女(nv)真(zhen)先世稱(cheng)肅(su)慎,源出自靺鞨七(qi)部(bu)中的黑(hei)水(shui)靺鞨,原居住在今(jin)(jin)黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)與松花江(jiang)(jiang)合流(liu)(liu)以下(xia)的黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域的南北地區。遼(liao)天(tian)慶(qing)(qing)四年(nian)(nian)(1114年(nian)(nian))九(jiu)月,遼(liao)朝加強對寧(ning)(ning)江(jiang)(jiang)州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)吉林扶(fu)余(yu)東)的防御,阿(a)骨打集諸(zhu)路兵誓師于(yu)來流(liu)(liu)水(shui)(今(jin)(jin)拉林河(he)(he)),舉起抗(kang)遼(liao)斗爭的義旗。接(jie)著攻占遼(liao)的寧(ning)(ning)江(jiang)(jiang)州(zhou)、出河(he)(he)店(dian)(今(jin)(jin)黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)(jiang)肇源西南的吐(tu)什吐(tu))、賓州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)吉林農安(an)東北)、咸州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)開原)。終于(yu)在次年(nian)(nian)(遼(liao)天(tian)慶(qing)(qing)五(wu)年(nian)(nian),宋政和五(wu)年(nian)(nian))正月初(chu)一日(ri)(1115年(nian)(nian)1月28日(ri))即帝(di)位,國號為(wei)金,年(nian)(nian)號為(wei)收國,是為(wei)金太祖。
金朝(chao)從(cong)建(jian)國(guo)伊(yi)始就確定(ding)了以農為(wei)本(ben),不(bu)(bu)改(gai)易舊俗,發(fa)展(zhan)奴隸制和(he)(he)抗遼(liao)(liao)(liao)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)對(dui)內對(dui)外的(de)(de)方針。宣和(he)(he)五年(nian)(金天輔七年(nian),1123年(nian))八月(yue)(yue),金太(tai)祖(zu)死,弟吳(wu)乞買即位(wei),是(shi)(shi)為(wei)太(tai)宗(zong),基本(ben)上(shang)繼承太(tai)祖(zu)事業(ye),繼續平定(ding)張(zhang)覺(jue),張(zhang)覺(jue)叛軍被(bei)(bei)宗(zong)望平定(ding),張(zhang)覺(jue)逃奔于宋(song)(song)。金太(tai)宗(zong)即位(wei)之初,對(dui)宋(song)(song)朝(chao)守(shou)太(tai)祖(zu)的(de)(de)命令,與(yu)西夏議和(he)(he)。這主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)穩定(ding)南京(jing)(原平州)的(de)(de)形勢以及進一步擒捉(zhuo)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)天祚(zuo)帝,這是(shi)(shi)當(dang)時滅(mie)(mie)(mie)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)所需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)鞏固(gu)金代(dai)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)而統治所需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)。金對(dui)宋(song)(song)不(bu)(bu)斷派遣使臣通(tong)好。天會(hui)三年(nian)三月(yue)(yue)二十日(ri)(1125年(nian)3月(yue)(yue)26日(ri)),天祚(zuo)帝被(bei)(bei)擒,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)亡(wang)。六(liu)月(yue)(yue),金派李(li)用和(he)(he)等(deng)充告慶使如宋(song)(song)。金滅(mie)(mie)(mie)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)后(hou),繼遼(liao)(liao)(liao)與(yu)宋(song)(song)對(dui)峙。金與(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)不(bu)(bu)同(tong),是(shi)(shi)個新(xin)興(xing)起的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan),這個政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)的(de)(de)出現和(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)使當(dang)時南北雙(shuang)方的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治關(guan)系發(fa)生了新(xin)的(de)(de)變化。當(dang)時亦不(bu)(bu)再(zai)是(shi)(shi)金宋(song)(song)夾攻(gong)滅(mie)(mie)(mie)遼(liao)(liao)(liao),而是(shi)(shi)金代(dai)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)與(yu)北宋(song)(song)的(de)(de)和(he)(he)戰問題。金代(dai)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)而為(wei)宗(zong)主。
北宋末年,政治腐敗,農民起義此伏彼起,宋徽宗、蔡京、童貫統治集團想乘遼(liao)朝(chao)衰亡之(zhi)際,采取(qu)聯金滅遼(liao)的(de)(de)戰略,奪(duo)取(qu)五(wu)代后(hou)晉割給(gei)遼(liao)朝(chao)的(de)(de)燕云十六州,以建(jian)立“萬世功業”。
政和元年(nian)(1111年(nian)),鄭(zheng)允中、童(tong)(tong)貫使遼(liao),遼(liao)人馬(ma)植(zhi)(zhi)夜(ye)謁童(tong)(tong)貫獻滅(mie)(mie)遼(liao)之策,受到(dao)童(tong)(tong)貫的重視(shi),遂(sui)約馬(ma)植(zhi)(zhi)歸來,馬(ma)植(zhi)(zhi)到(dao)宋(song)首都開(kai)封童(tong)(tong)貫家后,上書給徽(hui)宗,獻計(ji)宋(song)派遣使臣自登州(今(jin)山東(dong)蓬萊)、萊州(今(jin)屬山東(dong))渡海到(dao)遼(liao)東(dong)與女真結盟,共滅(mie)(mie)遼(liao)朝,可以奪取五代后晉割給遼(liao)朝的燕、云地區。深受宋(song)徽(hui)宗賞識,賜(si)(si)馬(ma)植(zhi)(zhi)姓名為李(li)良嗣,后又賜(si)(si)姓趙。金朝建立(li)后宋(song)曾遣使渡海,但未(wei)能登陸而回(hui)。
重和(he)元年(金(jin)(jin)天(tian)輔(fu)二年,1118年)馬政(zheng)使(shi)金(jin)(jin)口(kou)頭表達宋(song)(song)(song)金(jin)(jin)聯合(he)攻(gong)遼(liao)(liao)及(ji)燕(yan)、云(yun)地(di)(di)區歸(gui)來,金(jin)(jin)遣(qian)散覩等(deng)人使(shi)宋(song)(song)(song)商議結(jie)盟(meng)事(shi)務(wu)。宣和(he)二年(金(jin)(jin)天(tian)輔(fu)四(si)年,1120年)宋(song)(song)(song)遣(qian)趙(zhao)良嗣、馬政(zheng)先后使(shi)金(jin)(jin),金(jin)(jin)亦數次遣(qian)使(shi)來宋(song)(song)(song),雙方議定夾(jia)攻(gong)遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao),遼(liao)(liao)燕(yan)京由宋(song)(song)(song)軍攻(gong)取,金(jin)(jin)軍進攻(gong)遼(liao)(liao)中京大定府(今遼(liao)(liao)寧寧城西(xi))等(deng)地(di)(di),遼(liao)(liao)亡后燕(yan)云(yun)地(di)(di)區歸(gui)宋(song)(song)(song)朝(chao),宋(song)(song)(song)將原納給(gei)遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)的歲幣轉(zhuan)給(gei)金(jin)(jin)朝(chao),史稱“海(hai)上之盟(meng)”。
