《列(lie)仙(xian)傳(chuan)·朱璜(huang)》:“朱璜(huang)者,廣陵人也,少病毒瘕(jia),就睢山(shan)上道(dao)士(黃(huang)(huang))阮丘丘與(yu)璜(huang)七(qi)物(wu)藥,日(ri)(ri)服九(jiu)丸(wan)。百日(ri)(ri),病下(xia)如肝脾(pi)者數(shu)斗與(yu)《老(lao)(lao)君黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)》,令日(ri)(ri)讀三(san)(san)過,通之(zhi),能思其(qi)意,如此(ci),至武(wu)帝(di)末故在焉(yan)。”又(you)《歷(li)世真(zhen)(zhen)仙(xian)體道(dao)通鑒》卷九(jiu)《黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)真(zhen)(zhen)人傳(chuan)》云:黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)真(zhen)(zhen)人王探,字養伯,太(tai)原人也,常以朝元煉藏,吐故納新為務仙(xian)人趙先生遂授以黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)內修之(zhi)訣(jue)及澤瀉丸(wan)方。依按累月,頓覺神(shen)異,年(nian)(nian)(nian)九(jiu)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)歲,以漢(han)(han)(han)武(wu)帝(di)元朔六年(nian)(nian)(nian)戊午正月,西(xi)靈金母(mu)遣仙(xian)官下(xia)迎授書為太(tai)極真(zhen)(zhen)人。漢(han)(han)(han)武(wu)帝(di)好神(shen)仙(xian),故皆托(tuo)之(zhi)於武(wu)帝(di)之(zhi)世。如拂去(qu)其(qi)飄忽無(wu)據(ju)的(de)仙(xian)氣(qi)。聯(lian)系(xi)東漢(han)(han)(han)以還黃(huang)(huang)老(lao)(lao)道(dao)的(de)迅速傳(chuan)播,以及東漢(han)(han)(han)延熹八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元165)邊韶(shao)奉桓帝(di)之(zhi)命作《老(lao)(lao)子(zi)(zi)銘(ming)》已(yi)有(you)(you)“出入丹廬,上下(xia)黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)”等語之(zhi)史(shi)實。可見(jian)當時丹廬、黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)、道(dao)教(jiao)、老(lao)(lao)子(zi)(zi)早已(yi)緊密(mi)聯(lian)系(xi)在一(yi)(yi)起。緣(yuan)此(ci)而(er)來體味“黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)內修訣(jue)”、“《老(lao)(lao)君黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)》”之(zhi)名稱,似乎不應該感到不可思議。降及漢(han)(han)(han)末曹魏(wei),張魯統治(zhi)漢(han)(han)(han)中數(shu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),大行五斗米道(dao)。張亡后,諸(zhu)祭酒(jiu)不能統一(yi)(yi)於一(yi)(yi)人領導,遂有(you)(you)人申飭戒令,此(ci)即今(jin)見(jian)《道(dao)藏》所收《正一(yi)(yi)法文天師教(jiao)戒科經(jing)(jing)》中的(de)《大道(dao)家(jia)教(jiao)令》,該教(jiao)令作於公元255年(nian)(nian)(nian),令有(you)(you)“何(he)以《想爾》《妙真(zhen)(zhen)》,三(san)(san)靈七(qi)言”、“《妙真(zhen)(zhen)》自我所作,《黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)》三(san)(san)靈七(qi)言,皆訓喻本經(jing)(jing),為《道(dao)德》之(zhi)光華”諸(zhu)語,此(ci)已(yi)足探知由“黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)內修訣(jue)”到《黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)》的(de)發展歷(li)程。
由《大道家教令》所(suo)述(shu)可(ke)以確信,公元255年(nian),《外景經(jing)》已定(ding)型,并已作為天師道內部的教科書。而(er)該年(nian),被(bei)奉(feng)為上清(qing)(qing)第一代(dai)太師的魏(wei)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)已3歲(sui)。夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)后為天師道祭酒(jiu),在上清(qing)(qing)派中的地位(wei)至關重要(yao)。許多文(wen)獻的記載都從不同角度透露(lu)出夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)曾為《黃庭(ting)》作過(guo)注疏之類的傳(chuan),故知《內景經(jing)》應是魏(wei)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)人(ren)(ren)所(suo)作或經(jing)其(qi)加工潤(run)飾(shi)而(er)流傳(chuan)下(xia)來的。
綜述
《黃(huang)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》有(you)諸多名家臨本傳(chuan)(chuan)世,如智永、歐陽(yang)詢(xun)、虞世南、褚遂良、趙孟頫等,他們均從中探究王(wang)(wang)(wang)書(shu)的(de)(de)路數,得(de)到美(mei)的(de)(de)啟(qi)示。然(ran)而也有(you)人認為小(xiao)楷《黃(huang)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》筆法不類王(wang)(wang)(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi),因此亦有(you)真(zhen)偽(wei)之(zhi)辨。《黃(huang)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》引,王(wang)(wang)(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)書(shu),小(xiao)楷,一(yi)百行。原(yuan)本為黃(huang)素絹(juan)本,在宋代曾摹刻上石,有(you)拓本流傳(chuan)(chuan)。此帖其(qi)法極嚴(yan),其(qi)氣亦逸(yi),有(you)秀美(mei)開朗(lang)之(zhi)意態。關于黃(huang)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing),有(you)一(yi)段(duan)傳(chuan)(chuan)說:山陰有(you)一(yi)道(dao)士,欲得(de)王(wang)(wang)(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)書(shu)法,因知其(qi)愛鵝(e)成癖(pi),所以特地準備了一(yi)籠又肥又大的(de)(de)白鵝(e),作為寫經(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)報酬。王(wang)(wang)(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)見(jian)鵝(e)欣然(ran)為道(dao)士寫了半天的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)文,高興(xing)地“籠鵝(e)而歸”。原(yuan)文載于南朝《論書(shu)表》,文中敘說王(wang)(wang)(wang)羲(xi)(xi)之(zhi)所書(shu)為《道(dao)》、《德》之(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing),后因傳(chuan)(chuan)之(zhi)再三,就變成了《黃(huang)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》, 因此,又俗稱《換鵝(e)帖》,無款,末署(shu)“永和十二年(356)五月(yue)”,現今留傳(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)只(zhi)是后世的(de)(de)摹刻本了。
