天牛(niu)是多食亞目天牛(niu)科昆蟲的(de)(de)總稱,咀嚼式口器,有很長的(de)(de)觸角,常常超(chao)過身體的(de)(de)長度(du),全世界約有超(chao)過20,000種。有一些(xie)種類(lei)屬于害蟲,其幼(you)蟲生活于木(mu)材中,可(ke)能(neng)對(dui)樹或建筑(zhu)物造成危害。
天牛是植食性(xing)昆蟲,會危害(hai)木(mu)本植物,大部分(fen)松、柏、柳、榆、核(he)桃、柑橘(ju)、蘋(pin)果、桃和(he)(he)茶等(deng),一部分(fen)棉、麥(mai)、玉米、高粱、甘蔗和(he)(he)麻等(deng),少(shao)數(shu)木(mu)材、建(jian)筑、房屋和(he)(he)家具等(deng),是林業生產、作物栽培和(he)(he)建(jian)筑木(mu)材上(shang)的(de)主要害(hai)蟲。
鞘翅(chi)目(Coleoptera)天(tian)(tian)牛科(ke)(Cerambycidae)甲蟲,其英文俗名得自多(duo)數種的(de)極長觸(chu)角。分布全球,但熱帶(dai)最(zui)多(duo)。長0.4~18cm,不過,若把觸(chu)角計算在內,長度可增加(jia)2~3倍。許多(duo)成蟲(如歐(ou)洲(zhou)的(de)蜂(feng)形虎天(tian)(tian)牛〔Clytus arietes〕)采花粉,體(ti)色(se)黃、黑、橙相(xiang)間(jian),酷似黃蜂(feng);有些虎天(tian)(tian)牛屬(Clytus)的(de)熱帶(dai)種類貌似蟻(yi)類;非洲(zhou)的(de)大天(tian)(tian)牛(Pterognatha gigas)則像一塊帶(dai)有幾條線(伸(shen)出的(de)觸(chu)角)的(de)苔蘚或地衣。
天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類很多(duo)(duo)(duo),世界已知22000種(zhong)(zhong),中國也有(you)(you)(you)2200種(zhong)(zhong)左右,分布廣泛,為害普遍,幾乎每一種(zhong)(zhong)樹(shu)(shu)木(mu),都受不同的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)種(zhong)(zhong)類所侵害。而受害較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)木(mu),像桑樹(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)28種(zhong)(zhong),柳樹(shu)(shu)和楊樹(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)25種(zhong)(zhong),柑桔類有(you)(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong),松樹(shu)(shu)有(you)(you)(you)23種(zhong)(zhong)。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)中數量多(duo)(duo)(duo)、常見(jian)的(de)(de)除星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)和桑天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)外(wai),還有(you)(you)(you)光(guang)肩星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、桃紅頸(jing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、白筋天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、紅緣天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、云斑白條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、竹緣虎天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、深山天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)等。典型的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)種(zhong)(zhong)類、身(shen)體呈長圓筒形(xing),背部略扁,觸角(jiao)特長,特別(bie)是比(bi)較(jiao)常見(jian)的(de)(de)幾種(zhong)(zhong),如星(xing)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、桑天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)、云斑白條(tiao)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)等,它(ta)們(men)壯(zhuang)碩(shuo)的(de)(de)軀體和突出的(de)(de)兩角(jiao),使人(ren)意識到牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)印象。其實(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)體形(xing)大(da)小也頗(po)有(you)(you)(you)變異,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)觸角(jiao)較(jiao)短,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)體呈卵圓形(xing)或(huo)(huo)其它(ta)形(xing)狀,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)則摹(mo)擬其它(ta)昆蟲的(de)(de)形(xing)象,如薔(qiang)薇天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)屬、花天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)亞科很像蜂類。天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)又以(yi)色彩美麗著(zhu)稱,但很多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)類或(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)(duo)或(huo)(huo)少呈棕褐色,或(huo)(huo)以(yi)花斑排列,和樹(shu)(shu)干的(de)(de)顏色相橡(xiang),而具有(you)(you)(you)隱匿色或(huo)(huo)保護色的(de)(de)作用。