與(yu)金(jin)(jin)朝締結盟約之后,北宋(song)(song)(song)出兵燕(yan)(yan)云(yun)。但由于宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)腐敗(bai),缺乏(fa)戰斗力,數(shu)十萬大軍(jun)兩次(ci)攻打遼(liao)南京(jing)(jing)(今(jin)北京(jing)(jing)),均被遼(liao)守軍(jun)打敗(bai),遼(liao)南京(jing)(jing)還是由金(jin)(jin)軍(jun)攻占(zhan)。宋(song)(song)(song)每年(nian)加付一(yi)百萬貫錢為代稅(shui)錢,隨(sui)同(tong)每年(nian)的“歲幣”交付給金(jin)(jin)朝,宣和五(wu)年(nian)(金(jin)(jin)天會元年(nian),1123年(nian))四月(yue)(yue)(yue),金(jin)(jin)方將燕(yan)(yan)京(jing)(jing)及所(suo)屬九州(zhou)中的西(xi)部六州(zhou)歸宋(song)(song)(song)。但燕(yan)(yan)京(jing)(jing)居民(min)大部已被金(jin)(jin)俘(fu)往東北作奴隸(li),宋(song)(song)(song)所(suo)得(de)的只是“城市邱墟、狐貍穴處”殘破(po)不堪的一(yi)座空城,宋(song)(song)(song)設燕(yan)(yan)山(shan)(shan)府路統治新得(de)的燕(yan)(yan)京(jing)(jing)地區(qu)。云(yun)州(zhou)(遼(liao)西(xi)京(jing)(jing))地區(qu),金(jin)(jin)太(tai)(tai)祖(zu)也表示在宋(song)(song)(song)出犒軍(jun)費給金(jin)(jin)的條件下歸屬宋(song)(song)(song)朝。五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue),金(jin)(jin)已許將朔(今(jin)屬山(shan)(shan)西(xi))、武(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)神池)、蔚(今(jin)河北蔚縣)三州(zhou)先歸宋(song)(song)(song),還沒有(you)來得(de)及執(zhi)行,就因同(tong)年(nian)六月(yue)(yue)(yue)金(jin)(jin)太(tai)(tai)祖(zu)病死(si)而中止。
金太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)即位(wei)之初也(ye)是(shi)遵守(shou)盟(meng)約(yue)的。宣和六年(金天會(hui)二(er)年,1124年),當(dang)時的主將完顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)、完顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)望(wang)都反對割山(shan)西(xi)地(di)與宋(song)(song),太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)還說:“是(shi)違先(xian)帝(di)(di)之命也(ye),其(qi)(qi)(qi)速與之。”宗(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)、宗(zong)(zong)(zong)望(wang)反對割山(shan)西(xi)地(di),《金史(shi)·宗(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)傳》有(you)一(yi)段記述很清楚(chu):“宗(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)復奏曰(yue):‘先(xian)皇帝(di)(di)征(zheng)遼(liao)之初,圖宋(song)(song)協(xie)力夾攻,故許以燕地(di)。宋(song)(song)人既盟(meng)之后(hou),請(qing)(qing)(qing)加(jia)(jia)幣(bi)以求山(shan)西(xi)諸鎮,先(xian)皇帝(di)(di)辭其(qi)(qi)(qi)加(jia)(jia)幣(bi)。盟(meng)書曰(yue):無(wu)容匿逋逃,誘擾邊(bian)民。今宋(song)(song)數路招納叛亡,厚以恩賞。累疏叛人姓(xing)名,索之童(tong)貫(guan),嘗期(qi)以月(yue)日,約(yue)以誓書,一(yi)無(wu)所致。盟(meng)未(wei)期(qi)年,今已(yi)如此,萬世(shi)守(shou)約(yue),其(qi)(qi)(qi)可望(wang)乎。且(qie)西(xi)鄙未(wei)寧,割付山(shan)西(xi)諸郡,則(ze)諸軍(jun)失(shi)屯據(ju)之所,將有(you)經略(lve),或難持久,請(qing)(qing)(qing)姑(gu)置勿割。’上(太(tai)宗(zong)(zong)(zong))悉如所請(qing)(qing)(qing)。”
據此宋朝(chao)(chao)亦知求(qiu)山西(xi)地并(bing)非失約(yue),因(yin)之請加幣以求(qiu)之,金(jin)太祖(zu)不要宋朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)加幣獨許之,這是把(ba)合法占領的(de)(de)(de)原遼地讓給宋,其(qi)目的(de)(de)(de)是為(wei)(wei)和好,其(qi)條(tiao)件是“無容匿逋逃(tao),誘擾邊民”。完顏(yan)宗翰認為(wei)(wei)宋朝(chao)(chao)已違反(fan)(fan)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)規定,是敗(bai)約(yue)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei),因(yin)此反(fan)(fan)對再割山西(xi)諸鎮與宋朝(chao)(chao),同(tong)時也是從(cong)鞏固(gu)金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)西(xi)邊的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)勢出(chu)發的(de)(de)(de)。宣和五年(金(jin)天會二年,1123年)十一(yi)月(yue),金(jin)軍打敗(bai)張(zhang)(zhang)覺,張(zhang)(zhang)覺逃(tao)亡(wang)燕山府(fu)藏匿,金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)向北宋索要張(zhang)(zhang)覺。后來(lai)北宋雖然殺張(zhang)(zhang)覺送回首級,但北宋藏匿金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)叛將(jiang)一(yi)事(shi)成為(wei)(wei)金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)南(nan)侵的(de)(de)(de)借(jie)口。
宋(song)(song)(song)(song)徽宗(zong)宣和(he)七年(nian)(金天(tian)會三(san)年(nian),1125年(nian))八(ba)月,完顏宗(zong)望、完顏宗(zong)翰以(yi)張覺事變為由奏(zou)請攻宋(song)(song)(song)(song)。十(shi)月,東(dong)路完顏宗(zong)望率軍(jun)自平(ping)州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)秦(qin)皇島市盧龍縣(xian))攻燕山府(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)西南)。宋(song)(song)(song)(song)易州(zhou)(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)保定(ding)市易縣(xian))戍將(jiang)韓民毅(yi)投降。十(shi)二(er)月甲辰(陽歷(li)1126年(nian)1月2日),于白河(he)(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)密云縣(xian)白河(he)峽谷)和(he)古(gu)北(bei)(bei)口(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)密云縣(xian)古(gu)北(bei)(bei)口鎮)大敗宋(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun);兩天(tian)后,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)將(jiang)郭藥師(shi)降,宋(song)(song)(song)(song)燕山府防衛崩潰;不久(jiu)破宋(song)(song)(song)(song)中山(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)定(ding)州(zhou)(zhou))派來(lai)援軍(jun)三(san)萬人,1月14日又破宋(song)(song)(song)(song)兵五(wu)千于真定(ding)府(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)正定(ding)),1月22日克(ke)信德府(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)邢臺)。
