《鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)傳》是唐代傳奇小說,由(you)元稹編(bian)撰(zhuan)。原(yuan)題《傳奇》。主要(yao)講述的(de)是貧寒書生張(zhang)生對沒落貴(gui)族女子崔鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)始亂終棄的(de)悲劇故事。
唐貞元(yuan)中(zhong),有張(zhang)生(sheng)者(zhe),性溫茂(mao),美風容(rong),內(nei)秉堅孤(gu),非(fei)(fei)禮不(bu)(bu)可入。或朋従游宴,擾雜(za)其間,他人皆洶(xiong)(xiong)洶(xiong)(xiong)拳(quan)拳(quan),若(ruo)將不(bu)(bu)及;張(zhang)生(sheng)容(rong)順而(er)已,終(zhong)不(bu)(bu)能亂。以是年二十三,未(wei)嘗近(jin)女色(se)。知者(zhe)詰(jie)(jie)之(zhi),謝而(er)言曰:"登(deng)徒(tu)子非(fei)(fei)好(hao)色(se)者(zhe),是有兇行。余(yu)真(zhen)好(hao)色(se)者(zhe),而(er)適不(bu)(bu)我值。何以言之(zhi)?大凡物之(zhi)尤者(zhe),未(wei)嘗不(bu)(bu)留連(lian)于心,是知其非(fei)(fei)忘情者(zhe)也(ye)。"詰(jie)(jie)者(zhe)識之(zhi)。
無幾何,張(zhang)生游于蒲(pu),蒲(pu)之(zhi)東(dong)十余里,有僧舍曰普救(jiu)寺,張(zhang)生寓(yu)焉。適有崔氏孀婦(fu),將(jiang)歸長安(an),路出于蒲(pu),亦(yi)止茲寺。崔氏婦(fu),鄭(zheng)女(nv)也;張(zhang)出于鄭(zheng),緒(xu)其親,乃異派之(zhi)従母(mu)。是(shi)歲,渾瑊(zhen)薨于蒲(pu),有中人(ren)(ren)丁文雅(ya),不善于軍(jun),軍(jun)人(ren)(ren)因喪而擾,大掠(lve)蒲(pu)人(ren)(ren)。崔氏之(zhi)家,財產(chan)甚厚,多(duo)奴仆,旅寓(yu)惶駭,不知所托。
先是張(zhang)與蒲(pu)將之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黨有(you)善,請吏護(hu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),遂不(bu)(bu)及于(yu)難。十余日,廉(lian)使杜確將天子(zi)命(ming)以(yi)總戎節,令于(yu)軍,軍由是戢。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)厚張(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)德(de)甚,因飾饌以(yi)命(ming)張(zhang),中堂宴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。復謂(wei)張(zhang)曰(yue)(yue):"姨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孤嫠(li)未(wei)亡,提攜幼稚,不(bu)(bu)幸(xing)屬(shu)師徒大潰,實(shi)不(bu)(bu)保其(qi)身,弱子(zi)幼女,猶君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)生,豈可(ke)比常恩哉?今(jin)俾以(yi)仁兄禮奉見,冀(ji)所以(yi)報(bao)恩也(ye)。"命(ming)其(qi)子(zi),曰(yue)(yue)歡郎,可(ke)十余歲,容甚溫美。次命(ming)女:"出拜爾兄,爾兄活爾。"久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辭疾(ji),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)怒曰(yue)(yue):"張(zhang)兄保爾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming),不(bu)(bu)然,爾且擄矣,能復遠嫌乎?"久之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乃至,常服睟容,不(bu)(bu)加新飾。垂鬟接黛,雙(shuang)臉銷紅而已,顏(yan)色艷異,光輝動人。張(zhang)驚為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮,因坐鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)旁(pang)。以(yi)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抑(yi)而見也(ye),凝(ning)睇(di)怨(yuan)絕,若不(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)其(qi)體者。問其(qi)年紀,鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)曰(yue)(yue):"今(jin)天子(zi)甲子(zi)歲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)七(qi)月,終(zhong)于(yu)貞(zhen)元庚(geng)辰(chen),生年十七(qi)矣。"張(zhang)生稍以(yi)詞導之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)對,終(zhong)席而罷。
