火雞體(ti)型比家雞大(da)3-4倍(bei),體(ti)長110-115厘(li)(li)米。翼展125-144厘(li)(li)米,體(ti)重(zhong)2.5-10.8千克。嘴強大(da)稍(shao)(shao)曲。頭頸幾乎裸(luo)出(chu),僅有(you)(you)(you)(you)稀疏羽(yu)毛,并著生(sheng)紅(hong)色(se)肉瘤(liu),喉下(xia)垂有(you)(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)色(se)肉瓣。背稍(shao)(shao)隆起(qi)。體(ti)羽(yu)呈金(jin)屬褐色(se)或綠色(se),散布黑(hei)色(se)橫斑(ban);兩翅有(you)(you)(you)(you)白斑(ban);尾羽(yu)褐或灰,具斑(ban)駁,末端稍(shao)(shao)圓。腳和(he)趾強大(da)。體(ti)羽(yu)從乳白色(se)至(zhi)棕灰色(se)至(zhi)黑(hei)色(se)褐黑(hei)色(se),閃(shan)耀多種(zhong)顏色(se)的金(jin)屬光澤。頭、頸上部裸(luo)露,有(you)(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)珊(shan)瑚(hu)狀皮(pi)瘤(liu),喉下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)(you)肉垂,顏色(se)由(you)紅(hong)到(dao)紫,可(ke)以變化。雄(xiong)火雞尾羽(yu)可(ke)展開呈扇(shan)形(xing),胸(xiong)前一束毛球。
頸、足像鶴,嘴尖冠紅且軟,毛(mao)色(se)(se)如青羊,腳有(you)(you)(you)兩指,爪甲鋒利(li),能傷人至死。墨西(xi)哥的(de)(de)(de)普通火雞亞種與美國東南(nan)和西(xi)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)普通火雞在羽毛(mao)斑點和腰部(bu)(bu)顏色(se)(se)上稍有(you)(you)(you)差別(bie),但(dan)(dan)羽衣基(ji)本上都是(shi)黑色(se)(se),并帶有(you)(you)(you)虹彩光澤的(de)(de)(de)青銅色(se)(se)和綠色(se)(se)。成年雄(xiong)體頭部(bu)(bu)裸露,有(you)(you)(you)皮(pi)瘤,一(yi)(yi)般情況(kuang)下呈鮮紅色(se)(se),但(dan)(dan)興奮時(shi)變成白色(se)(se),帶亮藍色(se)(se)。普通火雞的(de)(de)(de)其他明顯特征是(shi)從(cong)額至喙有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個長形紅色(se)(se)肉(rou)(rou)質(zhi)飾物;喉部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)肉(rou)(rou)垂,胸部(bu)(bu)具有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)個黑色(se)(se)、質(zhi)地較粗、似被(bei)毛(mao)的(de)(de)(de)羽簇,稱為髯,有(you)(you)(you)腳距(ju)突起。雌(ci)鳥的(de)(de)(de)重量(liang)一(yi)(yi)般只有(you)(you)(you)雄(xiong)鳥的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)半(ban),頭部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)皮(pi)瘤及肉(rou)(rou)垂也較小(xiao)。
喜歡群居生活(huo),性情溫(wen)順,行動遲緩。以(yi)植物(wu)的莖、葉、種子和果(guo)實(shi)等為食,也(ye)吃昆蟲等,偶爾也(ye)吃蛙和蜥蜴。它(ta)們(men)受驚時會(hui)迅速跑到(dao)隱(yin)蔽地方,飛(fei)翔力較強,能飛(fei)500-2000米(mi)遠。平時棲(qi)于地面上(shang),發咯(ge)咯(ge)聲,覓食昆蟲、甲(jia)殼(ke)類、蜥蜴以(yi)及谷類、蔬菜、果(guo)實(shi)等。夜間結群宿在樹上(shang)。
作種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雄(xiong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)雞(ji)應選擇具有(you)健(jian)(jian)壯無病(bing)(bing)、體型高(gao)大、雄(xiong)性較強、活潑、羽(yu)毛發亮(liang)、腿粗而直的;種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雌火(huo)(huo)(huo)雞(ji)選擇健(jian)(jian)康無病(bing)(bing)、性情溫順、背平尾直、胸寬體大、羽(yu)毛和(he)肉髯顫色鮮艷的。種(zhong)(zhong)雞(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)一段時期要更換,提純復壯,及時淘汰劣種(zhong)(zhong),選留良種(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)母火(huo)(huo)(huo)雞(ji)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)年限為2年,雄(xiong)火(huo)(huo)(huo)雞(ji)可利用(yong)(yong)(yong)3—4年。
雌(ci)火雞(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)34周(zhou)(zhou)齡開始進入第一個(ge)產(chan)蛋(dan)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi),產(chan)蛋(dan)期(qi)在(zai)(zai)每年的(de)(de)(de)3—9月,每產(chan)10—15枚(mei)左右即自(zi)(zi)行孵(fu)化。每年產(chan)蛋(dan)4—6個(ge)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi),每個(ge)周(zhou)(zhou)期(qi)產(chan)蛋(dan)14—20枚(mei),最多28枚(mei)。火雞(ji)(ji)(ji)多為自(zi)(zi)然交(jiao)配(pei),應防近親交(jiao)配(pei),種(zhong)火雞(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)然交(jiao)配(pei)時(shi),由(you)于雌(ci)雄(xiong)在(zai)(zai)體重(zhong)上(shang)差別(bie)大,常使(shi)雌(ci)火雞(ji)(ji)(ji)受到(dao)損(sun)傷,因而導致(zhi)雌(ci)火雞(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)繁(fan)殖率低(di),降低(di)經濟效(xiao)益。因此,可采用人工授精方法(fa)來解決這一矛盾,同(tong)時(shi)種(zhong)公雞(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)飼養(yang)比例,可由(you)自(zi)(zi)然交(jiao)配(pei)的(de)(de)(de)1:4—5提高到(dao)1:30,而且可使(shi)飼養(yang)費用大幅度降低(di)。
采精
火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)般采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)按摩法采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)精(jing)(jing),先要經過2周(zhou)時(shi)間(jian)訓練種(zhong)(zhong)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji),使它(ta)(ta)形(xing)成性(xing)反射,而后(hou)即可(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)精(jing)(jing),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)精(jing)(jing)時(shi)助手(shou)坐在(zai)板凳(deng)上,兩(liang)(liang)手(shou)分(fen)別(bie)捉住(zhu)(zhu)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)雞(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)條腿,采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)精(jing)(jing)者(zhe)沿(yan)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)兩(liang)(liang)翅背部至尾(wei)根(gen)及向(xiang)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)殖腔(qiang)下兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)部位多次有節奏地(di)按摩,并(bing)將左手(shou)拇(mu)指(zhi)與(yu)其它(ta)(ta)四指(zhi)分(fen)撐住(zhu)(zhu)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)殖腔(qiang)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce),并(bing)以掌緊貼尾(wei)羽(yu);同(tong)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)右拇(mu)指(zhi)與(yu)其它(ta)(ta)四指(zhi)分(fen)撐住(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)殖腔(qiang)兩(liang)(liang)側(ce)腹部位置(zhi)有節奏地(di)按摩,待種(zhong)(zhong)雄火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)性(xing)興(xing)奮,見到退化的(de)(de)交接器勃起自泄(xie)(xie)(xie)殖腔(qiang)翻出來時(shi),再用(yong)(yong)(yong)左手(shou)拇(mu)指(zhi)和食指(zhi)稍(shao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)力擠壓(ya)種(zhong)(zhong)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)泄(xie)(xie)(xie)殖腔(qiang)周(zhou)圍使精(jing)(jing)液(ye)(ye)(稍(shao)帶(dai)黃白(bai)色濃稠液(ye)(ye)體)捧出,流裝到事(shi)先備好的(de)(de)貯精(jing)(jing)器內(常用(yong)(yong)(yong)消毒清潔的(de)(de)小玻璃試管(guan)或集(ji)(ji)精(jing)(jing)杯(bei))。種(zhong)(zhong)雄火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)每次捧出精(jing)(jing)液(ye)(ye)0.2—0.3毫升(sheng),精(jing)(jing)子濃度每毫升(sheng)約(yue)80億,3—4天采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)(ji)1次,精(jing)(jing)液(ye)(ye)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)(ji)后(hou),不論稀釋與(yu)否,都應放(fang)置(zhi)到35—40℃溫水中(zhong)暫存。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)精(jing)(jing)操作(zuo)時(shi),動(dong)作(zuo)忌(ji)粗暴,要避免糞便污染(ran),對已污染(ran)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)液(ye)(ye)不能用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)輸精(jing)(jing),采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)集(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)液(ye)(ye)必須在(zai)30分(fen)鐘內輸用(yong)(yong)(yong),以免降低精(jing)(jing)液(ye)(ye)品(pin)質,影響受精(jing)(jing)率。