西(xi)(xi)路左副(fu)元帥(shuai)完(wan)顏宗翰則率(lv)軍(jun)自(zi)大(da)同攻太(tai)原(今(jin)均在山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)),沒有宗望(wang)順利(li)。天會三(san)年十(shi)二月(yue)(yue)庚子(zi)日(ri)(陽(yang)歷(li)(li)1125年12月(yue)(yue)29日(ri))攻克朔州(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)朔州),戊(wu)申日(ri)(陽(yang)歷(li)(li)1126年1月(yue)(yue)6日(ri))破代州(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)代縣),陽(yang)歷(li)(li)1月(yue)(yue)13日(ri)中山(shan)(shan)投(tou)降(jiang),1月(yue)(yue)15日(ri)包圍太(tai)原,但在太(tai)原受阻。以至(zhi)貽誤軍(jun)機,直到得知完(wan)顏宗望(wang)已經和宋(song)講和以后才罷(ba)兵。
靖康元年(金天(tian)會四(si)年,1126年)正(zheng)月(yue)己巳日(ri)(1月(yue)27日(ri)),宗望軍渡過(guo)黃(huang)河(he)(he)。第二(er)天(tian)攻(gong)下滑州(今河(he)(he)南滑縣),正(zheng)月(yue),包(bao)圍北(bei)宋首(shou)都(dou)汴京(今河(he)(he)南開封)。因汴京守御(yu)使李綱抵(di)抗得力而未能破城。二(er)月(yue),脅(xie)宋以康王(wang)趙構(gou)、太(tai)宰張邦昌為人質(zhi),割(ge)讓太(tai)原(yuan)、中山、河(he)(he)間(jian)(今屬河(he)(he)北(bei))三鎮議(yi)和。
此時(shi)只(zhi)有完(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)望的金國東路軍(jun)參與圍攻(gong)開封(feng)。完(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)翰的金國西路軍(jun)不但在太原(yuan)被絆住,而且又拒絕(jue)完(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)望提出(chu)的隔(ge)斷西軍(jun)(宋(song)朝(chao)征西夏(xia)的邊防(fang)軍(jun),是(shi)宋(song)當時(shi)精(jing)銳(rui)部隊)的部署,以(yi)至種(zhong)師道(dao)率(lv)十萬西軍(jun)順利趕(gan)到(dao)(dao)開封(feng),完(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)望被動后撤(che)到(dao)(dao)開封(feng)西北遠郊(jiao)孟陽(yang)扎營(ying)寨。姚平仲軍(jun)劫完(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)(zong)望營(ying)寨被全殲(jian)一事,有人指(zhi)是(shi)投降派李邦彥、李棁(zhuo)為逼主戰派李綱、種(zhong)師道(dao)議(yi)和(he)而有意無意透露(lu)給奸細鄧圭所致。
劫寨(zhai)失敗(bai)以(yi)后,李(li)(li)綱、種師道被撤(che)銷(xiao)軍(jun)權。金(jin)兵復至開(kai)封(feng)城下,宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)大恐,遣使說:“初不知其事,且將加罪其人(ren)。”李(li)(li)邦彥又使宋(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)下令不得(de)(de)得(de)(de)罪金(jin)兵,一霹靂炮(pao)手(shou)發炮(pao)后竟(jing)被梟首(shou)處(chu)死(si)。完顏宗(zong)(zong)望(wang)再攻城時被西軍(jun)擊退,于是停(ting)止進攻,改肅王(wang)趙樞為人(ren)質,康王(wang)趙構得(de)(de)以(yi)回歸(gui)。
完顏宗望的金國東(dong)路(lu)軍第一次(ci)圍攻(gong)開封(feng)不果,臨走前派(pai)人入城辭(ci)(ci)行(xing),并送(song)來(lai)一封(feng)拜辭(ci)(ci)信,說是“非不欲詣(yi)闕(que)廷展(zhan)辭(ci)(ci),少敘悃(kun)愊(bi),以在軍中(zhong),不克如愿,謹(jin)遣某(mou)某(mou)等充(chong)代辭(ci)(ci)使副,有(you)些少禮物,具(ju)于別幅,謹(jin)奉書奏辭(ci)(ci)。”
完(wan)顏宗望退軍(jun)之時,種師道之弟種師中率領(ling)的西軍(jun)精銳(rui)秦鳳軍(jun)三萬人(ren)開(kai)到東京(jing)開(kai)封(feng),種師道即命他率部尾(wei)隨金軍(jun)之后,俟其(qi)半(ban)渡而擊之,完(wan)全消(xiao)滅其(qi)尚(shang)在(zai)南岸的一半(ban),將金國精銳(rui)的東路軍(jun)打殘(can)以消(xiao)后患(huan)。李(li)綱也建議用澶淵故(gu)事(shi)“護送”金軍(jun)出境,密告(gao)諸將有機會就縱(zong)兵追擊。宋欽宗也同(tong)意(yi)李(li)綱表面上的建議,派(pai)(pai)軍(jun)十(shi)萬,緊(jin)緊(jin)“護送”。但吳敏、唐恪、耿(geng)南仲等投(tou)降派(pai)(pai)又最終(zhong)壓到了主戰派(pai)(pai),派(pai)(pai)人(ren)在(zai)黃河邊上樹立大旗(qi),嚴令軍(jun)隊不得繞過大旗(qi)趕金軍(jun),否則一概處死。
以后(hou)(hou)種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道又提出(chu)亡羊補牢的辦法,建議集合大軍駐(zhu)屯黃(huang)河兩岸(an),防止(zhi)金軍再次(ci)渡河,預(yu)為下次(ci)“防秋”之計。宋(song)欽宗準奏施(shi)行,不久又被吳敏、唐恪、耿南仲等投降派大臣壓到,認為萬(wan)一金軍不來這筆(bi)巨大的軍事費(fei)(fei)用(yong)會(hui)被浪費(fei)(fei),拒絕(jue)采用(yong)種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道之言(yan)。以后(hou)(hou)種(zhong)師(shi)(shi)道氣(qi)憤致(zhi)疾,以至(zhi)病死。李綱則被外調(diao)河北(bei)河東宣撫使,無所作為,最后(hou)(hou)被逐到江西。
不久,金國以(yi)蕭(xiao)仲(zhong)(zhong)恭使(shi)宋,耶律余睹(du)監軍。宋欽(qin)宗認為此(ci)二人(ren)都是(shi)原遼國貴族,可誘(you)而用之,以(yi)蠟丸(wan)封了(le)一(yi)封書信讓(rang)蕭(xiao)仲(zhong)(zhong)恭送耶律余睹(du),使(shi)為內應。蕭(xiao)仲(zhong)(zhong)恭忙跑回(hui)金國見完顏(yan)宗望,以(yi)蠟丸(wan)書信獻之。八月,宗望以(yi)此(ci)為由集(ji)合軍隊重新伐(fa)宋。第二次(ci)攻(gong)至汴京仍(reng)然是(shi)完顏(yan)宗翰和完顏(yan)宗望兩(liang)人(ren)的(de)比賽。
