟲(chong)(chong)常筑成較寬的坑(keng)(keng)道(dao)(dao)作(zuo)為蛹室，兩(liang)端以纖維木(mu)(mu)屑封閉(bi)，在(zai)其(qi)中化蛹。