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戴鴻慈
0 票數:0 #歷史人物#
戴鴻慈(1853年~1910年),字光孺,號少懷,晚號毅庵,廣東廣州府南海縣(今佛山市南海區)大同綠涌村人。戴鴻慈是清末出國考察五大臣之一,近代中國第一位司法部長,是清朝二百多年廣東省籍任職最高的官員。他曾出使美、英、法、德和丹麥、瑞士、荷蘭、比利時、意大利等國,認識到中國只有改革才有出路,歸國后奏請立憲和中央官制改革。他還提倡中國要富強,必須“固邊疆”、“振興實業”及開礦、興學、修鐵路等,是清末具有開放思想和政治眼光的重臣。
  • 中文名: 戴鴻慈(ci)
  • 出生日期: 1853年
  • 性別:
  • 國籍: 中(zhong)國
  • 民族: 漢族
  • 出生地: 廣東廣州府(fu)南海(hai)縣
  • 生肖:
  • 去世日期: 1910年(nian)
  • 職業職位: 禮部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu),法(fa)部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu),軍機(ji)大臣,協辦(ban)大學士
  • 代表作品: 《歐(ou)美政(zheng)治(zhi)要義》,《列國(guo)政(zheng)要》,《出使九國(guo)日(ri)記》
  • 主要成就: 清末(mo)出國(guo)考察(cha),中(zhong)國(guo)近代史上第一位司法部長(chang)
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主要經歷

戴鴻(hong)慈先世祖(zu)居(ju)(ju)廣東廣州府南海(hai)(hai)縣西樵大同堡綠涌(yong)村(今(jin)佛(fo)山市南海(hai)(hai)區西樵大同鄉戴家(jia)村),十二世祖(zu)迪功公(gong)時才(cai)遷居(ju)(ju)佛(fo)山,祖(zu)居(ju)(ju)佛(fo)山福賢里桑園。鴻(hong)慈生于(yu)(yu)書(shu)香之家(jia),其父戴其芬,諱堯坤,字徽(hui)猷,號乾生,生于(yu)(yu)道(dao)光(guang)乙酉年(1825年),終(zhong)于(yu)(yu)光(guang)緒辛巳(si)年(1881年),光(guang)祿寺(si)署正,誥授奉(feng)直大夫(fu)(fu)、奉(feng)政大夫(fu)(fu),妻馮氏生三子,鴻(hong)慈即第二子。在學(xue)問上,其芬公(gong)可謂(wei)博通古今(jin),“研精經典,旁(pang)及天(tian)文地輿,醫藥卜(bu)筮……”, 家(jia)庭的氛圍使鴻(hong)慈從(cong)小勤奮好學(xue),不敢(gan)懈怠,以致有日后(hou)的赫(he)赫(he)聲名。

1853年(nian)4月(yue)(咸豐三年(nian)三月(yue)) 出生

1868年(同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)七(qi)年) 補縣學生(sheng),后(hou)由廩生(sheng)選同(tong)治(zhi)(zhi)十二年拔貢(gong),鄉舉第一

1873年(同治十二年) 娶妻梁氏

1876年(nian)(光緒二年(nian)) 進士(shi)及第,改(gai)翰林院庶吉(ji)士(shi)

1877年(光緒三年) 翰林院散館,授編(bian)修

1879年(光緒五年) 督(du)學山(shan)東,1881年父(fu)(fu)喪(sang)丁父(fu)(fu)憂,中法戰爭(zheng)中在佛山(shan)倡辦(ban)團練

1885年(nian)(光緒十一年(nian)) 云南學(xue)政(zheng)

1891年(光緒十七年) 云南正考(kao)官

1893年(光緒十(shi)九年) 順天(tian)鄉試同考官

1894年(nian)(光緒二十年(nian)) 大考一等,擢庶(shu)子,充日(ri)講起居(ju)注官,官方(fang)略成書(shu),特(te)獎以應(ying)并之缺開列在前,并賞加四品(pin)銜;甲午(wu)戰爭(zheng)中先后多次上折(zhe),并請嚴懲李鴻章,解拿丁汝(ru)昌

1895年(nian)(光緒二十一(yi)年(nian)) 四月上善后十二策,十月充咸安宮總裁

1897年(光(guang)緒二(er)十三年) 福建學政

1898年(光緒二十四(si)年) 轉(zhuan)伺讀學士

1899年(光緒二(er)十五(wu)年) 遷少詹事,以報效昭(zhao)信股票(piao),賞戴花(hua)翎(ling)

1900年(光(guang)緒二十六年) 遷內(nei)閣學士,兼禮部(bu)侍郎銜;是(shi)年冬學政報滿(man),乞假(jia)回(hui)籍修墓,尋擢刑部(bu)左(zuo)侍郎

1901年(nian)(光緒二十七年(nian)) 陳治本疏;是年(nian)9月,張之(zhi)洞致電鴻慈勸(quan)梁鼎芬回鄂就任

1902年(光緒二十八(ba)年) 轉戶(hu)部右侍郎(lang)兼管錢法堂事務,充(chong)考(kao)(kao)試(shi)試(shi)差(cha)閱卷(juan)大臣,考(kao)(kao)試(shi)漢(han)御史閱卷(juan)大臣,江(jiang)南(nan)鄉(xiang)試(shi)正考(kao)(kao)官;上(shang)奏(zou)請(qing)設宣(xuan)諭化導使,在翰林院創立(li)報局

1903年(光(guang)緒二十九年)充考試庶吉士散館閱(yue)(yue)卷大(da)(da)臣,考試試差閱(yue)(yue)卷大(da)(da)臣,殿試讀(du)卷大(da)(da)臣,朝考閱(yue)(yue)卷大(da)(da)臣,考試經濟(ji)特科閱(yue)(yue)卷大(da)(da)臣(舉薦梁士詒),覆核朝審(shen)大(da)(da)臣

1904年(光緒三十年)會試副(fu)考官,覆核朝審(shen)大臣,赴(fu)差開封甲辰科會試;上奏(zou)會議政務處(chu)議事規則

1905年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)(yue)~1906年(nian)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(光緒三(san)十一年(nian)十一月(yue)(yue)(yue)~三(san)十二年(nian)六(liu)月(yue)(yue)(yue))率“戴端團”出洋考察;于1906年(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(三(san)十二年(nian)正月(yue)(yue)(yue))受命(ming)禮部尚書

1906年(光緒三十二年)8月~11月上奏請求取法他(ta)國實行(xing)新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng),并聯(lian)合其(qi)他(ta)出洋考察大臣上《歐美政(zheng)(zheng)治要義》、《列國政(zheng)(zheng)要》等

1906年(nian)9月20日,朝廷下詔(zhao)正式實施中(zhong)央官(guan)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge),改(gai)(gai)刑部(bu)為(wei)法(fa)(fa)部(bu),專理(li)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa);改(gai)(gai)大理(li)寺為(wei)大理(li)院,專掌審判,由此終結了延續數千(qian)年(nian)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)政不分的(de)(de)(de)狀況,揭開了司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)政相分離、實行(xing)(xing)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)獨立的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度架構。9月21日,清政府命戴鴻慈(ci)為(wei)法(fa)(fa)部(bu)尚書,官(guan)階正一(yi)(yi)品,這也(ye)是(shi)近代中(zhong)國第一(yi)(yi)位專管(guan)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)政事(shi)務的(de)(de)(de)最高長官(guan)。

1906年11月,充厘定官制大(da)臣,玉(yu)牒館副總裁,充參預(yu)政(zheng)務大(da)臣,賞紫禁城騎馬,充經筵(yan)講官

1907年(nian)(光緒三十(shi)三年(nian))1月出(chu)版(ban)《出(chu)使(shi)九國日記》;充(chong)舉(ju)貢考職(zhi)閱卷(juan)大臣;統(tong)領法部進行(xing)改(gai)革

1908年(光(guang)緒三十四年)疾(ji)作,賞假(jia)調理(li);光(guang)緒帝和慈禧相(xiang)繼(ji)去世(shi)后,力疾(ji)銷(xiao)假(jia)視(shi)事

1909年(nian)(nian)(宣(xuan)統元年(nian)(nian))賞一等第三寶星(xing),充報(bao)聘俄國(guo)專使(shi)大臣;返國(guo)后(hou)奏言東三省事務;是年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)(八月(yue))命其在軍機(ji)大臣上學習行走

