儒(ru)教(jiao)(jiao),跟佛(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)、道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)并稱(cheng)為(wei)三教(jiao)(jiao),以(yi)“儒(ru)家思想”為(wei)最高信仰(yang)。尊孔(kong)子為(wei)先(xian)師,后人為(wei)了與崇尚黃老列莊等道(dao)(dao)家思想的道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)區分(fen),從(cong)南(nan)北(bei)朝開始叫做“儒(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)”,故(gu)孔(kong)子亦(yi)被尊為(wei)儒(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)圣(sheng)教(jiao)(jiao)主。
凡是生(sheng)活在中國這塊古老土(tu)地上(shang)的(de)各民族(zu)(zu),包括漢族(zu)(zu)以(yi)外的(de)少數民族(zu)(zu),如北方的(de)遼、金、元,西夏(xia)及(ji)清,歷代王(wang)朝都以(yi)儒教為國教,儒教擁(yong)戴(dai)神權(quan)(quan),認為皇權(quan)(quan)至上(shang)。
據(ju)徐(xu)中舒(shu)《甲骨(gu)文(wen)(wen)字典》考釋,甲骨(gu)文(wen)(wen)的儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru),象人(ren)(ren)沐(mu)浴濡身之(zhi)形。上古原始宗教(jiao)(jiao)舉(ju)行祭禮之(zhi)前,司(si)禮者(zhe)必齋戒沐(mu)浴,以示誠敬。不僅證明了胡(hu)適所說儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)最(zui)早是(shi)(shi)殷商教(jiao)(jiao)士(shi),是(shi)(shi)宗教(jiao)(jiao)神(shen)職(zhi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的論點,也(ye)(ye)為儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)宗教(jiao)(jiao)找(zhao)到了證據(ju)。儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)推出(chu)的教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方法,曾(ceng)經(jing)董仲舒(shu)“罷黜百家(jia),獨尊(zun)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)術(shu)”就是(shi)(shi)使用儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)教(jiao)(jiao)書育人(ren)(ren)、管(guan)理社會。“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)”、“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)”、“儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)”這些(xie)概念相同也(ye)(ye)不同。三(san)者(zhe)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)(wen)化產(chan)物;儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)作為一個階層存在。儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)信(xin)仰,是(shi)(shi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)人(ren)(ren)的共同信(xin)仰。三(san)者(zhe)相同也(ye)(ye)不同,需要加深(shen)認識。
儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao),以(yi)(yi)夏商周的(de)(de)五教(jiao)(jiao)和祭禮為(wei)(wei)本源(yuan),祖述堯舜,憲章文武(wu),以(yi)(yi)天(tian)子為(wei)(wei)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)領(ling)袖(xiu),以(yi)(yi)孔子為(wei)(wei)先(xian)師,以(yi)(yi)詩書(shu)禮樂易(yi)春秋中的(de)(de)神道(dao)設教(jiao)(jiao)。儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)正(zheng)(zheng)統(tong)始自(zi)(zi)漢武(wu)帝獨尊(zun)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)術,漢靈帝詔諸儒(ru)(ru)(ru)正(zheng)(zheng)定五經(jing),刊于石(shi)碑,為(wei)(wei)古文、篆、隸三(san)體(ti)書(shu)法以(yi)(yi)相參檢(jian),樹之學(xue)門,使天(tian)下咸(xian)取則焉,正(zheng)(zheng)式(shi)把儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)定為(wei)(wei)國教(jiao)(jiao),五經(jing)成為(wei)(wei)國家(jia)法典以(yi)(yi)及中華法系(xi)的(de)(de)法理(li)基礎,以(yi)(yi)春秋決獄。漢代末年,儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)廣泛傳播,“太尉公(gong)承(cheng)夙緒,世篤儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao),以(yi)(yi)《歐陽(yang)尚(shang)書(shu)》、《京氏(shi)易(yi)》誨(hui)受四方。學(xue)者自(zi)(zi)遠而(er)至,蓋逾(yu)三(san)千。”儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)自(zi)(zi)漢代以(yi)(yi)來被奉(feng)為(wei)(wei)官學(xue),其后各主要朝代或歷史時期(qi),都(dou)是官方指導思想(xiang)。清代儒(ru)(ru)(ru)家(jia)宗(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)形(xing)成的(de)(de)孔教(jiao)(jiao)也屬于儒(ru)(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)分支。
儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)發源自堯(yao)舜(shun)(shun)禹的五(wu)(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)。堯(yao)舜(shun)(shun)即(ji)(ji)注重“敬(jing)敷五(wu)(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)”。“商契能和(he)合五(wu)(wu)教(jiao)(jiao),以保于百(bai)姓者也”“舜(shun)(shun)舉八(ba)愷,使(shi)主后土,以揆(kui)百(bai)事,莫(mo)不時序(xu)。舉八(ba)元,使(shi)布五(wu)(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)于四方,父義,母(mu)慈,兄友(you),弟恭,子孝(xiao),內(nei)平外成。”五(wu)(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)即(ji)(ji)五(wu)(wu)禮(li),全是(shi)家庭(ting)之禮(li)。其中(zhong)"五(wu)(wu)教(jiao)(jiao)",就是(shi)處理人(ren)際道德關(guan)系(xi)的五(wu)(wu)種基本(ben)規范,即(ji)(ji)孟子所解釋的"父子有(you)親、君臣有(you)義、夫(fu)婦有(you)別、長幼(you)有(you)序(xu)、朋友(you)有(you)信(xin)。”中(zhong)國儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)史可以分為先(xian)秦儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)、漢唐儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)、宋(song)明(ming)儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)、清代儒(ru)(ru)學(xue)(xue)等不同階段。
堯舜禹(yu)的臣子皋陶興"五教"、定(ding)"五禮(li)(li)"、創"五刑"、立"九德"、親"九族"。《尚書·皋陶謨》曰:“天秩有禮(li)(li),自(zi)我五禮(li)(li)有庸哉”。因(yin)此(ci)堯舜禹(yu)湯文武周公孔孟之教即(ji)是(shi)儒教。“儒學是(shi)中國思想文化史的核心(xin)與主干。
漢(han)朝(chao)孝武皇帝時定(ding)為中(zhong)國官方統(tong)治(zhi)思想(xiang),尊六經(jing)立學(xue)宮,重視吉禮(li)(li)、兇(xiong)禮(li)(li)、賓禮(li)(li)、軍禮(li)(li)、嘉禮(li)(li)的(de)禮(li)(li)儀制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)建設(she),被稱為經(jing)學(xue),或者漢(han)學(xue),此(ci)后成為中(zhong)國的(de)正統(tong)。唐朝(chao)制(zhi)定(ding)了《開元(yuan)禮(li)(li)》成為后代禮(li)(li)儀制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)模范,其中(zhong)對于如何(he)祭(ji)天、祭(ji)祖,如何(he)祭(ji)孔,都(dou)做(zuo)了詳(xiang)細的(de)、具有法典意義的(de)規定(ding)。
南朝朱(zhu)熹(xi)(xi)創建(jian)理(li)學(xue),尊四書(shu)、重視(shi)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)內心(xin)虔誠的(de)(de)“孔(kong)孟之道(dao)”。朱(zhu)熹(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)儒(ru)教思(si)想體系從天地萬物(wu)說起,從格物(wu)致知入手,落實于(yu)人(ren)倫(lun)日用,道(dao)德修養(yang)(yang),歸結為(wei)求仁,成賢成圣。他制定的(de)(de)《白鹿洞書(shu)院學(xue)規》,同(tong)時(shi)也是他的(de)(de)施政方(fang)(fang)針。他用畢(bi)生(sheng)精(jing)力注釋的(de)(de)《四書(shu)集注》,成為(wei)宋(song)代以后(hou)官方(fang)(fang)培(pei)養(yang)(yang)人(ren)才的(de)(de)標準教科書(shu)。理(li)學(xue)以及心(xin)學(xue)又被稱為(wei)宋(song)學(xue)。
明(ming)代(dai),陳(chen)獻章(zhang)開啟明(ming)代(dai)心學(xue)先河,從(cong)陳(chen)獻章(zhang)倡導(dao)涵養心性、靜(jing)養“端倪”之說開始,明(ming)代(dai)儒教實(shi)現了由理學(xue)向心學(xue)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變,成(cheng)為(wei)儒教發展史上的(de)(de)一個重要轉(zhuan)折點。明(ming)代(dai)中晚期,湛若(ruo)水與(yu)王陽明(ming)是當(dang)時(shi)心學(xue)的(de)(de)兩個代(dai)表人物,他們的(de)(de)學(xue)說被稱(cheng)“王湛”之學(xue)。