大(da)多數天(tian)牛(niu)是(shi)大(da)型或中型的(de)種類,體(ti)長在(zai)15~50mm之間。但亦有很大(da)的(de)如(ru)大(da)山鋸天(tian)牛(niu),體(ti)長可達110mm,較小(xiao)的(de)如(ru)微(wei)小(xiao)天(tian)牛(niu),體(ti)長僅0.5mm。同(tong)種個體(ti)之間有時(shi)大(da)小(xiao)變(bian)異也很大(da),如(ru)星天(tian)牛(niu)體(ti)長19~39mm,體(ti)寬(kuan)6~14mm。
天牛的(de)幼蟲(chong)以及成蟲(chong)多喜在(zai)樹(shu)木上活動,如桑樹(shu)、柳樹(shu)和楊樹(shu)、柑桔類(lei)、松樹(shu)等都(dou)有(you)多種(zhong)(zhong)天牛種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)其繁衍。天牛中數(shu)量多,對植被危(wei)害較大。
天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)寄主范圍在(zai)各種類間亦有(you)不同(tong),很多種類如星天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)、桑天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)、云斑天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)等,其食性廣泛,能加(jia)害(hai)(hai)多種不同(tong)科(ke)的(de)(de)植物(wu);有(you)的(de)(de)則限于同(tong)科(ke)或接近的(de)(de)屬,如大牙(ya)(ya)和(he)曲牙(ya)(ya)鋸天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)為害(hai)(hai)禾(he)本(ben)科(ke)植物(wu),樟(zhang)紅(hong)天(tian)牛(niu)(niu)為害(hai)(hai)樟(zhang)樹和(he)楠木樹。
天(tian)牛幼蟲(chong)淡黃或(huo)白色,天(tian)牛成(cheng)蟲(chong)體呈長圓筒形 體前端擴展成(cheng)圓形,似頭(tou),故(gu)俗名(ming)圓頭(tou)鉆木(mu)(mu)蟲(chong),上腭(e)強壯,能鉆入樹內生活兩年以(yi)(yi)上,破壞(huai)木(mu)(mu)材(cai)。化蛹(yong)前向外(wai)鉆一孔(kong)道(dao),在樹內化蛹(yong),新羽化的(de)成(cheng)蟲(chong)經此孔(kong)道(dao)而出。三對足(zu),兩對翅(chi)。由(you)于這種鉆木(mu)(mu)習性,天(tian)牛危害木(mu)(mu)材(cai)和漿材(cai)樹、景觀樹、果(guo)樹以(yi)(yi)及木(mu)(mu)本觀賞(shang)植物(wu)甚巨。
成蟲(chong)體呈(cheng)長圓筒形,背部略(lve)扁;觸(chu)角(jiao)著生(sheng)在(zai)額(e)的突起(稱觸(chu)角(jiao)基(ji)瘤(liu))上,具(ju)有(you)使觸(chu)角(jiao)自由(you)轉動(dong)(dong)和向后覆蓋于蟲(chong)體背上的功能。爪通(tong)常呈(cheng)單(dan)齒(chi)式,少數呈(cheng)附齒(chi)式。除鋸(ju)天牛(niu)(niu)類外(wai),中(zhong)胸(xiong)背板(ban)常具(ju)發音器。幼(you)蟲(chong)體粗肥,呈(cheng)長圓形,略(lve)扁,少數體細長。頭呈(cheng)橫闊(kuo)或長橢圓形,常縮(suo)入前(qian)胸(xiong)背板(ban)很(hen)(hen)深(shen)。天牛(niu)(niu)因(yin)其(qi)力大(da)(da)如牛(niu)(niu),善于在(zai)天空中(zhong)飛翔,因(yin)而得天牛(niu)(niu)之名;又因(yin)它發出(chu)“咔嚓、咔嚓”之聲(sheng),其(qi)聲(sheng)很(hen)(hen)象是(shi)(shi)鋸(ju)樹之聲(sheng),故又被稱作“鋸(ju)樹郎(lang)”。此外(wai),中(zhong)國(guo)南方有(you)些地(di)區稱之為“水牯牛(niu)(niu)”、“水牛(niu)(niu)”等(deng),北方有(you)些地(di)區稱之為“春(chun)牛(niu)(niu)兒”。此蟲(chong)因(yin)種類不(bu)(bu)同(tong),體形的大(da)(da)小(xiao)差別(bie)極(ji)大(da)(da),最大(da)(da)者(zhe)體長可(ke)達(da)11cm,而小(xiao)者(zhe)體長僅0.4~0.5cm,此蟲(chong)特別(bie)的特征(zheng)是(shi)(shi)其(qi)觸(chu)角(jiao)極(ji)長,中(zhong)國(guo)華北有(you)一種叫做長角(jiao)灰天牛(niu)(niu)的,其(qi)觸(chu)角(jiao)長度(du)可(ke)達(da)自身體長的4~5倍,普(pu)通(tong)所見的天牛(niu)(niu),其(qi)觸(chu)須亦可(ke)達(da)10cm左右。另外(wai)一個特征(zheng)就是(shi)(shi)它強(qiang)有(you)力的下巴(ba)。天牛(niu)(niu)體色(se)(se)大(da)(da)多為黑色(se)(se),體上具(ju)有(you)金屬的光澤,其(qi)成蟲(chong)常見于林區、果園等(deng)處,飛行(xing)時(shi)鞘翅(chi)張開(kai)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong),由(you)內翅(chi)扇動(dong)(dong),發出(chu)“嚶嚶”之聲(sheng)。它多數為1年發生(sheng)1代(dai),也有(you)3年2代(dai)或2年一代(dai)的,是(shi)(shi)危害楊、柳、桑、槐、梧(wu)桐、苦楝(lian)等(deng)樹木的
害蟲。
鋸天(tian)牛亞科(ke)(ke):(Prioninae),鞘翅革質,淡(dan)褐色,前胸(頭後面地區(qu))側(ce)向擴展,緣有(you)(you)齒突。該亞科(ke)(ke)的(de)松(song)天(tian)牛屬(Parandra,或稱(cheng)異(yi)天(tian)牛屬,有(you)(you)時列入椎天(tian)牛科(ke)(ke)〔Spondylidae〕)生于松(song)樹中,闊(kuo)頸鋸天(tian)牛(Prionus laticollis)的(de)幼(you)蟲生活在葡萄、蘋果、白(bai)楊、南(nan)方越橘(ju)和其他(ta)的(de)果樹、觀(guan)賞(shang)樹等樹根中
花(hua)天(tian)牛亞科:(Lepturinae)。包(bao)括接骨(gu)木(mu)天(tian)牛(Desmocerus palliatus),肩部似著(zhu)一黃斗(dou)篷,觸角多(duo)結(jie)節,故又稱斗(dou)篷結(jie)節天(tian)牛(cloaked knotty-horn beetle)。取食接骨(gu)木(mu)的花(hua)和葉,幼蟲(chong)鉆入莖(jing)髓中(zhong)。