1910年(宣(xuan)統二年)1月1日(ri)為協(xie)辦大(da)學士(shi);2月22日(ri)逝(shi)世,謚(shi)文(wen)誠

(注:本表據《清史列傳·戴鴻(hong)慈傳》、《戴鴻(hong)慈會試(shi)朱卷》、《江浦戴氏宗譜》等整理而成)

從上(shang)表中大(da)致可(ke)看(kan)出戴鴻慈(ci)的(de)生(sheng)平概況,他以學(xue)(xue)問(wen)見長,屢任(ren)試差(cha),由學(xue)(xue)政、侍郎到(dao)尚(shang)書(shu),逐步升遷,最后(hou)以軍(jun)機入相,仕途可(ke)謂順利。光緒三十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(1908年(nian)),光緒和慈(ci)禧相繼去(qu)世,溥儀繼位,年(nian)號宣(xuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。戴鴻慈(ci)為前(qian)朝元(yuan)老,而且(qie)時(shi)任(ren)法部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu),在(zai)宣(xuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)朝仍受到(dao)重用。雖此時(shi)身體不(bu)很好,但“力疾銷假視事”,并于宣(xuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)年(nian)四(si)月(yue)(yue)(yue)被賞一等第三寶星,以法部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)的(de)身份(fen)充報聘俄國專使大(da)臣。歸國后(hou)再得晉(jin)升,于該年(nian)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)6日(ri)(ri)(八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)二十(shi)三日(ri)(ri)),以法部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)在(zai)軍(jun)機大(da)臣上(shang)學(xue)(xue)習行走,1910年(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)1日(ri)(ri)(宣(xuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)元(yuan)年(nian)十(shi)一月(yue)(yue)(yue)二十(shi)日(ri)(ri))擢協辦大(da)學(xue)(xue)士,并賞穿帶素貂褂。但鴻慈(ci)已病入膏肓(huang),于1910年(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)22日(ri)(ri)(宣(xuan)統(tong)(tong)(tong)二年(nian)正月(yue)(yue)(yue)十(shi)三日(ri)(ri))逝世,享年(nian)五(wu)十(shi)八(ba)歲(sui)。

清廷對他(ta)優恤(xu)有加(jia)(jia),賞陀羅經被,謚號“文(wen)誠”,并(bing)派貝子溥(pu)倫帶領侍衛前往(wang)祭奠,且加(jia)(jia)恩(en)賞加(jia)(jia)太(tai)子少保銜,照大(da)學士(shi)例賜(si)恤(xu)入賢良祠,還賞銀兩(liang)千兩(liang)治(zhi)喪;其子戴(dai)曾諤(e)也(ye)以(yi)郎(lang)中補用。從清廷的(de)賞賜(si)和(he)優恤(xu)可以(yi)看出,戴(dai)鴻慈當(dang)時的(de)地(di)位(wei)確實位(wei)極人臣。

貢獻影響

出洋考察

憲政

戴鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)對憲政(zheng)的考(kao)察(cha)(cha),包括了對各(ge)國(guo)議院的參觀和(he)考(kao)察(cha)(cha)、對地方自治的考(kao)察(cha)(cha)及與各(ge)國(guo)一些專家交談。日記中(zhong)提到(dao)各(ge)國(guo)議院有十一處之多,基本上(shang)到(dao)每一個國(guo)家都(dou)有對該國(guo)議院的考(kao)察(cha)(cha),當然(ran)也(ye)正(zheng)突出(chu)戴鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)此行的目的和(he)使命,是為(wei)“考(kao)政(zheng)大(da)臣(chen)”之一。

考(kao)察(cha)(cha)團(tuan)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)考(kao)察(cha)(cha)了美國、英國、法(fa)(fa)國、德國、意大利等國議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan),戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)(ci)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)從以下(xia)幾個方(fang)面(mian)來記載:一(yi)、議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構組成。他(ta)了解了各(ge)(ge)國議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)大多(duo)(duo)分上(shang)(shang)下(xia)議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan),美國“上(shang)(shang)議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)議(yi)(yi)(yi)紳(shen)由(you)(you)各(ge)(ge)省選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)……每省兩人(ren)……任(ren)期六年(nian)……下(xia)院(yuan)議(yi)(yi)(yi)紳(shen)由(you)(you)地方(fang)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)。”,上(shang)(shang)議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)以副總統為議(yi)(yi)(yi)長,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)“關于議(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)者(zhe)為多(duo)(duo)”,而(er)下(xia)議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)則(ze)自(zi)選(xuan)(xuan)議(yi)(yi)(yi)長,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)“關于籌款者(zhe)為多(duo)(duo)”。二、議(yi)(yi)(yi)員(yuan)資(zi)格、人(ren)數、任(ren)職年(nian)限(xian)、選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)。各(ge)(ge)國對譯員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)資(zi)格和(he)選(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)都有(you)規定,鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)(ci)對此也進行(xing)了考(kao)察(cha)(cha)。三、議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)辦(ban)事規程(cheng)等。經過考(kao)察(cha)(cha),戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)(ci)發現各(ge)(ge)國都有(you)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和(he)規則(ze),但基(ji)本原則(ze)是維持(chi)(chi)權力的(de)(de)(de)(de)制衡,將立法(fa)(fa)、行(xing)政(zheng)、司(si)法(fa)(fa)分開,即“三權分立”,他(ta)認(ren)為這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)是最好的(de)(de)(de)(de),所謂“歐洲各(ge)(ge)國,政(zheng)制相維,其法(fa)(fa)至(zhi)善”。但戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)(ci)在此只是大致記述了自(zi)己(ji)考(kao)察(cha)(cha)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)國議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)之制,并(bing)說“他(ta)書具詳,姑述其略以備(bei)檢”,“他(ta)書”即指考(kao)察(cha)(cha)團(tuan)回國后所上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)奏(zou)折和(he)由(you)(you)戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)(ci)和(he)端(duan)方(fang)等主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)持(chi)(chi)編寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)關于各(ge)(ge)國議(yi)(yi)(yi)院(yuan)制度的(de)(de)(de)(de)書,下(xia)文將有(you)提(ti)及。

經濟

經(jing)濟考察(cha)(cha)方面(mian)內容(rong)就更(geng)廣泛了,在(zai)日記中主要(yao)有對銀行(xing)和財(cai)政的(de)(de)考察(cha)(cha)、對各國(guo)工業和工廠的(de)(de)考察(cha)(cha)等。戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)慈出洋時正任戶部右侍郎,在(zai)考察(cha)(cha)途中才(cai)擢為禮(li)部尚書,戶部乃(nai)朝廷的(de)(de)“錢(qian)袋子”以及(ji)掌戶籍的(de)(de)管(guan)理等工作,戴(dai)(dai)鴻(hong)慈非常注(zhu)意此(ci)方面(mian)也理所當然,所以當時有些記載說“戴(dai)(dai)大臣(chen)則往(wang)會見銀行(xing)家(jia),專(zhuan)考察(cha)(cha)財(cai)政”。

鴻(hong)慈(ci)大(da)致從銀行(xing)(xing)主(zhu)要(yao)設(she)施(shi)、辦(ban)(ban)事原理、保密(mi)措施(shi)等(deng)方面(mian)來進行(xing)(xing)考察。在(zai)日本(ben)時對(dui)橫濱的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)金銀行(xing)(xing)每一層的(de)(de)(de)結構、設(she)施(shi)在(zai)日記(ji)(ji)中都有(you)記(ji)(ji)載(zai),甚至對(dui)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)辦(ban)(ban)事效(xiao)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)監督辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)(fa)都有(you)提到。在(zai)銀行(xing)(xing)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)二層,可以(yi)憑闌(lan)臨觀員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)作情況,“孰勤(qin)孰惰,舉無所逃”,他很受啟發,認(ren)為“凡衙(ya)署(shu)辦(ban)(ban)事之法(fa)(fa),悉當用(yong)此(ci)為課吏之良法(fa)(fa),不特(te)銀行(xing)(xing)而已”,即是(shi)說其他衙(ya)署(shu)都可以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)這樣的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)來監督員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong),以(yi)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)作效(xiao)率(lv)。戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)還考察了(le)許(xu)多銀行(xing)(xing),都非常仔細,并時不時的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)上自己的(de)(de)(de)理解和看法(fa)(fa),以(yi)備(bei)回國能有(you)所采(cai)擇。

