龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉器(qi)(qi)(Jades of the Longshan Culture),經(jing)多年大量發(fa)掘與研究表(biao)明,龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的系統與來源(yuan)并不單一,可區分為山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua),河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、陜西(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、河(he)(he)(he)北龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)。這4個文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中的玉器(qi)(qi)以山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)發(fa)現的玉器(qi)(qi)較多,河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)和河(he)(he)(he)北龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉器(qi)(qi)發(fa)現較少。山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、陜西(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)中的璣和玉質生產工具頗具特色(se)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)玉錛(ben)上的饕餮(tie)紋,應是商代銅器(qi)(qi)饕餮(tie)紋的祖型。
最早發(fa)現于山(shan)東(dong)省日照市兩城鎮(zhen)遺(yi)址(zhi),1936年曾出(chu)土了一件扁平有(you)孔(kong)玉(yu)斧(fu)。此(ci)后,除發(fa)現少(shao)量生產工具(ju)和裝飾品(pin)外,還(huan)發(fa)現了饕餮紋玉(yu)錛和大型玉(yu)鏟等(deng)禮器,極為珍貴。出(chu)土玉(yu)器較多的遺(yi)址(zhi)有(you)日照市兩城鎮(zhen)、山(shan)東(dong)省膠州(zhou)市三(san)里(li)河等(deng)處,山(shan)東(dong)省泗水(shui)縣(xian)尹家城、五蓮縣(xian)丹土村(cun)、滕州(zhou)市莊(zhuang)里(li)西等(deng)遺(yi)址(zhi)也有(you)少(shao)量玉(yu)器出(chu)土。
玉錛,扁(bian)平(ping)長方形(xing),平(ping)頂凸(tu)(tu)刃,頂下兩(liang)(liang)面刻(ke)饕餮紋(wen),線(xian)(xian)條流(liu)暢,一(yi)面目(mu)圓(yuan)而(er)大(da)(da),線(xian)(xian)條簡練,一(yi)面目(mu)圓(yuan)而(er)小,線(xian)(xian)條繁(fan)縟,長18厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),上(shang)(shang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)4.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚(hou)0.55厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),下寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)4.9厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚(hou)0.6厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉鏟,扁(bian)平(ping)梯(ti)形(xing),平(ping)頂弧形(xing)刃,四(si)邊有刃,現(xian)存四(si)孔(kong),器(qi)長48.7厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)12厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),厚(hou)0.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),是件(jian)(jian)罕見的(de)大(da)(da)器(qi)。以上(shang)(shang)兩(liang)(liang)器(qi)見于(yu)(yu)兩(liang)(liang)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)。玉鉞,寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)梯(ti)形(xing),平(ping)頂斜刃,頂下有二管鉆孔(kong),中(zhong)(zhong)部以上(shang)(shang)兩(liang)(liang)側各有鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀凸(tu)(tu)起(qi),長16.3厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)13厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),五蓮丹(dan)土(tu)村發(fa)現(xian)。璣,也寫作璇璣,清(qing)人疑為渾天(tian)儀(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)機輪,近人有的(de)稱為三牙(ya)璧。其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)器(qi)形(xing)很(hen)別(bie)致,周(zhou)圍有突(tu)起(qi)的(de)三牙(ya),牙(ya)與牙(ya)間還(huan)有一(yi)段鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀,三牙(ya)的(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)與鋸(ju)齒(chi)間的(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)均(jun)略相等,徑約8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),出于(yu)(yu)滕(teng)州(zhou)市莊里西。遼(liao)寧省(sheng)營城(cheng)子四(si)平(ping)山也發(fa)現(xian)此形(xing)器(qi),可資(zi)比較(jiao)。玉環(huan),一(yi)件(jian)(jian)扁(bian)環(huan)大(da)(da)孔(kong),環(huan)外(wai)緣在等距(ju)(ju)離(li)三處有花(hua)蒂形(xing)凸(tu)(tu)起(qi),外(wai)徑8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);一(yi)件(jian)(jian)正圓(yuan)形(xing)扁(bian)環(huan),中(zhong)(zhong)有大(da)(da)孔(kong),環(huan)外(wai)一(yi)處有近似(si)雙結凸(tu)(tu)出,徑8.1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)(jian)均(jun)見于(yu)(yu)丹(dan)土(tu)村。
最早見于(yu)鄭(zheng)州大河(he)村(cun)遺址,1972~1975年在第五期(qi)文化的文化層中發(fa)現了玉(yu)質生(sheng)產工具和裝(zhuang)飾品。此外,河(he)南安(an)陽后崗遺址,也有(you)少量玉(yu)器發(fa)現。
出(chu)(chu)土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類有玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧,灰白色(se),外徑5.2厘米,出(chu)(chu)于(yu)后崗;玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜(huang),扁(bian)而寬(kuan),半弧(hu)形,橫剖面三角形,兩端(duan)各有圓孔(kong),為蛇紋石大理(li)巖,出(chu)(chu)于(yu)大河村(cun)五期(qi);玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環分3種,為橫剖面三角形、橫剖面橢圓形和橫剖面長(chang)方(fang)形,均見(jian)于(yu)大河村(cun)五期(qi)。后崗也有橫剖面橢圓形、外徑3.9厘米的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環;玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾,長(chang)方(fang)形,上端(duan)有孔(kong),長(chang)1.9厘米,見(jian)于(yu)大河村(cun)五期(qi)。
陜西(xi)(xi)龍山(shan)文(wen)化或稱客省莊(zhuang)二(er)期文(wen)化,發現的玉(yu)器(qi)不甚豐富。最早于1955年發掘的陜西(xi)(xi)省長安縣津西(xi)(xi)客省莊(zhuang)遺址發現了(le)少(shao)量(liang)的玉(yu)質裝飾品,以后,神木縣石(shi)峁(mao)等陜北的龍山(shan)遺址中也出土了(le)生產工具及裝飾品等玉(yu)器(qi)。
出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器的(de)種類有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、璣(ji)(ji)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀(dao)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人首(shou)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜,一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)而寬(kuan),上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong),見(jian)于客省莊;另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)扁(bian)平(ping)環形,兩端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong),長(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),出自石(shi)仰。璣(ji)(ji)2件(jian)(jian)(jian),乳白色(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓,周緣有(you)(you)(you)等距離三牙,牙間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)圓瓣(ban)形凸起,一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)6厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)10厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋2件(jian)(jian)(jian),一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)梯(ti)形,斜(xie)(xie)圓頂(ding),凹(ao)刃(ren),上(shang)端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong),兩側有(you)(you)(you)齒,長(chang)35厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)梯(ti)形束(shu)腰,斜(xie)(xie)平(ping)頂(ding),下有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)(kong),斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren),長(chang)30厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),刃(ren)寬(kuan)7.