溝脛天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)亞科:(Lamiinae),包(bao)括墨天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)屬(Monochamus)的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)(shi)木(mu)(mu)蟲(chong),灰(hui)棕色,長約(yue)30公厘(1.2吋(cun),不包(bao)括長觸角(jiao))。幼蟲(chong)在(zai)松(song)、冷杉樹(shu)內(nei)鉆孔直徑(jing)達(da)10公厘(0.3吋(cun))。蘋(pin)圓頭天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(Saperda candida)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)蘋(pin)果害蟲(chong)。繞(rao)枝溝脛天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(Oncideres cingulata,即割枝天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu))產(chan)卵在(zai)枝條內(nei),然後沿(yan)枝條圓周(zhou)割一(yi)溝,後枝條枯死并斷裂,幼蟲(chong)在(zai)枯枝中(zhong)發育。光(guang)肩星天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(Anoplophora glabripennis),原產(chan)于中(zhong)國和(he)朝鮮,是(shi)許多硬材樹(shu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要害蟲(chong),尤其是(shi)對(dui)楓樹(shu)、白蠟槭、七葉樹(shu)(馬(ma)栗)、鹿眼樹(shu)、柳樹(shu)和(he)榆樹(shu)。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)亮(liang)黑(hei)色,有不規則的(de)(de)(de)白點,體大(da),長1.9~3.8cm(0.75~1.5吋(cun))。觸角(jiao)黑(hei)色帶有白環(huan),長3.8~10.2cm(1.5~4吋(cun))。在(zai)夏日(ri)數月中(zhong),成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)雌蟲(chong)嚼碎樹(shu)皮產(chan)卵,造成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)木(mu)(mu)一(yi)個(ge)直徑(jing)約(yue)1.3cm(0.5吋(cun))的(de)(de)(de)明顯深色傷疤(ba)。待幼蟲(chong)孵(fu)出後,移棲樹(shu)心處,在(zai)那里取食(shi)(shi)、發育成(cheng)(cheng)熟,然後挖洞出來,留下9.5公厘(0.375吋(cun))寬的(de)(de)(de)洞。據(ju)說光(guang)肩星天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)是(shi)跟著貨板運送(song)到北美,1996年(nian)(nian)使紐(niu)約(yue)蟲(chong)患(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)災,幾年(nian)(nian)之後又(you)傳到新澤西、伊利諾州的(de)(de)(de)芝加(jia)哥和(he)安大(da)略省的(de)(de)(de)多倫多。防治措施(shi)包(bao)括移除(chu)和(he)銷毀樹(shu)木(mu)(mu),隔離受傳染的(de)(de)(de)疫區、嚴格管(guan)控(kong)木(mu)(mu)材的(de)(de)(de)運送(song),并用殺蟲(chong)劑治療,把光(guang)肩星天(tian)(tian)(tian)牛(niu)限制在(zai)隔離區內(nei)。
天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)是(shi)人們熟知的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)類(lei)昆蟲(chong)。很多(duo)(duo)人在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)孩童時期(qi),曾經捕捉到或(huo)觀察到天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu),對(dui)它們發生興趣。有趣的(de)(de)是(shi)當你抓住(zhu)它時,會發出“嘎吱嘎吱”聲響,企圖掙脫逃命(ming)。如若在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)其腿上(shang)縛一(yi)(yi)(yi)根細(xi)(xi)線,任(ren)其飛翔,還能聽到“嚶嚶”之(zhi)聲呢。天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)玩(wan)法(fa)很多(duo)(duo),如天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)賽跑、天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)拉車、天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)釣魚(yu)(yu)、天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)賽叫等等,比(bi)起充斥(chi)市場的(de)(de)電(dian)動(dong)玩(wan)具來,玩(wan)這種(zhong)“自然寵物”要有趣得多(duo)(duo)。不過在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這里要提醒(xing)大(da)家,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)玩(wan)的(de)(de)時候,當心別被天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)強壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)上(shang)顎咬著手(shou)! 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)民(min)間(jian)流行一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)“天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)釣魚(yu)(yu)”的(de)(de)游戲,十(shi)分逗(dou)人開(kai)懷。