在(zai)美國時戴鴻(hong)(hong)慈約(yue)請某大(da)學經濟方(fang)面的(de)教授精琦來(lai)(lai)談財政大(da)要,并(bing)將所(suo)得大(da)致(zhi)歸為六個方(fang)面,即“一曰(yue)先定平(ping)色之(zhi)(zhi)輕重(zhong);二曰(yue)各(ge)(ge)省(sheng)宜分設各(ge)(ge)局(ju),以(yi)便轉換而平(ping)價(jia)直,且勿用(yong)各(ge)(ge)省(sheng)名目;三曰(yue)按(an)人民消費之(zhi)(zhi)程度,而定鑄用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)多寡;四曰(yue)宜先定鎊價(jia),以(yi)免虧損;五(wu)曰(yue)宜仿各(ge)(ge)國定金為本(ben)位;六曰(yue)宜借(jie)款鑄金元,以(yi)紙幣(bi)輔之(zhi)(zhi)”,戴鴻(hong)(hong)慈把這些信息都記下來(lai)(lai),都是為回(hui)國后的(de)實際(ji)發展(zhan)來(lai)(lai)作(zuo)準備(bei)的(de)。

工業

至于(yu)對工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)考察(cha)(cha),無(wu)論在哪個國(guo)家,戴鴻慈等(deng)都(dou)參觀和考察(cha)(cha)了(le)很(hen)多工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)和公(gong)司(si)(si)。在各國(guo)工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)中,戴鴻慈主(zhu)要(yao)從一個工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)以(yi)下方面(mian)來考察(cha)(cha):一、規模及(ji)設施(shi);二、工(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)程;三、工(gong)人(ren)情況以(yi)及(ji)福利(li)和后勤服務工(gong)作等(deng)。為(wei)了(le)能更好的(de)(de)(de)說明和比較(jiao)(jiao),戴鴻慈還列了(le)詳(xiang)(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)表格,如將(jiang)美國(guo)東(dong)部的(de)(de)(de)紡(fang)織(zhi)廠(chang)(chang)、織(zhi)布(bu)公(gong)司(si)(si)等(deng)進行列表比較(jiao)(jiao);對一些(xie)比較(jiao)(jiao)大、世界文明的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)司(si)(si)更是記述詳(xiang)(xiang)細,希(xi)望能了(le)解(jie)國(guo)外(wai)大公(gong)司(si)(si)之所(suo)以(yi)興盛的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin),以(yi)便(bian)回國(guo)后為(wei)本國(guo)大工(gong)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)建立提供(gong)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)經驗(yan)。

教育

在(zai)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育方面,他們在(zai)各(ge)國(guo)參(can)觀了一些(xie)中小(xiao)學(xue)堂。戴鴻(hong)慈認為(wei)“德(de)(de)國(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)育行(xing)政(zheng),燦乎(hu)大備,專門(men)之程度既高,普(pu)(pu)及之教(jiao)(jiao)思(si)尤廣,故在(zai)歐洲即(ji)有學(xue)界管領之稱。”所以他對德(de)(de)國(guo)的教(jiao)(jiao)育比較注(zhu)意,率(lv)團參(can)觀了德(de)(de)國(guo)許多(duo)(duo)學(xue)校。通(tong)過考(kao)(kao)(kao)察,他認識到(dao):“考(kao)(kao)(kao)之東西洋各(ge)國(guo)之學(xue)制(zhi)……普(pu)(pu)通(tong)尤為(wei)各(ge)國(guo)所注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。普(pu)(pu)通(tong)云者,不在(zai)造就少數之人(ren)才,而在(zai)造就多(duo)(duo)數之國(guo)民(min)。……今(jin)中國(guo)振(zhen)興(xing)學(xue)務(wu),固宜注(zhu)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)之學(xue)。”可見(jian),普(pu)(pu)通(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育是為(wei)了提高全民(min)族的文化水平和素養,戴鴻(hong)慈把對普(pu)(pu)通(tong)教(jiao)(jiao)育的考(kao)(kao)(kao)察放在(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中之重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的地位。

他們對(dui)(dui)高等(deng)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)考(kao)察(cha)主要是(shi)對(dui)(dui)美國(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)、英國(guo)(guo)等(deng)的(de)(de)大學(xue)的(de)(de)考(kao)察(cha),像對(dui)(dui)普通教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)那樣,從學(xue)生(sheng)和老師的(de)(de)人數(shu)、學(xue)校設施及是(shi)否有(you)女學(xue)等(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)來考(kao)察(cha)。在(zai)日記(ji)(ji)中,戴鴻慈對(dui)(dui)這些方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)載(zai)都比較詳細(xi),可(ke)見他的(de)(de)確悉心考(kao)察(cha)。在(zai)專門教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian),主要是(shi)對(dui)(dui)各(ge)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)工藝學(xue)堂、手藝學(xue)堂、農學(xue)院、電(dian)學(xue)院、化學(xue)院、水師學(xue)堂以(yi)及軍校等(deng)地(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)進行參觀考(kao)察(cha),并以(yi)美國(guo)(guo)和德國(guo)(guo)為(wei)重點,力(li)圖(tu)能從國(guo)(guo)外先進之國(guo)(guo)學(xue)習(xi)到(dao)現(xian)代專門教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)發展和管理經驗。

從(cong)以上看來,戴鴻慈領(ling)銜的(de)考(kao)(kao)察團主要(yao)考(kao)(kao)察內容與當時中國的(de)實際情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)分不開的(de)。當時中國的(de)教(jiao)育現代化剛剛起步(bu),雖然(ran)知道“強富(fu)始基歸諸學術”,而且“比年以來,明詔興學,天下(xia)向(xiang)風”,但(dan)是(shi)“辦(ban)(ban)法既多參差,宗旨未能一貫,宏(hong)規未定,流弊日滋”,所(suo)以必須對各國的(de)教(jiao)育普(pu)及情(qing)況(kuang)、學校開設情(qing)況(kuang)以及要(yao)興辦(ban)(ban)學校所(suo)需的(de)經費、教(jiao)員數、所(suo)教(jiao)的(de)科目(mu)都(dou)要(yao)有所(suo)了(le)解(jie)。

司法

戴鴻慈對(dui)(dui)司法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)察(cha),主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是對(dui)(dui)國(guo)(guo)外的(de)(de)(de)裁(cai)判(pan)所和警察(cha)局及監獄等方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)考(kao)察(cha)。裁(cai)判(pan)所即(ji)現在的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)庭(ting)。在德國(guo)(guo),戴鴻慈參(can)觀考(kao)察(cha)了普魯士的(de)(de)(de)裁(cai)判(pan)所,主要(yao)(yao)(yao)從(cong)內部設置、操作原理、對(dui)(dui)罪(zui)犯(fan)的(de)(de)(de)前科記(ji)錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)等方(fang)面(mian)來考(kao)察(cha)。特別是第(di)三(san)個方(fang)面(mian),戴鴻慈感到外國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)編制(zhi)和記(ji)錄(lu)“井(jing)井(jing)有(you)(you)條不(bu)(bu)紊,洵可法(fa)也”,雖(sui)然案(an)(an)(an)(an)犯(fan)所犯(fan)前科已事隔多年,但(dan)只要(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)(yi)查這(zhe)些案(an)(an)(an)(an)卷,“有(you)(you)無積(ji)案(an)(an)(an)(an),一(yi)(yi)查立(li)辨”,所以鴻慈認為這(zhe)樣做可以效仿,回(hui)國(guo)(guo)后(hou)也要(yao)(yao)(yao)學(xue)習。但(dan)作為當時戶(hu)(hu)部副長官的(de)(de)(de)他(ta)馬上又意識到,中國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)戶(hu)(hu)籍(ji)很亂,要(yao)(yao)(yao)建立(li)這(zhe)種(zhong)累犯(fan)的(de)(de)(de)檔案(an)(an)(an)(an)“非先編戶(hu)(hu)口(kou),歲列統(tong)計”不(bu)(bu)能編寫,所以他(ta)認為“戶(hu)(hu)口(kou)不(bu)(bu)清,萬事無從(cong)下手,寧獨檢案(an)(an)(an)(an)一(yi)(yi)事而已耶?”因此(ci),整理戶(hu)(hu)籍(ji)、建立(li)合理的(de)(de)(de)戶(hu)(hu)籍(ji)制(zhi)度成為首當其沖的(de)(de)(de)事情。

在警察局參觀(guan)時(shi),他(ta)看到國外用指紋(wen)法(fa)來定案,之后(hou)他(ta)還參觀(guan)了(le)注冊所,看到這里的(de)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)籍(ji)非(fei)常(chang)詳細,而(er)且戶(hu)(hu)(hu)籍(ji)管理政(zheng)策(ce)也比較嚴密,鴻慈在此(ci)又看到了(le)整理戶(hu)(hu)(hu)籍(ji)的(de)重要性和緊(jin)迫性,他(ta)們回國不久,清(qing)政(zheng)府即(ji)著手開始(shi)對戶(hu)(hu)(hu)口的(de)清(qing)查。

戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)等(deng)還對(dui)(dui)美(mei)、德、法(fa)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)進(jin)行了(le)(le)考(kao)(kao)察,主要(yao)是這幾個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面:一、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)所(suo)耗(hao)費用。每(mei)參(can)觀(guan)一處(chu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),鴻(hong)慈(ci)都會(hui)細(xi)心的(de)(de)記下所(suo)需費用,以備回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)參(can)考(kao)(kao)。二、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)設備和(he)環(huan)境。戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)看到(dao),每(mei)個(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都有(you)高墻將(jiang)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)隔離(li),各個(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)根據(ju)規(gui)模分(fen)成(cheng)不同數量的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)室(shi),且分(fen)別男女,并(bing)在(zai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)央設高臺以瞭望,防(fang)止獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)逃跑,而(er)(er)在(zai)室(shi)中(zhong)則(ze)(ze)床、桌及日(ri)用所(suo)需之物一應俱全(quan),而(er)(er)且“食(shi)所(suo)亦潔凈,有(you)牛羊(yang)肉、面包、清水(shui)給之”,還有(you)醫室(shi),給獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)以身體檢(jian)查和(he)疾病(bing)的(de)(de)醫治;對(dui)(dui)比當時(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)里的(de)(de)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)們的(de)(de)生(sheng)活,他們發出了(le)(le)“監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)非以苦(ku)痛犯(fan)人也”的(de)(de)感嘆。三(san)(san)、監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)。對(dui)(dui)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)管(guan)理(li):基本上每(mei)個(ge)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)都讓獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)習藝勞動,使(shi)其掌握一些技術,以備將(jiang)來(lai)出獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后能(neng)用以謀生(sheng)。探監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)制度:使(shi)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)能(neng)有(you)機會(hui)與親人見面和(he)短(duan)暫的(de)(de)交流。獎懲制度:對(dui)(dui)于表現比較好(hao)的(de)(de),可以據(ju)情況減刑,提早釋放,而(er)(er)重犯(fan)的(de)(de)則(ze)(ze)又將(jiang)其關(guan)入監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),束(shu)縛其自(zi)(zi)由。四、對(dui)(dui)罪犯(fan)教(jiao)育方(fang)(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察。這也是比較重要(yao)的(de)(de)一個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面,戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)對(dui)(dui)此都做了(le)(le)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察和(he)記錄。監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)設有(you)教(jiao)室(shi),“所(suo)授學科為德文、宗教(jiao)、唱歌、實業及格致等(deng),每(mei)日(ri)三(san)(san)小(xiao)時(shi)或四小(xiao)時(shi)不等(deng)”。五(wu)、對(dui)(dui)女監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察。“戴端(duan)團”在(zai)參(can)觀(guan)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi),也往(wang)觀(guan)女監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),戴鴻(hong)慈(ci)覺得“尤精潔,幾與客(ke)店(dian)無異矣。女犯(fan)習藝,皆課以針黹縫綴之事云”。也許他的(de)(de)記敘(xu)有(you)點夸(kua)張,但當時(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)婦(fu)女毫無社會(hui)地位,在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)幾乎沒有(you)真正意(yi)義(yi)上的(de)(de)女監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),與之比起來(lai),西方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)里的(de)(de)女監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)自(zi)(zi)然要(yao)先進(jin)得多了(le)(le)。

“戴端團”考(kao)察的范(fan)圍非(fei)常(chang)廣泛(fan),還對(dui)各國軍(jun)事的考(kao)察,以及關于(yu)劇(ju)院、博物館、消防、交通、報館等的考(kao)察、關于(yu)對(dui)旅游資源的考(kao)察和對(dui)華僑的考(kao)察等各方面。戴鴻(hong)慈把考(kao)察情(qing)況都記到日記中,而(er)且(qie)加(jia)上(shang)了自己的觀(guan)點,這(zhe)對(dui)于(yu)回(hui)來(lai)后對(dui)這(zhe)些(xie)方面的建設和開發非(fei)常(chang)有參考(kao)價(jia)值。

施行新政

回京后(hou),戴(dai)端二大臣于(yu)二十二日和(he)二十三日連(lian)連(lian)受(shou)到召見(jian)(jian),戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈聯合端方上呈(cheng)奏折,前后(hou)共九封,內容廣泛,主要有請(qing)求(qiu)速(su)定國是以(yi)安大計、請(qing)求(qiu)設立編制(zhi)局以(yi)改(gai)定官制(zhi)來作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)立憲(xian)(xian)的預備、倡(chang)言(yan)教育(yu)改(gai)革、請(qing)求(qiu)重視軍政、照(zhao)各國設立引(yin)導人民的善(shan)法(fa)、均滿漢,破除界限,以(yi)維護(hu)治(zhi)安、請(qing)求(qiu)編訂憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)和(he)皇室典范等,在折中他們異口同聲“力(li)言(yan)立憲(xian)(xian)之善(shan)”,尤其是戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的報刊登載(zai)有“立憲(xian)(xian)事宜最(zui)初提倡(chang)者,京官則(ze)法(fa)部尚書戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈,外(wai)官則(ze)桂府林紹年(nian),下詔立憲(xian)(xian)先從(cong)改(gai)訂官制(zhi)入手,大抵(di)從(cong)二人之言(yan)為(wei)(wei)多(duo)”,可(ke)見(jian)(jian)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)戴(dai)鴻(hong)(hong)慈在京官中為(wei)(wei)眾(zhong)所周知的倡(chang)言(yan)立憲(xian)(xian)者,考察(cha)回國后(hou)一直為(wei)(wei)此而(er)努力(li)。

除(chu)上(shang)折外,他(ta)(ta)還領銜編纂《歐(ou)美(mei)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)要義(yi)》和《列國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)要》,并出版(ban)了自(zi)己此行的(de)(de)(de)行程日(ri)(ri)記(ji),即《出使九國(guo)(guo)日(ri)(ri)記(ji)》。《歐(ou)美(mei)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)要義(yi)》一(yi)書共十(shi)(shi)八章,將他(ta)(ta)們(men)考察所見(jian)當時歐(ou)美(mei)各國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)憲(xian)政(zheng)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)按(an)照清(qing)政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)需要基本都(dou)列出來了,涵(han)蓋(gai)面(mian)很廣。《列國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)要》一(yi)書分三冊(ce),共一(yi)百三十(shi)(shi)三卷,按(an)國(guo)(guo)家分門別類把各國(guo)(guo)大致(zhi)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)列出,主要側重于政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)面(mian)。《出使九國(guo)(guo)日(ri)(ri)記(ji)》系光緒丙(bing)午年(nian)(1906年(nian))十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)由農工(gong)商部工(gong)藝(yi)局印(yin)刷科印(yin)出,第一(yi)書局發(fa)。日(ri)(ri)記(ji)名(ming)為“九國(guo)(guo)”,實(shi)際上(shang)他(ta)(ta)們(men)共到(dao)了十(shi)(shi)五(wu)個(ge)國(guo)(guo)家,日(ri)(ri)記(ji)文筆生動,除(chu)了每天的(de)(de)(de)敘(xu)事,還有作(zuo)(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)所感和途中的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)土人情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)載,是一(yi)部史學、文學、旅游等(deng)價(jia)值都(dou)很高的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)品。

戴鴻慈(ci)多次受到召(zhao)見,并與其(qi)他大臣討(tao)論(lun)立憲事宜(yi)。經過一(yi)個(ge)多月的辯論(lun)、協議(yi),清廷于光緒三十二(er)年七(qi)月十三日發布立憲諭,宣布此時“惟有及時詳(xiang)晰甄核,仿行憲政,大權統于朝廷,庶政公(gong)諸(zhu)時論(lun),以立國家萬(wan)年有道之(zhi)基。”,并決定(ding)“從官(guan)制入手”。戴鴻慈(ci)作為(wei)“五大臣”之(zhi)一(yi),以禮部(bu)尚書(shu)而為(wei)厘定(ding)官(guan)制大臣,親(qin)自參與清末改(gai)革之(zhi)中,新的官(guan)制厘定(ding)后,他成為(wei)首任法部(bu)尚書(shu)。