直到(dao)1912年中(zhong)華民(min)國(guo)(guo)成立,廢止(zhi)讀經,儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)失去(qu)了官(guan)方(fang)思想的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)。民(min)國(guo)(guo)早年還曾有“打倒孔家店(dian)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運動,到(dao)國(guo)(guo)民(min)政府時期,又重新(xin)尊(zun)孔,把孔子祭祀列為(wei)國(guo)(guo)家祭祀。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)大(da)陸在進入改革(ge)開放以后(hou),儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)重新(xin)逐漸(jian)得到(dao)重視。儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)至(zhi)今對很多(duo)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想依然(ran)有很重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)也是(shi)古代韓(han)國(guo)(guo)和越南(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)官(guan)方(fang)正(zheng)統思想,現(xian)在儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)對韓(han)國(guo)(guo)、越南(nan)(nan)以及日本一些人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思想有不可(ke)忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。
與圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)教相伴(ban)的一個名稱是“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”。在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)古代文獻中,“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”一詞(ci)常常使用,在(zai)(zai)隋唐宋明(ming)的儒(ru)(ru)者們的言論(lun)中,這(zhe)指的是儒(ru)(ru)教的經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)典。“自(zi)孔(kong)子在(zai)(zai)時,方(fang)脩(xiu)明(ming)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)(yi)絀(chu)繆異(yi),而老(lao)子著書論(lun)道(dao)德(de)”。“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)賢傳所云忠孝節義之(zhi)事不(bu)(bu)少”。歐(ou)陽修詩曰:“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)日陳前,弟子羅(luo)兩(liang)廂。大論(lun)叱(chi)佛(fo)老(lao),高聲(sheng)誦(song)虞唐。”又說“當漢承秦焚書,圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)未備(bei)”。“圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)賢道(dao)統(tong)之(zhi)傳散在(zai)(zai)方(fang)冊,圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)之(zhi)旨(zhi)不(bu)(bu)明(ming),而道(dao)統(tong)之(zhi)傳始晦。”更有“于(yu)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為悖(bei)理,于(yu)臣節為悖(bei)義”。“耽(dan)玩文采,莫若潛心圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)”。“夫華夷峻防(fang),一王大法,胡主中國(guo),幾變於夷,圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)明(ming)義,千載或湮焉。”或言“亦以(yi)(yi)為繹圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)尊王制無(wu)所茍(gou)而巳(si)矣”“若孔(kong)孟以(yi)(yi)后(hou)之(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)有功于(yu)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者無(wu)不(bu)(bu)祀矣。”皮錫瑞(rui)《經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)學歷史》亦曰:“不(bu)(bu)知圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)本為后(hou)世立法,雖不(bu)(bu)專(zhuan)為漢,而繼周者漢,去秦閏位不(bu)(bu)計,則以(yi)(yi)圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)經(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為漢制作,固無(wu)不(bu)(bu)可。”