內容
《黃庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》是道教上清(qing)派的重要經(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian),也被內丹(dan)家奉(feng)為內丹(dan)修煉的主要經(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian),屬于(yu)(yu)洞(dong)玄部。現傳《黃庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》有(you)《黃庭(ting)外景玉經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《黃庭(ting)內景玉經(jing)(jing)(jing)》、《黃庭(ting)中景玉經(jing)(jing)(jing)》三種(zhong),因(yin)中經(jing)(jing)(jing)出(chu)現較晚(wan),可以暫置不論。書中認(ren)為人體各處都有(you)神仙,首次提出(chu)了(le)三丹(dan)田的理(li)論。介紹了(le)許多存思觀(guan)想的方法。關于(yu)(yu)內外經(jing)(jing)(jing)的作者、成書年代及其相互關系,向(xiang)來有(you)多種(zhong)說法。
《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭經(jing)(jing)》是中(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)教重要的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)典,它包括《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭外景經(jing)(jing)》和《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭內景經(jing)(jing)》,統稱《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭經(jing)(jing)》。傳說是西晉王朝(公元265-317年)時天師道(dao)著名的(de)(de)(de)女(nv)道(dao)士(shi)魏(wei)華(hua)存創作的(de)(de)(de)。據考證應是男仙所(suo)著。其在(zai)中(zhong)醫(yi)理論的(de)(de)(de)基礎上結合解(jie)剖(pou)學(xue)(xue)以言養生,是醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)史上不可多(duo)得的(de)(de)(de)寶(bao)貴財產。但因其行文隱(yin)晦,多(duo)設(she)喻,所(suo)以當時只在(zai)上層士(shi)人中(zhong)流(liu)傳。對后來的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)藥學(xue)(xue),解(jie)剖(pou)學(xue)(xue),養生學(xue)(xue)有巨大的(de)(de)(de)影響與發展推動。
《黃庭(ting)經》其(qi)內(nei)容可以概括為:
(1)重點論述的(de)問(wen)題有(you): 強調吐納(na)行氣;勤于(yu)咽津滓海(hai) 時時保精(jing)、固精(jing); 永(yong)持恬淡無(wu)欲;鞏(gong)固守(shou)一(yi)之法。
(2)論述長(chang)(chang)生(sheng)久視之道,分(fen)別論述人(ren)體(ti)各主要器管的(de)大略(lve)及其主要生(sheng)理作(zuo)用(yong)。為了修(xiu)煉(lian)得法,又把人(ren)體(ti)分(fen)為上中下三部,每(mei)部有八景神鎮守,合稱二十四真神;人(ren)如果(guo)能(neng)調養真氣,就能(neng)消除疾病,長(chang)(chang)生(sheng)不老。
(3)闡(chan)述(shu)黃庭三(san)宮(gong)及三(san)丹田(tian)與(yu)養生(sheng)的密切關系(xi)。
(4)存思黃庭,煉養丹田(tian),積精累(lei)氣為宗旨,執行不(bu)殆為要訣(jue)。
歷史
今人(ren)王明先生在《黃(huang)(huang)帝經考(kao)》中(zhong)曾作(zuo)詳細考(kao)證,認(ren)為(wei)魏晉之際,民間已有(you)私藏(zang)七言韻語體《黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)》草本。大約在晉武帝太康九年(nian)(288年(nian)),女道士魏華存得到這(zhe)個《黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)》草本并加以注述(shu);或有(you)道士口授,華存筆錄而寫(xie)成定本《黃(huang)(huang)帝內(nei)景經》。晉成帝咸和九年(nian)(334年(nian)),魏華存去世,《黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)外(wai)景經》約在這(zhe)前后(hou)問世,它(ta)是在《內(nei)經》的基礎(chu)上撰寫(xie)而成的,作(zuo)者不(bu)祥。這(zhe)是主(zhu)張《內(nei)經》在《外(wai)經》之前出現(xian)。歷史上也有(you)人(ren)認(ren)為(wei)《內(nei)經》在《外(wai)經》之后(hou)出現(xian)的,如歐陽修等。
兩者的關系
《內經(jing)》與(yu)《外經(jing)》旨意相通,這點是無疑問(wen)的(de)。歷來(lai)校注(zhu)(zhu)本經(jing)的(de)較多,今所見最早注(zhu)(zhu)本為唐玄宗時隱士白履忠(號梁丘(qiu)子)注(zhu)(zhu)的(de),收入《云(yun)笈七簽》和《修(xiu)真十書》,另有胡(hu)?、歐陽修(xiu)、劉處玄、蔣慎修(xiu)等都注(zhu)(zhu)過《黃(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)》,而(er)清人董德(de)寧(ning)《黃(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)發微》較曉(xiao)暢易懂,陳攖寧(ning)《黃(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)講義》分(fen)類詮(quan)釋,解(jie)難釋晦。
據《云(yun)笈七簽》本,《內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)》共36章,每章以句(ju)首二字作為標題,正文計416句(ju),2912字;《外(wai)景(jing)(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)》分(fen)上(shang)中(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)三(san)部(bu),計98句(ju),686字。別本與此大(da)略相同(tong)。經(jing)(jing)名“黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭(ting)(ting)”一辭的(de)含義(yi),有不(bu)同(tong)的(de)解(jie)釋。《正統(tong)道藏》染(ran)丘子注序(xu):“黃(huang)(huang)(huang)者(zhe),中(zhong)(zhong)央之(zhi)色也(ye)(ye);庭(ting)(ting)者(zhe),四方之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)。