參與法律改革

清末(mo)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)最后從厘定(ding)官制(zhi)入手(shou),決定(ding)要采取國外(wai)立法(fa)、行政(zheng)、司(si)法(fa)“三權分立”的(de)制(zhi)度。官制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)總司(si)核定(ding)的(de)慶王等認(ren)為(wei)除議院掌(zhang)立法(fa)、內閣(ge)各(ge)部(bu)(bu)大臣掌(zhang)行政(zheng)外(wai),“司(si)法(fa)之權則專(zhuan)屬之法(fa)部(bu)(bu),以大理(li)院任(ren)審判,而法(fa)部(bu)(bu)監督之,均與行政(zheng)官相對峙,而不為(wei)所節制(zhi)”。議定(ding)后,清政(zheng)府(fu)于九月二十日頒布官制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)上諭,其中(zhong)有(you)刑部(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)法(fa)部(bu)(bu),專(zhuan)任(ren)司(si)法(fa)行政(zheng);而大理(li)寺改(gai)(gai)(gai)為(wei)大理(li)院,專(zhuan)掌(zhang)司(si)法(fa)審判。戴鴻慈由禮部(bu)(bu)尚書轉法(fa)部(bu)(bu)尚書,沈(shen)家本任(ren)大理(li)院正卿。

清(qing)政(zheng)(zheng)府既(ji)要(yao)(yao)仿(fang)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)實行“司法獨立”,法部成為至(zhi)重(zhong)之部門,鴻慈任(ren)(ren)(ren)首任(ren)(ren)(ren)長(chang)官,一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)可見其受到重(zhong)用(yong),地位逐(zhu)漸重(zhong)要(yao)(yao);另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)則(ze)折射出他的(de)魄力(li)和“求新”的(de)改(gai)革意識,因為“中國積(ji)習,大都(dou)不愿為刑官”,而鴻慈知道(dao)自己(ji)法律方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)知識有(you)所欠缺(que),但他敢于擔此重(zhong)任(ren)(ren)(ren),力(li)圖領導(dao)一(yi)個全新的(de)部門給大家(jia)新政(zheng)(zheng)的(de)形象。而且(qie)經過出洋考察的(de)歷練(lian),他也提高了(le)自己(ji)的(de)認識和知識水平,只希望(wang)竭誠為清(qing)政(zheng)(zheng)府的(de)新政(zheng)(zheng)出力(li),使中國走上(shang)富強之路。

首先(xian),戴鴻慈即(ji)帶領法(fa)(fa)部(bu)(bu)清理(li)積(ji)(ji)案(an)(an),制(zhi)定新法(fa)(fa)規,維護司法(fa)(fa)獨立(li)。法(fa)(fa)部(bu)(bu)由刑部(bu)(bu)改(gai)設,一(yi)切舊的(de)(de)東西也(ye)都繼承下來,特別是(shi)因為(wei)清代實行秋審(shen)制(zhi)度,將一(yi)些(xie)死刑案(an)(an)件為(wei)慎重起見而(er)(er)積(ji)(ji)壓,待秋后(hou)再(zai)重審(shen),日子久了就積(ji)(ji)累(lei)了大批(pi)未清理(li)的(de)(de)案(an)(an)件,現(xian)在(zai)法(fa)(fa)部(bu)(bu)要新政(zheng),首當其(qi)(qi)沖的(de)(de)當然(ran)是(shi)清理(li)宿獄。清理(li)這(zhe)些(xie)案(an)(an)件,其(qi)(qi)一(yi)是(shi)要先(xian)規范(fan)審(shen)判辦(ban)法(fa)(fa),使不(bu)再(zai)積(ji)(ji)壓更多的(de)(de)新案(an)(an)。戴鴻慈總領法(fa)(fa)部(bu)(bu)上折變通秋審(shen)緩決人犯的(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa),認為(wei)“應緩決一(yi)項與其(qi)(qi)匯核于秋讞之際,徒事(shi)(shi)紛繁”,不(bu)如(ru)“詳慎于定案(an)(an)之先(xian)較(jiao)省周折”,為(wei)了不(bu)再(zai)形成新的(de)(de)積(ji)(ji)壓,在(zai)改(gai)革開(kai)始時即(ji)要規范(fan)制(zhi)度,改(gai)革以前(qian)的(de)(de)辦(ban)事(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)而(er)(er)采(cai)取更有效的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa);其(qi)(qi)二(er)是(shi)對已經(jing)積(ji)(ji)壓的(de)(de)案(an)(an)件進行清理(li)。戴鴻慈等曾上奏“查(cha)辦(ban)緩決二(er)十(shi)次以上人犯減免(mian)(mian)由”,將這(zhe)些(xie)案(an)(an)犯的(de)(de)具(ju)體事(shi)(shi)由弄清楚(chu),按(an)照新法(fa)(fa)該減免(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)予以減免(mian)(mian),該處置的(de)(de)提出合理(li)的(de)(de)處理(li)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),并要求各省也(ye)按(an)實情努力清理(li)積(ji)(ji)案(an)(an),使改(gai)革的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)部(bu)(bu)呈現(xian)新氣(qi)象。

在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)訂新法(fa)(fa)(fa)規方(fang)面(mian)(mian),內容涉及(ji)比(bi)較廣泛,據筆者搜集(ji)的(de)資料歸(gui)納起(qi)來主要(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you):第一,統(tong)(tong)一章(zhang)(zhang)程(cheng)。司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)(yao)(yao)獨(du)立(li),還要(yao)(yao)(yao)統(tong)(tong)一,隨著清政府(fu)中央集(ji)權(quan)(quan)的(de)衰(shuai)落,各地方(fang)督撫權(quan)(quan)力(li)逐漸(jian)(jian)增大,各省(sheng)很多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)都自定章(zhang)(zhang)程(cheng),全(quan)國不(bu)(bu)(bu)統(tong)(tong)一;現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)戴鴻(hong)慈執掌(zhang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)部,自然(ran)希望能統(tong)(tong)一各省(sheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律之事(shi)(shi)(shi),所謂(wei)“臣(chen)部為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)執法(fa)(fa)(fa)衙(ya)門(men),刑章(zhang)(zhang)必(bi)歸(gui)畫一”,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)他為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)部重申(shen)已頒布的(de)新章(zhang)(zhang),如停止刑訊、采西方(fang)罰金(jin)定章(zhang)(zhang)等(deng),試圖加(jia)強由(you)身(shen)體(ti)肉刑向自由(you)刑轉變的(de)意(yi)識,以(yi)(yi)(yi)“統(tong)(tong)一法(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan),慎重人(ren)(ren)命起(qi)見”。第二,刑事(shi)(shi)(shi)訴訟附帶民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)。這(zhe)(zhe)是比(bi)較有(you)(you)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)意(yi)義的(de)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)了(le),清政府(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)刑民(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen),行政權(quan)(quan)、司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)相混,現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)戴鴻(hong)慈為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)部提出這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)章(zhang)(zhang)程(cheng),當(dang)然(ran)是一個進步(bu)。戴鴻(hong)慈等(deng)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)戲殺、誤殺、擅殺三項人(ren)(ren)犯,雖經現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)新章(zhang)(zhang)改后可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)從輕處理,但應該要(yao)(yao)(yao)給予受害者家屬適當(dang)的(de)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang),不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)于(yu)“情法(fa)(fa)(fa)似未持(chi)平”,所以(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)賠(pei)償(chang)(chang)、撫恤死者家屬,令(ling)各省(sheng)衙(ya)門(men)一體(ti)遵(zun)照辦理。第三,秋審(shen)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)。秋審(shen)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)使(shi)有(you)(you)些案件不(bu)(bu)(bu)能及(ji)時處理以(yi)(yi)(yi)致積(ji)壓,而現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)既(ji)然(ran)預(yu)備立(li)憲(xian),“刑法(fa)(fa)(fa)俱歷次(ci)減輕,若仍于(yu)浮文縟節不(bu)(bu)(bu)加(jia)裁勝,殊非執簡馭繁(fan)之道。”戴鴻(hong)慈等(deng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)部對(dui)此(ci)非常重視,特令(ling)承政廳及(ji)下面(mian)(mian)的(de)審(shen)錄(lu)、制(zhi)(zhi)勘兩司(si)(si)(si)(si)專掌(zhang),要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)各案要(yao)(yao)(yao)分(fen)清實(shi)緩,盡(jin)量一次(ci)審(shen)理清楚;只有(you)(you)確實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能暫(zan)時處理的(de)才入秋審(shen),并簡化秋審(shen)的(de)手續和(he)(he)步(bu)驟,所謂(wei)“其(qi)繁(fan)文似不(bu)(bu)(bu)妨從略”,這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)“外可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)省(sheng)解勘之勞,內可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)節虛糜之費” 。第四(si),法(fa)(fa)(fa)院編制(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)(guan)的(de)選拔(ba)和(he)(he)任(ren)用章(zhang)(zhang)程(cheng)等(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)所有(you)(you)官(guan)(guan)員(yuan)的(de)任(ren)職(zhi)和(he)(he)調度(du)都歸(gui)吏部管(guan)理,現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)在(zai)(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)部既(ji)獨(du)立(li)掌(zhang)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)行政之權(quan)(quan),法(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)(guan)、檢察官(guan)(guan)等(deng)“司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)與普通(tong)行政官(guan)(guan)吏不(bu)(bu)(bu)同”,屬于(yu)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)系統(tong)(tong),而且需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)一定的(de)專門(men)的(de)專業知識,官(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)改革后,其(qi)選拔(ba)、任(ren)免、調度(du)等(deng)權(quan)(quan)漸(jian)(jian)從吏部轉入法(fa)(fa)(fa)部。法(fa)(fa)(fa)部逐次(ci)制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)法(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)(guan)晉級章(zhang)(zhang)程(cheng)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)(guan)懲(cheng)戒章(zhang)(zhang)程(cheng)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)官(guan)(guan)補缺輪次(ci)表等(deng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)規范其(qi)任(ren)用和(he)(he)獎懲(cheng)。

