龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經多(duo)年大(da)量發(fa)掘(jue)與研究(jiu)表明，龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化的系統(tong)與來源并不單一，可(ke)區(qu)分(fen)為(wei)山(shan)(shan)東龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化，河南龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化、陜(shan)西龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化、河北龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化。這4個文(wen)化中(zhong)的玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)以山(shan)(shan)東龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化發(fa)現(xian)的玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)較多(duo)，河南龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化和河北龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)發(fa)現(xian)較少。山(shan)(shan)東龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化、陜(shan)西龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化中(zhong)的璣和玉(yu)(yu)質生(sheng)產工(gong)具頗具特色。山(shan)(shan)東龍(long)山(shan)(shan)文(wen)化玉(yu)(yu)錛上的饕(tao)餮紋(wen)，應是商(shang)代(dai)銅器(qi)饕(tao)餮紋(wen)的祖型。
最早(zao)發現(xian)(xian)于山(shan)東省(sheng)日(ri)照市(shi)(shi)兩城鎮(zhen)遺址(zhi)，1936年曾出(chu)(chu)土(tu)了一件扁平(ping)有孔(kong)玉(yu)斧。此(ci)后，除發現(xian)(xian)少量生(sheng)產工(gong)具和裝飾(shi)品外，還發現(xian)(xian)了饕餮(tie)紋玉(yu)錛(ben)和大型玉(yu)鏟(chan)等禮器，極為(wei)珍(zhen)貴。出(chu)(chu)土(tu)玉(yu)器較多的遺址(zhi)有日(ri)照市(shi)(shi)兩城鎮(zhen)、山(shan)東省(sheng)膠州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)三里(li)河(he)等處，山(shan)東省(sheng)泗水縣尹家城、五(wu)蓮縣丹土(tu)村、滕(teng)州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)莊(zhuang)里(li)西等遺址(zhi)也有少量玉(yu)器出(chu)(chu)土(tu)。
玉(yu)錛，扁(bian)(bian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)(xing)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂(ding)凸(tu)(tu)刃(ren)，頂(ding)下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)面刻饕餮紋，線條(tiao)流暢(chang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)面目圓(yuan)而(er)大(da)，線條(tiao)簡(jian)練，一(yi)(yi)(yi)面目圓(yuan)而(er)小，線條(tiao)繁縟，長(chang)18厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，上寬(kuan)4.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.55厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，下(xia)寬(kuan)4.9厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.6厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)鏟，扁(bian)(bian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)梯形(xing)(xing)(xing)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂(ding)弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)刃(ren)，四(si)邊有(you)刃(ren)，現(xian)存四(si)孔，器(qi)(qi)長(chang)48.7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，頂(ding)寬(kuan)12厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，是件(jian)(jian)(jian)罕見的(de)(de)大(da)器(qi)(qi)。以上兩(liang)(liang)器(qi)(qi)見于兩(liang)(liang)城(cheng)鎮。玉(yu)鉞，寬(kuan)梯形(xing)(xing)(xing),平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂(ding)斜(xie)刃(ren),頂(ding)下(xia)有(you)二(er)管鉆孔，中部以上兩(liang)(liang)側各有(you)鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀凸(tu)(tu)起,長(chang)16.3厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)13厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，五蓮丹土村(cun)發現(xian)。璣(ji)，也寫作璇璣(ji)，清人疑為(wei)渾天儀中的(de)(de)機輪，近(jin)人有(you)的(de)(de)稱為(wei)三(san)牙璧。其中一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)很(hen)別(bie)致，周(zhou)圍有(you)突(tu)起的(de)(de)三(san)牙，牙與牙間(jian)還(huan)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀，三(san)牙的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)與鋸(ju)齒(chi)間(jian)的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)均略相等(deng)，徑(jing)約8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)，出(chu)于滕州市莊里(li)西。遼寧省營城(cheng)子四(si)平(ping)(ping)(ping)山也發現(xian)此形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)(qi)，可資(zi)比較。玉(yu)環(huan)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)(bian)環(huan)大(da)孔，環(huan)外緣在(zai)等(deng)距(ju)離(li)三(san)處有(you)花蒂形(xing)(xing)(xing)凸(tu)(tu)起，外徑(jing)8厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)正圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)扁(bian)(bian)環(huan)，中有(you)大(da)孔，環(huan)外一(yi)(yi)(yi)處有(you)近(jin)似雙結凸(tu)(tu)出(chu)，徑(jing)8.1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)(jian)均見于丹土村(cun)。
最早(zao)見于鄭州大河村遺址，1972～1975年(nian)在(zai)第五期文化(hua)的文化(hua)層中發現了玉質生(sheng)產工(gong)具和裝飾品。此外，河南(nan)安陽后崗遺址，也有少量(liang)玉器(qi)發現。
出(chu)土(tu)玉(yu)器的(de)種類有(you)(you)玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)璜、玉(yu)環、玉(yu)飾等。玉(yu)璧，灰(hui)白色，外徑5.2厘米(mi)，出(chu)于后崗；玉(yu)璜，扁而(er)寬，半(ban)弧形(xing)(xing)，橫(heng)(heng)剖(pou)面(mian)三角形(xing)(xing)，兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)各(ge)有(you)(you)圓(yuan)孔，為蛇紋石大理(li)巖,出(chu)于大河村(cun)五(wu)期；玉(yu)環分3種,為橫(heng)(heng)剖(pou)面(mian)三角形(xing)(xing)、橫(heng)(heng)剖(pou)面(mian)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)和(he)橫(heng)(heng)剖(pou)面(mian)長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)，均見于大河村(cun)五(wu)期。后崗也(ye)有(you)(you)橫(heng)(heng)剖(pou)面(mian)橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、外徑3.9厘米(mi)的(de)玉(yu)環；玉(yu)飾，長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)，上端(duan)(duan)有(you)(you)孔，長(chang)1.9厘米(mi)，見于大河村(cun)五(wu)期。
陜西龍山文化或稱客(ke)省莊(zhuang)二期文化，發現(xian)的玉器不甚豐富。最早于(yu)1955年發掘的陜西省長安縣(xian)津西客(ke)省莊(zhuang)遺(yi)(yi)址發現(xian)了少(shao)量的玉質裝飾品(pin)，以后(hou)，神木(mu)縣(xian)石峁等(deng)陜北的龍山遺(yi)(yi)址中也出土了生產工(gong)具及裝飾品(pin)等(deng)玉器。