方法(fa)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)盛水的(de)(de)盆中,置一(yi)(yi)(yi)魚(yu)(yu)形小片,穿(chuan)孔系(xi)線,另一(yi)(yi)(yi)頭系(xi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)角上(shang),線長適度,將天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)置于(yu)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)小木條上(shang),浮于(yu)水面,天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)四周環水,局(ju)促不安,頻頻揮動(dong)觸角,形同(tong)釣魚(yu)(yu),魚(yu)(yu)若離水,則釣魚(yu)(yu)成功。如兩(liang)蟲(chong)比(bi)賽,以先釣起者(zhe)為(wei)勝,十(shi)分有趣。天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)(niu)年齡(ling)(ling)稍大(da)些(xie)的(de)(de)有手(shou)指那么粗(cu),年齡(ling)(ling)小一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)的(de)(de)差不多(duo)(duo)只有鉛筆一(yi)(yi)(yi)般細(xi)(xi)。
天(tian)牛一(yi)般以幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)或(huo)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)干內(nei)越冬。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化(hua)后(hou),有的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)進(jin)行補充(chong)營(ying)養,取食(shi)(shi)花粉、嫩枝(zhi)、嫩葉、樹(shu)皮、樹(shu)汁或(huo)果實、菌類(lei)等(deng),有的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)需(xu)補充(chong)營(ying)養。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽(shou)命一(yi)般10余天(tian)至1~2個月;但在(zai)(zai)蛹(yong)(yong)室內(nei)越冬的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)可達7~8個月,雄蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)壽(shou)命比雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)短。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)時間與復眼小眼面粗(cu)、細(xi)有關(guan),一(yi)般小眼面粗(cu)的(de)(de)(de),多(duo)(duo)在(zai)(zai)晚上活(huo)(huo)動(dong),有趨(qu)光性;小眼面細(xi)的(de)(de)(de),多(duo)(duo)在(zai)(zai)白天(tian)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)方式(shi)與口器形式(shi)有關(guan),一(yi)般前(qian)口式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)(luan)時將卵(luan)(luan)直接產(chan)(chan)入粗(cu)糙樹(shu)皮或(huo)裂縫中;下(xia)(xia)口式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)先在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)干上咬成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)刻槽,然后(hou)將卵(luan)(luan)產(chan)(chan)在(zai)(zai)刻槽內(nei)。天(tian)牛主(zhu)要以幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)(shi),生活(huo)(huo)時間長(chang)(chang),對樹(shu)干危害嚴重。當卵(luan)(luan)孵化(hua)出幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)后(hou),初齡幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)即(ji)蛀(zhu)(zhu)入樹(shu)干,最初在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)皮下(xia)(xia)取食(shi)(shi),待齡期(qi)增大(da)后(hou),即(ji)鉆入木(mu)質(zhi)部為害,有的(de)(de)(de)種類(lei)僅(jin)停留在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)皮下(xia)(xia)生活(huo)(huo),不(bu)蛀(zhu)(zhu)入木(mu)質(zhi)部。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)干內(nei)活(huo)(huo)動(dong),蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)(shi)隧道的(de)(de)(de)形狀和(he)長(chang)(chang)短隨種類(lei)而異。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)(zai)樹(shu)干或(huo)枝(zhi)條上蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定距(ju)離內(nei)向(xiang)樹(shu)皮上開口作為通氣(qi)孔,向(xiang)外推(tui)出排泄(xie)物和(he)木(mu)屑(xie)。幼(you)(you)(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)老(lao)熟后(hou)即(ji)筑成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較寬的(de)(de)(de)蛹(yong)(yong)室,兩(liang)端以纖維和(he)木(mu)屑(xie)堵(du)塞(sai),而在(zai)(zai)其中化(hua)蛹(yong)(yong)。蛹(yong)(yong)期(qi)約10~20多(duo)(duo)天(tian)。
