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簡介

龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經多年大量發掘(jue)與研究表明，龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)系統(tong)與來源(yuan)并不(bu)單一，可區(qu)分(fen)為山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，河(he)南龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、河(he)北龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。這4個文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)以山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)較(jiao)多，河(he)南龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和河(he)北龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)器(qi)(qi)發現(xian)(xian)較(jiao)少。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜(shan)西(xi)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)璣(ji)和玉(yu)質生產工具頗(po)具特色。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)錛上的(de)饕(tao)餮紋(wen)，應是商代銅器(qi)(qi)饕(tao)餮紋(wen)的(de)祖型。

山東龍山文化玉器

出土

最早發(fa)現于山(shan)東省(sheng)日(ri)照市(shi)兩城鎮遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)，1936年(nian)曾(ceng)出(chu)土(tu)(tu)了一件扁(bian)平有(you)孔玉(yu)斧。此后，除(chu)發(fa)現少量生產(chan)工具和裝飾品(pin)外，還發(fa)現了饕餮紋玉(yu)錛(ben)和大型玉(yu)鏟等禮(li)器，極為珍貴。出(chu)土(tu)(tu)玉(yu)器較多的遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)有(you)日(ri)照市(shi)兩城鎮、山(shan)東省(sheng)膠州市(shi)三里河等處，山(shan)東省(sheng)泗水縣尹(yin)家城、五(wu)蓮縣丹土(tu)(tu)村、滕(teng)州市(shi)莊里西等遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)也有(you)少量玉(yu)器出(chu)土(tu)(tu)。

種類

玉錛，扁(bian)(bian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂凸刃(ren)(ren)，頂下兩(liang)面(mian)刻饕餮(tie)紋，線條流暢，一面(mian)目(mu)(mu)圓(yuan)(yuan)而大(da)(da)，線條簡練，一面(mian)目(mu)(mu)圓(yuan)(yuan)而小，線條繁縟，長18厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，上寬4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.55厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，下寬4.9厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.6厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。玉鏟，扁(bian)(bian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)梯形(xing)(xing)(xing)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂弧形(xing)(xing)(xing)刃(ren)(ren)，四邊有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)刃(ren)(ren)，現(xian)(xian)存四孔，器(qi)長48.7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，頂寬12厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，是件(jian)罕見的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)器(qi)。以上兩(liang)器(qi)見于兩(liang)城鎮。玉鉞，寬梯形(xing)(xing)(xing),平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂斜刃(ren)(ren),頂下有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)二管(guan)鉆孔，中部以上兩(liang)側各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀凸起,長16.3厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，寬13厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，五(wu)蓮丹土村發現(xian)(xian)。璣，也(ye)寫作璇璣，清人(ren)疑為渾天儀中的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)輪，近人(ren)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱為三(san)牙璧。其中一件(jian)器(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)很(hen)別致，周圍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)突起的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)牙，牙與牙間還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一段鋸(ju)齒(chi)狀，三(san)牙的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離與鋸(ju)齒(chi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)距離均(jun)略(lve)相(xiang)等(deng)，徑(jing)約8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)，出于滕州市莊(zhuang)里西。遼寧(ning)省(sheng)營(ying)城子四平(ping)(ping)(ping)山也(ye)發現(xian)(xian)此(ci)形(xing)(xing)(xing)器(qi)，可資比較。玉環(huan)(huan)，一件(jian)扁(bian)(bian)環(huan)(huan)大(da)(da)孔，環(huan)(huan)外(wai)緣在(zai)等(deng)距離三(san)處有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)花蒂形(xing)(xing)(xing)凸起，外(wai)徑(jing)8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)；一件(jian)正圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)扁(bian)(bian)環(huan)(huan)，中有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)孔，環(huan)(huan)外(wai)一處有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)近似雙結凸出，徑(jing)8.1厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)件(jian)均(jun)見于丹土村。

河南龍山文化玉器

出土

最早見于(yu)鄭州(zhou)大(da)河村遺址(zhi)，1972～1975年在第五期文化的文化層(ceng)中發現(xian)了玉(yu)質生產工具和裝飾(shi)品。此外，河南安陽后崗遺址(zhi)，也(ye)有少量(liang)玉(yu)器(qi)發現(xian)。

種類

出(chu)土玉器(qi)的種(zhong)類有(you)玉璧(bi)、玉璜(huang)、玉環(huan)、玉飾等。玉璧(bi)，灰白色，外徑5.2厘(li)米，出(chu)于后崗(gang)；玉璜(huang)，扁而寬，半弧形(xing)(xing)，橫(heng)剖面三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)，兩(liang)端各有(you)圓(yuan)孔(kong)，為蛇紋(wen)石大(da)(da)理巖(yan),出(chu)于大(da)(da)河村五(wu)期；玉環(huan)分3種(zhong),為橫(heng)剖面三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing)、橫(heng)剖面橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)和橫(heng)剖面長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)，均見于大(da)(da)河村五(wu)期。后崗(gang)也有(you)橫(heng)剖面橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)、外徑3.9厘(li)米的玉環(huan)；玉飾，長(chang)方(fang)形(xing)(xing)，上端有(you)孔(kong)，長(chang)1.9厘(li)米，見于大(da)(da)河村五(wu)期。

陜西龍山文化玉器

出土

陜(shan)西龍(long)山文(wen)化(hua)(hua)或稱客省(sheng)莊二期文(wen)化(hua)(hua)，發現的玉(yu)器(qi)不(bu)甚豐富。最(zui)早于1955年發掘的陜(shan)西省(sheng)長安縣津西客省(sheng)莊遺(yi)址(zhi)發現了(le)少量的玉(yu)質裝飾品，以后，神木縣石峁(mao)等(deng)陜(shan)北的龍(long)山遺(yi)址(zhi)中也出(chu)土了(le)生產工(gong)具及裝飾品等(deng)玉(yu)器(qi)。