出(chu)土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、璣、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璋、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮(lian)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞(yue)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人(ren)首等(deng)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)而寬，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)，見(jian)于(yu)客省(sheng)莊；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)平(ping)環形(xing)，兩(liang)端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，出(chu)自石仰。璣2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，乳(ru)白(bai)(bai)色(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，周緣有(you)(you)(you)等(deng)距(ju)離三牙(ya)，牙(ya)間有(you)(you)(you)圓瓣形(xing)凸起(qi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)徑(jing)6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)徑(jing)10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璋2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為長(chang)(chang)梯形(xing)，斜(xie)圓頂(ding)(ding)，凹刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，兩(liang)側有(you)(you)(you)齒，長(chang)(chang)35厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為梯形(xing)束(shu)(shu)腰，斜(xie)平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)，下有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，斜(xie)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，長(chang)(chang)30厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，刃(ren)(ren)(ren)寬7.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)刀,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為直背(bei)(bei)凸刃(ren)(ren)(ren)長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)，豆(dou)綠色(se),長(chang)(chang)16厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)為凹刃(ren)(ren)(ren)條形(xing)，墨玉(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)四孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)49厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)器上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)五孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀，梯形(xing)，圓頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，雙孔(kong)，墨玉(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)15厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮(lian)，直背(bei)(bei)斜(xie)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，背(bei)(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)三孔(kong)，墨玉(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)26厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞(yue)，近方形(xing),綠色(se)白(bai)(bai)斑,平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)弧刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，頂(ding)(ding)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬10厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人(ren)首，玉(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，兩(liang)面(mian)平(ping)雕(diao)，束(shu)(shu)髻，圓面(mian)，鉤(gou)鼻,張口，大(da)目，短頸，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)側有(you)(you)(you)耳(er)，面(mian)頰有(you)(you)(you)圓孔(kong)，高4.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)諸器均見(jian)于(yu)石仰。
河(he)北龍山文(wen)化或稱井陘(xing)先(xian)商文(wen)化，發(fa)現(xian)的玉器不甚豐富。最(zui)早于1952年發(fa)掘(jue)的河(he)北省井陘(xing)縣天長(chang)鎮遺址發(fa)現(xian)了(le)少量的玉質(zhi)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)品，以后，張家口的龍山遺址中也出土了(le)生產工具及裝(zhuang)飾(shi)品等玉器。
出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類有(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)人、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧，灰(hui)(hui)青色，外徑4.9厘米(mi)，出于后(hou)張村；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)佩，以動(dong)物、禽鳥崇拜為主類型，不(bu)規則(ze)形(xing)，橫(heng)剖面有(you)(you)返灰(hui)(hui)，無佩戴口，為蛇紋(wen)石(shi)質和石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)巖質，均出于天長鎮；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)人，材質石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)巖質，損毀較嚴重。賈莊有(you)(you)橫(heng)剖面圓形(xing)、外徑2.2厘米(mi)的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)，長方(fang)形(xing)，上端有(you)(you)孔(kong)，長4.2厘米(mi)，見于后(hou)張村。
龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)最(zui)早發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城子崖，龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命名是以古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)命名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)同(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型；紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)相同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類似(si)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)所(suo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均稱之為(wei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)。而(er)(er)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)在(zai)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了很多高(gao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，這些古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)：根據(ju)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)家分(fen)析論(lun)證(zheng)屬于龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。因(yin)此龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)命名由(you)此而(er)(er)來(lai)。根據(ju)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)：龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)分(fen)布(bu)范圍非常廣泛：山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)；江蘇；安徽；山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西；河北；河南等地都有(you)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)。從目前考古(gu)(gu)(gu)所(suo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)可(ke)以看出：龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣：具(ju)有(you)共(gong)(gong)性和差(cha)異(yi)。所(suo)具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)(gong)性同(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣：具(ju)有(you)相同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型。差(cha)異(yi)：具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)地域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個性。就(jiu)目前全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物同(tong)(tong)類型相比(bi)較(jiao)；通(tong)(tong)過碳(tan)十(shi)四年輪校正，根據(ju)現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)分(fen)布(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展：各個地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展進程并不相同(tong)(tong)，因(yin)此出現(xian)同(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展快慢之現(xian)象。龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年限具(ju)體定在(zai)距(ju)今：3300-4500年。就(jiu)時間上來(lai)看早期(qi)(qi)與(yu)大汶口文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)相重疊(die)(die)，中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)與(yu)夏相重疊(die)(die)；晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)與(yu)商(shang)周時期(qi)(qi)相重疊(die)(die)。上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點通(tong)(tong)過考古(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類比(bi)學(xue)得到了證(zheng)實：通(tong)(tong)過高(gao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)與(yu)商(shang)周青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)，有(you)著相同(tong)(tong)或(huo)者相似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)。
歲月靜好
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