張(zhang)(zhang)自是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)惑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),愿致其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)情,無(wu)由得也(ye)。崔(cui)(cui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)婢(bi)曰(yue)(yue)紅娘(niang),生(sheng)私為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮者數(shu)四(si),乘間(jian)遂道其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)衷。婢(bi)果驚(jing)(jing)沮,腆然(ran)而(er)(er)奔,張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)悔(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。翼日(ri),婢(bi)復(fu)(fu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)乃羞而(er)(er)謝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)復(fu)(fu)云所(suo)求矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。婢(bi)因(yin)(yin)(yin)謂張(zhang)(zhang)曰(yue)(yue):"郎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,所(suo)不(bu)敢言,亦不(bu)敢泄。然(ran)而(er)(er)崔(cui)(cui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姻族(zu),君(jun)(jun)所(suo)詳(xiang)也(ye),何(he)不(bu)因(yin)(yin)(yin)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)德(de)而(er)(er)求娶焉?"張(zhang)(zhang)曰(yue)(yue):"余始(shi)自孩提(ti),性不(bu)茍(gou)合(he)。或(huo)時紈(wan)綺間(jian)居,曾莫流盼。不(bu)為當(dang)年,終有所(suo)蔽。昨日(ri)一席間(jian),幾不(bu)自持(chi)(chi)。數(shu)日(ri)來,行忘止,食(shi)忘飽,恐(kong)不(bu)能逾(yu)旦(dan)暮(mu)。若因(yin)(yin)(yin)媒氏而(er)(er)娶,納采問名,則(ze)(ze)三(san)數(shu)月(yue)(yue)間(jian),索我于枯魚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肆矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。爾其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)謂我何(he)?"婢(bi)曰(yue)(yue):"崔(cui)(cui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貞慎自保,雖所(suo)尊(zun)不(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)非語(yu)犯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),下(xia)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀,固(gu)難入矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。然(ran)而(er)(er)善屬(shu)文,往往沈吟章句,怨(yuan)慕(mu)者久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。君(jun)(jun)試(shi)為喻情詩以(yi)(yi)亂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)然(ran)則(ze)(ze)無(wu)由也(ye)。"張(zhang)(zhang)大喜(xi),立綴春(chun)詞(ci)(ci)二(er)首以(yi)(yi)授之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夕,紅娘(niang)復(fu)(fu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),持(chi)(chi)彩箋(jian)以(yi)(yi)授張(zhang)(zhang)曰(yue)(yue):"崔(cui)(cui)所(suo)命也(ye)。"題其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)篇曰(yue)(yue)《明月(yue)(yue)三(san)五夜》,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)詞(ci)(ci)曰(yue)(yue):"待月(yue)(yue)西廂(xiang)下(xia),迎風戶(hu)(hu)半(ban)開。拂墻花影動(dong),疑(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)玉人來。"張(zhang)(zhang)亦微喻其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)旨,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夕,歲(sui)二(er)月(yue)(yue)旬有四(si)日(ri)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。崔(cui)(cui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東有杏花一株,攀援可(ke)逾(yu)。既(ji)望之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夕,張(zhang)(zhang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)梯(ti)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)樹而(er)(er)逾(yu)焉,達于西廂(xiang),則(ze)(ze)戶(hu)(hu)半(ban)開矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。紅娘(niang)寢于床,生(sheng)因(yin)(yin)(yin)驚(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。紅娘(niang)駭曰(yue)(yue):"郎何(he)以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?"張(zhang)(zhang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)紿之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue):"崔(cui)(cui)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)箋(jian)召我也(ye),爾為我告之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。"