種類

出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)的(de)種類有(you)(you)(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、璣、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀(dao)(dao)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮(lian)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕人(ren)首等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)扁(bian)而寬(kuan)，上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)，見于客省莊；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)扁(bian)平(ping)環形(xing)，兩(liang)(liang)端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)11.8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，出自石仰。璣2件(jian)，乳白(bai)色(se)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓，周緣有(you)(you)(you)等距離三牙，牙間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)圓(yuan)瓣形(xing)凸起，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)孔(kong)徑6厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，另一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)孔(kong)徑10厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋2件(jian)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang)梯形(xing)，斜(xie)(xie)圓(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)，凹(ao)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，上(shang)端有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，兩(liang)(liang)側有(you)(you)(you)齒，長(chang)(chang)35厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)8厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)梯形(xing)束腰(yao)，斜(xie)(xie)平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)，下有(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)，斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，長(chang)(chang)30厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，刃(ren)(ren)(ren)寬(kuan)7.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刀(dao)(dao),一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)直背(bei)(bei)凸刃(ren)(ren)(ren)長(chang)(chang)方(fang)形(xing)，豆(dou)綠色(se),長(chang)(chang)16厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)7厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；另一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)凹(ao)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)條形(xing)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)器(qi)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)四孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)49厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)器(qi)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)五孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)55厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切(qie)刀(dao)(dao)，梯形(xing)，圓(yuan)頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，雙(shuang)孔(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)15厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮(lian)，直背(bei)(bei)斜(xie)(xie)刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，背(bei)(bei)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)三孔(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)26厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞，近(jin)方(fang)形(xing),綠色(se)白(bai)斑,平(ping)頂(ding)(ding)斜(xie)(xie)弧刃(ren)(ren)(ren)，頂(ding)(ding)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)孔(kong)，長(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)10厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕人(ren)首，玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓，兩(liang)(liang)面平(ping)雕，束髻，圓(yuan)面，鉤鼻,張口，大目，短頸，一(yi)(yi)(yi)側有(you)(you)(you)耳，面頰(jia)有(you)(you)(you)圓(yuan)孔(kong)，高4.5厘(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)諸器(qi)均見于石仰。

河北龍山文化玉器

出土

河北龍山文化或稱井陘(xing)先商(shang)文化，發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)不甚豐富(fu)。最早于(yu)1952年(nian)發(fa)掘的(de)(de)河北省井陘(xing)縣天長(chang)鎮遺址發(fa)現(xian)了少量的(de)(de)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)質裝飾品，以后，張家(jia)口(kou)的(de)(de)龍山遺址中(zhong)也(ye)出土了生產工具及(ji)裝飾品等玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)。

種類

出土玉(yu)(yu)器的(de)種類有玉(yu)(yu)璧、玉(yu)(yu)佩(pei)、玉(yu)(yu)人、玉(yu)(yu)飾等。玉(yu)(yu)璧，灰(hui)青色，外徑4.9厘(li)米(mi)，出于(yu)后(hou)張(zhang)(zhang)村(cun)；玉(yu)(yu)佩(pei)，以動物、禽鳥崇拜為主(zhu)類型，不規則形(xing)(xing)，橫剖(pou)面(mian)有返灰(hui)，無佩(pei)戴口，為蛇紋石(shi)質和(he)石(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)質，均出于(yu)天(tian)長鎮；玉(yu)(yu)人，材(cai)質石(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)質，損毀較(jiao)嚴重。賈(jia)莊有橫剖(pou)面(mian)圓形(xing)(xing)、外徑2.2厘(li)米(mi)的(de)玉(yu)(yu)環；玉(yu)(yu)飾，長方形(xing)(xing)，上端有孔，長4.2厘(li)米(mi)，見于(yu)后(hou)張(zhang)(zhang)村(cun)。

歷史價值

龍山玉器與龍山文化

龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)最早(zao)發現(xian)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城子崖，龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)命名是以(yi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)來命名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)；紋(wen)飾(shi)具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或者類(lei)似(si)器(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)均(jun)稱之為龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。而龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)(zai)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)了(le)很多高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)，這(zhe)些古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)：根據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)(xue)家分析(xi)論證屬于龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)。因此(ci)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)命名由此(ci)而來。根據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發現(xian)：龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分布范圍非常廣泛(fan)：山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)；江蘇；安徽；山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西；河北；河南等地都有(you)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)。從目(mu)前(qian)(qian)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)可以(yi)看出(chu)：龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)與龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)一樣(yang)：具(ju)有(you)共(gong)性和差(cha)異(yi)。所具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)性同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)一樣(yang)：具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或者類(lei)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)型(xing)(xing)。差(cha)異(yi)：具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)地域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個性。就目(mu)前(qian)(qian)全(quan)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)物(wu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)相(xiang)比較；通(tong)過(guo)碳十四年(nian)輪校(xiao)正，根據現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)分布發展：各個地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展進程并不相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，因此(ci)出(chu)現(xian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)期龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發展快慢之現(xian)象。龍(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)限具(ju)體定(ding)在(zai)(zai)距今：3300-4500年(nian)。就時(shi)(shi)間上來看早(zao)期與大汶口文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)重疊，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期與夏相(xiang)重疊；晚期與商周(zhou)時(shi)(shi)期相(xiang)重疊。上述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點通(tong)過(guo)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)(xue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類(lei)比學(xue)(xue)得到(dao)了(le)證實：通(tong)過(guo)高古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)與商周(zhou)青銅器(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)比較，有(you)著相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或者相(xiang)似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)。