其次(ci),戴鴻(hong)慈為首(shou)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)部奉旨議(yi)覆臣(chen)工(gong)(gong)有關奏折。法(fa)(fa)部初(chu)設,內外臣(chen)工(gong)(gong)言及的(de)(de)自(zi)然比較多,法(fa)(fa)部要逐次(ci)進行(xing)議(yi)覆,對(dui)(dui)(dui)置(zhi)疑給(gei)予解(jie)釋(shi);對(dui)(dui)(dui)建(jian)議(yi)或采納(na)(na)或不接受,并陳述理由。據筆者(zhe)搜集到的(de)(de)資料來(lai)看,法(fa)(fa)部對(dui)(dui)(dui)各臣(chen)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)奏折都非常認真的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)待:一(yi)方面,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)臣(chen)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)建(jian)議(yi)采納(na)(na)與否給(gei)以議(yi)覆上奏。另一(yi)方面,對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)臣(chen)工(gong)(gong)奏折中(zhong)的(de)(de)置(zhi)疑極力以新的(de)(de)辦法(fa)(fa)章程來(lai)進行(xing)解(jie)釋(shi),以求大(da)家能(neng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)部所辦之事明白和理解(jie)。

再次,戴鴻慈(ci)帶領(ling)法(fa)部(bu)(bu)改(gai)良獄政(zheng)(zheng),建(jian)立模范(fan)監(jian)獄。前(qian)在各國(guo)(guo)考察時戴鴻慈(ci)等(deng)就對各國(guo)(guo)的監(jian)獄非常留心,他(ta)深(shen)刻(ke)的認識(shi)到中國(guo)(guo)獄政(zheng)(zheng)腐敗的現(xian)狀,在國(guo)(guo)外即悉心考察,對東西各國(guo)(guo)監(jian)獄的建(jian)筑(zhu)樣式、經費、管理等(deng)考察頗詳,回國(guo)(guo)后他(ta)作為法(fa)部(bu)(bu)尚書,在新(xin)政(zheng)(zheng)中即請改(gai)良獄政(zheng)(zheng),“今日萬(wan)國(guo)(guo)監(jian)獄之(zhi)協議,我國(guo)(guo)長此不變(bian),勢必(bi)貽人(ren)口實。”而(er)且現(xian)在進(jin)行憲政(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)革(ge),必(bi)須(xu)要實行新(xin)刑律,而(er)“監(jian)獄一端(duan),實與新(xin)律有(you)隱相維系之(zhi)故(gu),獄制(zhi)一日不改(gai),則新(xin)律萬(wan)不適用,而(er)修訂法(fa)律為無效”,所以獄政(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)革(ge)首當其沖(chong),已迫在眉睫。

戴鴻慈注入了大(da)量心(xin)血(xue)建(jian)立(li)模(mo)范(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)。其(qi)一是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)京師(shi)模(mo)范(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)地址的(de)選擇。其(qi)二是(shi)為京師(shi)模(mo)范(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)籌款。要建(jian)立(li)與東西各(ge)國(guo)類似(si)的(de)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)須大(da)量投資,而法部(bu)資費不能滿足(zu),遂請求(qiu)清政府下令(ling)度支部(bu)予以援助。其(qi)三(san)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)規(gui)模(mo)和(he)(he)(he)結構的(de)規(gui)劃(hua)。中國(guo)當時的(de)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)條件很差,“監(jian)羈逼窄湫隘,夏則(ze)人(ren)多(duo)穢積,疫(yi)癘(li)頻(pin)仍,冬則(ze)嚴寒裂膚,凍餒交迫(po),瘐斃相繼,冤苦莫(mo)伸。”戴鴻慈等(deng)(deng)既然要改(gai)良獄(yu)(yu)(yu)政,當然要重新規(gui)劃(hua)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)內(nei)部(bu)構造(zao),他上奏對(dui)(dui)(dui)模(mo)范(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)構想,為其(qi)勾畫藍圖:監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)外有圍墻和(he)(he)(he)護河,內(nei)大(da)致分(fen)為后、中、前三(san)區,并仿外國(guo)模(mo)式設(she)有瞭望臺、教誨室(shi)、書信室(shi)、看(kan)(kan)守(shou)室(shi)、工場、浴場、炊事室(shi)、消毒室(shi)、書籍室(shi),閱覽室(shi),囚(qiu)人(ren)接見所、看(kan)(kan)守(shou)教誨所、病監(jian)、病室(shi)、幼年監(jian)等(deng)(deng)。其(qi)四(si)是(shi)督促各(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)建(jian)立(li)模(mo)范(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)。獄(yu)(yu)(yu)政的(de)改(gai)革不惟京師(shi)要改(gai),各(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)也要跟上改(gai)革的(de)步(bu)(bu)伐,戴鴻慈等(deng)(deng)考慮到各(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)財力(li)(li)、獄(yu)(yu)(yu)政原來(lai)情況(kuang)等(deng)(deng)的(de)不一致,所以將(jiang)尺(chi)度適度放寬,要求(qiu)各(ge)省(sheng)(sheng)模(mo)范(fan)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)到“宣統三(san)年以前一律告竣”。其(qi)五是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)官(guan)吏的(de)管理。以前監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)官(guan)吏腐敗,現(xian)在(zai)戴鴻慈等(deng)(deng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)此非常慎重,嚴格選拔官(guan)吏,而且在(zai)任命時,不分(fen)滿漢,一體對(dui)(dui)(dui)待,力(li)(li)圖去除官(guan)僚習(xi)(xi)氣(qi),一展新風和(he)(he)(he)新規(gui)。其(qi)六,頒布新章處置犯人(ren),重申不準隨意刑(xing)(xing)訊,讓其(qi)在(zai)監(jian)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)習(xi)(xi)藝和(he)(he)(he)折(zhe)贖做工,力(li)(li)圖將(jiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)獄(yu)(yu)(yu)囚(qiu)的(de)身體肉刑(xing)(xing)逐步(bu)(bu)轉換為與東西方先進國(guo)類似(si)的(de)束縛(fu)人(ren)身自由的(de)自由刑(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)給其(qi)感化(hua)教育和(he)(he)(he)習(xi)(xi)藝的(de)教育刑(xing)(xing)。

可見,從監(jian)獄(yu)的選址(zhi)、規(gui)劃、籌款到監(jian)獄(yu)的興建(jian),戴鴻慈都注入不少心血,而《清史稿》中(zhong)說(shuo):“終日言(yan)變法(fa),逮至國本已傷,而收(shou)效卒鮮,豈法(fa)制(zhi)之(zhi)咎歟?然其(qi)中(zhong)有變之(zhi)稍善而未(wei)竟其(qi)功(gong)者,曰監(jian)獄(yu)”。獄(yu)政的改革成為當時改革中(zhong)最(zui)有成效的方面,應該說(shuo)這與戴鴻慈領導的法(fa)部分不開。