無(wu)幾,紅娘(niang)復(fu)(fu)來,連(lian)曰(yue)(yue):"至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)!至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)!"張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)且喜(xi)且駭,必謂獲濟。及崔(cui)(cui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)(ze)端服嚴容,大數(shu)張(zhang)(zhang)曰(yue)(yue):"兄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩,活(huo)我之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)家,厚矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)慈母(mu)以(yi)(yi)弱子幼女見托(tuo)。奈(nai)何(he)因(yin)(yin)(yin)不(bu)令之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)婢(bi),致淫逸(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci)(ci),始(shi)以(yi)(yi)護人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂為義,而(er)(er)終掠亂以(yi)(yi)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)亂易(yi)亂,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)去幾何(he)?誠(cheng)(cheng)欲寢其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)詞(ci)(ci),則(ze)(ze)保人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸,不(bu)義;明之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于母(mu),則(ze)(ze)背(bei)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惠,不(bu)祥;將(jiang)寄(ji)與婢(bi)仆,又懼不(bu)得發其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)真誠(cheng)(cheng)。是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)托(tuo)短(duan)章,愿自陳(chen)啟,猶懼兄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見難,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)鄙(bi)靡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci)(ci),以(yi)(yi)求其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)必至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。非禮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動(dong),能不(bu)愧(kui)心,特(te)愿以(yi)(yi)禮自持(chi)(chi),無(wu)及于亂。"言畢,翻然(ran)而(er)(er)逝。張(zhang)(zhang)自失(shi)者久(jiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),復(fu)(fu)逾(yu)而(er)(er)出,于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)絕望。
數(shu)夕,張(zhang)(zhang)生臨軒獨寢,忽有(you)(you)人覺之(zhi)。驚駭而(er)(er)(er)起,則紅娘(niang)斂衾攜枕(zhen)而(er)(er)(er)至(zhi)(zhi)。撫張(zhang)(zhang)曰:"至(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)!至(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)!睡何(he)為哉?"并枕(zhen)重衾而(er)(er)(er)去(qu)。張(zhang)(zhang)生拭目(mu)危坐(zuo)久之(zhi),猶疑(yi)夢寐(mei),然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)修謹以(yi)俟。俄而(er)(er)(er)紅娘(niang)捧崔(cui)氏(shi)而(er)(er)(er)至(zhi)(zhi),至(zhi)(zhi)則嬌羞融冶(ye),力(li)不(bu)能(neng)運支體,曩時端莊,不(bu)復(fu)(fu)同矣(yi)(yi)。是(shi)夕旬有(you)(you)八(ba)日(ri)也,斜月晶瑩(ying),幽輝半床。張(zhang)(zhang)生飄飄然(ran),且疑(yi)神仙之(zhi)徒,不(bu)謂(wei)従人間至(zhi)(zhi)矣(yi)(yi)。有(you)(you)頃,寺鐘(zhong)鳴,天將曉,紅娘(niang)促去(qu)。崔(cui)氏(shi)嬌啼宛(wan)轉,紅娘(niang)又捧之(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)去(qu),終(zhong)夕無(wu)一(yi)言。張(zhang)(zhang)生辨色而(er)(er)(er)興,自(zi)疑(yi)曰:"豈其夢邪?"及明,睹妝在臂,香在衣,淚光(guang)熒熒然(ran),猶瑩(ying)于(yu)茵席而(er)(er)(er)已。是(shi)后(hou)又十余日(ri),杳不(bu)復(fu)(fu)知(zhi)。張(zhang)(zhang)生賦《會真詩》三十韻,未畢,而(er)(er)(er)紅娘(niang)適至(zhi)(zhi)。因授之(zhi),以(yi)貽崔(cui)氏(shi)。自(zi)是(shi)復(fu)(fu)容之(zhi),朝隱而(er)(er)(er)出,暮隱而(er)(er)(er)入(ru),同安(an)于(yu)曩所謂(wei)西廂者,幾一(yi)月矣(yi)(yi)。張(zhang)(zhang)生常詰(jie)鄭氏(shi)之(zhi)情(qing),則曰:"我不(bu)可奈(nai)何(he)矣(yi)(yi),因欲就成之(zhi)。"無(wu)何(he),張(zhang)(zhang)生將之(zhi)長安(an),先(xian)以(yi)情(qing)喻之(zhi)。崔(cui)氏(shi)宛(wan)無(wu)難詞(ci),然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)愁怨之(zhi)容動人矣(yi)(yi)。將行之(zhi)再夕,不(bu)可復(fu)(fu)見,而(er)(er)(er)張(zhang)(zhang)生遂西下。