輸精
為(wei)保證較高(gao)的(de)(de)受精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)率,輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)應選擇在(zai)種雌火(huo)雞(ji)產完蛋,下午2時(shi),且在(zai)安靜、清潔場地進(jin)行,以得到最高(gao)的(de)(de)受精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)率。輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)方(fang)法采用(yong)(yong)輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)器直接插入陰道(dao)的(de)(de)方(fang)法。輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前,先用(yong)(yong)剪刀剪去泄殖腔(qiang)周圍的(de)(de)羽毛,并用(yong)(yong)生(sheng)理鹽水擦拭干凈(jing)。輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)人員助手(shou)用(yong)(yong)兩手(shou)分握雌火(huo)雞(ji)兩腿和(he)兩翅尖(jian)固定,輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)需要稀釋(shi)(shi)(shi),稀釋(shi)(shi)(shi)倍數為(wei)2—3倍。常用(yong)(yong)稀釋(shi)(shi)(shi)液(ye)以生(sheng)理鹽水或(huo)5%—7%的(de)(de)葡萄(tao)糖(tang)或(huo)谷氨酸鈉2.8g,葡萄(tao)糖(tang)1.8克(ke),蒸餾(liu)水1OOml配(pei)成(cheng)。輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)器用(yong)(yong)帶塑料小膠管的(de)(de)卡介苗注(zhu)射器,將稀釋(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)裝入注(zhu)射器筒內(nei)。輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi),輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)員面向(xiang)種火(huo)雞(ji)尾部(bu),右(you)手(shou)將其尾羽撥向(xiang)左側,大(da)拇(mu)指(zhi)緊貼泄殖腔(qiang)下緣向(xiang)下方(fang)輕(qing)壓使泄殖腔(qiang)張(zhang)開(kai)后,左手(shou)將盛(sheng)有精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)的(de)(de)輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)器自然插入陰道(dao)內(nei)。雌火(huo)雞(ji)輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)間隔:新(xin)鮮精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)一(yi)般14天左右(you),稀釋(shi)(shi)(shi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)8一(yi)1O天,每只火(huo)雞(ji)輸(shu)入精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)液(ye)量為(wei)0.025毫(hao)升(sheng),輸(shu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)結束后將雌火(huo)雞(ji)放回飼養(yang)籠內(nei)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)心喂養(yang)。
火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)自然(ran)交配要在雌火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)產(chan)蛋前(qian)及時讓其(qi)交配,在產(chan)蛋期間,應將雄(xiong)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)隔開單獨飼養,以(yi)免其(qi)對雌火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)騷(sao)擾過(guo)度,影(ying)響(xiang)雌火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)產(chan)蛋。同時,在配種前(qian)要將雄(xiong)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)尖利的腳(jiao)爪修剪平滑,以(yi)免踏傷雌火(huo)(huo)雞(ji),影(ying)響(xiang)雌火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)產(chan)蛋和(he)抱窩。
自然孵化
雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)的(de)抱窩(wo)性(xing)極強(qiang),農戶少量繁殖火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)可(ke)由(you)雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)或本地(di)抱蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)母雞(ji)(ji)進行自然孵(fu)(fu)化,方(fang)法是用竹籮筐造窩(wo)給雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)抱蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)孵(fu)(fu)化。籮筐內墊上禾草,約20—30厘米厚,然后(hou)放入種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)。雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)抱種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)放14—18枚。雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)抱蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)時喜在光線暗淡、隱蔽、僻靜的(de)地(di)方(fang),抱窩(wo)期間需將雄火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)隔離飼養,以防騷(sao)擾抱蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)母雞(ji)(ji)。每抱窩(wo)2天(tian)(tian)(tian)應讓它(ta)離窩(wo)沙搭,采食(shi)和飲水。雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)抱蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)期應少喂(wei)含水分多的(de)飼料(liao)(liao),可(ke)加喂(wei)些(xie)谷物飼料(liao)(liao),適當(dang)提高飼料(liao)(liao)日(ri)糧標準。種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)入孵(fu)(fu)后(hou)第7—8天(tian)(tian)(tian)、15天(tian)(tian)(tian)、25天(tian)(tian)(tian)時各照蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)和驗(yan)蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)1次,以除(chu)去無精蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)和死胚蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)。種蛋(dan)(dan)(dan)入孵(fu)(fu)26天(tian)(tian)(tian),殼(ke)內小雛(chu)已經形成,有的(de)開始啄殼(ke),一(yi)般(ban)(ban)28—29天(tian)(tian)(tian)可(ke)全部出雛(chu)。雌(ci)(ci)(ci)火(huo)(huo)雞(ji)(ji)抱窩(wo)后(hou)體質比較虛弱,應單(dan)獨喂(wei)養幾天(tian)(tian)(tian),以便盡快恢復健康。
人工孵化
在大規(gui)模(mo)飼養繁殖火(huo)雞時(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)應采用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)法。火(huo)雞種(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)進行人(ren)工(gong)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)要對種(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)進行選擇(ze),然后將種(zhong)蛋(dan)(dan)放入孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)器內,用(yong)福爾馬林溶液密(mi)閉熏蒸消(xiao)毒半小時(shi)(shi)(shi),按(an)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)器每立方(fang)米窖積用(yong)福爾馬林20ml,加8g高(gao)錳酸鉀即(ji)可。消(xiao)毒時(shi)(shi)(shi)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)器溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)30℃,相(xiang)對濕(shi)度(du)為(wei)65%。消(xiao)毒結束后,立即(ji)驅逐煙(yan)霧,然后正式(shi)升溫(wen)(wen)(wen)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)。孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)第(di)(di)(di)1天(tian)至第(di)(di)(di)25天(tian)為(wei)37℃,相(xiang)對濕(shi)度(du)為(wei)56%,孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)器達到(dao)要求后,氣孔(kong)全部打開。孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)第(di)(di)(di)1天(tian)至第(di)(di)(di)16天(tian),每隔(ge)2小時(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)蛋(dan)(dan)1次,第(di)(di)(di)17天(tian)至第(di)(di)(di)25天(tian)可以自動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)蛋(dan)(dan)或人(ren)工(gong)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)蛋(dan)(dan),每小時(shi)(shi)(shi)1次,孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)至第(di)(di)(di)8、20、25天(tian)各(ge)進行驗蛋(dan)(dan)1次,檢查胚胎的發育(yu)情況,除去(qu)無精蛋(dan)(dan)和死胚蛋(dan)(dan)。孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)到(dao)第(di)(di)(di)25天(tian)時(shi)(shi)(shi),把孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蛋(dan)(dan)移入事先消(xiao)毒好的出雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)機。第(di)(di)(di)26天(tian)至28天(tian)出雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)機溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)36.5℃,相(xiang)對濕(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)為(wei)77.6%。為(wei)了提(ti)高(gao)出雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)機的濕(shi)度(du),可在機內掛濕(shi)布。出雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)(shi),每隔(ge)2小時(shi)(shi)(shi)向蛋(dan)(dan)面噴(pen)灑40—60℃溫(wen)(wen)(wen)水,有利于(yu)雛(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)火(huo)雞的破殼和增強其活力,提(ti)高(gao)孵(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)化(hua)(hua)率。
火雞求偶時,雄鳥(niao)(niao)展開(kai)尾羽(yu),翅膀下垂,抖動羽(yu)翈作(zuo)聲,縮頭闊步行走,并發出急(ji)促的“咯咯”叫聲。早(zao)春繁殖。筑巢在(zai)(zai)地面上。一只雄鳥(niao)(niao)配一群雌鳥(niao)(niao),每窩產(chan)8-15枚(mei)淡褐色有斑點(dian)的卵(luan),卵(luan)產(chan)在(zai)(zai)地面低洼處;孵化期(qi)28天。
由(you)于鳥類、兩棲類及魚(yu)類的(de)性(xing)別由(you)卵子(zi)所(suo)攜(xie)帶的(de)性(xing)染色體決定(ding),所(suo)以在(zai)某些(xie)特定(ding)情況(kuang)下(xia),可以進行孤雌(ci)生殖,而(er)火(huo)雞在(zai)這方面的(de)能力比較強。在(zai)缺乏雄(xiong)性(xing)的(de)情況(kuang)下(xia),雌(ci)鳥生產的(de)未(wei)受精卵也可孵(fu)化,而(er)所(suo)孵(fu)出(chu)的(de)后代通常虛弱,并(bing)幾乎都是雄(xiong)性(xing)。
火雞肉(rou)(rou)鮮嫩(nen)爽(shuang)口(kou),野味極(ji)濃,瘦肉(rou)(rou)率高(gao),蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量(liang)(liang)豐富(fu),膽固醇低、脂肪(fang)少。蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)含(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)達30.5%,而且富(fu)含(han)多(duo)種氨基(ji)酸(suan),特(te)別是(shi)蛋(dan)氨酸(suan)和(he)賴氨酸(suan)都(dou)比其它(ta)肉(rou)(rou)禽高(gao),維生(sheng)素E和(he)B族維生(sheng)素也含(han)量(liang)(liang)豐富(fu),具有提高(gao)人體免疫(yi)力和(he)抗衰老等神奇功效。肉(rou)(rou)性(xing)溫(wen)微(wei)熱,味甘香,滋補作用(yong)較(jiao)強(qiang),對怔忡心悸(ji)、頭暈目眩、脾胃虛寒、食欲(yu)不振、久(jiu)病(bing)體虛、腰膝乏力等有良好的功效。
1、健脾(pi):適(shi)用脾(pi)氣(qi)虛弱(ruo),運(yun)化無力(li)所致的脘腹脹滿,大便溏(tang)泄,食欲不振(zhen),肢(zhi)倦乏(fa)力(li)等癥。
2、養胃:暖胃,治療胃寒癥(zheng)。
3、止泄:適(shi)宜脾虛(xu)型(xing)腹(fu)瀉患者,癥狀是:久瀉不(bu)愈(yu)、面(mian)色(se)萎黃、食欲減退、大(da)便稀薄且有不(bu)消化(hua)食物。
4、調經(jing):調理(li)經(jing)期過長(短(duan))或(huo)是月經(jing)過少(多)。
5、補腎(shen)虛(xu)(xu):癥狀為“熱”,主要有(you)腰酸、燥熱、盜汗、虛(xu)(xu)汗、頭(tou)暈、耳(er)鳴(ming)等的腎(shen)陰虛(xu)(xu)。
6、通乳(ru)生(sheng)(sheng)乳(ru):有開胃健脾(pi)、消(xiao)除寒氣、催生(sheng)(sheng)乳(ru)汁之功效(xiao)。
7、其他(ta)功效(xiao):用于虛損羸瘦(shou),病后體弱乏力;脾胃虛弱,食少反胃,腹瀉(xie);氣血(xue)不足,頭(tou)暈(yun)心悸,或產后乳汁缺乏;腎(shen)虛所(suo)致的小便頻數,遺精(jing),耳鳴耳聾(long),月經(jing)不調,脾虛水腫,瘡瘍久不愈合(he)等。