第一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段,西路完顏(yan)宗翰八月(yue)(yue)庚(geng)戌(陽(yang)歷(li)1126年9月(yue)(yue)5日(ri))和(he)第一(yi)(yi)次(ci)攻(gong)宋(song)(song)一(yi)(yi)樣從(cong)大(da)同出發,第二天破(po)宋(song)(song)張灝軍于(yu)(yu)文水(今(jin)在(zai)山西),陽(yang)歷(li)9月(yue)(yue)21日(ri)克太(tai)原(yuan)。東路完顏(yan)宗望9月(yue)(yue)8日(ri)從(cong)保州出發,當天破(po)宋(song)(song)兵于(yu)(yu)雄(xiong)州(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)保定市雄(xiong)縣(xian)(xian))、中(zhong)山(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)定州)。陽(yang)歷(li)9月(yue)(yue)15日(ri),攻(gong)下新樂(今(jin)在(zai)河(he)北(bei)(bei))。9月(yue)(yue)26日(ri),破(po)宋(song)(song)大(da)將種師中(zhong)于(yu)(yu)井陘,取天威軍(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)井陘縣(xian)(xian)),克真(zhen)定(今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)正定)。
第二階段,經過休整,西(xi)路完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)翰陽(yang)(yang)歷(li)11月(yue)(yue)18日(ri)(ri)自太原向汴京(jing)(jing)進攻(gong),22日(ri)(ri)攻(gong)下威(wei)勝軍(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)沁(qin)縣),29日(ri)(ri)克(ke)隆德府(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)長治),渡盟津(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)孟(meng)津)。宋西(xi)京(jing)(jing)(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)洛陽(yang)(yang))、永(yong)安軍(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)偃師東(dong))、鄭州(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)會)皆投降(jiang)。12月(yue)(yue)4日(ri)(ri),完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)翰克(ke)澤州(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)西(xi)晉城(cheng)市(shi))。東(dong)路完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)望(wang)11月(yue)(yue)20日(ri)(ri)自真定向汴京(jing)(jing)進攻(gong);12月(yue)(yue)4日(ri)(ri)宗(zong)(zong)望(wang)諸(zhu)軍渡河(he),隨后攻(gong)下臨(lin)河(he)縣(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣東(dong)北(bei)臨(lin)河(he)村(cun)南(nan)(nan)(nan))、大名縣(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)在河(he)北(bei))、德清軍(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)清豐(feng))、開德府(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)濮(pu)陽(yang)(yang));于(yu)12月(yue)(yue)10日(ri)(ri)克(ke)懷州(今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)沁(qin)陽(yang)(yang))并(bing)到達(da)汴京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)下。12月(yue)(yue)16日(ri)(ri),宋出兵拒戰(zhan),被(bei)完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)望(wang)等(deng)擊(ji)敗。12月(yue)(yue)17日(ri)(ri),完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)翰才(cai)到達(da)汴京(jing)(jing)城(cheng)下,又(you)被(bei)完(wan)(wan)(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)望(wang)搶了先。
和第一次開封(feng)圍城戰相(xiang)比,第二次圍城戰宋朝(chao)的處境要困難得多(duo):
首先,王(wang)稟守衛的(de)太原(yuan)在(zai)被完(wan)顏(yan)婁室(shi)的(de)五萬(wan)金軍圍困二百(bai)五十多天后終于失守,完(wan)顏(yan)婁室(shi)的(de)這部分軍隊南渡(du)黃河(he),西趨洛陽,封鎖了(le)潼關(guan),把(ba)宋朝精銳的(de)西軍關(guan)在(zai)潼關(guan)以(yi)內,斷絕了(le)其東來(lai)的(de)勤(qin)王(wang)之路。
其次(ci),第(di)一次(ci)圍城(cheng)戰時,只有(you)完顏宗(zong)望的東路軍(jun)到達(da)開封城(cheng)下(xia),兵力有(you)限(xian),攻城(cheng)的活(huo)動限(xian)于西、北兩隅,有(you)時蔓延到東北角,南面諸門則(ze)始終未受攻擊。第(di)二次(ci)圍城(cheng)時,金軍(jun)兩路合攻,四面合圍,陷東京于徹底孤立。
再次(ci),第(di)一(yi)次(ci)圍城以前,北宋朝廷在完顏宗(zong)望到達開封的(de)前夕定下了戰(zhan)(zhan)守(shou)(shou)(shou)之策。李(li)綱(gang)被(bei)(bei)任命(ming)為親征行營(ying)使(shi)和(he)(he)御營(ying)京域四(si)壁守(shou)(shou)(shou)御使(shi),取得(de)主持戰(zhan)(zhan)守(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)大(da)權(quan)。而第(di)二次(ci)圍城時,李(li)綱(gang)已經因(yin)為姚平仲劫寨失(shi)敗一(yi)事和(he)(he)種師道一(yi)起(qi)被(bei)(bei)褫奪軍權(quan),宋欽宗(zong)把戰(zhan)(zhan)、守(shou)(shou)(shou)、和(he)(he)的(de)全權(quan)都授給(gei)宰相何(he)?。何(he)?一(yi)邊迷信妖人郭(guo)京的(de)六(liu)甲神(shen)兵(bing)(bing),一(yi)邊派出樞(shu)密使(shi)馮澥(xie)到完顏宗(zong)翰軍中(zhong)求(qiu)和(he)(he),自以為雙(shuang)料保(bao)險,卻不(bu)是守(shou)(shou)(shou)城之道。宋欽宗(zong)又臨時派待罪在京的(de)劉韐提舉(ju)四(si)壁守(shou)(shou)(shou)御,另外又以次(ci)相孫傅(fu)為守(shou)(shou)(shou)御使(shi),事權(quan)不(bu)一(yi),掣肘實多。孫傅(fu)和(he)(he)何(he)?一(yi)樣,把希(xi)望寄托在妖人郭(guo)京的(de)六(liu)甲神(shen)兵(bing)(bing)身上。