數月,復(fu)(fu)游于(yu)蒲,會于(yu)崔氏(shi)者(zhe)又累月。崔氏(shi)甚工刀(dao)札,善屬(shu)文,求(qiu)索再三(san),終(zhong)不可(ke)見(jian)。往往張(zhang)生自(zi)(zi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)文挑,亦(yi)(yi)不甚睹(du)覽。大略崔之(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)人者(zhe),藝必窮極(ji),而(er)(er)貌(mao)若(ruo)不知(zhi);言則(ze)敏辯,而(er)(er)寡于(yu)酬對(dui)。待張(zhang)之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)甚厚(hou),然未(wei)嘗以(yi)(yi)(yi)詞繼(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)。時(shi)愁(chou)艷幽(you)邃(sui),恒若(ruo)不識(shi);喜慍(yun)之(zhi)(zhi)容,亦(yi)(yi)罕(han)形見(jian)。異時(shi)獨夜操琴(qin),愁(chou)弄凄惻,張(zhang)竊(qie)聽之(zhi)(zhi),求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi),則(ze)終(zhong)不復(fu)(fu)鼓(gu)矣(yi)(yi)。以(yi)(yi)(yi)是愈惑之(zhi)(zhi)。張(zhang)生俄以(yi)(yi)(yi)文調及期,又當(dang)西(xi)去。當(dang)去之(zhi)(zhi)夕,不復(fu)(fu)自(zi)(zi)言其情(qing),愁(chou)嘆于(yu)崔氏(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)側。崔已陰知(zhi)將訣(jue)矣(yi)(yi),恭(gong)貌(mao)怡聲,徐(xu)謂(wei)張(zhang)曰:"始(shi)亂(luan)之(zhi)(zhi),終(zhong)棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi),固(gu)其宜矣(yi)(yi),愚不敢恨(hen)。必也君(jun)亂(luan)之(zhi)(zhi),君(jun)終(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi),君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)惠也;則(ze)歿身之(zhi)(zhi)誓,其有終(zhong)矣(yi)(yi),又何必深感于(yu)此行?然而(er)(er)君(jun)既(ji)不懌(yi),無(wu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)奉寧。君(jun)常謂(wei)我善鼓(gu)琴(qin),向時(shi)羞(xiu)顏,所不能及。今(jin)且往矣(yi)(yi),既(ji)君(jun)此誠。"因命拂(fu)琴(qin),鼓(gu)《霓裳(shang)羽衣序(xu)》,不數聲,哀音怨亂(luan),不復(fu)(fu)知(zhi)其是曲也。左右(you)皆唏噓,張(zhang)亦(yi)(yi)遽止之(zhi)(zhi)。投(tou)琴(qin),泣下流連,趨歸鄭所,遂不復(fu)(fu)至。明(ming)旦而(er)(er)張(zhang)行。
明(ming)年,文戰不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)勝,張(zhang)遂(sui)止于京(jing),因貽書于崔,以(yi)廣其意。崔氏緘報之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci),粗載于此。曰:捧(peng)覽來問,撫愛過深,兒(er)(er)女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,悲喜交集(ji)。兼(jian)惠花勝一(yi)(yi)合,口脂五寸,致耀首(shou)膏唇(chun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)飾(shi)。雖(sui)荷殊恩,誰(shui)復為(wei)容?睹(du)物增懷(huai),但積悲嘆耳(er)。伏承使(shi)于京(jing)中(zhong)就業(ye),進修之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao),固在便(bian)安。但恨僻陋(lou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren),永以(yi)遐棄(qi),命也(ye)如(ru)此,知(zhi)復何(he)言(yan)(yan)?自(zi)(zi)去秋已(yi)來,常忽忽如(ru)有所(suo)失,于喧嘩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下(xia),或勉為(wei)語笑,閑宵自(zi)(zi)處(chu),無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)淚(lei)零(ling)。乃(nai)至夢(meng)寢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,亦(yi)多感咽(yan)。離憂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思,綢繆繾綣,暫若尋常;幽(you)會未終(zhong),驚魂已(yi)斷。雖(sui)半衾(qin)如(ru)暖,而(er)(er)思之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)甚遙。