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簡介

龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)器(qi)（Jades of the Longshan Culture），經(jing)多年大量發掘與研究表明，龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)系統與來源并不(bu)單一(yi)，可區(qu)分(fen)為山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，河南(nan)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜西龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、河北(bei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。這4個文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)玉(yu)器(qi)以山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發現(xian)的(de)玉(yu)器(qi)較多，河南(nan)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和河北(bei)龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)器(qi)發現(xian)較少。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、陜西龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)中的(de)璣(ji)和玉(yu)質生產工具(ju)頗具(ju)特色。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東龍(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)玉(yu)錛上的(de)饕餮紋(wen)，應是商(shang)代銅器(qi)饕餮紋(wen)的(de)祖型。

山東龍山文化玉器

出土

最早發現于山東省日照(zhao)市兩(liang)城鎮(zhen)遺址(zhi)，1936年曾出(chu)土(tu)了(le)一(yi)件(jian)扁平有(you)孔玉(yu)(yu)斧。此后，除發現少(shao)量生(sheng)產工(gong)具和裝飾品外(wai)，還發現了(le)饕餮紋玉(yu)(yu)錛(ben)和大(da)型玉(yu)(yu)鏟等(deng)禮器，極為(wei)珍貴。出(chu)土(tu)玉(yu)(yu)器較多的遺址(zhi)有(you)日照(zhao)市兩(liang)城鎮(zhen)、山東省膠州(zhou)市三里(li)河等(deng)處，山東省泗水縣尹(yin)家城、五(wu)蓮縣丹土(tu)村(cun)、滕(teng)州(zhou)市莊(zhuang)里(li)西(xi)等(deng)遺址(zhi)也有(you)少(shao)量玉(yu)(yu)器出(chu)土(tu)。

種類

玉錛，扁(bian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)長方形，平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂(ding)(ding)凸(tu)刃(ren)(ren)，頂(ding)(ding)下兩(liang)(liang)面刻饕餮紋(wen)，線(xian)條(tiao)流暢，一(yi)(yi)(yi)面目(mu)圓而(er)大(da)，線(xian)條(tiao)簡練，一(yi)(yi)(yi)面目(mu)圓而(er)小，線(xian)條(tiao)繁縟，長18厘(li)米(mi)，上(shang)寬(kuan)(kuan)4.5厘(li)米(mi)，厚0.55厘(li)米(mi)，下寬(kuan)(kuan)4.9厘(li)米(mi)，厚0.6厘(li)米(mi)。玉鏟，扁(bian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)梯形，平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂(ding)(ding)弧形刃(ren)(ren)，四邊有(you)(you)刃(ren)(ren)，現(xian)存(cun)四孔，器長48.7厘(li)米(mi)，頂(ding)(ding)寬(kuan)(kuan)12厘(li)米(mi)，厚0.5厘(li)米(mi)，是件(jian)罕見(jian)的(de)大(da)器。以(yi)上(shang)兩(liang)(liang)器見(jian)于(yu)兩(liang)(liang)城鎮(zhen)。玉鉞，寬(kuan)(kuan)梯形,平(ping)(ping)(ping)頂(ding)(ding)斜刃(ren)(ren),頂(ding)(ding)下有(you)(you)二管鉆孔，中(zhong)部以(yi)上(shang)兩(liang)(liang)側各有(you)(you)鋸齒狀凸(tu)起,長16.3厘(li)米(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)13厘(li)米(mi)，五蓮丹(dan)土村發現(xian)。璣，也寫作璇(xuan)璣，清人疑為渾天儀中(zhong)的(de)機輪，近人有(you)(you)的(de)稱為三(san)(san)牙(ya)(ya)璧。其(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)器形很(hen)別(bie)致，周圍有(you)(you)突起的(de)三(san)(san)牙(ya)(ya)，牙(ya)(ya)與(yu)牙(ya)(ya)間還有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)段鋸齒狀，三(san)(san)牙(ya)(ya)的(de)距離(li)與(yu)鋸齒間的(de)距離(li)均略相(xiang)等(deng)，徑(jing)(jing)約8厘(li)米(mi)，出于(yu)滕州市莊里西(xi)。遼寧省(sheng)營城子四平(ping)(ping)(ping)山也發現(xian)此形器，可資(zi)比較。玉環(huan)(huan)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)扁(bian)環(huan)(huan)大(da)孔，環(huan)(huan)外(wai)(wai)緣在等(deng)距離(li)三(san)(san)處(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)花蒂形凸(tu)起，外(wai)(wai)徑(jing)(jing)8厘(li)米(mi)；一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)正圓形扁(bian)環(huan)(huan)，中(zhong)有(you)(you)大(da)孔，環(huan)(huan)外(wai)(wai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)處(chu)(chu)有(you)(you)近似雙結凸(tu)出，徑(jing)(jing)8.1厘(li)米(mi)。兩(liang)(liang)件(jian)均見(jian)于(yu)丹(dan)土村。

