芒果视频下载

簡介

龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉器（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經多(duo)年大量發(fa)掘與(yu)研究表(biao)明，龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)系統與(yu)來源并不單一，可(ke)區分為山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)，河南龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、河北(bei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)。這4個文(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)的(de)玉器以山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)玉器較多(duo)，河南龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)和河北(bei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉器發(fa)現(xian)較少。山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)的(de)璣和玉質生產工(gong)具頗具特色(se)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉錛上(shang)的(de)饕餮紋，應是商(shang)代銅器饕餮紋的(de)祖型。

山東龍山文化玉器

出土

最早發(fa)(fa)現(xian)于山東省日(ri)照(zhao)市兩城(cheng)鎮遺址(zhi)，1936年曾出(chu)土了(le)一件扁平(ping)有(you)孔玉斧。此后(hou)，除發(fa)(fa)現(xian)少(shao)量生產(chan)工具(ju)和裝飾品外，還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)饕餮紋玉錛和大(da)型玉鏟等(deng)禮器(qi)(qi)，極為(wei)珍貴。出(chu)土玉器(qi)(qi)較多的遺址(zhi)有(you)日(ri)照(zhao)市兩城(cheng)鎮、山東省膠州(zhou)市三里河等(deng)處，山東省泗(si)水縣(xian)尹(yin)家城(cheng)、五蓮縣(xian)丹土村、滕(teng)州(zhou)市莊里西等(deng)遺址(zhi)也有(you)少(shao)量玉器(qi)(qi)出(chu)土。

種類

玉錛，扁平(ping)長方形(xing)(xing)，平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)凸(tu)(tu)刃，頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)兩(liang)面刻饕餮紋(wen)，線(xian)條流(liu)暢，一面目圓而大，線(xian)條簡(jian)練，一面目圓而小，線(xian)條繁縟(ru)，長18厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，上(shang)(shang)寬(kuan)4.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)0.55厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，下(xia)寬(kuan)4.9厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)0.6厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉鏟(chan)，扁平(ping)梯形(xing)(xing)，平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)弧形(xing)(xing)刃，四邊(bian)有(you)刃，現存(cun)四孔(kong)，器長48.7厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)12厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)(hou)0.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，是件罕見的(de)大器。以上(shang)(shang)兩(liang)器見于兩(liang)城鎮(zhen)。玉鉞，寬(kuan)梯形(xing)(xing),平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)斜刃,頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)有(you)二管(guan)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)，中(zhong)部以上(shang)(shang)兩(liang)側各有(you)鋸齒狀(zhuang)凸(tu)(tu)起(qi),長16.3厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)13厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，五蓮丹土(tu)村(cun)發現。璣(ji)(ji)，也(ye)寫作(zuo)璇璣(ji)(ji)，清人疑(yi)為(wei)渾天儀中(zhong)的(de)機輪，近人有(you)的(de)稱為(wei)三牙璧。其中(zhong)一件器形(xing)(xing)很別致，周圍(wei)有(you)突起(qi)的(de)三牙，牙與牙間(jian)還有(you)一段鋸齒狀(zhuang)，三牙的(de)距離與鋸齒間(jian)的(de)距離均略相(xiang)等(deng)，徑約8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，出于滕州市莊里(li)西。遼寧省營城子(zi)四平(ping)山也(ye)發現此形(xing)(xing)器，可(ke)資比較。玉環，一件扁環大孔(kong)，環外緣在等(deng)距離三處有(you)花蒂形(xing)(xing)凸(tu)(tu)起(qi)，外徑8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；一件正圓形(xing)(xing)扁環，中(zhong)有(you)大孔(kong)，環外一處有(you)近似雙結凸(tu)(tu)出，徑8.1厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)件均見于丹土(tu)村(cun)。

河南龍山文化玉器

出土

最早見于(yu)鄭州(zhou)大河村(cun)遺(yi)址，1972～1975年在(zai)第(di)五期(qi)文化的(de)文化層中(zhong)發(fa)現了玉(yu)質(zhi)生產工具(ju)和裝(zhuang)飾品。此外，河南安陽后崗遺(yi)址，也有(you)少量(liang)玉(yu)器發(fa)現。

種類

出土玉(yu)(yu)器的(de)種類有玉(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)環(huan)、玉(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等。玉(yu)(yu)璧，灰白色，外(wai)徑5.2厘米，出于(yu)(yu)后崗(gang)；玉(yu)(yu)璜，扁而(er)寬，半弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)，橫剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，兩(liang)端各有圓孔，為蛇紋石大理巖,出于(yu)(yu)大河村(cun)五(wu)期；玉(yu)(yu)環(huan)分(fen)3種,為橫剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)三(san)角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)、橫剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)和橫剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)(xing)，均見(jian)于(yu)(yu)大河村(cun)五(wu)期。后崗(gang)也(ye)有橫剖(pou)面(mian)(mian)橢圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)、外(wai)徑3.9厘米的(de)玉(yu)(yu)環(huan)；玉(yu)(yu)飾(shi)，長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)(xing)，上端有孔，長(chang)1.9厘米，見(jian)于(yu)(yu)大河村(cun)五(wu)期。

陜西龍山文化玉器

出土

陜(shan)西龍山文(wen)化或稱客(ke)省莊二期(qi)文(wen)化，發(fa)現的(de)玉器不甚豐(feng)富。最早(zao)于1955年發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)陜(shan)西省長安縣津(jin)西客(ke)省莊遺(yi)址發(fa)現了(le)少量的(de)玉質裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)品(pin)，以后，神木縣石峁等陜(shan)北的(de)龍山遺(yi)址中也出土了(le)生產工具及(ji)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)品(pin)等玉器。

種類

出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、璣(ji)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕人(ren)首(shou)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)扁而寬，上(shang)(shang)有(you)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，見于(yu)客省莊；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)扁平(ping)環形，兩端有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，出自(zi)石仰。璣(ji)2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，乳白色(se)(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，周緣有(you)等距離三牙，牙間(jian)有(you)圓(yuan)瓣形凸起，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)梯(ti)(ti)形，斜(xie)(xie)圓(yuan)頂(ding)，凹刃，上(shang)(shang)端有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，兩側有(you)齒，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)35厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)梯(ti)(ti)形束腰，斜(xie)(xie)平(ping)頂(ding)，下有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，斜(xie)(xie)刃，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，刃寬7.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刀,一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)直(zhi)背凸刃長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)方(fang)形，豆綠色(se)(se),長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)16厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)凹刃條形，墨(mo)(mo)(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器上(shang)(shang)有(you)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)49厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器上(shang)(shang)有(you)五孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀，梯(ti)(ti)形，圓(yuan)頂(ding)斜(xie)(xie)刃，雙孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)(mo)(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮，直(zhi)背斜(xie)(xie)刃，背上(shang)(shang)有(you)三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)(mo)(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)26厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞，近方(fang)形,綠色(se)(se)白斑(ban),平(ping)頂(ding)斜(xie)(xie)弧(hu)刃，頂(ding)下一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕人(ren)首(shou)，玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，兩面平(ping)雕，束髻，圓(yuan)面，鉤(gou)鼻,張口，大目，短頸(jing)，一(yi)(yi)側有(you)耳，面頰有(you)圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，高4.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)(shang)諸器均見于(yu)石仰。

河北龍山文化玉器

出土

河北龍山文化或稱(cheng)井陘先商文化，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)玉(yu)器(qi)不甚(shen)豐富。最早于1952年發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)河北省井陘縣天長鎮(zhen)遺(yi)址發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)少量的(de)玉(yu)質裝飾(shi)品，以(yi)后(hou)，張家口的(de)龍山遺(yi)址中也出土了(le)生產(chan)工具及裝飾(shi)品等玉(yu)器(qi)。

種類

出(chu)土(tu)玉(yu)器的種(zhong)類有(you)(you)玉(yu)璧(bi)、玉(yu)佩(pei)、玉(yu)人(ren)、玉(yu)飾等。玉(yu)璧(bi)，灰(hui)青色，外徑(jing)4.9厘(li)米，出(chu)于后張村；玉(yu)佩(pei)，以(yi)動物、禽鳥崇拜為主類型，不規(gui)則(ze)形，橫(heng)剖面(mian)有(you)(you)返灰(hui)，無(wu)佩(pei)戴口，為蛇紋石(shi)質和石(shi)灰(hui)巖質，均出(chu)于天長(chang)(chang)鎮；玉(yu)人(ren)，材(cai)質石(shi)灰(hui)巖質，損毀較嚴重。賈(jia)莊(zhuang)有(you)(you)橫(heng)剖面(mian)圓(yuan)形、外徑(jing)2.2厘(li)米的玉(yu)環；玉(yu)飾，長(chang)(chang)方形，上端有(you)(you)孔，長(chang)(chang)4.2厘(li)米，見(jian)于后張村。

歷史價值

龍山玉器與龍山文化

龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)最早(zao)發現(xian)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)城子崖，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)名(ming)是以古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)來(lai)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)型；紋飾(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或者類似(si)(si)器(qi)(qi)型古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)遺(yi)址所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)均(jun)稱之為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。而(er)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)中(zhong)發現(xian)了很多高(gao)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)，這些古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)：根(gen)據(ju)(ju)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)學(xue)家分(fen)析論(lun)證(zheng)屬(shu)于龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)時期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)。因此(ci)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)命(ming)名(ming)由此(ci)而(er)來(lai)。根(gen)據(ju)(ju)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發現(xian)：龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)布(bu)范圍非(fei)常廣泛(fan)：山(shan)(shan)東；江蘇(su)；安徽；山(shan)(shan)西；河北；河南等地(di)都(dou)有(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址發現(xian)。從目前考(kao)古(gu)(gu)所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)可以看出(chu)：龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣(yang)：具(ju)有(you)共(gong)性(xing)和差異。所具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)性(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣(yang)：具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或者類似(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)型。差異：具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個(ge)(ge)性(xing)。就(jiu)目前全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物同(tong)(tong)(tong)類型相(xiang)比(bi)較；通過(guo)碳十四年(nian)(nian)輪(lun)校正，根(gen)據(ju)(ju)現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)分(fen)布(bu)發展(zhan)：各個(ge)(ge)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)進程(cheng)并不相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，因此(ci)出(chu)現(xian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時期(qi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展(zhan)快(kuai)慢之現(xian)象。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)限具(ju)體(ti)定(ding)在(zai)距今：3300-4500年(nian)(nian)。就(jiu)時間(jian)上(shang)來(lai)看早(zao)期(qi)與(yu)(yu)大汶口文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)重疊，中(zhong)期(qi)與(yu)(yu)夏相(xiang)重疊；晚期(qi)與(yu)(yu)商周(zhou)時期(qi)相(xiang)重疊。上(shang)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian)通過(guo)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)學(xue)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類比(bi)學(xue)得到了證(zheng)實：通過(guo)高(gao)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋飾(shi)(shi)與(yu)(yu)商周(zhou)青銅器(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋飾(shi)(shi)比(bi)較，有(you)著相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或者相(xiang)似(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋飾(shi)(shi)。