第二(er)次(ci)圍(wei)城(cheng)時,完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)望的(de)(de)東路軍(jun)(jun)(jun)增(zeng)加到(dao)八萬(wan)人(ren),主要將(jiang)領完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)阇母、完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)昌、劉彥宗(zong)等(deng)(deng)仍(reng)在(zai)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中,只有郭藥師(shi)以(yi)燕京留(liu)守(shou)的(de)(de)名義,留(liu)駐燕京。西(xi)路軍(jun)(jun)(jun)仍(reng)以(yi)完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)宗(zong)翰、完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)希尹(yin)、完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)婁室三(san)大將(jiang)為主副(fu)帥(shuai),完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)銀術可(ke)等(deng)(deng)戰將(jiang)都屬麾下(xia),漢人(ren)高(gao)慶裔(yi),時立(li)愛為謀主。完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)婁窒(zhi)、完(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)顏(yan)希尹(yin)兩人(ren)輪流(liu)至潼關外(wai)督師(shi)阻止(zhi)宋(song)朝的(de)(de)西(xi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)勤王(wang)。西(xi)路軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)總(zong)人(ren)數,原(yuan)來(lai)與東路軍(jun)(jun)(jun)相等(deng)(deng),也是六萬(wan)余人(ren),經過長期的(de)(de)圍(wei)攻太原(yuan),兵力不(bu)斷補充,總(zong)數增(zeng)加了一(yi)倍(bei)(bei)以(yi)上,這(zhe)時除封鎖潼關的(de)(de)五萬(wan)人(ren)外(wai),仍(reng)有七八萬(wan)人(ren)參加第二(er)次(ci)開封圍(wei)城(cheng)。計東西(xi)兩路金軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)兵力已超過十五萬(wan)人(ren),比第一(yi)次(ci)圍(wei)城(cheng)戰增(zeng)加了一(yi)倍(bei)(bei)半。而(er)宋(song)朝這(zhe)邊,第一(yi)次(ci)圍(wei)城(cheng)時開封原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)禁軍(jun)(jun)(jun)加上西(xi)北陸續開來(lai)的(de)(de)勤王(wang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),總(zong)數達到(dao)二(er)三(san)十萬(wan)人(ren)。
解圍后,這(zhe)些大(da)(da)軍(jun)(jun)沒有(you)安放到應當去的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang),一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)被(bei)遣送復員回(hui)西北,一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)參加太原(yuan)解圍戰(zhan)而遭到損(sun)失,一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)在(zai)黃河南岸(an)潰散(san),還有(you)一(yi)(yi)部分(fen)(fen)被(bei)投降派大(da)(da)臣唐恪(ke)、耿南仲以經濟上的(de)(de)理由遣散(san)。以致第(di)二(er)次(ci)(ci)圍城時(shi)城內守軍(jun)(jun)不滿(man)七萬。各(ge)地(di)勤(qin)王(wang)軍(jun)(jun)早已受到唐恪(ke)、耿南仲的(de)(de)命令(ling)而裹足(zu)不前。只有(you)南道總管張叔夜與兩個兒子伯奮、仲熊違(wei)抗這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)投降式的(de)(de)朝命,募兵一(yi)(yi)萬三千人勤(qin)王(wang),在(zai)潁昌(chang)府(fu)遭遇完顏宗翰部,大(da)(da)小十八戰(zhan)互(hu)有(you)勝負,最后全軍(jun)(jun)突入開(kai)封城,這(zhe)是第(di)二(er)次(ci)(ci)圍城之役中一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)能夠(gou)進入開(kai)封城的(de)(de)勤(qin)王(wang)軍(jun)(jun)。
靖康(kang)元(yuan)年(天(tian)(tian)會四年,1126年)閏十一(yi)月(yue)丙(bing)辰日(ri)(1127年1月(yue)9日(ri)),因為(wei)郭(guo)京作祟,完(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)望、完(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)(han)與諸將破(po)城(cheng),俘宋徽宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)二(er)(er)帝(di)。靖康(kang)二(er)(er)年(天(tian)(tian)會五(wu)年,1127年)二(er)(er)月(yue)丙(bing)寅日(ri)(3月(yue)20日(ri)),北宋滅亡(wang)(960年—1127年),金(jin)太宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)下詔廢(fei)宋徽宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、宋欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)二(er)(er)帝(di),貶為(wei)庶人(ren)(ren),強行脫去二(er)(er)帝(di)龍袍,隨(sui)行的李若水抱著欽(qin)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)身體,斥責(ze)金(jin)人(ren)(ren)為(wei)狗輩(bei)。完(wan)顏宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)(han)初時想招降李若水,過了幾(ji)天(tian)(tian)看看無(wu)效,就隨(sui)便讓手(shou)下處理他。李若水罵不絕口(kou),被宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)翰(han)(han)的手(shou)下割裂咽(yan)喉而死(si)節。
三月丁酉日(ri)(4月20日(ri)),金(jin)軍大肆(si)搜掠后(hou),立張(zhang)邦昌為(wei)帝,國(guo)號(hao)“大楚”。隨后(hou)分兩路撤(che)退;一路由宗(zong)望監(jian)押(ya),包括徽宗(zong)、鄭(zheng)皇后(hou)及(ji)親王、皇孫、駙(fu)馬(ma)、公主、妃嬪等(deng)(deng)一行(xing)人(ren)沿滑州(zhou)北(bei)去,另一路由宗(zong)翰監(jian)押(ya),包括欽(qin)宗(zong)、朱皇后(hou)、太子(zi)、宗(zong)室及(ji)孫傅、張(zhang)叔夜、秦(qin)檜等(deng)(deng)人(ren)沿鄭(zheng)州(zhou)北(bei)行(xing),其中還有教坊樂工(gong)、技藝工(gong)匠(jiang)等(deng)(deng)數(shu)千人(ren),攜文籍(ji)輿圖、寶器法物,百姓男女不(bu)下10萬(wan)人(ren)等(deng)(deng)北(bei)返(fan)。史稱“靖康之變(bian)”。又(you)因靖康元年為(wei)丙午年,亦(yi)稱此事件為(wei)“丙午之恥”。
北宋(song)(song)(song)滅亡后(hou),已經(jing)退位的(de)宋(song)(song)(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)(zong)趙佶與北宋(song)(song)(song)皇(huang)帝欽宗(zong)(zong)趙桓以(yi)及(ji)皇(huang)室(shi)、皇(huang)族、貴戚、近臣、各種(zhong)工匠等(deng)14000多人(ren),被(bei)押(ya)往(wang)金(jin)國。徽(hui)、欽二帝先后(hou)被(bei)囚禁(jin)在(zai)燕京(jing)(jing)(jing)(今北京(jing)(jing)(jing))、中京(jing)(jing)(jing)(內蒙寧城(cheng)縣)、上(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(黑龍江(jiang)省阿城(cheng)市)、韓(han)州(遼寧省昌圖(tu)縣)等(deng)地,最(zui)后(hou)遷徙至五國城(cheng)(黑龍江(jiang)省依蘭縣)。徽(hui)、欽二帝在(zai)五國城(cheng)囚禁(jin)的(de)時間長(chang)。欽宗(zong)(zong)后(hou)被(bei)遷往(wang)金(jin)上(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)及(ji)燕京(jing)(jing)(jing),最(zui)終(zhong)于(yu)被(bei)俘(fu)29年(nian)(1156年(nian))后(hou)死于(yu)燕京(jing)(jing)(jing)。徽(hui)、欽二帝在(zai)金(jin)兵的(de)押(ya)解下,一路北行,宋(song)(song)(song)徽(hui)宗(zong)(zong)被(bei)金(jin)帝辱(ru)封為昏德公。從汴京(jing)(jing)(jing)到韓(han)州期間,基本上(shang)處于(yu)輾轉(zhuan)遷徙過程,到了五國城(cheng)后(hou),囚禁(jin)生活才穩定。天(tian)會十(shi)三(san)年(nian)(1135年(nian)),徽(hui)宗(zong)(zong)由(you)于(yu)8年(nian)的(de)俘(fu)虜(lu)生活,有家不能(neng)(neng)歸,有國不能(neng)(neng)回,精神上(shang)始終(zhong)處于(yu)落魄他鄉的(de)壓抑狀態,再加上(shang)身患重病,于(yu)四月(yue)病故。