其他信息

家族成員

鴻慈兄(xiong)(xiong)弟姐妹(mei)五人(ren),長兄(xiong)(xiong)鴻憲,諱裕(yu)榮,號光彝,字仁黼(fu),光緒丙子科(1876年)舉人(ren),揀選知縣,敕授文(wen)林郎加五品銜,誥(gao)授奉正(zheng)大(da)夫(fu)。

弟(di)弟(di)鴻(hong)惠(hui),諱裕鎏,字光濬,別字藹天(tian),光緒(xu)已亥科(ke)(1875年)舉人,揀選(xuan)知縣,欽加五品銜,敕授文林郎(lang),誥授奉正(zheng)大夫。

史籍記載

戴鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci),字少懷,廣(guang)東南海(hai)人(ren)。光緒二(er)(er)年進士,改(gai)庶吉士,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)編修(xiu)督(du)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)山東。父憂(you)歸,服(fu)除,督(du)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)云(yun)南。后復充云(yun)南鄉試正考(kao)官(guan)。二(er)(er)十(shi)年,大考(kao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)等,擢庶子(zi)。日韓啟釁,我軍屢挫。鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)連(lian)疏劾李鴻(hong)(hong)章調遣乖(guai)方(fang),遷延貽誤,始終(zhong)倚(yi)任丁汝(ru)昌,請予嚴懲(cheng);并責令(ling)速解汝(ru)昌到部(bu)治(zhi)罪,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)肅(su)軍紀:均不報(bao)。和議成,鴻(hong)(hong)慈(ci)奏(zou)善后十(shi)二(er)(er)策(ce):一(yi)(yi)(yi),審敵情以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)固邦交(jiao);二(er)(er),增(zeng)陪(pei)都以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)資(zi)拱衛;三,設軍屯以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)實(shi)邊儲;四,筑鐵道以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)省漕運;五,開煤(mei)鐵以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)收利權;六,稅煙酒以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)佐度(du)支;七(qi),行(xing)抽練以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)簡軍實(shi);八(ba),廣(guang)鑄造(zao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)精(jing)器(qi)械;九,簡使(shi)才(cai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)備(bei)折沖;十(shi),重牧令(ling)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)資(zi)治(zhi)理;十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi),召對群僚以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)勵(li)交(jiao)修(xiu);十(shi)二(er)(er),變通考(kao)試以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)求(qiu)實(shi)用。遷侍講學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士。督(du)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)福建,再遷內(nei)閣學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)士。學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)政報(bao)滿,假(jia)歸省墓。擢刑部(bu)侍郎。

赴西(xi)安行(xing)在,上陳治本(ben)疏;又請(qing)(qing)(qing)建(jian)兩都,分六(liu)鎮,以總督(du)兼經(jing)略大臣,得辟幕僚,巡(xun)撫以下(xia)咸受節制。是(shi)年冬,隨扈(hu)還(huan)京(jing),轉(zhuan)戶(hu)部侍郎。時(shi)各省(sheng)教案滋多,鴻慈請(qing)(qing)(qing)設(she)宣諭化導使(shi),以學政兼充。編輯(ji)外交成案,頒(ban)發宣講。又請(qing)(qing)(qing)就翰林(lin)院創(chuang)立報局,各省(sheng)遵(zun)設(she)官報,議格不行(xing)。時(shi)設(she)會議政務處,有奉旨交議事件,三品京(jing)堂(tang)以上與(yu)議。鴻慈請(qing)(qing)(qing)推(tui)行(xing)閣部、九卿、翰林(lin)、科道皆得各抒所(suo)見(jian),屬官則呈(cheng)堂(tang)代遞,可以收群策、勵人才。下(xia)政務處采擇。

三十(shi)一(yi)(yi)年,命五(wu)大(da)(da)臣出(chu)使各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)考求政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi),鴻慈(ci)與(yu)焉。將發(fa),黨(dang)人(ren)(ren)挾炸藥(yao)登車狙擊,從者或(huo)被(bei)創,人(ren)(ren)情(qing)惶懼。鴻慈(ci)從容(rong)詣(yi)宮(gong)門(men)取(qu)進(jin)止,兩(liang)(liang)(liang)宮(gong)慰諭(yu),至泣下,遂行。歷十(shi)五(wu)邦,凡八閱月(yue),歸國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。與(yu)載澤、端(duan)方、尚其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)亨(heng)、李(li)盛鐸等裒輯(ji)《列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)要》百三十(shi)三卷、《歐美(mei)(mei)(mei)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)要義(yi)》十(shi)八章(zhang),會同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)呈。并奏言(yan):“各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)治(zhi)理大(da)(da)略(lve),以(yi)為(wei)觀(guan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)體:美(mei)(mei)(mei)為(wei)合(he)眾,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)專(zhuan)重民(min)(min)(min)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan);德(de)(de)本聯(lian)邦,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)實(shi)為(wei)君(jun)(jun)主;奧、匈同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟,仍各(ge)(ge)用(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)度;法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、義(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)族(zu)(zu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)偏於(wu)(wu)集(ji)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan);唯英人(ren)(ren)循秩序(xu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao)激進(jin),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)出(chu)於(wu)(wu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)達(da),行之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百年而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)弊。反(fan)(fan)乎此者,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聯(lian)合(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如瑞典、挪威則分(fen)離(li)矣(yi);有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完全之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如土(tu)耳其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、埃及則衰弱(ruo)矣(yi);有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)憲(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)(ping)允之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如俄羅斯(si)(si)則擾(rao)亂無(wu)(wu)已(yi)時矣(yi)。種(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)既殊(shu),結果(guo)亦異。故(gu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)雖(sui)(sui)革改而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)適以(yi)召亂者,此政(zheng)(zheng)體之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。覘(zhan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li),陸軍(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)莫(mo)如德(de)(de),海軍(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)莫(mo)如英,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)莫(mo)如美(mei)(mei)(mei),此國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。窺其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)略(lve),則俄、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟,英、日(ri)(ri)(ri)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟,德(de)(de)、奧、義(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)盟,既互相(xiang)(xiang)倚助以(yi)求國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)勢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穩固;德(de)(de)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)摩(mo)洛哥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會議,英、俄東亞(ya)(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)協商(shang)(shang),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)對於(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者,德(de)(de)、美(mei)(mei)(mei)海軍(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)擴張,美(mei)(mei)(mei)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)屯軍(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)增額,又(you)各(ge)(ge)審利害以(yi)為(wei)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)競(jing)(jing)爭。蓋列強(qiang)對峙(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),無(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)孤立可以(yi)圖存(cun)者,勢使然(ran)(ran)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。況人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)繁(fan),智識日(ri)(ri)(ri)開,內力(li)亦愈以(yi)澎漲。故(gu)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)策,或(huo)因(yin)殖(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)造西伯利亞(ya)(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐵路,或(huo)因(yin)商(shang)(shang)務而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)開巴拿馬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運河,或(huo)因(yin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)富(fu)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)投(tou)資本於(wu)(wu)世(shi)界,均有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)深(shen)意(yi)存(cun)焉。此政(zheng)(zheng)略(lve)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。驗其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)民(min)(min)(min)氣(qi),俄民(min)(min)(min)志偉大(da)(da)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)少秩序(xu),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)教(jiao);法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)民(min)(min)(min)好(hao)美(mei)(mei)(mei)術而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)流晏逸,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過奢;德(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)性倔強(qiang)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)尚武勇,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)驕;美(mei)(mei)(mei)民(min)(min)(min)喜自(zi)由(you)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)多放(fang)任,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)復雜(za)(za)(za);義(yi)民(min)(min)(min)尚功利而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)近貪詐,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)困貧;惟英人(ren)(ren)富(fu)於(wu)(wu)自(zi)治(zhi)自(zi)營之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精(jing)神,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨立不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)羈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)象,人(ren)(ren)格之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高,風俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚,為(wei)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及。此民(min)(min)(min)氣(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。臣等觀(guan)於(wu)(wu)各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)勢既如此,又(you)參綜比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao),窮其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得失(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)源(yuan),實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)外君(jun)(jun)臣一(yi)(yi)心,上下相(xiang)(xiang)維,然(ran)(ran)后可收(shou)舉國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)益(yi)(yi)。否則,名實(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)懸,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可以(yi)斷(duan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)無(wu)(wu)效者,約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)三端(duan):一(yi)(yi)曰,無(wu)(wu)開誠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心者國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)危(wei)。西班牙(ya)苛(ke)待殖(zhi)(zhi)民(min)(min)(min),致(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)斐(fei)律(lv)賓、古巴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗。英鑒於(wu)(wu)美(mei)(mei)(mei)民(min)(min)(min)反(fan)(fan)抗,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)於(wu)(wu)澳(ao)洲(zhou)、坎拿大(da)(da)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)域(yu)予人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)以(yi)自(zi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),致(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)今日(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)盛,開誠故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。俄滅波(bo)蘭而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)嚴法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)禁其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)語(yu)(yu)言(yan),今揭竿而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)起(qi)要求權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利者,即波(bo)蘭人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。又(you)於(wu)(wu)興(xing)學(xue)練兵(bing),皆以(yi)專(zhuan)制(zhi)為(wei)目(mu)的,今滿洲(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰先潰。莫(mo)斯(si)(si)科、圣彼得堡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)暴(bao)動,即出(chu)於(wu)(wu)軍(jun)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)學(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。防之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)愈密,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)禍即伏於(wu)(wu)所(suo)防之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),患更發(fa)於(wu)(wu)所(suo)防之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)開誠故(gu)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。二曰,無(wu)(wu)慮遠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)識者國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)弱(ruo)。俄以(yi)交(jiao)通之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)便,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)集(ji)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),故(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)地(di)(di)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)自(zi)治(zhi),日(ri)(ri)(ri)以(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)整。美(mei)(mei)(mei)以(yi)疆域(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)方分(fen)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),故(gu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)與(yu)地(di)(di)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)關,同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時進(jin)步。治(zhi)大(da)(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)治(zhi)小國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)侔也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。德(de)(de)以(yi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)爾(er)曼法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)系(xi)趨於(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)方分(fen)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),雖(sui)(sui)為(wei)君(jun)(jun)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)參與(yu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)資格。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)以(yi)羅馬法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)系(xi)趨於(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)集(ji)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),雖(sui)(sui)為(wei)民(min)(min)(min)主之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)政(zheng)(zheng)務操之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)吏(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)手,人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)反(fan)(fan)無(wu)(wu)自(zi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能力(li)。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao),法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)弱(ruo)於(wu)(wu)德(de)(de),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)由(you)來矣(yi)。三曰,無(wu)(wu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)者國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)必(bi)擾(rao)。美(mei)(mei)(mei)以(yi)共和政(zheng)(zheng)體,重視人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利,雖(sui)(sui)人(ren)(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)復雜(za)(za)(za),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)化力(li)甚強(qiang),故(gu)能上下相(xiang)(xiang)安(an)於(wu)(wu)無(wu)(wu)事(shi)。土(tu)耳其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)十(shi)數(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu),語(yu)(yu)言(yan)宗教(jiao)各(ge)(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong),又(you)無(wu)(wu)統一(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)關,致(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)今日(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)衰弱(ruo)。俄則種(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)尤雜(za)(za)(za),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下百數(shu),語(yu)(yu)言(yan)亦分(fen)四十(shi)馀種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)政(zheng)(zheng)府又(you)多歧視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)見,致(zhi)(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)今日(ri)(ri)(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)紛亂。奧、匈兩(liang)(liang)(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)雖(sui)(sui)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)戴一(yi)(yi)君(jun)(jun)主,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)容(rong)貌、習尚、語(yu)(yu)言(yan)、性情(qing)迥殊(shu),故(gu)時起(qi)事(shi)端(duan),將來恐不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)分(fen)離(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)患。蓋法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi),畛域(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)化,顯然(ran)(ran)標其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)名為(wei)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)族(zu)(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)能享和平(ping)(ping)、臻(zhen)富(fu)強(qiang)者矣(yi)。此考察各(ge)(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所(suo)得之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)在情(qing)形(xing)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。竊惟學(xue)問以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)摩(mo)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)益(yi)(yi)善,國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)勢以(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)競(jing)(jing)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)益(yi)(yi)強(qiang)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)地(di)(di)處亞(ya)(ya)東,又(you)為(wei)數(shu)千年文(wen)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)古國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)免(mian)挾尊己卑人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見,未(wei)嘗取(qu)世(shi)界列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變遷而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。甲午(wu)以(yi)前,南北(bei)洋海陸軍(jun)制(zhi)造各(ge)(ge)廠同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)興(xing),聲(sheng)勢一(yi)(yi)振。例之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)(ge)省,差(cha)占優勝矣(yi)。然(ran)(ran)未(wei)嘗取(qu)列國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)狀而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。故(gu)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)對於(wu)(wu)內,則滿盈自(zi)阻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心日(ri)(ri)(ri)長;比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)對於(wu)(wu)外,則爭存(cun)進(jin)取(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志益(yi)(yi)堅。然(ran)(ran)則謀國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者亦善用(yong)(yong)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)已(yi)。”

