梁(liang)山伯(bo)是《梁(liang)祝》傳說(shuo)(shuo)中的男(nan)主角,歷(li)史上考證(zheng)確有其人(ren),梁(liang)山伯(bo)曾出任過地(di)方官,歷(li)代史書可以(yi)尋(xun)找到相關記載和資料。傳說(shuo)(shuo)梁(liang)知祝為(wei)女(nv)人(ren)后(hou),提娶(qu)不成而終,祝感其摯(zhi)情,過墓而入,合而為(wei)一(yi)。是為(wei)傳說(shuo)(shuo)大概,今人(ren)多有考證(zheng)。
祝英臺,會稽上虞(今(jin)浙江上虞縣豐惠(hui)鎮)祝家(jia)(jia)莊人(ren)。東晉時期女(nv)(nv)性(xing)歷史(shi)人(ren)物。祖籍山西(xi)太原,美(mei)(mei)麗聰穎,自(zi)幼隨習(xi)詩文(wen),深慕班昭、蔡文(wen)姬的(de)才學(xue),恨(hen)家(jia)(jia)無良師(shi),一心想往杭州訪師(shi)求(qiu)(qiu)學(xue),遭(zao)到祝員外拒絕。祝英臺求(qiu)(qiu)學(xue)心切,便女(nv)(nv)扮男裝,遠去杭州求(qiu)(qiu)學(xue)。途中邂逅了(le)赴杭求(qiu)(qiu)學(xue)的(de)書(shu)生梁山伯,一見如(ru)故,相讀(du)甚歡(huan),在草(cao)橋(qiao)亭上撮土為香,義結金蘭。不一日,二(er)人(ren)來到杭州城的(de)萬(wan)松書(shu)院,拜師(shi)入學(xue)。從此,同窗共(gong)讀(du),形影不離。祝父思女(nv)(nv),催(cui)歸甚急,祝英臺只(zhi)得倉促(cu)回鄉,被(bei)迫(po)許配(pei)給太守之子馬文(wen)才。美(mei)(mei)滿姻緣,已成(cheng)滄影。
越(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)上(shang)虞縣有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)女(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai),喜(xi)歡吟讀(du)詩書,一(yi)(yi)(yi)心(xin)想出外求學,但是當時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)女(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)在外拋頭露(lu)面,于(yu)是就和(he)(he)丫(ya)頭銀心(xin)喬(qiao)裝(zhuang)成(cheng)男子(zi)(zi)(zi),前(qian)(qian)往(wang)越(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)城讀(du)書。二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在半途遇見(jian)了(le)也要(yao)前(qian)(qian)往(wang)越(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)念書的(de)鄞縣書生梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)及書僮士久(jiu),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)和(he)(he)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)見(jian)如故(gu),遂(sui)結伴同行,前(qian)(qian)往(wang)越(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)。 在越(yue)(yue)州(zhou)(zhou)三(san)年期(qi)間,梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)和(he)(he)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)形影(ying)不(bu)離,白天一(yi)(yi)(yi)同讀(du)書、晚上(shang)同床共枕,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)內心(xin)暗(an)暗(an)地(di)愛(ai)慕梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo),但梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)個性(xing)憨直(zhi),始終不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)是個女(nv)的(de),更不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)她(ta)的(de)心(xin)意(yi)。有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次(ci)清(qing)明節(jie)放(fang)假(jia)、二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)去(qu)鏡湖游玩的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)借(jie)景物(wu)屢次(ci)向梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)暗(an)示(shi),可是梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)完全(quan)無法明白,甚至取(qu)笑祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)把(ba)自己比喻(yu)成(cheng)女(nv)子(zi)(zi)(zi),最后(hou)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)只(zhi)得(de)直(zhi)接地(di)向梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)表(biao)示(shi),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)才(cai)(cai)(cai)恍然大悟。可是這件事(shi)全(quan)被在一(yi)(yi)(yi)旁偷看(kan)的(de)馬文(wen)(wen)(wen)才(cai)(cai)(cai)得(de)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),馬文(wen)(wen)(wen)才(cai)(cai)(cai)也知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)原來是個女(nv)的(de)了(le)。后(hou)來家人(ren)(ren)(ren)寫信(xin)催祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)回(hui)家,臨走前(qian)(qian),祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)留(liu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)封信(xin)告(gao)訴(su)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)「二(er)八(ba)、三(san)七、四六(liu)定」,意(yi)思是要(yao)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)十(shi)天后(hou)去(qu)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)府(fu)提親(qin),但是梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)卻以為是三(san)個十(shi)天加在一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi),所以一(yi)(yi)(yi)個月后(hou)才(cai)(cai)(cai)去(qu)提親(qin),等到梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)歡歡喜(xi)喜(xi)趕到祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)家時(shi)(shi)(shi),才(cai)(cai)(cai)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)馬文(wen)(wen)(wen)才(cai)(cai)(cai)已經(jing)搶先(xian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步提親(qin)、并(bing)且下了(le)聘禮(li),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)只(zhi)得(de)心(xin)碎地(di)離開,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)沿路相送(song)、難舍難分。 梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)回(hui)家后(hou),相思病重,寫信(xin)向祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)要(yao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些找(zhao)不(bu)到、拿(na)不(bu)到的(de)藥方,表(biao)示(shi)病情(qing)絕望(wang)了(le),同時(shi)(shi)(shi)希望(wang)祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)能(neng)(neng)前(qian)(qian)來探望(wang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)番,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)則(ze)回(hui)信(xin)告(gao)訴(su)梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo),今生無緣(yuan),只(zhi)希望(wang)二(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)死后(hou)可以一(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)安葬在南山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。后(hou)來梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)病逝,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)假(jia)意(yi)應允馬家婚事(shi),但是要(yao)求迎(ying)親(qin)隊伍必須從南山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)經(jing)過,并(bing)且讓(rang)她(ta)下轎祭拜梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)。當祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)下轎拜墓(mu),一(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間風雨大作、陰(yin)風慘(can)慘(can),梁(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)伯(bo)(bo)的(de)墳墓(mu)竟然裂(lie)開,祝(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)臺(tai)見(jian)狀,奮不(bu)顧身(shen)地(di)跳進去(qu),墳墓(mu)馬上(shang)又合(he)起(qi)來,不(bu)久(jiu),便從墳墓(mu)里(li)飛出一(yi)(yi)(yi)對形影(ying)相隨的(de)蝴蝶……。
梁山伯與(yu)祝(zhu)英臺的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)事是中國四(si)大(da)民間傳說之一,被稱為(wei)東方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)“羅密歐與(yu)朱麗葉(xie)”。我們通(tong)過祝(zhu)英臺女扮男裝并且(qie)主(zhu)動向梁山伯示愛的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)事情(qing)結,能更深一步地體(ti)會古代社會中女性大(da)膽追求真(zhen)愛、 渴望美好愛情(qing)的(de)(de)個人情(qing)感。梁祝(zhu)的(de)(de)愛情(qing)悲劇(ju),使人們認真(zhen)思考(kao)包辦婚姻制度在某些方(fang)(fang)面的(de)(de)局限性,為(wei)改善婚姻制度提供了有益的(de)(de)幫助。
如果說,梁祝婚姻被殘酷葬送具有強烈的悲劇意(yi)義,那么它的“化(hua)蝶”結尾便富有積(ji)極意(yi)義。活著追(zhui)(zhui)求不到的東西,在死后繼續(xu)“追(zhui)(zhui)求”,終于得(de)到。“化(hua)蝶”的結局,體(ti)現(xian)了愛情的偉大力量(liang),體(ti)現(xian)了人們對美(mei)好(hao)事物的執著追(zhui)(zhui)求。千百年來(lai),這種力量(liang)一直(zhi)鼓舞著人們向(xiang)一切(qie)為了私利而(er)破壞世間(jian)的美(mei)好(hao)的頑固(gu)邪惡勢(shi)力作斗爭。
諸(zhu)(zhu)城的(de)(de)《梁(liang)祝》傳說據考早始于南北朝時期,完(wan)整(zheng)故(gu)(gu)事形成于唐,由藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)傳唱或(huo)表演即在(zai)宋代了。在(zai)梁(liang)祝的(de)(de)傳說中(zhong),諸(zhu)(zhu)城人(ren)(ren)歷(li)來都(dou)認(ren)定梁(liang)祝的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)事就發生在(zai)諸(zhu)(zhu)城,梁(liang)山(shan)(shan)伯和(he)(he)祝英臺就是(shi)諸(zhu)(zhu)城人(ren)(ren),而且(qie)有真(zhen)村名、真(zhen)地(di)(di)點(dian),更(geng)(geng)有真(zhen)人(ren)(ren)物、真(zhen)情(qing)節,較之(zhi)其他地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)傳說更(geng)(geng)完(wan)整(zheng),更(geng)(geng)真(zhen)實。傳說流傳之(zhi)廣,影(ying)響之(zhi)深,無處能(neng)比。諸(zhu)(zhu)城人(ren)(ren)常以本地(di)(di)出過這樣一個(ge)故(gu)(gu)事而津(jin)津(jin)樂(le)道。老到叟(sou)嫗(yu),小到稚童,都(dou)能(neng)知曉并講出梁(liang)山(shan)(shan)屯的(de)(de)梁(liang)山(shan)(shan)伯和(he)(he)祝家樓(lou)的(de)(de)祝英臺的(de)(de)愛(ai)情(qing)故(gu)(gu)事,并會到里丈河北去(qu)指(zhi)冢為(wei)證。
有(you)研(yan)究指出(chu)(chu)梁祝故事(shi)的雛形,即是《華山(shan)畿(ji)(ji)》。六(liu)朝時(shi)期,江南(nan)盛(sheng)傳(chuan)《華山(shan)畿(ji)(ji)》這首令人性靈(ling)搖蕩的民歌,《古今樂(le)錄》曰(yue):“《華山(shan)畿(ji)(ji)》者,宋少(shao)帝(di)時(shi)懊惱一曲,亦(yi)變曲也。少(shao)帝(di)時(shi),南(nan)徐一士子,從華山(shan)畿(ji)(ji)往云陽。見客舍有(you)女(nv)子年十八九(jiu),悅之無因,遂感心疾。母問其(qi)故,具以啟母。母為至華山(shan)尋訪(fang),見女(nv)具說(shuo)聞感之因。脫蔽膝令母密置其(qi)席(xi)(xi)下臥之,當已。少(shao)日果(guo)差。忽舉(ju)席(xi)(xi)見蔽膝而抱持,遂吞食而死。氣欲絕,謂母曰(yue):‘葬時(shi)車載,從華山(shan)度(du)。’母從其(qi)意。比(bi)至女(nv)門,牛不(bu)(bu)肯(ken)前(qian),打拍不(bu)(bu)動(dong)。女(nv)曰(yue):“且待須臾。”妝點沐浴,既而出(chu)(chu)。歌曰(yue):“華山(shan)畿(ji)(ji),君既為儂(nong)死,獨活為誰(shui)施(shi)?歡若見憐時(shi),棺木為儂(nong)開(kai)。”棺應聲開(kai),女(nv)透入棺,家(jia)人叩打,無如(ru)之何,乃合(he)葬,呼曰(yue)神女(nv)冢。宋郭茂倩《樂(le)府詩集》亦(yi)有(you)記載。