一(yi)(yi)昨拜辭,倏逾舊歲。長(chang)安行樂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,觸緒牽情,何(he)幸(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忘幽(you)微,眷念(nian)無(wu)斁。鄙(bi)薄(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi),無(wu)以(yi)奉(feng)酬(chou)。至于終(zhong)始之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盟,則(ze)固不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忒。鄙(bi)昔中(zhong)表(biao)相因,或同宴處(chu),婢仆見(jian)誘,遂(sui)致私誠(cheng)。兒(er)(er)女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能自(zi)(zi)固。君子有援琴之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)挑,鄙(bi)人(ren)無(wu)投梭(suo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)拒。及薦寢席,義(yi)盛意深,愚陋(lou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情,永謂終(zhong)托(tuo)。豈期既見(jian)君子,而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能定情,致有自(zi)(zi)獻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羞(xiu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)復明(ming)侍巾幘。沒(mei)身(shen)永恨,含嘆何(he)言(yan)(yan)?倘仁(ren)人(ren)用心(xin),俯遂(sui)幽(you)眇;雖(sui)死之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)日,猶(you)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)年。如(ru)或達(da)士(shi)略(lve)情,舍小従大(da),以(yi)先配為(wei)丑行,以(yi)要(yao)盟為(wei)可欺(qi)。則(ze)當(dang)骨化形銷,丹誠(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)泯;因風委(wei)露,猶(you)托(tuo)清塵。存沒(mei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)誠(cheng),言(yan)(yan)盡于此;臨紙嗚咽(yan),情不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能申。千(qian)萬(wan)珍重!珍重千(qian)萬(wan)!玉(yu)(yu)環一(yi)(yi)枚(mei),是(shi)(shi)兒(er)(er)嬰年所(suo)弄,寄充君子下(xia)體所(suo)佩。玉(yu)(yu)取其堅潤不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)渝,環取其終(zhong)始不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)絕。兼(jian)亂絲(si)一(yi)(yi)絇,文竹茶碾子一(yi)(yi)枚(mei)。此數物不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)見(jian)珍,意者欲君子如(ru)玉(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)真,弊志(zhi)如(ru)環不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)解,淚(lei)痕(hen)在竹,愁緒縈(ying)絲(si),因物達(da)情,永以(yi)為(wei)好耳(er)。心(xin)邇身(shen)遐,拜會無(wu)期,幽(you)憤所(suo)鐘,千(qian)里神合。千(qian)萬(wan)珍重!春風多厲,強飯為(wei)嘉。慎(shen)言(yan)(yan)自(zi)(zi)保(bao),無(wu)以(yi)鄙(bi)為(wei)深念(nian)。"張(zhang)生(sheng)發其書于所(suo)知(zhi),由是(shi)(shi)時(shi)人(ren)多聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
所善楊巨源好屬詞,因為賦《崔娘(niang)詩》一絕(jue)云:"清潤潘郎玉不如,中庭蕙草雪銷初(chu)。風流才子多春思,腸斷蕭娘(niang)一紙(zhi)書(shu)。"河(he)南元(yuan)稹,亦續生《會真(zhen)詩》三十韻。詩曰:
微(wei)月透簾櫳,螢光度碧(bi)空。遙天初(chu)縹緲,低樹漸(jian)(jian)蔥朧。龍(long)吹(chui)過庭竹,鸞歌拂井桐。羅綃(xiao)垂薄霧(wu),環(huan)佩響輕風。絳節(jie)隨金母,云心捧玉(yu)(yu)童。更(geng)(geng)深人悄悄,晨會雨蒙蒙。珠瑩光文履(lv),花明隱(yin)繡龍(long)。瑤釵(chai)行(xing)彩鳳,羅帔(pei)掩(yan)丹虹。言自(zi)瑤華(hua)浦,將(jiang)朝碧(bi)玉(yu)(yu)宮。因(yin)游洛城北(bei),偶向宋家東。戲調初(chu)微(wei)拒,柔情已暗(an)通。低鬟(huan)蟬(chan)影動,回步玉(yu)(yu)塵蒙。轉(zhuan)面流花雪(xue),登床抱綺叢。鴛鴦交頸舞(wu),翡(fei)翠(cui)合歡籠。眉黛羞偏(pian)聚,唇(chun)朱暖更(geng)(geng)融。氣清蘭(lan)蕊馥,膚潤玉(yu)(yu)肌豐。無力傭移腕,多嬌愛斂(lian)躬。汗流珠點點,發亂綠蔥蔥。方喜千年會,俄聞五(wu)夜(ye)窮。留連時有(you)恨,繾綣(quan)意難終。慢臉含愁態,芳詞誓(shi)素衷。贈環(huan)明運合,留結(jie)表心同。啼粉流宵鏡,殘燈遠暗(an)蟲。華(hua)光猶苒(ran)苒(ran),旭(xu)日漸(jian)(jian)瞳瞳。乘鶩(mu)還歸洛,吹(chui)簫亦(yi)上嵩。衣香猶染麝,枕膩(ni)尚殘紅(hong)。冪冪臨(lin)塘草,飄(piao)(piao)飄(piao)(piao)思渚蓬。素琴鳴怨鶴,清漢望(wang)歸鴻。海闊誠難渡,天高不易沖(chong)。行(xing)云無處所,蕭(xiao)史(shi)在(zai)樓中。
張之(zhi)(zhi)友(you)聞之(zhi)(zhi)者,莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聳異之(zhi)(zhi),然而(er)張志亦絕(jue)矣。稹特與張厚(hou),因徵其(qi)詞。張曰:"大凡天之(zhi)(zhi)所命尤物也,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)妖其(qi)身,必妖于(yu)人(ren)。使崔氏(shi)子遇合富貴,乘寵嬌,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)云(yun),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)雨,為(wei)蛟(jiao)為(wei)螭,吾(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知其(qi)所變化矣。昔殷(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)辛,周之(zhi)(zhi)幽,據百萬之(zhi)(zhi)國,其(qi)勢甚(shen)厚(hou)。然而(er)一女子敗(bai)之(zhi)(zhi),潰其(qi)眾,屠其(qi)身,至(zhi)今為(wei)天下僇笑。予之(zhi)(zhi)德不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以勝妖孽(nie),是(shi)用忍情。"于(yu)時坐者皆為(wei)深嘆。
后歲余(yu),崔已(yi)委身于(yu)人,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)亦有(you)所娶。適經所居,乃因(yin)其夫言于(yu)崔,求以(yi)外兄見。夫語之(zhi),而崔終(zhong)不為(wei)出(chu)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)怨(yuan)念之(zhi)誠,動于(yu)顏色,崔知(zhi)之(zhi),潛(qian)賦一章詞曰:"自従消瘦減容光,萬轉千(qian)回(hui)懶下床。不為(wei)旁人羞(xiu)不起,為(wei)郎憔悴卻羞(xiu)郎。"竟不之(zhi)見。后數日,張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)生將(jiang)(jiang)行,又賦一章以(yi)謝絕云:"棄置(zhi)今何(he)道,當時(shi)且自親。還將(jiang)(jiang)舊時(shi)意(yi),憐取眼前人。"自是(shi)絕不復知(zhi)矣(yi)。時(shi)人多許張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)為(wei)善補過者(zhe)。予常(chang)于(yu)朋會(hui)之(zhi)中,往往及(ji)此意(yi)者(zhe),夫使知(zhi)者(zhe)不為(wei),為(wei)之(zhi)者(zhe)不惑。貞元歲九月,執事李公垂,宿于(yu)予靖安里第,語及(ji)于(yu)是(shi)。公垂卓然稱異(yi),遂為(wei)《鶯鶯歌》以(yi)傳(chuan)之(zhi)。崔氏小名鶯鶯,公垂以(yi)命篇。
關于張(zhang)生的原型(xing),舊有張(zhang)籍(文昌(chang))、張(zhang)珙(君(jun)瑞)、張(zhang)先(子野)三說﹐皆誤(wu)。
宋代王铚(zhi)在《〈傳奇〉辯證》考(kao)證張生為元稹本人。
宋(song)代趙令畤(zhi)在《侯鯖集》第(di)五卷,《辯傳奇鶯鶯事(shi)》中(zhong)論證
詳細。
魯迅在(zai)《中國小說(shuo)史略》中說(shuo):“《鶯鶯傳》者(zhe),……元稹(zhen)以張生自寓,述其親歷之境(jing)。”
今人吳偉(wei)斌著《元稹(zhen)考論》,商榷魯迅、陳寅恪(ke)、岑仲勉等(deng)名家的權威結論,否定“張生自寓”說(shuo)。
關于崔(cui)(cui)鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)的原型,王铚認為鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)是元稹姨母鄭氏與(yu)永年縣尉(wei)崔(cui)(cui)鵬之(zhi)女崔(cui)(cui)氏,即元稹的表妹。
近人陳寅恪(ke)從元稹(zhen)詩(shi)集一首(shou)《曹(cao)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)舞綠鈿》,假(jia)定“曹(cao)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)”是(shi)“曹(cao)九(jiu)九(jiu)”的(de)訛誤,又說(shuo)“九(jiu)九(jiu)”二字古音與鶯(ying)鳥(niao)鳴聲(sheng)相近,認(ren)為(wei)崔鶯(ying)鶯(ying)應是(shi)名叫“曹(cao)九(jiu)九(jiu)”的(de)“酒(jiu)家胡(hu)”,“此(ci)女姓曹(cao)名九(jiu)九(jiu),殆(dai)亦出于(yu)中亞(ya)種族”,因(yin)“中亞(ya)胡(hu)人善于(yu)釀酒(jiu)”,得(de)出曹(cao)九(jiu)九(jiu)是(shi)“酒(jiu)家胡(hu)”的(de)結論(lun)。
還有一(yi)些其它說(shuo)法,今人(ren)卞孝(xiao)萱在《元稹(zhen)(zhen)年譜》中指(zhi)出(chu),“‘工于投機取巧之(zhi)才人(ren)’元稹(zhen)(zhen),怎么忽然蠢(chun)起來,把一(yi)個社會(hui)地位低下的(de)‘酒家胡’,說(shuo)成自(zi)己(ji)的(de)姨妹?”。
吳偉(wei)斌在《元稹(zhen)考論》和(he)《元稹(zhen)評傳》中對《元稹(zhen)年(nian)譜》、《元白詩(shi)箋證(zheng)(zheng)稿》等(deng)進行(xing)糾謬,重新考證(zheng)(zheng)了元稹(zhen)的(de)(de)為人和(he)其作品,“解決了學術界關于元稹(zhen)一(yi)直無法(fa)自圓的(de)(de)諸多(duo)問題(ti)”。人物考證(zheng)(zheng)至今仍無定論。
《鶯鶯傳(chuan)》寫(xie)張(zhang)生(sheng)與崔鶯鶯戀愛(ai),后(hou)來又將她遺棄的(de)(de)故事(shi)。起(qi)始(shi)張(zhang)生(sheng)旅居(ju)蒲州(zhou)普救(jiu)寺(si)(si)時(shi)發生(sheng)兵亂,出(chu)(chu)力救(jiu)護(hu)了同寓寺(si)(si)中的(de)(de)遠房姨母鄭氏一(yi)家。在鄭氏的(de)(de)答謝宴上,張(zhang)生(sheng)對表(biao)妹鶯鶯一(yi)見傾(qing)心,婢女紅娘傳(chuan)書,幾經反復,兩人(ren)終于花好月圓(yuan)。后(hou)來張(zhang)生(sheng)赴京(jing)應試未中,滯留(liu)京(jing)師,與鶯鶯情(qing)書來往,互贈(zeng)信物以表(biao)深(shen)情(qing)。但(dan)張(zhang)生(sheng)終于變(bian)心,認(ren)為(wei)鶯鶯是天下之(zhi)“尤物”,還(huan)搬(ban)出(chu)(chu)商紂,周(zhou)幽王亡(wang)國的(de)(de)例子,證明(ming)自己“德不足(zu)以勝妖孽(nie)”,只好割(ge)愛(ai)。一(yi)年多后(hou),鶯鶯另嫁(jia),張(zhang)生(sheng)也另娶。一(yi)次張(zhang)生(sheng)路過(guo)鶯鶯家門,要求以“外兄”相見,遭鶯鶯拒(ju)絕(jue)。數日(ri)后(hou)張(zhang)生(sheng)離去(qu),鶯鶯回詩決絕(jue)“棄置今何道,當時(shi)且自親(qin)。還(huan)將舊(jiu)時(shi)意,憐(lian)取眼前人(ren)”。當時(shi)人(ren)們(men)還(huan)稱贊張(zhang)生(sheng)“始(shi)亂終棄”的(de)(de)行為(wei)是“善(shan)于補過(guo)”。小說顯然是站在張(zhang)生(sheng)的(de)(de)立(li)場,美化張(zhang)生(sheng),為(wei)他的(de)(de)薄幸行為(wei)辯護(hu)。
傳(chuan)奇(qi)小說(shuo)名篇。元(yuan)稹撰,原(yuan)題《傳(chuan)奇(qi)》,《異(yi)聞集(ji)》載此篇,還(huan)保存原(yuan)題,收(shou)入(ru)《太平廣記》488卷,收(shou)錄(lu)時(shi)改作(zuo)《鶯(ying)鶯(ying)傳(chuan)》,沿用(yong)至今(jin),又因傳(chuan)中(zhong)有(you)賦《會(hui)真(zhen)詩(shi)》的內容,俗亦(yi)稱(cheng)《會(hui)真(zhen)記》。其篇末說(shuo):“貞元(yuan)歲(sui)九月,執事〔友〕李公(gong)(gong)垂(李紳字)宿于(yu)予靖(jing)安里第,語(yu)及于(yu)是(shi),公(gong)(gong)垂卓然稱(cheng)異(yi),遂為《鶯(ying)鶯(ying)歌》以傳(chuan)之。”今(jin)考出是(shi)貞元(yuan)二十(shi)年(804年)九月,元(yuan)稹將故事講給李紳聽,李紳作(zuo)《鶯(ying)鶯(ying)歌》,元(yuan)稹寫了(le)這(zhe)篇傳(chuan)奇(qi)。
《鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)傳》于(yu)敘事中(zhong)(zhong)注意刻(ke)畫人物(wu)性格(ge)和心理(li),較好地(di)塑造了(le)(le)崔鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形象。崔鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個在(zai)封(feng)建(jian)家庭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴格(ge)閨訓中(zhong)(zhong)長大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少女。她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)有強烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)愛情(qing)(qing)要(yao)求,但又(you)在(zai)內心隱藏得很深,甚至(zhi)有時還會(hui)(hui)在(zai)表面(mian)上作(zuo)出(chu)完(wan)全相(xiang)反的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)姿態。本(ben)來,通過(guo)她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)侍婢紅娘,張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)與她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)已相(xiang)互用詩表達(da)了(le)(le)愛情(qing)(qing)。可是(shi)(shi),當張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)按照她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)詩中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)定前(qian)來相(xiang)會(hui)(hui)時,她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)卻又(you)“端(duan)(duan)服(fu)嚴容”,正言厲色地(di)數落了(le)(le)張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“非禮(li)(li)之(zhi)動”。數日后,當張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)已陷于(yu)絕望時,她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)忽(hu)然(ran)又(you)采取大膽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)叛逆(ni)行動,主動夜奔張(zhang)(zhang)生(sheng)住所(suo)幽會(hui)(hui),“曩時端(duan)(duan)莊,不(bu)復(fu)同矣”。崔鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種矛盾(dun)和反復(fu),真實(shi)地(di)反映(ying)了(le)(le)她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)克服(fu)猶豫、動搖而(er)終(zhong)于(yu)背(bei)叛封(feng)建(jian)禮(li)(li)教(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)曲折過(guo)程。