靖(jing)康之(zhi)(zhi)變后(hou),金(jin)(jin)朝(chao)授意宋(song)在汴京(jing)的其余官(guan)僚議立偽(wei)政(zheng)權。汴京(jing)的一(yi)些官(guan)吏、人民(min)等向金(jin)(jin)軍請求(qiu)復(fu)立趙(zhao)氏,被金(jin)(jin)軍拒絕。經(jing)過反復(fu)商議,金(jin)(jin)軍絕不允立趙(zhao)氏,所(suo)以二月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)日(ri)(ri),宋(song)百官(guan)議立張邦昌。在金(jin)(jin)兵的壓力下(xia),十(shi)(shi)(shi)三日(ri)(ri),留(liu)守司、開(kai)封府(fu)召集文武官(guan)員、僧道(dao)(dao)、軍民(min)并到宣德(de)門(men)集議擁戴張邦昌事。南宋(song)政(zheng)權建立之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),李綱等議張邦昌僭逆(ni)及受偽(wei)命,要求(qiu)給予(yu)處分。趙(zhao)構(gou)將(jiang)其流(liu)放于潭州(今湖(hu)南長沙(sha)),不久賜(si)死,年(nian)(nian)(nian)四十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)。張邦昌偽(wei)政(zheng)權之(zhi)(zhi)亡,使金(jin)(jin)以傀儡政(zheng)權統治(zhi)宋(song)之(zhi)(zhi)土地計劃失敗。天(tian)會八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1130年(nian)(nian)(nian)七(qi)月(yue))七(qi)月(yue)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)日(ri)(ri)金(jin)(jin)太宗又下(xia)詔,立扶持宋(song)朝(chao)降臣、原濟南知(zhi)府(fu)劉豫為(wei)皇(huang)帝,國(guo)號“大齊(qi)”,定都北京(jing)大名府(fu),管轄黃河故道(dao)(dao)以南的河南、陜西地區(qu),史稱“偽(wei)齊(qi)”。天(tian)會十(shi)(shi)(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1137年(nian)(nian)(nian))十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)月(yue),金(jin)(jin)熙宗廢除齊(qi)國(guo),在汴京(jing)設(she)立行尚書臺,治(zhi)理河南、陜西地區(qu)。
東(dong)京(jing)淪(lun)陷后,康(kang)王趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)于(yu)靖康(kang)元年(nian)(天(tian)(tian)(tian)會四年(nian),1126年(nian))十二(er)月一(yi)日于(yu)相州(zhou)建(jian)大元帥(shuai)府(fu),就任大元帥(shuai),此時金(jin)軍早已攻占開封的(de)(de)城墻(qiang),北(bei)(bei)宋(song)處(chu)于(yu)存亡危(wei)急之際,欽宗(zong)再次蠟書(shu)詔令趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)入援開封。趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)一(yi)面傳檄河北(bei)(bei)各州(zhou)府(fu)起兵會于(yu)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)大名(ming)府(fu),于(yu)中旬派小部隊(dui)(dui)南(nan)(nan)下湯陰(今屬河南(nan)(nan))作(zuo)疑(yi)兵,自率近萬(wan)軍隊(dui)(dui)出北(bei)(bei)門北(bei)(bei)上,經臨(lin)(lin)漳(zhang)(今河北(bei)(bei)臨(lin)(lin)漳(zhang)西南(nan)(nan)),踏河冰渡過黃河,到達大名(ming)。靖康(kang)二(er)年(nian)(天(tian)(tian)(tian)會五(wu)年(nian),1127年(nian))正月初(chu)逃到東(dong)南(nan)(nan)方的(de)(de)東(dong)平府(fu)。二(er)月下旬初(chu),趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)等逃到濟(ji)(ji)州(zhou)。金(jin)軍建(jian)立偽(wei)楚后,在(zai)濟(ji)(ji)州(zhou)的(de)(de)群(qun)臣即想(xiang)奉康(kang)王趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)在(zai)濟(ji)(ji)州(zhou)稱帝以重建(jian)宋(song)朝,趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)采納了宗(zong)澤的(de)(de)建(jian)議,前往作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)宋(song)太祖趙(zhao)(zhao)匡(kuang)胤(yin)興王之地的(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)應(ying)天(tian)(tian)(tian)府(fu)(今河南(nan)(nan)商丘),然后再即位(wei)當皇(huang)帝。趙(zhao)(zhao)構(gou)(gou)(gou)見時機成熟,遂于(yu)五(wu)月初(chu)一(yi)日(1127年(nian)6月12日)在(zai)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)應(ying)天(tian)(tian)(tian)府(fu)即位(wei),改元建(jian)炎,是為(wei)(wei)宋(song)高宗(zong),后建(jian)都(dou)(行在(zai)所)于(yu)臨(lin)(lin)安(今浙江(jiang)杭州(zhou)),史稱南(nan)(nan)宋(song)。
高(gao)(gao)宗即(ji)位后(hou)(hou)(hou),尊元(yuan)祐皇后(hou)(hou)(hou)為(wei)元(yuan)祐太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(后(hou)(hou)(hou)改隆祐太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou),即(ji)孟(meng)(meng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)),任命黃潛(qian)善(shan)為(wei)執政、汪伯彥為(wei)樞密院(yuan)長(chang)官(guan),分別(bie)兼(jian)任統兵的(de)御(yu)營使(shi)(shi)和副使(shi)(shi),實際(ji)掌握軍政大權。封(feng)(feng)原偽楚(chu)帝(di)(di)張(zhang)邦昌為(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)保、郡王(wang),并(bing)參決大事。隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)(hou)任命主(zhu)張(zhang)抗金的(de)名臣(chen)李綱為(wei)右相(xiang)。高(gao)(gao)宗被迫表示:“朕當與(yu)卿等獨留中原,訓練將(jiang)(jiang)士,益(yi)聚兵馬。都城(開封(feng)(feng)),可守;雖(sui)金賊(zei),可戰。”