又奏(zou):“臣等曠觀(guan)世界大勢,深察中(zhong)國(guo)近情(qing),非定(ding)國(guo)是,無以安(an)(an)大計。國(guo)是之(zhi)(zhi)要,約(yue)有(you)六事:一(yi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)舉國(guo)臣民立於同等法制(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)下,以破除一(yi)切畛域;二(er)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)國(guo)是采(cai)決於公(gong)論;三曰(yue)(yue)(yue)集中(zhong)外(wai)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)長,以謀(mou)國(guo)家與(yu)(yu)人民之(zhi)(zhi)安(an)(an)全(quan)發(fa)達;四曰(yue)(yue)(yue)明宮(gong)府之(zhi)(zhi)體制(zhi);五曰(yue)(yue)(yue)定(ding)中(zhong)央與(yu)(yu)地方(fang)之(zhi)(zhi)權限;六曰(yue)(yue)(yue)公(gong)布國(guo)用及諸政務。以上六事,擬請明降諭旨(zhi),宣示天(tian)下以定(ding)國(guo)是,約(yue)於十五年(nian)或二(er)十年(nian)頒布憲法,召集國(guo)會,實行一(yi)切立憲制(zhi)度。”又奏(zou):“實行立憲,既請明定(ding)期限,則此十數年(nian)間,茍不先籌預(yu)備,轉瞬屆期,必(bi)至茫無所(suo)措。今欲廓清(qing)積弊,明定(ding)責成,必(bi)先從官制(zhi)入手。擬請參酌中(zhong)外(wai),統(tong)籌大局,改定(ding)全(quan)國(guo)官制(zhi),為立憲之(zhi)(zhi)預(yu)備。”均奉俞旨(zhi)采(cai)納(na),遂定(ding)立憲之(zhi)(zhi)議(yi)。

先是鴻慈(ci)奉使在途,已擢禮部(bu)(bu)尚書(shu);及還(huan),充(chong)釐定官制大臣,轉法部(bu)(bu)尚書(shu)。充(chong)經筵講(jiang)官、參預(yu)政(zheng)務大臣。時法部(bu)(bu)初設(she),與(yu)大理院畫分權(quan)責,往(wang)復爭(zheng)議(yi),又(you)(you)改并部(bu)(bu)中職掌。於是京(jing)外(wai)各級(ji)審判廳次(ci)第設(she)矣。又(you)(you)采英、美制創(chuang)立京(jing)師(shi)模范(fan)監獄。三十(shi)四年(nian),疾(ji)作,乞(qi)解職,溫旨(zhi)慰留。兩宮升遐,力疾(ji)視事。

宣統元年,賞一等第(di)三寶星(xing),充報聘俄國(guo)專使(shi)大(da)臣。禮成返國(guo),奏言(yan):“道經東三省,目擊日(ri)、俄二(er)國(guo)之經營(ying)殖民地不遺(yi)馀力(li)。非(fei)急籌抵制,無(wu)以(yi)(yi)固邊圉;非(fei)振興實(shi)業擴其自然之利,無(wu)以(yi)(yi)圖富(fu)強。請速辦(ban)墾殖、森林二(er)端。俟(si)財力(li)稍(shao)裕(yu),再籌興學、路礦、兵屯各事,以(yi)(yi)資捍衛(wei)。”臚陳(chen)辦(ban)法。得旨(zhi),下所司議行。是年八月(yue),命入軍機,晉協(xie)辦(ban)大(da)學士。二(er)年,卒,加太子少保(bao),謚文誠。

論曰(yue):樞臣入對,序次有(you)定,后列者非特詢不(bu)得越(yue)言。晚近領以尊(zun)親(qin),勢尤禁隔(ge),旅進旅退而已。景廉多(duo)戰(zhan)績,額勒和布有(you)清操,庚身、應(ying)溥通達諸諳練,壽恒有(you)責難之(zhi)言,鴻慈負(fu)知新之(zhi)譽,榮慶謹慎持躬,那桐和敏解事,皆庶幾大(da)臣之(zhi)選者歟?

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