外(wai)指(zhi)事,即(ji)天(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)地中(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)中(zhong)(zhong);內(nei)(nei)(nei)指(zhi)事,即(ji)腦中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)脾(pi)中(zhong)(zhong),故曰‘黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭(ting)(ting)’。內(nei)(nei)(nei)者(zhe),心(xin)也(ye)(ye);景(jing)(jing)(jing)者(zhe),象也(ye)(ye)。外(wai)象諭(yu),即(ji)日月(yue)星辰云(yun)霞之(zhi)象;內(nei)(nei)(nei)象諭(yu),即(ji)血肉筋骨(gu)臟腑之(zhi)象也(ye)(ye)。心(xin)居(ju)身內(nei)(nei)(nei),存(cun)觀一體之(zhi)象色,故曰內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)也(ye)(ye)。”王(wang)明《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)考(kao)·釋題》說:“按(an)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)庭(ting)(ting)三(san)宮(gong),上(shang)宮(gong)腦中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)宮(gong)心(xin)中(zhong)(zhong),下(xia)宮(gong)脾(pi)中(zhong)(zhong),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)為中(zhong)(zhong)央之(zhi)色,庭(ting)(ting)為四方之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),并具中(zhong)(zhong)義(yi)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)者(zhe),含氣養精,內(nei)(nei)(nei)視(shi)神象:似義(yi)取雙關(guan)。”
今人陳(chen)攖寧認為庭(ting)乃階(jie)(jie)前空(kong)(kong)地(di),故(gu)黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)表示中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)的意(yi)思,對(dui)人體而言就(jiu)是臍(qi)內空(kong)(kong)處。總而言之(zhi)(zhi),“黃(huang)(huang)”是中(zhong)(zhong)央之(zhi)(zhi)色(se)(根(gen)據五行說:東方(fang)甲(jia)乙(yi)木(mu),南(nan)方(fang)丙丁(ding)火,中(zhong)(zhong)央戊己土(tu),西(xi)方(fang)庚(geng)辛(xin)金(jin),北方(fang)壬癸水(shui)。土(tu)色(se)為黃(huang)(huang),故(gu)黃(huang)(huang)為中(zhong)(zhong)央之(zhi)(zhi)色(se)),“庭(ting)”指(zhi)四(si)方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),或指(zhi)階(jie)(jie)前空(kong)(kong)地(di),“黃(huang)(huang)庭(ting)”即喻(yu)指(zhi)道家內修功夫(fu)的中(zhong)(zhong)空(kong)(kong)現(xian)象。
《內景經》
《內景經(jing)》又名《太上(shang)(shang)琴心(xin)文》、《東華玉篇》、《大帝金書》。歷代(dai)稱它(ta)是(shi)魏晉間道士養(yang)生之(zhi)(zhi)書,其實它(ta)遠在一(yi)般藥物養(yang)身(shen)(shen)、術數延命之(zhi)(zhi)類書之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang),而是(shi)一(yi)部(bu)繼承漢(han)代(dai)“五(wu)臟(zang)神”之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo),以身(shen)(shen)體臟(zang)腑各有(you)所主的(de)(de)理(li)論為(wei)基礎,結合道教人身(shen)(shen)百脈關竅各有(you)司(si)神之(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo),以七言(yan)韻文的(de)(de)形(xing)式,注重以“存思(si)”為(wei)主的(de)(de)修(xiu)煉要訣。因它(ta)是(shi)早期上(shang)(shang)清(qing)派崇奉的(de)(de)經(jing)典(dian),故又稱《上(shang)(shang)清(qing)黃庭內景玉經(jing)》。
《內景經》包含著一些醫學理論,分別(bie)論述(shu)了(le)人體各(ge)主(zhu)要器官的大(da)致情狀以(yi)及主(zhu)要生理功能,其中(zhong)有(you)十(shi)四章著重闡述(shu)了(le)人體五臟(zang)及膽腑的生理作用。經中(zhong)認為心是臟(zang)腑之(zhi)王,能知寒熱、和(he)(he)營衛、通(tong)血(xue)脈、調(diao)陰陽;心開(kai)竊于口舌,能吐納五臟(zang)之(zhi)氣,識(shi)別(bie)五行之(zhi)味。所以(yi)人能心安,就可以(yi)體和(he)(he)無(wu)病身不枯(ku)。肝主(zhu)謀(mou)慮(lv),藏(zang)血(xue)、魂(hun)魄(po)之(zhi)居。
內容
經(jing)中認(ren)為(wei)肝開竅于目(mu),如日月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)明,五(wu)(wu)行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關鏡。肝氣(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)與(yu)三(san)焦氣(qi)(qi)(qi)合(he),下為(wei)口中津(jin)液,津(jin)液過玄膺、明堂入丹田(tian),真氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流(liu)布,百(bai)骸受潤(run),則(ze)(ze)無疾病。脾(pi)(pi)(pi)為(wei)倉廩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),納(na)谷(gu)物生味道,化糟粕。它(ta)認(ren)為(wei)脾(pi)(pi)(pi)居(ju)中央,橫在胃上(shang)(shang)(shang),外應臉色;脾(pi)(pi)(pi)胃相合(he)供應營(ying)養,那(nei)么血脈通暢,筋(jin)骨強健(jian)、肌膚豐潤(run)、營(ying)養全軀,就(jiu)能延年益壽。故(gu)它(ta)重視脾(pi)(pi)(pi)的(de)功能,稱脾(pi)(pi)(pi)為(wei)下黃庭宮(gong)、人(ren)體(ti)的(de)根本(ben)、五(wu)(wu)臟的(de)要(yao)樞。肺為(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),開竅于鼻,布氣(qi)(qi)(qi)于七竅,主耳目(mu)聰明。認(ren)為(wei)肺氣(qi)(qi)(qi)起(qi)自三(san)焦,能調理五(wu)(wu)臟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)元氣(qi)(qi)(qi),人(ren)若能把津(jin)液吞進丹田(tian),那(nei)么膚色亮澤,百(bai)脈通暢,齒堅(jian)發黑,不(bu)會衰(shuai)老(lao)。腎者精之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,先天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben),元氣(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根,主骨。經(jing)中認(ren)為(wei)腎主五(wu)(wu)臟六(liu)(liu)腑、九竊津(jin)液之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相連(lian),開竅于耳,腎氣(qi)(qi)(qi)充足,則(ze)(ze)耳聰目(mu)明,筋(jin)強骨健(jian)、百(bai)脈通暢。又腎藏精,認(ren)為(wei)人(ren)若止精可長壽。經(jing)文(wen)認(ren)為(wei),膽(dan)(dan)主決斷,為(wei)六(liu)(liu)腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精。人(ren)若膽(dan)(dan)、力互用,能攝虎兵。又認(ren)為(wei)膽(dan)(dan)外名于眉(mei)目(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,喜怒皆行此處,憤則(ze)(ze)發上(shang)(shang)(shang)沖冠。