儒(ru)(ru)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)圣經(jing)是十三經(jing)。儒(ru)(ru)家正典化(hua)始(shi)自(zi)孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)治六(liu)經(jing)。孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)“治《詩(shi)》《書(shu)》《禮(li)》《樂》《易》《春(chun)(chun)秋》六(liu)經(jing)”,即《詩(shi)經(jing)》《尚書(shu)》《儀禮(li)》《樂經(jing)》《周易》《春(chun)(chun)秋》。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中詩(shi)書(shu)禮(li)樂又(you)稱(cheng)古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)四教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),周朝貴(gui)族的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)科書(shu)。《國語(yu)·楚語(yu)上》記載,申(shen)叔時談到教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育王室公(gong)子(zi)時所開(kai)列的(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)材即包含(han)了這(zhe)六(liu)部古書(shu)。“教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《春(chun)(chun)秋》,而(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)聳善而(er)(er)抑(yi)惡(e)焉(yan),以(yi)戒勸其(qi)(qi)(qi)心(xin);教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《世》,而(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)昭明德(de)而(er)(er)廢幽昏焉(yan),以(yi)休懼(ju)其(qi)(qi)(qi)動;教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《詩(shi)》,而(er)(er)為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導廣(guang)顯德(de),以(yi)耀明其(qi)(qi)(qi)志;教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,使(shi)(shi)知(zhi)上下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)則(ze);教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樂,以(yi)疏其(qi)(qi)(qi)會(hui)合(he)而(er)(er)鎮其(qi)(qi)(qi)浮;教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《令》,使(shi)(shi)訪物(wu)官;教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《語(yu)》,使(shi)(shi)明其(qi)(qi)(qi)德(de),而(er)(er)知(zhi)先王之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)務用明德(de)于民(min)也(ye)(ye);教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《故(gu)(gu)志》,使(shi)(shi)知(zhi)廢興而(er)(er)戒懼(ju)焉(yan);教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)《訓典》,使(shi)(shi)知(zhi)族類(lei)(lei),行(xing)比義焉(yan)。”“故(gu)(gu)書(shu)者、政(zheng)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紀也(ye)(ye);詩(shi)者、中聲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所止(zhi)也(ye)(ye);禮(li)者、法之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大兮,類(lei)(lei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)綱紀也(ye)(ye)。故(gu)(gu)學至乎禮(li)而(er)(er)止(zhi)矣(yi)。夫(fu)是之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)道德(de)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)極。禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敬(jing)文也(ye)(ye),樂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中和也(ye)(ye),詩(shi)書(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)博也(ye)(ye),春(chun)(chun)秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微也(ye)(ye),在天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間者畢矣(yi)。”