但是(shi)(shi),她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)在(zai)思想上又(you)始終(zhong)未能徹底擺(bai)脫社會(hui)(hui)、出(chu)身、教(jiao)養所(suo)加(jia)給她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精神桎梏。她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)仍然(ran)認為私自(zi)戀(lian)愛結合是(shi)(shi)不(bu)合法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),“始亂之(zhi),終(zhong)棄之(zhi),固(gu)其宜(yi)矣,愚不(bu)敢恨”。因(yin)而(er)在(zai)她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)遭到遺棄以后,就只能自(zi)怨(yuan)自(zi)艾,聽從命運的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擺(bai)布。這(zhe)又(you)表現了(le)(le)她(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)思想性格(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)軟(ruan)弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)面(mian)。作(zuo)品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)對這(zhe)一(yi)形象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刻(ke)畫,傳神寫態,有血有肉(rou),異常(chang)鮮明。
作(zuo)者(zhe)為了替張(zhang)生(sheng)遺棄崔(cui)鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)無恥行徑辯解開(kai)脫,竟(jing)藉(jie)其(qi)口大罵崔(cui)鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)為“尤物(wu)”﹑“妖孽”﹑“不妖其(qi)身﹐必妖于人”,這就不僅使得人物(wu)形(xing)像前后不統一,也造成了主(zhu)題思想的(de)(de)(de)矛盾。誠如魯(lu)迅《中國小說(shuo)史略》所說(shuo):“篇(pian)末文過飾非(fei),遂墮(duo)惡趣。”盡管(guan)如此(ci),讀者(zhe)從作(zuo)品的(de)(de)(de)具體描述中卻仍然感到崔(cui)鶯(ying)(ying)鶯(ying)(ying)令人同情,而(er)張(zhang)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)負心,則令人憎惡。應該(gai)說(shuo)作(zuo)品的(de)(de)(de)客觀藝術效(xiao)果與作(zuo)者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)觀議論評價是截(jie)然相(xiang)反的(de)(de)(de)。
前(qian)語之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),后前(qian)不(bu)(bu)一,文過非(fei)飾,余有異(yi),敢(gan)敘(xu)一二。本自(zi)非(fei)正(zheng)(zheng),乃(nai)歸(gui)正(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),人(ren)道張生無(wu)情,始亂終棄。姻緣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理,父母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命,媒(mei)(mei)(mei)妁(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言。父母(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命者,夫婦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道,崇敬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)以(yi)私(si)(si)(si)心害(hai)法,媒(mei)(mei)(mei)妁(shuo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,該無(wu)偏,以(yi)示明(ming)正(zheng)(zheng)。故(gu)有八抬大轎,明(ming)媒(mei)(mei)(mei)正(zheng)(zheng)娶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。兩者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緣,本自(zi)私(si)(si)(si)心,何敢(gan)正(zheng)(zheng)堂。且后以(yi)外兄見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),女以(yi)否(fou)。何故(gu)?蓋怨(yuan)念之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)隨。后者當(dang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),妻(qi)為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng),獨尊(zun),勢(shi)比(bi)(bi)陰陽。妾(qie),以(yi)美色私(si)(si)(si)意財貨(huo)稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。兩者焉能并取。諸(zhu)輩以(yi)情愛為(wei)夫妻(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本,隨今,男女之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道不(bu)(bu)尊(zun),私(si)(si)(si)意比(bi)(bi)離,天(tian)下彌亂。庭不(bu)(bu)正(zheng)(zheng),與天(tian)下純(chun)然,可乎!