觀點
《內景(jing)經(jing)》又(you)吸(xi)收《河上公老子章句》及《太(tai)平(ping)經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)“五(wu)(wu)臟(zang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”的(de)(de)(de)觀念,發展(zhan)為(wei)(wei)三部(bu)(bu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)二十(shi)四(si)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)之說,認為(wei)(wei)人(ren)體各部(bu)(bu)位都(dou)有(you)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)靈居住。三部(bu)(bu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)二十(shi)四(si)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),是指(zhi)將人(ren)身分為(wei)(wei)上元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)、下元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)三部(bu)(bu)分,每部(bu)(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)都(dou)有(you)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)鎮(zhen)守,即上部(bu)(bu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)鎮(zhen)在人(ren)身上元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)鎮(zhen)在人(ren)身中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),下部(bu)(bu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)鎮(zhen)在下元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)宮(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。經(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)(wei)人(ren)們若能(neng)存思三部(bu)(bu)八(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)景(jing)二十(shi)四(si)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),則三田(tian)五(wu)(wu)臟(zang)的(de)(de)(de)真氣調和,不(bu)會有(you)疾(ji)病(bing),甚至能(neng)乘云升仙(xian)。值得(de)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)是,這些神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)字(zi)(zi)(zi)并非隨意(yi)起的(de)(de)(de),而是根據人(ren)身各器官的(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)、所處方位以及顏(yan)色、狀態等,加以提煉概(gai)括成的(de)(de)(de)。如對面部(bu)(bu)七神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)介(jie)紹:“發神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)蒼華字(zi)(zi)(zi)太(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”;“腦神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)精(jing)根字(zi)(zi)(zi)泥丸(wan)”;“眼神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)明上字(zi)(zi)(zi)英玄”;“鼻神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)玉壟字(zi)(zi)(zi)靈堅”;“耳神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)空閑字(zi)(zi)(zi)幽(you)田(tian)”;“舌神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)通(tong)命字(zi)(zi)(zi)正倫(lun)”;“齒(chi)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)■峰字(zi)(zi)(zi)羅千”。
這些神(shen)(shen)名都是(shi)(shi)對相(xiang)應器官進行形(xing)象的概括,各具特色。經中認為,人(ren)體(ti)正是(shi)(shi)靠這些神(shen)(shen)的主(zhu)宰(zai),才是(shi)(shi)以(yi)維持(chi)生理活(huo)動正常(chang)地(di)進行,才能(neng)(neng)“形(xing)與神(shen)(shen)具”。這些神(shen)(shen)有別于超自然力量的神(shen)(shen),而是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)宰(zai)人(ren)體(ti)生理活(huo)動的“功能(neng)(neng)神(shen)(shen)”。這也反映(ying)出古時人(ren)們對人(ren)體(ti)器官功能(neng)(neng)的一些正確(que)認識,但他們卻將人(ren)體(ti)器官功能(neng)(neng)的主(zhu)宰(zai)歸(gui)結于神(shen)(shen),是(shi)(shi)明(ming)顯(xian)錯誤的。
