分布于中(zhong)國(guo)河南,江(jiang)蘇,浙(zhe)江(jiang),安徽,江(jiang)西,福建,臺灣,湖北(bei),湖南,廣東,貴州,四川,云南,陜西,甘肅(su),新疆及(ji)(ji)西藏;生于路旁(pang)、山(shan)坡、林下及(ji)(ji)草地,海(hai)拔500-3600米(mi)。歐、亞兩洲及(ji)(ji)北(bei)非也有,北(bei)美(mei)亦有引入。模式標本采自歐洲。
多年生(sheng)草本或半灌木,芳香;根莖(jing)斜生(sheng),其節上具纖細的(de)須根,多少(shao)木質。莖(jing)直立或近基部伏地(di),通常(chang)高25-60厘米,多少(shao)帶紫色,四(si)稜形,具倒向或微蜷曲的(de)短柔毛,多數,從(cong)根莖(jing)發(fa)出,中上部各節有(you)具花的(de)分枝,下部各節有(you)不(bu)育的(de)短枝,近基部常(chang)無葉。
葉具柄(bing),柄(bing)長2-7毫米(mi),腹面(mian)具槽(cao),背面(mian)近圓(yuan)形(xing),被柔(rou)毛(mao),葉片卵圓(yuan)形(xing)或長圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)卵圓(yuan)形(xing),長1-4厘米(mi),寬0.4-1.5厘米(mi),先(xian)端鈍或稍鈍,基(ji)部(bu)寬楔形(xing)至近圓(yuan)形(xing)或微心(xin)形(xing),全緣(yuan)或有遠離的(de)(de)小鋸齒,上面(mian)亮綠色(se)(se),常帶(dai)紫暈,具不明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)柔(rou)毛(mao)及凹陷(xian)的(de)(de)腺點,下(xia)(xia)面(mian)淡綠色(se)(se),明(ming)顯(xian)被柔(rou)毛(mao)及凹陷(xian)的(de)(de)腺點,側脈3-5對,與中脈在(zai)上面(mian)不顯(xian)著,下(xia)(xia)面(mian)多少突出(chu);苞葉大(da)多無(wu)柄(bing),常帶(dai)紫色(se)(se)。
花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)呈傘房狀(zhuang)(zhuang)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐(zhui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu),開張,多(duo)(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)密(mi)集,由多(duo)(duo)數長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)果時多(duo)(duo)少伸長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)小穗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)所組成(cheng);苞片長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)至倒卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)倒披針形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),銳(rui)尖,綠色(se)或(huo)帶(dai)紫暈,長(chang)(chang)(chang)約5毫(hao)(hao)米,具平(ping)行脈(mo),全緣。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e)鐘(zhong)(zhong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang),連齒(chi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)3毫(hao)(hao)米,外面(mian)(mian)被小硬(ying)毛或(huo)近(jin)無毛,內面(mian)(mian)在(zai)(zai)喉部(bu)有(you)白色(se)柔毛環,13脈(mo),多(duo)(duo)少顯著,萼(e)齒(chi)5,三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),等大(da),長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.5毫(hao)(hao)米。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)紫紅(hong)、淡紅(hong)至白色(se),管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)鐘(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)7毫(hao)(hao)米,兩(liang)性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)筒(tong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)5毫(hao)(hao)米,顯著超出(chu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e),而雌性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)筒(tong)短(duan)于(yu)(yu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)萼(e),長(chang)(chang)(chang)約3毫(hao)(hao)米,外面(mian)(mian)疏被短(duan)柔毛,內面(mian)(mian)在(zai)(zai)喉部(bu)被疏短(duan)柔毛,冠(guan)檐明顯二唇(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),上(shang)唇(chun)直(zhi)立,卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)(chang)1.5毫(hao)(hao)米,先端(duan)2淺(qian)裂,下(xia)唇(chun)開張,長(chang)(chang)(chang)2毫(hao)(hao)米,3裂,中裂片較大(da),側(ce)裂片較小,均長(chang)(chang)(chang)圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。