天牛(niu)(niu)的幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)蛀食樹干和(he)樹枝(zhi),影響(xiang)樹木的生長發育,使樹勢衰(shuai)弱,導(dao)致病(bing)菌侵入,也(ye)易被(bei)風折斷。受害嚴重時(shi),整株(zhu)死亡,木材被(bei)蛀,失去工藝價值。天牛(niu)(niu)主要是木本(ben)植(zhi)物(wu)的害蟲(chong),在(zai)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)期蛀蝕(shi)樹干、枝(zhi)條及根(gen)部。有(you)一部分(fen)為害草本(ben)植(zhi)物(wu),幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)生活于(yu)莖或根(gen)內,如(ru)菊天牛(niu)(niu)、瓜(gua)藤(teng)天牛(niu)(niu)等。個別種(zhong)類如(ru)棉蒴天牛(niu)(niu),則(ze)為害棉蒴。還有(you)少數種(zhong)類,幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)不生活在(zai)植(zhi)物(wu)組織內,而是在(zai)土壤(rang)中(zhong)取食根(gen)部,如(ru)大牙(ya)及曲牙(ya)鋸天牛(niu)(niu)、草天牛(niu)(niu)等等。
關于(yu)成(cheng)蟲(chong)的食(shi)(shi)性(xing),已知有(you)取(qu)食(shi)(shi)花粉(fen)(fen)、嫩(nen)樹皮、嫩(nen)枝、葉(xie)、根(gen)、樹汁、果實(shi)、菌類等不同(tong)(tong)習性(xing)。一(yi)般說來,花天牛(niu)類常(chang)以(yi)花粉(fen)(fen)為食(shi)(shi)。溝脛天牛(niu)類常(chang)食(shi)(shi)害嫩(nen)樹皮、嫩(nen)枝和葉(xie)。其它(ta)亞(ya)科的成(cheng)蟲(chong)亦有(you)取(qu)食(shi)(shi)的,亦有(you)一(yi)部分(fen)可能并(bing)不取(qu)食(shi)(shi)。在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)亞(ya)科內食(shi)(shi)性(xing)的變異亦很(hen)大。
天(tian)牛(niu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)短依種(zhong)類而(er)異,有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)完成(cheng)(cheng)1代(dai)(dai)或2代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),也有(you)(you)二、三(san)年(nian)(nian)甚(shen)至四、五年(nian)(nian)完成(cheng)(cheng)1代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。同一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)類在(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同地域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)史有(you)(you)時亦很(hen)(hen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同,如(ru)(ru)黃星(xing)桑天(tian)牛(niu)在(zai)江蘇需三(san)年(nian)(nian)完成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)世代(dai)(dai),而(er)在(zai)廣東則一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)兩代(dai)(dai)。由(you)于(yu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱藏生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo),對它們進生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)史觀察很(hen)(hen)有(you)(you)困難。又由(you)于(yu)寄主植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)如(ru)(ru)老幼(you)(you)、健康、干濕程度等,對幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)發(fa)育影(ying)響(xiang)很(hen)(hen)大。不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良條(tiao)件(jian)常引起(qi)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滯育而(er)使生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)世代(dai)(dai)大大地延長(chang)。所以同-種(zhong)類在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)地區內可能(neng)呈(cheng)現不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)育過程。文獻上有(you)(you)許多(duo)關于(yu)長(chang)壽幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記,這些(xie)大都是(shi)根據木(mu)材制成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)家具后,經過若干年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai),忽然發(fa)現其中尚有(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong),或者天(tian)牛(niu)忽然羽化(hua)而(er)此證明它在(zai)木(mu)器內已(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)了(le)(le)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)。已(yi)有(you)(you)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)例子,證明天(tian)牛(niu)幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)可以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)到一(yi)(yi)、二十年(nian)(nian),而(er)最(zui)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2個(ge)(ge)記錄是(shi)40年(nian)(nian)和45年(nian)(nian)。