《內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)經(jing)》還(huan)對《存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)法》進行詳細(xi)闡(chan)述。早期(qi)道教《太平經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)就有存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)五臟神萬病都可消除(chu)的說(shuo)法,《內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)經(jing)》繼承這一思(si)想并加以進一步發揮。認(ren)為“存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)百念視節(jie)度”,即要求存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)身(shen)中(zhong)(zhong)百神,呼(hu)吸上下如一而除(chu)雜(za)念。并認(ren)為“可用存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)登虛(xu)空”,這是把(ba)存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)之(zhi)法當作學(xue)仙之(zhi)道。可以說(shuo),存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)是道教上清派(pai)典型(xing)的修煉方法,也是《內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)經(jing)》的核心(xin)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)。所謂存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)之(zhi)法,《內(nei)(nei)(nei)景(jing)經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)包含兩個方面(mian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong),一是指存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)身(shen)內(nei)(nei)(nei)諸神,另(ling)外指存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)身(shen)外之(zhi)物(wu)。
內容
道(dao)教認(ren)為(wei)人體多神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),而以(yi)五(wu)臟(zang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)為(wei)主,故重視(shi)存(cun)思(si)(si)五(wu)臟(zang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)色、形、氣(qi)、服飾(shi)、姓名等。《內景(jing)經》對于存(cun)思(si)(si)心(xin)、肝、脾(pi)、肺、腎等五(wu)臟(zang)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),都分別加以(yi)論(lun)述,其中(zhong)對存(cun)思(si)(si)心(xin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)論(lun)述最(zui)多。如(ru)經中(zhong)述道(dao):“心(xin)典一(yi)體五(wu)藏(臟(zang))王(wang),動靜念之道(dao)德(de)行,清潔善氣(qi)自(zi)明光,坐起吾俱共棟梁,晝日曜景(jing)暮閉(bi)藏,通(tong)利華精調陰陽。”這是認(ren)為(wei)心(xin)有神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)靈(ling),且是五(wu)臟(zang)之王(wang),倘若經常存(cun)思(si)(si)心(xin)神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen),那么陰陽和(he)順,臟(zang)腑(fu)調勻,均無疾(ji)病。存(cun)思(si)(si)肝神(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen):“肝氣(qi)郁勃清且長,羅列六(liu)府(fu)生三光,……五(wu)色云(yun)氣(qi)紛青蔥(cong),閉(bi)目內眄自(zi)相(xiang)望(wang)。”
肝屬東方木位,主(zhu)青,故肝氣(qi)(qi)旺盛清而(er)且長(chang)時(shi),如東方之(zhi)(zhi)木主(zhu)春,肝為生氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)本,閉目(mu)冥想生氣(qi)(qi)遍照體內(nei)五(wu)臟之(zhi)(zhi)腑,與臟腑相應(ying),上為五(wu)色云,如日月星辰(chen)光亮明徹,久(jiu)久(jiu)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)自己內(nei)視(shi)臟腑。“內(nei)視(shi)”是(shi)存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)(si)(si)(si)法中(zhong)一(yi)種重要思(si)(si)(si)(si)想,就是(shi)指修(xiu)煉者(zhe)閉目(mu)存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)(si)(si)(si),潛(qian)神(shen)入定后,內(nei)觀形(xing)體,神(shen)氣(qi)(qi)充(chong)溢而(er)使體內(nei)朗然洞徹的景象。關(guan)于存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)(si)(si)(si)脾神(shen):“脾長(chang)一(yi)尺掩太倉,中(zhong)部老君治明堂,……黃衣紫帶(dai)龍虎(hu)章,長(chang)精(jing)益命(ming)賴君王(wang),三呼我名神(shen)自通(tong)(tong)。”脾居中(zhong)宮,存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)(si)(si)(si)脾神(shen),即(ji)可(ke)(ke)增(zeng)長(chang)精(jing)氣(qi)(qi),延長(chang)壽命(ming),心虛洞鑒,神(shen)靈自通(tong)(tong)。關(guan)于存(cun)(cun)(cun)思(si)(si)(si)(si)肺(fei)(fei)神(shen):“肺(fei)(fei)部之(zhi)(zhi)宮似華(hua)蓋,下有童子坐(zuo)玉闕。……素錦(jin)衣裳黃云帶(dai),喘息呼吸體不快,急存(cun)(cun)(cun)白(bai)云和六氣(qi)(qi),神(shen)仙久(jiu)視(shi)無災害,同(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)不己形(xing)不滯。”肺(fei)(fei)為金宮,在五(wu)臟之(zhi)(zhi)上,狀似華(hua)蓋。
童(tong)子、白(bai)云(yun)都是(shi)指(zhi)肺(fei)神(shen)。當喘(chuan)息不定呼吸(xi)不暢、身體不快時(shi),就趕緊存(cun)思肺(fei)神(shen),便(bian)能調(diao)和六氣而(er)無(wu)災害,常用此道(dao),可(ke)保形(xing)體不枯衰。關于存(cun)思腎(shen)神(shen):“腎(shen)部(bu)之宮玄(xuan)闕園(yuan),中(zhong)有童(tong)子冥上玄(xuan),……蒼錦云(yun)衣(yi)舞龍幡,……百病千災急當存(cun),兩部(bu)水王對門生(sheng),使人長生(sheng)■九(jiu)天。”腎(shen)為水宮。玄(xuan)闕園(yuan),喻指(zhi)腎(shen)之外形(xing)。童(tong)子、水王都是(shi)指(zhi)腎(shen)神(shen)。當人正生(sheng)病時(shi),就應立即(ji)存(cun)思腎(shen)神(shen),這樣便(bian)能逢(feng)兇化吉,免除疾(ji)病而(er)能升天成仙。
歷史
“三(san)(san)丹(dan)田(tian)” 《內景經(jing)》提出(chu)“三(san)(san)丹(dan)田(tian)”之(zhi)說(shuo)。關(guan)于三(san)(san)丹(dan)田(tian)之(zhi)名(ming),在此經(jing)之(zhi)前的早期道教(jiao)籍(ji)中(zhong)尚未出(chu)現(xian)。《太平(ping)經(jing)》、《大洞真經(jing)》提到(dao)泥(ni)丸、心(xin)、臍等(deng)與之(zhi)相(xiang)關(guan)的名(ming)稱,只有到(dao)了《內景經(jing)》才明(ming)確提出(chu)“三(san)(san)丹(dan)田(tian)”的概(gai)念。丹(dan)田(tian)有上(shang)、中(zhong)、下之(zhi)分(fen),故合作“三(san)(san)田(tian)”。每一丹(dan)田(tian)中(zhong)各居著一位神(shen)(shen),故有“三(san)(san)神(shen)(shen)”。又因丹(dan)田(tian)之(zhi)室(shi),方圓(yuan)一寸,故稱寸田(tian),下面(mian)分(fen)別簡(jian)介三(san)(san)丹(dan)田(tian)。