河南龍山文化玉器

出土

最早見于鄭州大河(he)村遺(yi)址，1972～1975年在(zai)第五期文化的(de)文化層中(zhong)發(fa)現了玉質生產(chan)工具(ju)和裝(zhuang)飾品。此外，河(he)南安陽(yang)后崗遺(yi)址，也有少量玉器發(fa)現。

種類

出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)器的種類(lei)有玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璧(bi)，灰白(bai)色，外徑(jing)5.2厘米，出于后(hou)崗；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)璜，扁而寬，半弧形，橫剖(pou)(pou)面三角(jiao)形，兩端各有圓(yuan)孔，為蛇紋石大(da)理巖,出于大(da)河村五期(qi)；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環分3種,為橫剖(pou)(pou)面三角(jiao)形、橫剖(pou)(pou)面橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形和橫剖(pou)(pou)面長方(fang)形，均(jun)見于大(da)河村五期(qi)。后(hou)崗也有橫剖(pou)(pou)面橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形、外徑(jing)3.9厘米的玉(yu)(yu)(yu)環；玉(yu)(yu)(yu)飾(shi)，長方(fang)形，上端有孔，長1.9厘米，見于大(da)河村五期(qi)。

陜西龍山文化玉器

出土

陜(shan)西龍山文化(hua)(hua)或(huo)稱客(ke)(ke)省(sheng)莊二期文化(hua)(hua)，發現的玉器不甚(shen)豐富。最早(zao)于(yu)1955年發掘的陜(shan)西省(sheng)長安(an)縣(xian)津西客(ke)(ke)省(sheng)莊遺(yi)址發現了(le)少量的玉質裝飾品，以后，神木(mu)縣(xian)石峁等(deng)陜(shan)北的龍山遺(yi)址中也(ye)出土了(le)生產(chan)工具及裝飾品等(deng)玉器。

種類

出土玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)器(qi)的種類有(you)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜、璣、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞、玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人(ren)首等。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璜，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)扁而寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，見于客省莊；另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)扁平(ping)環形(xing)(xing)(xing)，兩端(duan)(duan)有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)11.8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，出自石仰。璣2件(jian)，乳白(bai)色玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，周緣有(you)等距離三牙，牙間有(you)圓(yuan)瓣(ban)形(xing)(xing)(xing)凸(tu)起(qi)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)6厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)璋2件(jian)，一(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)梯形(xing)(xing)(xing)，斜圓(yuan)頂(ding)，凹刃(ren)，上(shang)(shang)(shang)端(duan)(duan)有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，兩側有(you)齒，長(chang)(chang)35厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)8厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)梯形(xing)(xing)(xing)束腰，斜平(ping)頂(ding)，下(xia)有(you)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，斜刃(ren)，長(chang)(chang)30厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，刃(ren)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)7.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)刀,一(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)直背凸(tu)刃(ren)長(chang)(chang)方形(xing)(xing)(xing)，豆綠(lv)色,長(chang)(chang)16厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；另一(yi)(yi)件(jian)為(wei)凹刃(ren)條形(xing)(xing)(xing)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)。一(yi)(yi)件(jian)器(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)四孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)49厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)；一(yi)(yi)件(jian)器(qi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)五孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)55厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)切刀，梯形(xing)(xing)(xing)，圓(yuan)頂(ding)斜刃(ren)，雙孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)15厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鐮，直背斜刃(ren)，背上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)三孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，墨(mo)玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)，長(chang)(chang)26厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鉞，近方形(xing)(xing)(xing),綠(lv)色白(bai)斑,平(ping)頂(ding)斜弧刃(ren)，頂(ding)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，長(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)，寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)雕(diao)人(ren)首，玉(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)髓(sui)，兩面平(ping)雕(diao)，束髻，圓(yuan)面，鉤(gou)鼻,張口，大(da)目，短頸，一(yi)(yi)側有(you)耳，面頰有(you)圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，高4.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。以上(shang)(shang)(shang)諸器(qi)均見于石仰。