《詩(shi)經(jing)》教(jiao)以言語(yu)文(wen)學(xue),《尚書》教(jiao)以政事(shi)(shi),《禮記》教(jiao)以宗法綱紀(ji)、君子(zi)修(xiu)養,《易(yi)經(jing)》《春秋》教(jiao)以道義(yi)智慧是(shi)非(fei)。“君子(zi)知在位者之不能以惡服人也,是(shi)故(gu)簡六藝以贍養之。《詩(shi)》《書》具其(qi)(qi)(qi)志(zhi),《禮》《樂》純其(qi)(qi)(qi)養,《易(yi)》《春秋》明其(qi)(qi)(qi)知。六學(xue)皆大,而各(ge)有所長(chang)。《詩(shi)》道志(zhi),故(gu)長(chang)于(yu)質。《禮》制節,故(gu)長(chang)于(yu)文(wen)。《樂》詠德,故(gu)長(chang)于(yu)風。《書》著功(gong),故(gu)長(chang)于(yu)事(shi)(shi)。《易(yi)》本天地(di),故(gu)長(chang)于(yu)數。《春秋》正是(shi)非(fei),故(gu)長(chang)于(yu)治(zhi)人。”
荀子說“故詩書禮樂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道歸是(shi)矣。詩言(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)其(qi)志(zhi)也(ye)(ye),書言(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)其(qi)事也(ye)(ye),禮言(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)其(qi)行也(ye)(ye),樂言(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)其(qi)和(he)也(ye)(ye),春(chun)秋(qiu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)是(shi)其(qi)微也(ye)(ye)”,即(ji)《詩經》教(jiao)言(yan)(yan)(yan)圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi),《尚(shang)書》教(jiao)行圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,《儀(yi)禮》規定圣人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行,《樂經》乃和(he)圣人(ren)言(yan)(yan)(yan),《春(chun)秋(qiu)》乃圣人(ren)微言(yan)(yan)(yan)大義。“溫惠(hui)柔(rou)良者(zhe)(zhe),《詩》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)風也(ye)(ye);淳龐敦厚者(zhe)(zhe),《書》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)教(jiao)也(ye)(ye);清(qing)明條達者(zhe)(zhe),《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義也(ye)(ye);恭(gong)儉尊(zun)讓者(zhe)(zhe),禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)也(ye)(ye);寬裕(yu)簡易(yi)者(zhe)(zhe),樂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)化(hua)也(ye)(ye);刺幾辯義者(zhe)(zhe),《春(chun)秋(qiu)》之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靡也(ye)(ye)。”熹平(ping)四年,靈帝乃詔諸儒(ru)正定五經,刊於石碑,為(wei)古文、篆、隸三體書法以相參檢,樹(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)學門,使天下(xia)咸取則焉。
孔子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)前,《詩》《書(shu)》《禮》《樂(le)》已備。學校教(jiao)授,即(ji)此四種。孔子(zi)(zi)教(jiao)人(ren),亦曰(yue):“興于(yu)(yu)《詩》,立于(yu)(yu)《禮》,成于(yu)(yu)《樂(le)》。”又曰(yue):“《詩》《書(shu)》執禮,皆雅言(yan)也(ye)。可見(jian)《詩》《書(shu)》《禮》《樂(le)》,乃周(zhou)代(dai)通(tong)行之(zhi)(zhi)課(ke)本。至于(yu)(yu)《春(chun)秋(qiu)》,國史秘密(mi),非可分布,《易(yi)》為卜筮之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu),事(shi)異恒常(chang),非當務之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji),故均(jun)不(bu)以教(jiao)人(ren)。自孔子(zi)(zi)贊《周(zhou)易(yi)》、修《春(chun)秋(qiu)》,然后《易(yi)》與《春(chun)秋(qiu)》同列六經(jing)。以是知六經(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)名,定于(yu)(yu)孔子(zi)(zi)也(ye)。