上丹田
眉(mei)間內入三寸為(wei)上丹田宮,也叫(jiao)泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)宮。“泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)百節皆有神(shen)(shen),……一(yi)面之神(shen)(shen)宗泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan),泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)九(jiu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)皆有房,方圓一(yi)寸處(chu)此中(zhong),同(tong)服紫(zi)衣(yi)飛羅裳,但思一(yi)部壽(shou)無(wu)窮,非各別住俱腦中(zhong),列位次(ci)坐(zuo)向外方”,講的是泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)宮在一(yi)身之首,是百神(shen)(shen)之主,泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)百節都有神(shen)(shen),它們都受腦主持(chi)而排定坐(zuo)次(ci),泥(ni)丸(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)九(jiu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)都穿紫(zi)衣(yi)羅裳,人們只要(yao)意守上丹田,存思九(jiu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)神(shen)(shen),就可以(yi)延壽(shou)不老(lao)。
中丹田
就(jiu)是指(zhi)心,又(you)叫絳宮。經中述道:“六腑(fu)五(wu)臟神體(ti)精,皆在心內運天經,晝(zhou)夜存(cun)之自長生”講的是,六腑(fu)五(wu)臟息息相(xiang)關,共同(tong)維(wei)持人體(ti)正常運轉,它們(men)各有所轄,有不同(tong)的運作(zuo)方式,但(dan)都受心主宰,故心存(cun)則五(wu)臟六腑(fu)聽令而正常運行(xing)。人們(men)若意守(shou)中丹田,存(cun)思(si)不舍,自會長生。
下丹田
又叫氣海(hai)、精門、名(ming)關元、命(ming)門等(deng),在臍下三寸(cun)處。經中(zhong)講述下丹田(tian)的重要性:“或(huo)(huo)精或(huo)(huo)胎(tai)別(bie)執方,核孩(hai)合(he)延生(sheng)華芒。”道(dao)經認為(wei)下丹田(tian)是(shi)人命(ming)的根基、陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)的門戶、五氣的本元;是(shi)男(nan)子藏(zang)精、女子藏(zang)胎(tai)之處,內有真神(shen)赤子居(ju)住,故稱下丹田(tian)為(wei)“命(ming)門”、“生(sheng)門”或(huo)(huo)“生(sheng)宮(gong)”。“核孩(hai)”,指宮(gong)中(zhong)的陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)神(shen)名(ming),也叫“伯桃”,字“合(he)延”。人們若意守下丹田(tian),存(cun)思陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)之神(shen),則陰(yin)(yin)陽(yang)之氣不(bu)衰,生(sheng)命(ming)不(bu)枯。
三黃庭
與三(san)(san)丹田(tian)(tian)相對應,《內景經》還提(ti)出三(san)(san)黃(huang)庭(ting)之說。上黃(huang)庭(ting)宮(gong)在腦中,與上丹田(tian)(tian)相應;中黃(huang)庭(ting)宮(gong)也與中丹田(tian)(tian)一(yi)致(zhi),都在心中;只(zhi)是下黃(huang)庭(ting)宮(gong)在脾中,與下丹田(tian)(tian)不一(yi)致(zhi)。總而言之,《內景經》就是以三(san)(san)丹田(tian)(tian)和三(san)(san)黃(huang)庭(ting)為(wei)樞(shu)紐,注重存(cun)思三(san)(san)部八景二十四真神,強調積(ji)累精氣作為(wei)長生要(yao)訣,即“仙人道士非有神,積(ji)精累氣以為(wei)真”。
外景經
內(nei)容以七言韻(yun)文的(de)形式(shi),敘寫修(xiu)煉存(cun)思法的(de)要訣,但(dan)文風略有不(bu)同(tong)。語言要簡明(ming)平易些(xie),語詞清顯(xian),意義通(tong)暢。《外景經》原(yuan)不(bu)分章,務成子注本分為上(shang)、中、下三部,至于與(yu)(yu)《內(nei)景經》內(nei)容相同(tong)的(de)就不(bu)再(zai)介紹(shao),下面就與(yu)(yu)《內(nei)景經》不(bu)同(tong)而較重(zhong)要的(de)幾個方面的(de)內(nei)容加以介紹(shao)。
一(yi)是(shi)(shi)關于吐納(na)行氣(qi)(qi)的方法。強調這方面的內容,如“象龜(gui)引(yin)氣(qi)(qi)至(zhi)靈根”,“呼(hu)吸廬間入(ru)丹(dan)田”,講(jiang)的是(shi)(shi)人(ren)應當效法長(chang)壽之龜(gui),引(yin)氣(qi)(qi)到丹(dan)田,以(yi)保持體內元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)。又如:“人(ren)盡食(shi)谷與(yu)五(wu)味,獨食(shi)太和陰陽氣(qi)(qi)”,“呼(hu)吸廬間以(yi)自償,子(zi)保完堅身受慶”,講(jiang)的是(shi)(shi)常人(ren)都吃五(wu)谷,品五(wu)味,而修煉(lian)黃庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)者的形狀只食(shi)太和陰陽氣(qi)(qi),以(yi)充實體內元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi),經(jing)(jing)常這樣做(zuo),就會(hui)使元(yuan)氣(qi)(qi)充足,神(shen)氣(qi)(qi)合一(yi)身體健(jian)康無(wu)損(sun)。
二是關于咽(yan)津(jin)(jin)和寶(bao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、固(gu)(gu)(gu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)問題。道教常稱津(jin)(jin)液(ye)為(wei)玉(yu)液(ye)、玉(yu)漿(jiang)、醴(li)泉(quan)、靈(ling)(ling)液(ye)等,認(ren)為(wei)此液(ye)由煉氣而產生,是五臟之精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)華,甜美(mei)清香。若人們勤加(jia)修煉,漱津(jin)(jin)咽(yan)液(ye),那么就(jiu)以去病(bing)防病(bing),強健身(shen)體。《外景(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)》很(hen)重視(shi)津(jin)(jin)液(ye)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong),如“玉(yu)池清水灌靈(ling)(ling)根,審能(neng)修之可長(chang)(chang)存”,“玉(yu)池清水上生肥,靈(ling)(ling)根堅固(gu)(gu)(gu)老不衰”,“津(jin)(jin)液(ye)醴(li)泉(quan)通六腑,隨鼻(bi)上下開兩耳,窺視(shi)天地存童(tong)子,調和精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)華治發齒,顏(yan)(yan)色光澤不復白”,可見經(jing)(jing)常叩齒咽(yan)津(jin)(jin),可使齒堅發亮,童(tong)顏(yan)(yan)常駐,其妙無窮。歷來道經(jing)(jing)甚重視(shi)寶(bao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、固(gu)(gu)(gu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)問題,《太平經(jing)(jing)》主張(zhang)“人欲壽,當愛氣尊神重精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”,《內景(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)》也(ye)強調說:“急守精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)室勿妄泄(xie),閉而寶(bao)之可長(chang)(chang)活。”《外景(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)》也(ye)強調固(gu)(gu)(gu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、寶(bao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)意義,如“長(chang)(chang)生要慎(shen)房中急,棄捐(juan)淫(yin)俗專子精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)……閉子精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)門可長(chang)(chang)活”,“急固(gu)(gu)(gu)子精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)以自(zi)持(chi),……精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)神還(huan)歸老復壯”。
三是恬(tian)淡(dan)(dan)無(wu)欲(yu)的思(si)想。《外景經》反復(fu)強調這(zhe)種思(si)想,并在數處加(jia)以闡(chan)述:“物有(you)自(zi)然道(dao)不(bu)煩,重拱無(wu)為(wei)身體(ti)安,虛(xu)無(wu)之(zhi)居在幃間,寂寞廓(kuo)然口不(bu)言”,“扶養(yang)性命守虛(xu)無(wu),恬(tian)淡(dan)(dan)自(zi)樂何思(si)虛(xu)”,“近存子(zi)身還自(zi)守,清(qing)(qing)靜無(wu)為(wei)神留止”,“恬(tian)淡(dan)(dan)無(wu)欲(yu)養(yang)華莖,服(fu)食玄氣可遂(sui)生”等等,這(zhe)些都強調修煉者(zhe)要恬(tian)淡(dan)(dan)無(wu)欲(yu),清(qing)(qing)靜無(wu)為(wei)、虛(xu)靜自(zi)守。這(zhe)些思(si)想是對以老莊為(wei)代表的道(dao)家哲學思(si)想加(jia)以繼承,并有(you)所發展,運用于(yu)存思(si)修煉中。
內景經
《內景(jing)經》在改寫《外(wai)景(jing)經》的內容上(shang),除(chu)了主要(yao)講存思身內之神以外(wai),還(huan)講到(dao)(dao)存思身外(wai)之物,即存思日(ri)(ri)月(yue)星辰。大(da)致(zhi)過程是:調(diao)整(zheng)體內元(yuan)氣(qi),使與所攝取的日(ri)(ri)月(yue)星辰的外(wai)氣(qi)相(xiang)結合。經中(zhong)數處講到(dao)(dao)此法,“出日(ri)(ri)入月(yue)呼吸(xi)存”,“高(gao)奔(ben)日(ri)(ri)月(yue)吾上(shang)道(dao),郁儀(yi)結■善相(xiang)保(bao),乃見玉清虛無老,可(ke)以回顏填血(xue)腦。”存思日(ri)(ri)月(yue)星辰,便有(you)相(xiang)應(ying)的仙人相(xiang)保(bao),就可(ke)以返還(huan)章顏,讓精氣(qi)充沛(pei)血(xue)脈腦際。
無(wu)論是存思身(shen)內(nei)諸神,還(huan)是存思身(shen)外日月星辰(chen),《內(nei)景(jing)(jing)經》強調修煉(lian)存思之法必(bi)須精誠苦修,“至道不煩決存真(zhen)”,“能(neng)(neng)存玄真(zhen)萬事(shi)畢,一身(shen)精神不可失”,“晝夜七(qi)日思勿眠(mian),子能(neng)(neng)行此可長存,積功成煉(lian)非(fei)自然,是由(you)精誠亦由(you)專”,這些都強調修煉(lian)要(yao)專心一臻致、矢(shi)志(zhi)不移,也只有如此,才(cai)能(neng)(neng)得(de)以登仙(xian)入道。以上大(da)致介紹了(le)《內(nei)景(jing)(jing)經》的主要(yao)內(nei)容(rong)。
麻姑仙境之“南(nan)岳夫人”魏(wei)華存侍女(nv)一(yi)瞥魏(wei)華存(Wei Huacun)
魏華存(cun)(251~334) 女,字賢安,任城(今山東濟寧(ning)市)人(ren),西(xi)晉司徒文(wen)康公魏舒之女。幼而好道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),常服(fu)氣辟(pi)谷,攝生(sheng)修靜,志(zhi)慕神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)。24歲(sui)適南陽掾劉(liu)(liu)文(wen),生(sheng)二子劉(liu)(liu)璞、劉(liu)(liu)瑕。其(qi)(qi)心(xin)期幽隱,更求神(shen)(shen)書秘籍,齋(zhai)于別寢,謹修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法。西(xi)晉建(jian)興五年(318)夏天,來(lai)到(dao)南岳衡山集(ji)賢峰下紫虛(xu)閣(ge)修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao),凡(fan)16年,為湖南最早的(de)傳(chuan)播(bo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)者。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)家之《元(yuan)始大(da)(da)洞真(zhen)(zhen)經(jing)(jing)》三卷、《元(yuan)始大(da)(da)洞玉經(jing)(jing)疏要十二義》一(yi)(yi)卷、《大(da)(da)洞玉經(jing)(jing)壇儀》一(yi)(yi)卷和(he)《總(zong)論》一(yi)(yi)卷,均(jun)屬魏華存(cun)所(suo)(suo)疏義。東晉咸和(he)九年(334),在黃(huang)庭(ting)觀側(ce)的(de)一(yi)(yi)塊大(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)頭上(shang)(shang)白日飛升,其(qi)(qi)石(shi)(shi)尚(shang)在,稱(cheng)“飛升石(shi)(shi)”。歷代南岳志(zhi)和(he)衡陽地方志(zhi)都對(dui)魏華存(cun)的(de)事跡有(you)所(suo)(suo)記載,陶弘景(jing)著《真(zhen)(zhen)浩》中(zhong)(zhong)稱(cheng)魏華存(cun)為“魏夫(fu)人(ren)”,后世習慣稱(cheng)魏華存(cun)為“南岳夫(fu)人(ren)”。李白《送女道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)士(shi)褚(chu)三清(qing)(qing)往南岳詩(shi)》中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)“倦尋向(xiang)南岳,應見魏夫(fu)人(ren)”句,杜甫《望岳》中(zhong)(zhong)亦有(you)“恭聞魏夫(fu)人(ren),群仙(xian)夾翱翔”句。宋仁宗(zong)賜魏華存(cun)“紫虛(xu)元(yuan)君”稱(cheng)號(hao),故又稱(cheng)魏元(yuan)君。宋哲宗(zong)封為“高(gao)元(yuan)宸照紫虛(xu)元(yuan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)真(zhen)(zhen)君”。她還擅(shan)長書法,黃(huang)庭(ting)觀墻壁上(shang)(shang)刻(ke)有(you)其(qi)(qi)親筆所(suo)(suo)書《上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)黃(huang)庭(ting)內景(jing)經(jing)(jing)》。《黃(huang)庭(ting)經(jing)(jing)》為道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)修持內丹的(de)重(zhong)要經(jing)(jing)典之一(yi)(yi),在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)史上(shang)(shang)有(you)極其(qi)(qi)重(zhong)要的(de)地位,直(zhi)接(jie)促(cu)成了中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)上(shang)(shang)清(qing)(qing)派的(de)產生(sheng)。