河北龍山文化玉器

出土

河(he)北龍山(shan)文化(hua)(hua)或稱井陘先商(shang)文化(hua)(hua)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的玉器(qi)不甚豐富。最早于1952年發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的河(he)北省(sheng)井陘縣天長鎮遺址發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了少量的玉質裝飾品(pin)，以后，張家口(kou)的龍山(shan)遺址中也出土了生(sheng)產工(gong)具及裝飾品(pin)等玉器(qi)。

種類

出(chu)土玉(yu)器的種類有玉(yu)璧、玉(yu)佩(pei)、玉(yu)人、玉(yu)飾等(deng)。玉(yu)璧，灰(hui)青(qing)色，外徑4.9厘(li)米(mi)，出(chu)于(yu)(yu)后張(zhang)(zhang)村；玉(yu)佩(pei)，以(yi)動物、禽(qin)鳥(niao)崇(chong)拜為主類型，不規(gui)則形，橫剖面有返(fan)灰(hui)，無佩(pei)戴口，為蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)和石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)質(zhi)，均出(chu)于(yu)(yu)天(tian)長鎮；玉(yu)人，材質(zhi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)質(zhi)，損毀較嚴重。賈(jia)莊有橫剖面圓形、外徑2.2厘(li)米(mi)的玉(yu)環；玉(yu)飾，長方形，上端有孔，長4.2厘(li)米(mi)，見于(yu)(yu)后張(zhang)(zhang)村。

歷史價值

龍山玉器與龍山文化

龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)最(zui)早發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)城子崖，龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)命名是以古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)命名的(de)(de)，在同(tong)(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型；紋(wen)飾(shi)具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類似器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶的(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)遺(yi)址(zhi)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)均稱之(zhi)為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。而(er)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)中發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了很多高(gao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，這些古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)：根據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)家分(fen)析(xi)論證(zheng)屬(shu)于(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)時期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)高(gao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。因(yin)此(ci)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)命名由此(ci)而(er)來(lai)。根據考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)：龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)范圍非常廣泛(fan)：山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)；江蘇(su)；安徽(hui)；山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)西；河北；河南等地都有(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。從目前考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)可以看出：龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣：具(ju)有(you)共性和差異(yi)。所(suo)具(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)共性同(tong)(tong)(tong)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)陶器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)樣：具(ju)有(you)相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)者類似的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)型。差異(yi)：具(ju)有(you)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)地域(yu)的(de)(de)個(ge)性。就(jiu)目前全國的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)出土的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)類型相(xiang)比較；通過碳十四(si)年(nian)輪校正，根據現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)不同(tong)(tong)(tong)地區的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)：各個(ge)地區的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)進程并不相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，因(yin)此(ci)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時期(qi)(qi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)快慢之(zhi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)年(nian)限具(ju)體定在距今：3300-4500年(nian)。就(jiu)時間上(shang)(shang)來(lai)看早期(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)大汶口文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)重疊(die)，中期(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)夏(xia)相(xiang)重疊(die)；晚期(qi)(qi)與(yu)(yu)商周時期(qi)(qi)相(xiang)重疊(die)。上(shang)(shang)述的(de)(de)觀點通過考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)學(xue)中的(de)(de)類比學(xue)得到了證(zheng)實：通過高(gao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)玉(yu)(yu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)與(yu)(yu)商周青銅器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)表面的(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)比較，有(you)著相(xiang)同(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)者相(xiang)似的(de)(de)紋(wen)飾(shi)。