同(tong)時將(jiang)(jiang)孟(meng)(meng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)、六宮及衛(wei)士家屬發往(wang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan),作南(nan)逃(tao)的(de)準備。當八月(yue)(yue)初孟(meng)(meng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)等離開封(feng)(feng)府到(dao)應天府后(hou)(hou)(hou),高(gao)(gao)宗已(yi)決定逃(tao)往(wang)江南(nan)地區(qu),遂(sui)于(yu)八月(yue)(yue)初升(sheng)黃潛(qian)善(shan)為(wei)右相(xiang),李綱雖(sui)同(tong)時升(sheng)為(wei)左相(xiang),但十多(duo)天后(hou)(hou)(hou)即(ji)因反對逃(tao)往(wang)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)而(er)罷相(xiang),任相(xiang)僅(jin)兩個半月(yue)(yue),高(gao)(gao)宗隨(sui)即(ji)令孟(meng)(meng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)逃(tao)往(wang)江寧。九月(yue)(yue),金軍按照與(yu)偽楚(chu)的(de)地界(jie)劃(hua)分,逐(zhu)漸(jian)分兵占(zhan)領河(he)北(bei)、河(he)東(dong)(dong)州(zhou)縣,而(er)被貶的(de)偽楚(chu)帝(di)(di)張(zhang)邦昌也于(yu)同(tong)月(yue)(yue)下旬被處死于(yu)貶地潭州(zhou)。
為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)躲(duo)避金軍(jun)可能的(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)侵(qin),十月(yue)初(chu)一(yi)(yi),高宗(zong)立(li)即從南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)京應天府乘船南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)逃,同月(yue)末即逃到揚州(zhou)。南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)立(li)、偽楚(chu)的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)滅與張(zhang)邦昌被殺,違背了(le)金太(tai)宗(zong)不立(li)趙氏(shi)而(er)(er)(er)立(li)異姓(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)帝,作為(wei)(wei)(wei)附屬(shu)(shu)國的(de)(de)(de)條件。宋(song)(song)(song)高宗(zong)還否定(ding)了(le)北(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)欽(qin)宗(zong)割讓河北(bei)(bei)、河東(dong)兩(liang)路(lu)并(bing)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)金朝(chao)屬(shu)(shu)國的(de)(de)(de)承諾,而(er)(er)(er)且任命(ming)了(le)河北(bei)(bei)招(zhao)撫使(shi)與河東(dong)經(jing)制(zhi)使(shi)以圖收(shou)復兩(liang)河地(di)區,公然與金抗(kang)衡。金太(tai)宗(zong)隨(sui)即于同年十二月(yue)下詔進攻(gong)(gong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)(song),但在戰略上是采取(qu)會師(shi)河北(bei)(bei)進攻(gong)(gong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)(song),還是先取(qu)陜西,然后(hou)進攻(gong)(gong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)(song),金軍(jun)將領意見(jian)不一(yi)(yi)。金太(tai)宗(zong)決定(ding):“康王(趙)構當窮其(qi)所(suo)往而(er)(er)(er)追之(zhi),俟平宋(song)(song)(song),當立(li)藩輔如張(zhang)邦昌者。陜右之(zhi)地(di),亦未可置而(er)(er)(er)不取(qu)。”,命(ming)婁室率(lv)西路(lu)金軍(jun),作為(wei)(wei)(wei)偏師(shi),以進取(qu)陜西;左副(fu)元(yuan)帥宗(zong)翰(粘罕)率(lv)軍(jun)會合右副(fu)元(yuan)帥宗(zong)輔(訛里朵)于濮陽(yang)(今屬(shu)(shu)河南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)),組成(cheng)東(dong)路(lu)金軍(jun),作為(wei)(wei)(wei)進攻(gong)(gong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)主力,發動(dong)了(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋(song)(song)(song)建(jian)(jian)立(li)后(hou)金軍(jun)第(di)一(yi)(yi)次大規模(mo)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)侵(qin)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)事行動(dong)。
《永樂大典(dian)》:靖康之(zhi)變,恥莫(mo)大焉。仇雪恥,今其時(shi)矣(yi)。
呂思勉:宋(song)(song)朝(chao)的(de)滅亡,可(ke)以(yi)說是我國民族(zu)的(de)文化(hua),一(yi)時未(wei)能急劇轉變,以(yi)適應于(yu)競爭(zheng)之故。原來游牧民族(zu)以(yi)掠奪為(wei)生(sheng)產,而其(qi)生(sheng)活(huo)又極適宜于(yu)戰(zhan)斗,所以(yi)其(qi)勢甚強,文明民族(zu),往往為(wei)其(qi)所乘,羅馬的(de)見軛(e)于(yu)蠻(man)族(zu),和中國的(de)見軛(e)于(yu)五(wu)胡和遼、金、元、清(qing),正是一(yi)個道理。……試看宋(song)(song)朝(chao)南渡以(yi)后(hou),軍政的(de)腐(fu)敗(bai),人(ren)民的(de)困(kun)苦,而一(yi)部份士(shi)大(da)夫反溺(ni)于(yu)晏安酖毒,歌舞(wu)湖山可(ke)知。
胡繩:當金(jin)兵南下時(shi),一路(lu)經過險(xian)關要津,全無宋(song)兵抵御,使(shi)金(jin)人都嘆息說(shuo),宋(song)朝太(tai)無人了。足見當時(shi)宋(song)朝軍隊(dui)的(de)無能(neng)了。
中國婦(fu)女(nv)的節烈論,從(cong)靖康之(zhi)變開始被(bei)(bei)宋(song)(song)代道學(xue)(xue)家所注重。因為(wei)北(bei)宋(song)(song)后(hou)宮(gong)嬪(pin)妃、宗(zong)室婦(fu)女(nv)全部被(bei)(bei)擄往北(bei)方為(wei)奴為(wei)娼。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)恥(chi)辱使道學(xue)(xue)家們(men)舍棄了北(bei)宋(song)(song)時期重生存(cun)輕貞(zhen)節的觀念(nian)(nian),轉而大力提倡婦(fu)女(nv)舍生命保(bao)貞(zhen)節。由于(yu)當時的環境(jing),這(zhe)(zhe)種觀念(nian)(nian)也逐漸被(bei)(bei)士大夫們(men)所接(jie)受(shou)。到了明(ming)清之(zhi)際,女(nv)性殉節的貞(zhen)節牌坊日(ri)益增(zeng)多(duo),在生存(cun)與貞(zhen)節之(zhi)間,女(nv)性們(men)只能(neng)選擇后(hou)者。
