山東南四湖(hu)省(sheng)級自然保護(hu)區位于(yu)山東省(sheng)濟(ji)寧市微山縣(xian)(xian)、任城區、魚臺縣(xian)(xian)境內。地理坐標:34°27′一35°20'N,116°34'一117°E。
山(shan)東南四湖(hu)省級自然保(bao)護區屬暖溫(wen)帶(dai)季風大(da)陸性氣(qi)候,四季分明。年均降雨且為(wei)(wei)773.6mm,年平(ping)均日(ri)照2515.5h,陸地年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)13.8C,湖(hu)內年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)(wei)14.3C。
南四(si)湖平(ping)(ping)均水深1.46m,歷史(shi)最高水位36.48m,最大蓄水面(mian)積(ji)(ji)12.66平(ping)(ping)方千米,最大蓄水量為53億立方米,流域(yu)跨越山東、江蘇(su)、河(he)南、安(an)徽4個(ge)省(sheng)32個(ge)縣(xian) (市),總流域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)317萬(wan)公頃,入湖河(he)道共(gong)有(you)53條,出湖水道主要有(you)3條。
南四湖(hu)(hu)屬中國準河以北地(di)區面積最大(da)(da),結構完整(zheng),保存較好的(de)內陸大(da)(da)型淡(dan)水草型湖(hu)(hu)泊,占山東省淡(dan)水面積的(de)47%,是中國十大(da)(da)淡(dan)水湖(hu)(hu)泊之一。
1982年,微(wei)山縣(xian)政府批準成(cheng)立為縣(xian)級南四湖保護(hu)區。
1996年,濟寧(ning)市政府又將南四湖確立為市級自然保護區。
2003年,山東省(sheng)政(zheng)府批準成為(wei)省(sheng)級(ji)自(zi)然保護區。
植物資源
山東南四(si)湖省級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)環境獨特、生(sheng)物資源多樣,有各種(zhong)(zhong)植物195種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)楊、柳、泡桐等(deng)48種(zhong)(zhong),蘆葦、簏草(cao)等(deng)水生(sheng)植物147種(zhong)(zhong),國家級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)植物5種(zhong)(zhong),在《瀕危野生(sheng)動植物國際貿(mao)易公(gong)約》中(zhong)受保(bao)護(hu)的有30種(zhong)(zhong)。
動物資源
山東南四湖省級自(zi)然保(bao)護區有各種(zhong)(zhong)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)321種(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong):魚類(lei)80種(zhong)(zhong)、兩(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)7種(zhong)(zhong)、爬行類(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)、鳥(niao)類(lei)205種(zhong)(zhong)、獸類(lei)18種(zhong)(zhong)。脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有國家(jia)(jia)Ⅰ級保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有大(da)鴇、東方白鸛2種(zhong)(zhong),國家(jia)(jia)Ⅱ級保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有大(da)天鵝、鴛鴦、長耳(er)鸮(xiao)等24種(zhong)(zhong),山東省重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)。在《瀕危野生動(dong)(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)國際(ji)貿易公約》中(zhong)受保(bao)護的野生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有31種(zhong)(zhong)。另外(wai),保(bao)護區內無脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有浮游動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)248種(zhong)(zhong)、底(di)棲(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)68種(zhong)(zhong)、昆蟲415種(zhong)(zhong)。豐富的動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)資源是南四湖濕地生物(wu)(wu)多樣性、典型性的重(zhong)要體現(xian)。
山(shan)東南四湖(hu)省級自然保護(hu)區80種(zhong)(zhong)魚類(lei)(lei)中(zhong),分別隸屬于9目16科(ke)(ke)53屬。其(qi)中(zhong),鯉科(ke)(ke)魚類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)最多,達(da)55種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)68.7 %;其(qi)次是(shi)鲿科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)6.2 %;鰍(qiu)科(ke)(ke)、鮨科(ke)(ke)各3種(zhong)(zhong),分別占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.8%;其(qi)它各類(lei)(lei)共14種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17.5%。兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目4科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)為蟾蜍(chu)科(ke)(ke)的(de)中(zhong)華大(da)蟾蜍(chu)、花背(bei)蟾蜍(chu)以及(ji)蛙科(ke)(ke)的(de)黑斑蛙。爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)3目5科(ke)(ke)11種(zhong)(zhong),常(chang)見種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)烏龜為山(shan)東省重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)動物,無蹼(pu)壁虎為中(zhong)國特有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)。205種(zhong)(zhong)(其(qi)中(zhong)水禽(qin)81種(zhong)(zhong))鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)隸屬于17目、53科(ke)(ke)。其(qi)中(zhong)留鳥(niao)(niao)35種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)總種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)17.1%;夏(xia)候鳥(niao)(niao)49種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)23.9%;冬候鳥(niao)(niao)25種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)12.2%;旅鳥(niao)(niao)96種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)46.8%;廣(guang)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)180種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)保護(hu)區鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)總種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)87.8%;古北種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)14種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)6.8%;東洋種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)5.4%。獸類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)5目9科(ke)(ke)18種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)黃鼬、艾(ai)鼬、狗獾(huan)、豹貓、赤狐為山(shan)東省重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)動物。
以上數據(ju)截至(zhi)2013年
①1982年(nian)(nian)建(jian)立(li)縣級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu)。]996年(nian)(nian)建(jian)立(li)市級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu),2003年(nian)(nian)建(jian)立(li)省級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu);。
②2004年成立“濟寧市南(nan)四(si)湖自然(ran)保護(hu)區管(guan)理局”。
③2005年濟(ji)寧(ning)市(shi)政府出臺了《濟(ji)寧(ning)市(shi)南(nan)四(si)湖自然(ran)保護區管(guan)理辦法》、成立了以市(shi)長(chang)為主(zhu)任委(wei)員的“濟(ji)寧(ning)市(shi)南(nan)四(si)湖自然(ran)保護區管(guan)理委(wei)員會。
④2005年一2006年在自(zi)然保護區實(shi)驗區和(he)(he)核心(xin)區分界處安裝(zhuang)了570多個界樁,界牌(pai)和(he)(he)浮標。
⑤2010年(nian),市編委核定管理局編制15名,并加掛“濟寧(ning)市濕地保護管理中心(xin)牌子”。
⑥積極(ji)開展國(guo)家級自然保護區申報(bao)晉(jin)升工作。編(bian)制(zhi)完成了山東南四湖自然保護區綜合科(ke)學考察(cha)報(bao)告(gao)、總體規劃。
⑦積(ji)極(ji)申報濕地(di)恢復(fu)(fu)工(gong)程項目。經過積(ji)極(ji)努力,我們申報的“山東南四(si)湖(hu)濕地(di)保護與恢復(fu)(fu)示范工(gong)程項目可行(xing)性研究報告(gao)”已經國家林業局批復(fu)(fu),總投資(zi)1433萬元,項目第一期投資(zi)資(zi)金已撥付到位;大力開展退(tui)耕、退(tui)池還(huan)林、還(huan)濕、還(huan)湖(hu)工(gong)程。
⑧微山縣成立湖上執(zhi)法隊伍,負責保護區(qu)巡護工作和檢查。
⑨開展宣(xuan)(xuan)傳教育活動,設置(zhi)宣(xuan)(xuan)傳牌并經常(chang)利用(yong)當地廣播(bo)、報刊(kan)、電視等宣(xuan)(xuan)傳保(bao)護水禽和濕地的重要(yao)性。
南四湖濕地生態系統典型,生物多樣性豐富,自然景觀獨特,具有(you)很高的(de)保(bao)護價值和科研價值;南四湖是(shi)重(zhong)要的(de)水資源調(diao)蓄地,是(shi)鳥類重(zhong)要的(de)棲息地和遷(qian)徙驛站(zhan),同時也是(shi)國家(jia)南水北調(diao)東線(xian)工程的(de)重(zhong)要調(diao)水區。