天(tian)牛(niu)一(yi)(yi)般以幼(you)(you)蟲(chong)(chong)越冬(dong),或以成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)在(zai)蛹(yong)室內越冬(dong),即上一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)秋冬(dong)之際羽化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong),留在(zai)蛹(yong)室內到翌年(nian)(nian)春夏間(jian)才出(chu)來。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽命一(yi)(yi)般不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)長(chang),十數天(tian)到一(yi)(yi)、二個(ge)(ge)月(yue),但在(zai)蛹(yong)室內越冬(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)可能(neng)達到七、八個(ge)(ge)月(yue)。雄蟲(chong)(chong)壽命一(yi)(yi)般較雌蟲(chong)(chong)為短。成(cheng)(cheng)蟲(chong)(chong)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)在(zai)各種(zhong)類間(jian)也各有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)白天(tian)日光下活(huo)(huo)(huo)動,活(huo)(huo)(huo)躍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)花天(tian)牛(niu)類;有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則在(zai)夜(ye)晚或陰天(tian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動,或整晚都能(neng)活(huo)(huo)(huo)動。
產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)方式(shi):主要有(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)種(zhong),一種(zhong)是雌蟲在(zai)(zai)產前先用上顎(e)咬破(po)樹皮(特別是溝脛天(tian)牛), 然后用產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)管插入,每孔產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)一粒,也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)產多粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)樣形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)孔,其形狀大小(xiao)在(zai)(zai)各種(zhong)類(lei)間常有(you)(you)(you)不同,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)很(hen)顯著,在(zai)(zai)防治上可作搜(sou)滅蟲卵(luan)(luan)(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)示。另(ling)一種(zhong)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)方式(shi)不先咬孔,而是直接用產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)管在(zai)(zai)樹皮縫隙(xi)內(nei)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)。在(zai)(zai)少(shao)數情況下,也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)產在(zai)(zai)枝干光滑部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)。士(shi)居種(zhong)類(lei)產卵(luan)(luan)(luan)于土壤內(nei)。
初孵的(de)(de)幼蟲一般先(xian)在皮下(xia)(xia)蛀(zhu)(zhu)食(shi),經(jing)過(guo)或(huo)(huo)(huo)長或(huo)(huo)(huo)短的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)期后才深入(ru)到木(mu)(mu)(mu)質部分。少數(shu)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)僅在皮下(xia)(xia)蛀(zhu)(zhu)蝕。也有(you)(you)的(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)則穿鑿不(bu)深,僅在邊(bian)材部為(wei)害(hai)。許多(duo)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)侵害(hai)基干或(huo)(huo)(huo)粗枝,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)在根干,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)則在枝條蛀(zhu)(zhu)蝕。幼蟲蛀(zhu)(zhu)蝕時(shi)(shi)穿鑿各種(zhong)坑道,或(huo)(huo)(huo)上或(huo)(huo)(huo)下(xia)(xia),或(huo)(huo)(huo)左或(huo)(huo)(huo)右,或(huo)(huo)(huo)彎(wan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)直,隨種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)而異,但也有(you)(you)許多(duo)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)坑道很不(bu)規則。在坑道內常充滿蟲糞(fen)及纖維質木(mu)(mu)(mu)屑.有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)蟲糞(fen)木(mu)(mu)(mu)屑由(you)蟲孔(kong)向外排(pai)出(chu),有(you)(you)時(shi)(shi)受害(hai)處(chu)并有(you)(you)樹汁流出(chu)。老熟幼蟲常筑成較寬的(de)(de)坑道作為(wei)蛹室(shi),兩端(duan)以纖維木(mu)(mu)(mu)屑封(feng)閉,在其中化蛹。