秦(qin)始(shi)皇“焚書坑儒”,據說經(jing)(jing)(jing)秦(qin)火(huo)一(yi)炬,《樂(le)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》從此(ci)失(shi)傳(chuan)。東漢在五經(jing)(jing)(jing)基礎(chu)上加(jia)《論(lun)語(yu)》、《孝經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,共七經(jing)(jing)(jing);唐(tang)時加(jia)上《周禮(li)》、《禮(li)記》、《春秋公羊傳(chuan)》,《春秋榖梁傳(chuan)》、《爾雅》,共十二經(jing)(jing)(jing)。《唐(tang)六典》曰(yue):“正經(jing)(jing)(jing)有九(jiu):《禮(li)記》、《左(zuo)傳(chuan)》為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)經(jing)(jing)(jing),《毛詩》、《周禮(li)》、《儀禮(li)》為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)(jing)(jing),《周易(yi)》、《尚書》、《公羊》、《谷(gu)梁》為(wei)小經(jing)(jing)(jing)。通(tong)二經(jing)(jing)(jing)者,一(yi)大(da)(da)(da)一(yi)小,若兩(liang)中(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)(jing)(jing);通(tong)三經(jing)(jing)(jing)者,大(da)(da)(da)、小、中(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)一(yi);通(tong)五經(jing)(jing)(jing)者,大(da)(da)(da)經(jing)(jing)(jing)并(bing)通(tong)。其《孝經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《論(lun)語(yu)》并(bing)須兼習(xi)。”宋時加(jia)《孟(meng)子》,后有宋刻《十三經(jing)(jing)(jing)注疏》傳(chuan)世。
孔(kong)子所(suo)定(ding)謂之(zhi)(zhi)經(jing)(jing),弟子所(suo)釋謂之(zhi)(zhi)傳,或(huo)謂之(zhi)(zhi)記(ji)(ji)。《易》、《詩(shi)》、《書》、《禮》、《春(chun)秋》謂之(zhi)(zhi)“經(jing)(jing)”,《左(zuo)傳》、《公羊傳》、《谷梁傳》屬于(yu)《春(chun)秋經(jing)(jing)》之(zhi)(zhi)“傳”,《禮記(ji)(ji)》、《孝經(jing)(jing)》、《論(lun)語》、《孟子》均為“記(ji)(ji)”,《爾雅》則是漢代經(jing)(jing)師的訓詁之(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)。后來的《四書》指是指《大學》(《禮記(ji)(ji)》中一篇)、《中庸》(《禮記(ji)(ji)》中一篇)、《論(lun)語》、《孟子》;五(wu)經(jing)(jing)則指:《周易》、《尚(shang)書》、《詩(shi)經(jing)(jing)》、《禮記(ji)(ji)》、《春(chun)秋》。
《十三經(jing)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)疏(shu)》是解(jie)(jie)釋十三經(jing)的重要教參。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),對經(jing)書字(zi)句的注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)解(jie)(jie),又(you)稱(cheng)傳、箋(jian)、解(jie)(jie)、章句等(deng);疏(shu),對注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)解(jie)(jie),又(you)稱(cheng)義(yi)疏(shu)、正義(yi)、疏(shu)義(yi)等(deng)。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、疏(shu)內(nei)容關乎經(jing)籍中文字(zi)正假、語(yu)詞意義(yi)、音(yin)讀正訛、語(yu)法(fa)修辭,以(yi)及(ji)名(ming)物(wu)、典制、史(shi)實等(deng)。宋(song)(song)人將(jiang)十三經(jing)宋(song)(song)及(ji)宋(song)(song)以(yi)前之注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)疏(shu)合刊,“注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)疏(shu)”之稱(cheng)始流行。
把儒(ru)家典籍收集(ji)在一(yi)起,編(bian)成一(yi)大文庫(ku),即為(wei)“儒(ru)藏(zang)”,是儒(ru)家著作的總匯(hui),與道家之道藏(zang)、道家術(shu)(shu)數之術(shu)(shu)藏(zang)、佛教的藏(zang)經(jing)相應。儒(ru)藏(zang)是聚集(ji)古代儒(ru)家著作的大百科全書(shu),載有哲學(xue)、政治、軍(jun)事、經(jing)濟、教育、文學(xue)、歷史、藝術(shu)(shu)、醫學(xue)、化學(xue)、天文、地理、數學(xue)、技術(shu)(shu)各方(fang)面的豐富的內(nei)容。
北(bei)京大學(xue)《儒(ru)藏(zang)》工(gong)程預計耗資1.52億元,是中(zhong)(zhong)國一(yi)(yi)項(xiang)重大的(de)學(xue)術文(wen)化項(xiang)目,將(jiang)包(bao)括(kuo)收入(ru)近五百部(bu)儒(ru)家(jia)典(dian)(dian)籍(ji)(ji)的(de)《儒(ru)藏(zang)》精華編(約(yue)1.5億字(zi))和收入(ru)約(yue)5000余部(bu)儒(ru)家(jia)典(dian)(dian)籍(ji)(ji)的(de)《儒(ru)藏(zang)》(約(yue)10億字(zi))以(yi)及著錄萬余部(bu)儒(ru)家(jia)典(dian)(dian)籍(ji)(ji)的(de)《儒(ru)藏(zang)總(zong)目》,子項(xiang)目包(bao)括(kuo)十卷本《中(zhong)(zhong)國儒(ru)學(xue)史》和《儒(ru)家(jia)思(si)想和儒(ru)家(jia)經典(dian)(dian)叢書》百種。這一(yi)(yi)工(gong)程將(jiang)使中(zhong)(zhong)國擁(yong)有一(yi)(yi)部(bu)最齊備和完整的(de)儒(ru)家(jia)思(si)想文(wen)化著述的(de)總(zong)匯。