生于山(shan)野、河灘(tan)草(cao)叢中及(ji)溪邊濕潤處。廣泛分(fen)布(bu)于全國(guo)各(ge)地(di)。
一(yi)年生(sheng)或(huo)(huo)二(er)年生(sheng)草本,高60~100cm。莖直立,單一(yi)或(huo)(huo)有分枝,四棱形(xing)(xing)(xing),被(bei)微(wei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)。葉對(dui)生(sheng);葉形(xing)(xing)(xing)多種;葉柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)(chang)0.5~8cm。一(yi)年生(sheng)植物基生(sheng)葉具(ju)(ju)長(chang)(chang)柄(bing)(bing),葉片(pian)(pian)略呈圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),直徑4~8cm,5~9淺裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)具(ju)(ju)2~3鈍齒(chi)(chi)(chi),基部心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing);莖中(zhong)部葉有短柄(bing)(bing),3全(quan)(quan)裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)近(jin)披針形(xing)(xing)(xing),中(zhong)央裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)常(chang)再(zai)3裂(lie)(lie),兩側裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)再(zai)1~2裂(lie)(lie),最終(zhong)片(pian)(pian)寬度通(tong)常(chang)在3mm以上,先端(duan)(duan)漸尖,邊(bian)緣(yuan)疏(shu)生(sheng)鋸齒(chi)(chi)(chi)或(huo)(huo)近(jin)全(quan)(quan)緣(yuan);最上部葉不分裂(lie)(lie),,線形(xing)(xing)(xing),近(jin)無柄(bing)(bing),上面(mian)(mian)綠(lv)色(se),被(bei)糙伏毛(mao)(mao)(mao),下(xia)面(mian)(mian)淡綠(lv)色(se),被(bei)疏(shu)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)及腺(xian)點。輪傘花(hua)(hua)序腋(ye)生(sheng),具(ju)(ju)花(hua)(hua)8~15朵;小苞片(pian)(pian)針刺狀(zhuang)(zhuang),無花(hua)(hua)梗(geng);花(hua)(hua)萼鐘(zhong)形(xing)(xing)(xing),外(wai)面(mian)(mian)貼生(sheng)微(wei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),先端(duan)(duan)5齒(chi)(chi)(chi)裂(lie)(lie),具(ju)(ju)刺尖,下(xia)方(fang)2齒(chi)(chi)(chi)比上方(fang)2齒(chi)(chi)(chi)長(chang)(chang),宿存;花(hua)(hua)冠唇(chun)形(xing)(xing)(xing),淡紅(hong)色(se)或(huo)(huo)紫紅(hong)色(se),長(chang)(chang)9~12mm,外(wai)面(mian)(mian)被(bei)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),上唇(chun)與(yu)下(xia)唇(chun)幾(ji)等長(chang)(chang),上唇(chun)長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing),全(quan)(quan)緣(yuan),邊(bian)緣(yuan)具(ju)(ju)纖毛(mao)(mao)(mao),下(xia)唇(chun)3裂(lie)(lie),中(zhong)央裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)(pian)較大,倒心(xin)形(xing)(xing)(xing);雄蕊(rui)(rui)4,二(er)強,著生(sheng)在花(hua)(hua)冠內面(mian)(mian)近(jin)中(zhong)部,花(hua)(hua)絲疏(shu)被(bei)鱗狀(zhuang)(zhuang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao),花(hua)(hua)花(hua)(hua)2室(shi);雌(ci)蕊(rui)(rui)1,子房4裂(lie)(lie),花(hua)(hua)柱絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang),略長(chang)(chang)于雄蕊(rui)(rui),柱頭2裂(lie)(lie)。小堅果(guo)褐色(se),三棱形(xing)(xing)(xing),上端(duan)(duan)較寬而平截,基部楔形(xing)(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約(yue)2.5mm。花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)6~9月(yue),果(guo)期(qi)(qi)7~10月(yue)。
入藥部位
新鮮或干(gan)燥地上部分。
性味
苦、辛,微寒。
歸經
歸肝、心(xin)包、膀(bang)胱經。
功效
活血(xue)調經,利尿消腫,清熱解毒。
主治
用于月經不調(diao),痛經經閉(bi),惡露不盡,水腫(zhong)尿(niao)少(shao),瘡瘍腫(zhong)毒。
藥材性狀
1、鮮益母草:幼苗期(qi)無莖(jing),基生葉圓心(xin)形,5~9淺裂(lie)(lie),每裂(lie)(lie)片有(you)2~3鈍齒。花前期(qi)莖(jing)呈方柱形,上部多分枝,四面(mian)凹下成縱溝,長30~60cm,直徑0.2~0.5cm;表(biao)面(mian)青綠(lv)色(se);質鮮嫩,斷面(mian)中(zhong)部有(you)髓。葉交互對生,有(you)柄;葉片青綠(lv)色(se),質鮮嫩,揉之有(you)汁(zhi);下部莖(jing)生葉掌狀3裂(lie)(lie),上部葉羽狀深(shen)裂(lie)(lie)或淺裂(lie)(lie)成3片,裂(lie)(lie)片全緣或具少數鋸齒。氣微(wei),味微(wei)苦。
2、干(gan)益母草(cao):莖表面灰綠(lv)色或(huo)黃綠(lv)色;體輕,質韌(ren),斷(duan)面中部有髓。葉片灰綠(lv)色,多皺(zhou)縮、破(po)碎,易(yi)脫落。輪傘花(hua)序(xu)腋生(sheng),小花(hua)淡紫色,花(hua)萼筒狀(zhuang),花(hua)冠(guan)二唇形(xing)。切段者長約2cm。
飲片性狀
干(gan)益母草:呈(cheng)不規則的段。莖(jing)方(fang)形,四(si)面凹(ao)下成縱溝,灰綠(lv)色(se)或黃綠(lv)色(se)。切面中部(bu)有白髓。葉片灰綠(lv)色(se),多皺縮、破碎。輪(lun)傘花(hua)序腋生(sheng),花(hua)黃棕色(se),花(hua)萼筒狀,花(hua)冠(guan)二唇(chun)形。氣微,味微苦。