雄(xiong)蕊(rui)4,在(zai)(zai)兩(liang)性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中,后對短(duan)于(yu)(yu)上(shang)唇(chun),前對略伸出(chu)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan),在(zai)(zai)雌性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中,前后對近(jin)相等,內藏(zang),花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)絲絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang),扁平(ping),無毛,花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)藥(yao)卵(luan)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),2室(shi),兩(liang)性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)由三角狀(zhuang)(zhuang)楔形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)隔(ge)分(fen)隔(ge),室(shi)叉開,而雌性(xing)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中藥(yao)隔(ge)退化雄(xiong)蕊(rui)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)室(shi)近(jin)于(yu)(yu)平(ping)行。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)盤平(ping)頂。花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)柱略超出(chu)雄(xiong)蕊(rui),先端(duan)不(bu)相等2淺(qian)裂,裂片鉆形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。
小(xiao)堅果卵(luan)圓形(xing),長約0.6毫米(mi),先端(duan)圓,基部(bu)驟狹,微具稜,褐色,無(wu)毛(mao)。花期(qi)7-9月(yue),果期(qi)10-12月(yue)。
喜溫暖(nuan)濕(shi)潤氣候,適應性較強。以(yi)向陽(yang)、土(tu)層(ceng)深厚、疏松肥沃、排水(shui)良好的砂質壤(rang)土(tu)栽(zai)培(pei)為宜。對(dui)土(tu)壤(rang)要求(qiu)不(bu)(bu)嚴格,一般(ban)土(tu)壤(rang)都可(ke)以(yi)栽(zai)培(pei),但堿土(tu)、沙土(tu)不(bu)(bu)宜栽(zai)培(pei)。
苗(miao)(miao)(miao)出齊(qi)后及時間苗(miao)(miao)(miao),中耕除草,排灌施(shi)肥(fei),并(bing)在(zai)植物表(biao)面(mian)噴(pen)施(shi)新(xin)高(gao)(gao)脂膜,增(zeng)強肥(fei)效,防止病菌侵染,提高(gao)(gao)抗自然災害(hai)能力(li),提高(gao)(gao)光合(he)作(zuo)用(yong)效能,保護禾苗(miao)(miao)(miao)茁壯成長(chang)。并(bing)適時噴(pen)施(shi)壯莖靈使植物桿莖粗壯、植株茂盛。生長(chang)期間每年(nian)中耕除草2-3次(ci),并(bing)結合(he)追施(shi)人糞尿2-3次(ci)。
直播(bo)(bo)法于春季3月播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong),將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與(yu)細沙混合后(hou),按行(xing)株距25×20厘(li)米開(kai)穴播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)按行(xing)株距25厘(li)米開(kai)條(tiao)溝(gou),將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)均勻播(bo)(bo)入。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)前用(yong)(yong)新(xin)高脂(zhi)膜(mo)拌種(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)衣劑(ji)混用(yong)(yong),驅避(bi)地下(xia)病(bing)蟲(chong),隔離病(bing)毒感染,加強呼(hu)吸強度,提高種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽率。整地下(xia)種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)再用(yong)(yong)新(xin)高脂(zhi)膜(mo)600-800倍液(ye)噴施土壤(rang)表面,可保墑防水分蒸(zheng)發、防曬抗旱、防土層板(ban)結,窒息和(he)隔離病(bing)蟲(chong)源,提高出苗(miao)率。
苗的病害有根腐(fu)病、菌(jun)核病,蟲(chong)害有地老虎等,栽(zai)培過(guo)程(cheng)要注意(yi)防治。在(zai)收(shou)割后根部(bu)經(jing)過(guo)4-7天傷(shang)流期(qi)(qi),愈傷(shang)組織形(xing)成期(qi)(qi)20天左右,便(bian)開(kai)始新芽(ya)分化(hua),形(xing)成多枝(zhi)的株叢。傷(shang)流期(qi)(qi)至新芽(ya)分化(hua)不宜澆水,以防爛根。同時(shi),要提升(sheng)抗災(zai)害能力,減少農藥化(hua)肥用(yong)量,降低殘毒。
藥用
【來源(yuan)】藥材基源(yuan):為唇形科植(zhi)物牛至的全草(cao)。
【性味】味辛;微苦;性涼。
【功能主(zhu)治】解表;理氣;清暑(shu);利(li)濕。主(zhu)感冒(mao)發熱;中暑(shu);胸膈(ge)脹滿;腹痛吐瀉痢(li)疾;黃疸;水(shui)腫;帶(dai)下;小兒疽(ju)積;麻疹;皮膚瘙癢;瘡瘍腫痛;跌打損傷。
【用(yong)(yong)法(fa)用(yong)(yong)量】內服:煎(jian)湯(tang),3-9克,大劑(ji)量用(yong)(yong)至15-30克;或(huo)(huo)泡茶。外用(yong)(yong):適量,煎(jian)水洗;或(huo)(huo)鮮品(pin)搗敷。
全草(cao)入藥,可預(yu)防(fang)流感,治中(zhong)暑、感冒、頭痛(tong)身(shen)重、腹痛(tong)、嘔(ou)吐、胸膈脹(zhang)滿(man)、氣阻食(shi)滯、小兒(er)食(shi)積(ji)腹脹(zhang)、腹瀉、月(yue)經過多、崩漏帶下、皮膚搔癢及(ji)水腫(zhong)等癥,其(qi)散寒(han)發表功用,尤勝(sheng)于薄荷。在云南、貴州、四(si)川三省(sheng)作香薷收購及(ji)使(shi)用。
經濟
全草又可提芳(fang)香油,鮮(xian)莖葉(xie)含(han)油0.07-0.2%,干莖葉(xie)含(han)油0.15-4%,油的(de)比重(15℃)0.868-0.910,旋光度(20℃)-20°-70°,含(han)醇量(liang)(以香草醇計)2-3%,含(han)酚量(liang)(以麝香草酚計)約含(han)7%,除供(gong)調配(pei)香精外,亦用(yong)作酒曲配(pei)料(liao)。此外它又是很好的(de)蜜(mi)源植物。