但據(ju)現代道學者(zhe)考(kao)證,此(ci)經(jing)初作乃出自(zi)男仙(xian)之(zhi)筆(bi),早(zao)在(zai)漢(han)武帝之(zhi)前(qian),黃庭經(jing)已經(jing)流世,只是不為人所知。
概述
《黃(huang)(huang)庭經(jing)》中的(de)存思(si)法,是古代道(dao)教推(tui)行的(de)主要修煉方法之一,由于注(zhu)重(zhong)意(yi)念(nian),靜思(si)默想(xiang),簡便(bian)易(yi)行,很適合(he)士大(da)夫的(de)口胃,故東晉(jin)以(yi)(yi)來(lai),在社會上廣(guang)為(wei)流(liu)(liu)傳。《黃(huang)(huang)庭經(jing)》所述的(de)一些(xie)內修養生之術,與《周易(yi)參同(tong)契(qi)》的(de)煉丹之道(dao)相(xiang)結合(he),在唐(tang)宋(song)時期流(liu)(liu)變為(wei)內丹道(dao),成(cheng)為(wei)中唐(tang)以(yi)(yi)后道(dao)教煉丹養生方術的(de)主流(liu)(liu),所以(yi)(yi)《黃(huang)(huang)庭經(jing)》與《周易(yi)參同(tong)契(qi)》都對(dui)后代道(dao)教產生重(zhong)要影(ying)響(xiang)。不過(guo),中唐(tang)以(yi)(yi)后道(dao)教傳播《黃(huang)(huang)庭經(jing)》與晉(jin)南北朝大(da)不相(xiang)同(tong),晉(jin)南北朝重(zhong)默誦(song),中唐(tang)以(yi)(yi)后則不斷有人為(wei)之作注(zhu),加以(yi)(yi)詮釋。
注(zhu)家(jia)略可分(fen)為(wei)兩類(lei),一(yi)(yi)類(lei)注(zhu)重臟腑的(de)性狀、功能及調護方法,以(yi)生(sheng)理結構和醫藥知識為(wei)主。如(ru)晚唐胡?《黃庭(ting)(ting)內景(jing)經(jing)(jing)五臟六腑補瀉圖》;絕大(da)多數注(zhu)家(jia)屬于另一(yi)(yi)類(lei),以(yi)內修術或(huo)內丹道(dao)(dao)(dao)來(lai)解釋《黃庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)》,如(ru)歐陽修、白(bai)(bai)履(lv)忠等。此外,有不(bu)少文士也甚(shen)喜歡該經(jing)(jing),如(ru)晉代(dai)的(de)王羲之給道(dao)(dao)(dao)士書(shu)寫《內景(jing)經(jing)(jing)》,而且(qie)仿其(qi)句式作(zuo)辭贊(zan),陸游更有詩(shi)句贊(zan)道(dao)(dao)(dao):“白(bai)(bai)頭始(shi)悟頤(yi)生(sheng)妙,盡在(zai)《黃庭(ting)(ting)》兩卷中。”《黃庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)》在(zai)歷(li)史上先后被禁過兩次(ci),第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)是在(zai)北周武(wu)帝并禁佛道(dao)(dao)(dao)時受(shou)劫難。從內容上講(jiang)(jiang),《黃庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)》已(yi)完全排(pai)除(chu)了(le)早期道(dao)(dao)(dao)書(shu)中反映(ying)民眾愿望和要求(qiu)的(de)政治思想,主要講(jiang)(jiang)長生(sheng)久視之道(dao)(dao)(dao),按理不(bu)會觸犯統治階(jie)級利(li)益,也不(bu)會帶來(lai)消極的(de)社會影(ying)響(xiang),故它完全是公元(yuan)六世紀(ji)那(nei)場大(da)辯論后佛道(dao)(dao)(dao)兩教受(shou)禁的(de)犧牲(sheng)品。《黃庭(ting)(ting)經(jing)(jing)》在(zai)元(yuan)代(dai)又一(yi)(yi)次(ci)被禁。
多種版本
現(xian)傳《黃庭(ting)(ting)經》有內(nei)(nei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)、外(wai)景(jing)(jing)(jing)、中(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)(jing)(jing)三種。一(yi)般認為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)(jing)(jing)經出(chu)世較晚,故(gu)(gu)通常所說(shuo)(shuo)《黃庭(ting)(ting)經》未包括《中(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)(jing)(jing)經》在內(nei)(nei)據《內(nei)(nei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)經》卷上梁丘子注說(shuo)(shuo),黃為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)之色,庭(ting)(ting)為(wei)四(si)方之中(zhong)(zhong),外(wai)指天中(zhong)(zhong)地中(zhong)(zhong)人中(zhong)(zhong),內(nei)(nei)指腦中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)中(zhong)(zhong)脾中(zhong)(zhong),故(gu)(gu)稱(cheng)「黃庭(ting)(ting)」。心(xin)(xin)居身內(nei)(nei),存觀一(yi)體(ti)的象色,故(gu)(gu)稱(cheng)內(nei)(nei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)。所謂(wei)黃庭(ting)(ting)之景(jing)(jing)(jing),實指道教修煉時產生(sheng)的景(jing)(jing)(jing)象。
《外(wai)景(jing)》與《內(nei)景(jing)》先後(hou)出(chu)現於兩晉,據稱由(you)晉代魏華存夫人所傳。《黃(huang)庭(ting)經》以七言歌訣形式描(miao)述道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)修煉與養生學說,是道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)思(si)想(xiang)與古醫學結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)修真(zhen)書。《黃(huang)庭(ting)經》為道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)茅山宗的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)經典,在道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)中十分盛行,後(hou)成為全真(zhen)道(dao)(dao)功課之一。它(ta)為現代養生學提供了重要(yao)考(kao)價值(zhi)。收(shou)入《正統道(dao)(dao)藏》洞(dong)玄部本文類。