北(bei)宋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織業(ye)主要是絲(si)織業(ye),其(qi)(qi)次為麻(ma)紡織業(ye)。作為兩稅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“絲(si)帛”類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)七類(lei)產(chan)(chan)品,有四種即絹、布、絲(si)綿(mian)、紬,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)絹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)大,而北(bei)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)京東地(di)(di)區(qu)是產(chan)(chan)絹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)地(di)(di),“契丹謂之綾(ling)州區(qu),真是名副其(qi)(qi)實的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)綾(ling)地(di)(di)區(qu)”,占全國總量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)百分之十六以上,但這兩個地(di)(di)區(qu)恰(qia)恰(qia)是金軍(jun)兩次南侵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)受害嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區(qu),這對(dui)于北(bei)宋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紡織業(ye)是個不小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失。
北宋(song)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)手(shou)工業作坊的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo)和內(nei)部分(fen)工的(de)(de)(de)細密程(cheng)度,都(dou)超越前(qian)代。生產技術發展顯著,產品的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)、數量(liang)、質(zhi)量(liang)大為增(zeng)加和改進。杰出的(de)(de)(de)要算是(shi)北宋(song)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓷器(qi)了。當時(shi),燒(shao)造(zao)瓷器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)戶,遍布全國各(ge)(ge)地,所造(zao)瓷器(qi)各(ge)(ge)具(ju)特色。但是(shi)隨著金軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)兩次南侵,制造(zao)瓷器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)廠大都(dou)被(bei)毀,珍貴精美的(de)(de)(de)瓷器(qi)大都(dou)被(bei)擄去金朝,技術高超的(de)(de)(de)瓷器(qi)制造(zao)師傅也損失很多。北宋(song)的(de)(de)(de)鑄錢業、采礦、冶(ye)煉(lian)業既(ji)受(shou)自(zi)然條件的(de)(de)(de)制約(yue),也受(shou)政府政策的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響,但“靖(jing)康之變”前(qian)后(hou)時(shi)期,政府根本無法正常運作。“朝令夕(xi)改,各(ge)(ge)州(zhou)所造(zao)銅(tong)、鐵(tie)錢不足(zu)往日之數”。在(zai)金軍(jun)兩次南侵過程(cheng)中,北宋(song)與西(xi)夏等國的(de)(de)(de)互市(shi)貿易(yi)可以說備(bei) 受(shou)打擊甚(shen)至無法繼續下去,“少有蕃商舶船(chuan)前(qian)來(lai)”。
靖康之(zhi)變,金兵大舉南下侵宋(song)(song)(song)(song),北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)滅亡;取而代之(zhi)的南宋(song)(song)(song)(song),其統治范圍狹小,僅(jin)僅(jin)只是秦嶺淮(huai)河以南的江(jiang)南地(di)(di)區,國土面積只是北(bei)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)的三分(fen)之(zhi)二。南宋(song)(song)(song)(song)偏(pian)安東(dong)南,完(wan)全丟失傳(chuan)統農(nong)耕區的黃河中下游地(di)(di)區,田賦收入(ru)大幅度(du)減少,財政開始倚重(zhong)非農(nong)產(chan)業。
靖康之變客觀(guan)上加強了(le)(le)(le)北方(fang)少(shao)數民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)和漢族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)融合。隨著金(jin)軍的(de)(de)(de)兩次(ci)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)侵,北方(fang)各(ge)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)家(jia)園被毀,廣大(da)人(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)不(bu)得(de)不(bu)背井離鄉,出現了(le)(le)(le)歷(li)史上又(you)一次(ci)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)遷的(de)(de)(de)浪潮。靖康之變后(hou),北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)經濟重(zhong)心(xin)已然受到很大(da)影(ying)響,加之無(wu)數難民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)遷至南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang),必(bi)然導致經濟中心(xin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)移。在經濟重(zhong)心(xin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)移的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi),北方(fang)少(shao)數民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)也不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)融入漢族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活區域中,南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)北方(fang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)技術互相借鑒,生(sheng)活習慣和民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)文化也不(bu)斷(duan)(duan)融合。總之,大(da)量(liang)(liang)北方(fang)少(shao)數民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)遷至南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)地不(bu)但補(bu)充了(le)(le)(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)勞動力,也帶(dai)去了(le)(le)(le)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)技術和文化,增加了(le)(le)(le)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)軍事力量(liang)(liang),促(cu)進(jin)了(le)(le)(le)北方(fang)少(shao)數民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族(zu)和漢族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)融合,完成了(le)(le)(le)經濟重(zhong)心(xin)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)移的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。