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刀(dao),一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)直背凸刃(ren)長(chang)方形,豆綠色(se),長(chang)16厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)7厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)凹(ao)刃(ren)條形,墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)器上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)四(si)孔(kong)(kong),長(chang)49厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi);一(yi)(yi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)器上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)五孔(kong)(kong),長(chang)55厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀(dao),梯(ti)形,圓頂(ding)斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren),雙孔(kong)(kong),墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),長(chang)15厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮,直背斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren),背上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)三孔(kong)(kong),墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu),長(chang)26厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞,近(jin)方形,綠色(se)白斑(ban),平(ping)頂(ding)斜(xie)(xie)弧(hu)刃(ren),頂(ding)下一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong),長(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)10厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人首(shou),玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓,兩面平(ping)雕(diao),束(shu)髻,圓面,鉤鼻,張口,大目,短頸,一(yi)(yi)側有(you)(you)(you)耳,面頰有(you)(you)(you)圓孔(kong)(kong),高4.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)諸器均見(jian)于石(shi)仰。
河(he)北龍山文(wen)化或稱井陘(xing)先商(shang)文(wen)化,發(fa)現(xian)的玉器不(bu)甚(shen)豐富。最早(zao)于1952年發(fa)掘的河(he)北省井陘(xing)縣(xian)天(tian)長(chang)鎮(zhen)遺(yi)址發(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)少量(liang)的玉質(zhi)裝飾(shi)品,以后,張家口的龍山遺(yi)址中也出(chu)土了(le)(le)生產工具及裝飾(shi)品等玉器。
出(chu)(chu)土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器的(de)種類有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)佩、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璧,灰青(qing)色,外徑(jing)4.9厘(li)米,出(chu)(chu)于后張(zhang)村;玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)佩,以動物、禽鳥崇拜為主類型,不(bu)規(gui)則(ze)形(xing)(xing),橫剖面(mian)有(you)返灰,無佩戴口(kou),為蛇紋石質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)石灰巖質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),均出(chu)(chu)于天長鎮;玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人,材質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)石灰巖質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),損毀(hui)較(jiao)嚴重。賈莊有(you)橫剖面(mian)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、外徑(jing)2.2厘(li)米的(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)環;玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi),長方形(xing)(xing),上端有(you)孔,長4.2厘(li)米,見于后張(zhang)村。
龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化最早(zao)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城子崖,龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命(ming)名(ming)是以(yi)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)來命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),在(zai)同(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing);紋(wen)飾具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或者類(lei)(lei)似器(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)遺址所(suo)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)均稱(cheng)之為龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化。而(er)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化在(zai)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了很多(duo)高(gao)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi),這些古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu):根據(ju)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)學家(jia)分析論證(zheng)屬于(yu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。因此龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)命(ming)名(ming)由(you)此而(er)來。根據(ju)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian):龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化分布范圍非常廣泛:山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong);江蘇(su);安徽(hui);山(shan)(shan)(shan)西;河北(bei);河南等地都有(you)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化遺址發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)。從目(mu)前考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)所(suo)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)可以(yi)看出:龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)與(yu)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣:具(ju)有(you)共性(xing)和(he)差異。所(suo)具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共性(xing)同(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一樣:具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或者類(lei)(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)。差異:具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)地域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個性(xing)。就目(mu)前全國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化遺址出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物同(tong)(tong)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)相(xiang)比較;通(tong)過碳十四年輪校正(zheng),根據(ju)現(xian)(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)分布發(fa)(fa)展(zhan):各個地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)進程并不相(xiang)同(tong)(tong),因此出現(xian)(xian)同(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)快(kuai)慢(man)之現(xian)(xian)象。龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年限(xian)具(ju)體(ti)定在(zai)距(ju)今(jin):3300-4500年。就時間上來看早(zao)期(qi)(qi)與(yu)大(da)汶口文(wen)(wen)化相(xiang)重疊(die),中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)與(yu)夏相(xiang)重疊(die);晚期(qi)(qi)與(yu)商(shang)周(zhou)時期(qi)(qi)相(xiang)重疊(die)。上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點通(tong)過考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)學中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)(lei)比學得到了證(zheng)實:通(tong)過高(gao)古(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾與(yu)商(shang)周(zhou)青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾比較,有(you)著相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)或者相(xiang)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾。