公元979年(太平興國四年)五月,北宋滅亡北漢后,宋遼直接對(dui)峙。雙方接觸線大(da)體東(dong)(dong)(dong)起泥姑口(kou)(天津大(da)沽口(kou)),西沿拒(ju)馬河流域的信安軍(jun)(河北(bei)霸縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong))、霸州、容(rong)城(cheng)(河北(bei)定興東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)),然后折向(xiang)西北(bei)至(zhi)飛狐(河北(bei)淶源(yuan)北(bei))及(ji)靈(ling)丘(qiu)(山西靈(ling)丘(qiu))以南(nan),直達代州雁門(山西代縣(xian)北(bei))。此(ci)線以北(bei)為遼控制的幽(you)(you)(you)云地區(qu)。當時習慣把幽(you)(you)(you)云十(shi)六(liu)州中位于(yu)太(tai)行山北(bei)麓東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)的檀、順、薊、幽(you)(you)(you)、涿、莫、瀛(ying)7州稱(cheng)為“山前”,把太(tai)行山西北(bei)的儒、媯、武(wu)、新、云、朔、寰、應、代9州稱(cheng)為“山后”。遼對(dui)這一地區(qu)特(te)別是幽(you)(you)(you)州十(shi)分重(zhong)視,除派大(da)丞相、南(nan)京留守韓(han)德讓和大(da)將耶律(lv)斜珍率兵防守幽(you)(you)(you)州外,還在隋唐薊城(cheng)的基礎上對(dui)幽(you)(you)(you)州進(jin)行大(da)規模的擴建,從而(er)使幽(you)(you)(you)州城(cheng)成為方圓36里,城(cheng)高3丈、寬1.5丈,人口(kou)30萬(wan)的陪都和軍(jun)事、政治重(zhong)鎮(zhen)。宋(song)軍(jun)在消滅北(bei)漢(han)時,在太(tai)原集(ji)結了數十(shi)萬(wan)部隊,并在白馬嶺之戰(zhan)中擊退了支援北(bei)漢(han)的遼軍(jun)。趙光義(yi)企圖乘戰(zhan)勝的余威,一舉奪取幽(you)(you)(you)云地區(qu)。
北(bei)漢劉(liu)繼元(yuan)已降,宋太(tai)宗還師至鎮州(zhou)即轉兵(bing)北(bei)上。但是破(po)太(tai)原尚未賞(shang)三軍,諸(zhu)(zhu)軍兵(bing)將多不愿行,只是無人敢(gan)說(shuo)。只有殿前都虞侯崔翰(han)贊成乘勝北(bei)征,“所當乘者,勢也;不可失者,時也。乘此(ci)破(po)竹之勢,取之甚(shen)易”。趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)聽此(ci)言遂了他的(de)意,很高(gao)興,當即下(xia)(xia)令樞密使曹彬調(diao)發各地(di)屯兵(bing)。當時宋軍諸(zhu)(zhu)將,大(da)多數(shu)比(bi)趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)冷(leng)靜得多,他們以(yi)大(da)軍云(yun)集,糧儲不及為請。趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)卻(que)兵(bing)來將擋,下(xia)(xia)詔發京(jing)東、河北(bei)諸(zhu)(zhu)州(zhou)軍儲,限期轉運至鎮州(zhou)北(bei)面行營以(yi)備供應。當時扈從六軍,有沒有按時到達指定地(di)點(dian)集結的(de),趙(zhao)(zhao)光義(yi)大(da)怒,要按軍法處置(zhi),被臣(chen)下(xia)(xia)諫阻。
而當時遼對燕地的防守其實早(zao)有部署(shu)。三月,在(zai)宋軍進攻(gong)北漢(han),韓侼(bo)、耶律(lv)(lv)善布、耶律(lv)(lv)沙等救援北漢(han)時,遼已增派(pai)北院大(da)王耶律(lv)(lv)奚底(又(you)譯(yi)“耶律(lv)(lv)希(xi)達”)、將(jiang)領(ling)蕭討古和乙室王撒合(伊實王薩哈)等,率兵(bing)(bing)戍(shu)守燕地,說明其早(zao)已考慮(lv)到(dao)宋軍可能的進攻(gong)了。遼在(zai)幽州經常(chang)屯駐的漢(han)兵(bing)(bing),有神武、控鶴、羽林、驍武等軍,共約一萬八千余騎(qi);又(you)有其所屬將(jiang)帥契丹(dan)、九(jiu)女、奚、南(nan)北皮室當值(zhi)舍利一千九(jiu)百五十。若(ruo)契丹(dan)大(da)舉南(nan)侵,則一般調集東京(jing)(遼陽(yang)府)、中京(jing)(大(da)定府)諸(zhu)路(lu)兵(bing)(bing),兵(bing)(bing)力(li)可達二十余萬。
五月二(er)十日(ri),宋(song)軍(jun)從太原分路東進,翻越(yue)太行山(shan),二(er)十九日(ri)抵鎮州(河(he)北(bei)(bei)正定),進入(ru)河(he)北(bei)(bei)平原。六月初七,趙光義調(diao)發京東、河(he)北(bei)(bei)諸州的武器裝(zhuang)備和糧秣運往前(qian)線。
六(liu)月(yue)十(shi)三日(ri)(ri),宋(song)(song)(song)太宗趙光義(yi)自(zi)鎮州(zhou)出發,十(shi)九日(ri)(ri)次金臺屯,募民百(bai)人為向導,二(er)(er)十(shi)日(ri)(ri)至(zhi)東(dong)易(yi)州(zhou)(時宋(song)(song)(song)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)各置一易(yi)州(zhou),西屬(shu)宋(song)(song)(song),東(dong)屬(shu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao))之(zhi)(zhi)西,過拒馬(ma)(ma)河(he)(he)入(ru)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)境。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)易(yi)州(zhou)刺史(shi)劉宇,涿(zhuo)州(zhou)判官劉厚德(de)相(xiang)繼獻易(yi)州(zhou)、涿(zhuo)州(zhou)投降(jiang)宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)推進很(hen)快。六(liu)月(yue)二(er)(er)十(shi)三日(ri)(ri),趙光義(yi)大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)至(zhi)幽州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan),駐蹕寶光寺。當時遼(liao)(liao)(liao)南(nan)京(jing)(宋(song)(song)(song)稱幽州(zhou),遼(liao)(liao)(liao)為南(nan)京(jing)析津府所在(zai)(zai))守(shou)(shou)(shou)將為權知(zhi)南(nan)京(jing)留(liu)守(shou)(shou)(shou)事韓(han)德(de)讓以(yi)及(ji)權知(zhi)南(nan)京(jing)馬(ma)(ma)步軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)都指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)耶(ye)律(lv)學古(gu)(gu)。另有(you)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)北(bei)院大(da)王(wang)(wang)耶(ye)律(lv)奚(xi)底(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)統軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)使(shi)(shi)蕭討古(gu)(gu)等(deng)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)屯扎。宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)先(xian)鋒(feng)東(dong)西班指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)傅潛、孔守(shou)(shou)(shou)正巡哨城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei),在(zai)(zai)沙(sha)(sha)河(he)(he)遇到(dao)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),馬(ma)(ma)上以(yi)先(xian)至(zhi)的(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬(ma)(ma)與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)戰,后軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不久到(dao)達,而(er)后諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)齊集,大(da)敗(bai)奚(xi)底(di)(di)、討古(gu)(gu)及(ji)乙(yi)室王(wang)(wang)撒合軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),斬獲甚眾,生擒五百(bai)余(yu)(yu)人。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)南(nan)院大(da)王(wang)(wang)耶(ye)律(lv)斜(xie)軫(zhen)(又譯(yi)“色珍”)屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)得(de)勝(sheng)口(kou)(kou)(河(he)(he)北(bei)昌平天(tian)壽山西北(bei)),看宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)銳氣正盛(sheng),不敢與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)接(jie)沖突,便(bian)(bian)趁(chen)著耶(ye)律(lv)奚(xi)底(di)(di)新(xin)敗(bai),在(zai)(zai)得(de)勝(sheng)口(kou)(kou)用青幟偽(wei)作(zuo)收容潰(kui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)狀以(yi)誘敵(di)(di)(di)。趙光義(yi)得(de)到(dao)探(tan)馬(ma)(ma)報(bao)告(gao),便(bian)(bian)有(you)輕敵(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),麾(hui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)繼續攻(gong)擊(ji),宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將士乘(cheng)勝(sheng)追擊(ji),斬首千余(yu)(yu)級(ji)。而(er)斜(xie)軫(zhen)抓住(zhu)機會突然襲(xi)擊(ji)宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)后方,宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)敗(bai)退,與(yu)(yu)斜(xie)軫(zhen)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對(dui)峙(zhi)于清沙(sha)(sha)河(he)(he)(北(bei)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)二(er)(er)十(shi)里(li))北(bei)。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)南(nan)京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內守(shou)(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)得(de)此聲援(yuan),固守(shou)(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)志更(geng)加堅定。六(liu)月(yue)二(er)(er)十(shi)五日(ri)(ri),宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)看出耶(ye)律(lv)斜(xie)軫(zhen)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力(li)不足(zu),只(zhi)是據險而(er)守(shou)(shou)(shou),僅能聲援(yuan)幽州(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)敵(di)(di)(di),便(bian)(bian)只(zhi)留(liu)一部兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力(li)與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)峙(zhi),而(er)用大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)圍攻(gong)幽州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。定國節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)宋(song)(song)(song)偓(wo)與(yu)(yu)尚食使(shi)(shi)侯昭愿,領兵(bing)(bing)(bing)萬余(yu)(yu)攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南(nan)面(mian);河(he)(he)陽節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)崔彥進與(yu)(yu)內供奉官江(jiang)守(shou)(shou)(shou)鈞(jun),率兵(bing)(bing)(bing)萬余(yu)(yu)攻(gong)西北(bei)面(mian);彰信節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)劉遇率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)東(dong)北(bei)面(mian);定武節(jie)度(du)使(shi)(shi)孟玄喆(zhe)攻(gong)西南(nan)面(mian)。并以(yi)潘美知(zhi)幽州(zhou)行府事。耶(ye)律(lv)斜(xie)軫(zhen)部將渤海帥(shuai)達蘭罕率部降(jiang)宋(song)(song)(song),趙光義(yi)以(yi)其為渤海都指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)。自(zi)此,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外宋(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)對(dui)守(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多(duo)方招降(jiang),使(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中人懷二(er)(er)心(xin),后又有(you)其鐵(tie)林都指(zhi)揮使(shi)(shi)李扎盧存等(deng)率所部出降(jiang)。原(yuan)在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外的(de)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)御盞郎君耶(ye)律(lv)學古(gu)(gu)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)增守(shou)(shou)(shou),與(yu)(yu)韓(han)德(de)讓等(deng)共謀守(shou)(shou)(shou)御,安(an)定反側,守(shou)(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)才安(an)下心(xin)來守(shou)(shou)(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。
六月二十(shi)六日(ri),趙光義由(you)城(cheng)南(nan)(nan)寶光寺至城(cheng)北,親督眾(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)(jiang)進兵,攻擊清沙(sha)河(he)遼軍(jun)(jun),大戰一(yi)日(ri),殺敵(di)甚眾(zhong)(zhong),獲馬三百余匹,遼軍(jun)(jun)稍卻,仍然憑(ping)借險要堅守(shou)(shou)。三十(shi)日(ri)趙光義又(you)(you)督軍(jun)(jun)攻城(cheng),宋(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)三百人(ren)乘夜登城(cheng),被耶律學(xue)古力戰所擒,后又(you)(you)發現并堵塞(sai)了宋(song)(song)軍(jun)(jun)挖的隧道,修守(shou)(shou)備待援兵。而(er)當時,遼南(nan)(nan)京被圍(wei),遠近震動,遼順(shun)州守(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)劉廷素、薊(ji)州守(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)劉守(shou)(shou)恩相(xiang)繼率部(bu)降宋(song)(song)。
遼景宗(zong)耶(ye)(ye)(ye)律賢于(yu)六(liu)月三十日聞知南京被圍,耶(ye)(ye)(ye)律奚(xi)(xi)底(di)、蕭討古(gu)、耶(ye)(ye)(ye)律斜軫(zhen)等軍雖未大敗,卻不能進援,只能聲(sheng)援,于(yu)是急遣南府宰相耶(ye)(ye)(ye)律沙率兵(bing)往救,其特里兗(官(guan)名)耶(ye)(ye)(ye)律休哥(又譯休格)自薦請纓(ying),遼主便以休哥代替奚(xi)(xi)底(di),統帥(shuai)五院軍之精銳馳赴前(qian)線。
宋軍圍攻(gong)幽州堅城不下,“將士多(duo)怠”,士氣低落。
七月初六,耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)至幽州(zhou),趙光(guang)義督(du)諸路軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻擊(ji),兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)(zhan)于高梁,耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)力戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)支而(er)(er)(er)敗退(tui)(tui)。然而(er)(er)(er)當時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)連續(xu)近(jin)(jin)二十(shi)日不(bu)(bu)(bu)停地猛(meng)攻幽州(zhou)城(cheng),士(shi)卒早(zao)已疲殆,故而(er)(er)(er)雖然戰(zhan)(zhan)勝(sheng)(sheng),從中(zhong)午到(dao)傍晚只(zhi)追(zhui)(zhui)了(le)十(shi)余(yu)里。令(ling)趙光(guang)義始(shi)料未(wei)及的(de)(de)是,耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)(xiu)哥(ge)率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)出其不(bu)(bu)(bu)意間道而(er)(er)(er)來,人人手持火炬直沖,宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知其多寡(gua),未(wei)等接(jie)戰(zhan)(zhan)心里已經(jing)發(fa)(fa)怵,故不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢接(jie)戰(zhan)(zhan),欲據高梁河為抵(di)御之(zhi)(zhi)計。耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)(xiu)哥(ge)先(xian)收容耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)敗軍(jun)(jun)(jun),使(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)回(hui)去再戰(zhan)(zhan),與宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)持,然后與耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)斜軫各(ge)自(zi)統帥精銳騎兵(bing),從耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)的(de)(de)左(zuo)右(you)翼(yi)(yi)挺進,乘(cheng)夜(ye)夾攻宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),實行兩翼(yi)(yi)包圍鉗(qian)擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)勢。戰(zhan)(zhan)斗激烈非常,耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)(xiu)哥(ge)身(shen)先(xian)士(shi)卒,身(shen)被(bei)三創猶力戰(zhan)(zhan)。城(cheng)中(zhong)耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)學古聞援軍(jun)(jun)(jun)已至,也開門列(lie)陣(zhen),四面(mian)鳴鼓,城(cheng)中(zhong)居(ju)民大呼,響聲震天動地。耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)(xiu)哥(ge)繼(ji)續(xu)率部猛(meng)攻,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)才發(fa)(fa)覺已被(bei)包圍,又無法抵(di)抗遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)猛(meng)攻,只(zhi)能紛紛后退(tui)(tui)。耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)沙(sha)從后面(mian)追(zhui)(zhui)擊(ji),而(er)(er)(er)休(xiu)(xiu)哥(ge)與斜軫兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)也對宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)實行超越追(zhui)(zhui)擊(ji)。宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大敗,死者(zhe)萬余(yu)人,連夜(ye)南(nan)退(tui)(tui),爭(zheng)道奔走(zou),潰不(bu)(bu)(bu)成軍(jun)(jun)(jun),趙光(guang)義與諸將走(zou)散,諸將也找(zhao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)各(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)部下軍(jun)(jun)(jun)士(shi)。趙光(guang)義的(de)(de)近(jin)(jin)臣見(jian)形勢危急,慌忙之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)找(zhao)了(le)一(yi)輛驢車(che)請趙光(guang)義乘(cheng)坐,急速南(nan)逃。耶(ye)律(lv)(lv)(lv)休(xiu)(xiu)哥(ge)時(shi)(shi)已受重傷,昏死過去,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能騎馬,左(zuo)右(you)用(yong)輕車(che)載著他,代他發(fa)(fa)號(hao)施(shi)令(ling),繼(ji)續(xu)追(zhui)(zhui)擊(ji)。一(yi)直追(zhui)(zhui)到(dao)涿州(zhou)城(cheng)下,獲得兵(bing)器、符印、糧草、貨幣不(bu)(bu)(bu)可勝(sheng)(sheng)計。
趙光(guang)義于七月初七日天明(ming)之后,已先到達(da)涿州城外(wai),當時宋(song)軍的(de)敗兵還(huan)沒到。他又繞過涿州城,直奔金臺(tai)屯,見諸軍尚未(wei)到達(da),才敢停住“車駕(jia)”觀望。初九日,趙光(guang)義見諸軍仍然未(wei)到,便(bian)使人往(wang)(wang)探,這才知道諸軍仍在(zai)據守涿州,而且有策劃立太祖子(zi)武功郡王德昭的(de)事,于是急命崔翰往(wang)(wang)傳詔命班師。
趙(zhao)光義為防備契丹乘勝南侵,命(ming)殿前都(dou)虞侯崔翰(han)與定武節(jie)度使(shi)孟玄喆(zhe)屯(tun)兵定州(zhou)(zhou),河陽節(jie)度使(shi)崔彥進屯(tun)兵關南,云州(zhou)(zhou)觀察使(shi)劉廷(ting)翰(han)為都(dou)鈐轄與彰(zhang)德節(jie)度使(shi)李漢瓊屯(tun)兵鎮州(zhou)(zhou),以上諸軍都(dou)由劉廷(ting)翰(han)指揮并得便宜行事(shi)。本來這樣就(jiu)可以了,可趙(zhao)光義偏偏又授諸將陣(zhen)圖,命(ming)令(ling)他們,如(ru)果(guo)契丹來犯,必須入圖布陣(zhen),交代完之后,他才自金(jin)臺屯(tun)南返,七月二十八日(ri)還至東京(jing)。
八(ba)月初(chu)二,趙(zhao)(zhao)光義行(xing)從征失律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罰,貶西京留守(shou)(shou)石守(shou)(shou)信為(wei)(wei)崇信軍節(jie)度(du)使,彰信軍節(jie)度(du)使劉遇為(wei)(wei)宿州觀察使。同時因為(wei)(wei)北征不(bu)(bu)利,連(lian)平太原(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賞(shang)也免了。當時很(hen)多人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)樣不(bu)(bu)行(xing),皇子(zi)(zi)(zi)(趙(zhao)(zhao)匡(kuang)胤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi),當時亦稱“皇子(zi)(zi)(zi)”而不(bu)(bu)稱“皇侄”)武(wu)功(gong)郡王趙(zhao)(zhao)德(de)昭(zhao)就(jiu)上諫道:“當先(xian)行(xing)太原(yuan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賞(shang),再行(xing)幽(you)州失律(lv)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罰。”宋(song)太宗(zong)當時大怒,想起諸將在找不(bu)(bu)到自己時曾(ceng)有(you)意(yi)立(li)他為(wei)(wei)帝,說(shuo):“待汝自為(wei)(wei)天子(zi)(zi)(zi),賞(shang)未晚也!”德(de)昭(zhao)被逼無(wu)以自明,退回私舍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后拔(ba)劍自刎。
遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)既勝(sheng),亦行賞罰(fa)。以(yi)權知南(nan)(nan)京(jing)留守(shou)事韓德讓(rang),權南(nan)(nan)京(jing)馬步軍(jun)(jun)都指揮使耶(ye)(ye)律學古,知三司事劉(liu)弘,能安人(ren)心衛城池,并賜(si)詔(zhao)褒(bao)獎。以(yi)此前遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)在白馬嶺之戰(zhan)的失敗責耶(ye)(ye)律沙,又以(yi)此次擊敗宋(song)軍(jun)(jun)之功(gong)相抵(di)。耶(ye)(ye)律奚底(di)遇敵而退,以(yi)劍背擊之。乙(yi)室王撒合雖臨陣退卻(que),但部伍不亂,得(de)到寬(kuan)宥。冀王耶(ye)(ye)律敵烈(或(huo)譯“迪里”、“塔爾”)戰(zhan)死(si)白馬嶺,其麾下(xia)先逃(tao)遁者皆斬,都監(jian)以(yi)下(xia)杖背。然后聚宴諸將士(shi),分別給(gei)予賞賜(si)。
宋太(tai)宗一直是(shi)(shi)首都市長(chang),長(chang)于行(xing)政,短(duan)于軍事。想要憑借滅(mie)北漢的(de)余威一舉(ju)收(shou)復(fu)燕(yan)云(yun)故地(di),重建中國北方的(de)國防線,并進一步(bu)恢復(fu)中原政權領(ling)導(dao)四夷的(de)地(di)位,這(zhe)種進取(qu)心無可(ke)非議(yi)是(shi)(shi)好(hao)(hao)的(de)。然而(er)好(hao)(hao)的(de)動機并不一定帶來(lai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)結果(guo),宋軍在高梁河(he)以慘(can)敗收(shou)場可(ke)不是(shi)(shi)時運不濟那(nei)么(me)簡單(dan)。
趙光義被攻(gong)克太原的(de)(de)(de)勝利沖昏了頭(tou)腦,對遼(liao)軍的(de)(de)(de)實力及其擁有大量騎兵(bing)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)估(gu)計不足,在部(bu)隊疲困交加(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形勢下(xia),倉促出兵(bing),企圖以突然的(de)(de)(de)行動、優勢的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)力數量,一舉襲取幽州(zhou)地(di)區。這種輕率魯(lu)莽(mang)、僥幸取勝的(de)(de)(de)投機舉動,最后遭(zao)到(dao)失敗乃是情理中事。
從作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)指導(dao)上看,宋軍移(yi)師(shi)幽(you)州(zhou),僅是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)方向(xiang)的(de)進攻,既未從幽(you)州(zhou)北面(mian)出(chu)兵配合(he),牽制(zhi)遼(liao)軍,又未控制(zhi)一定的(de)預備兵力(li)。一開始(shi)便將主要(yao)兵力(li)投入戰(zhan)(zhan)斗,企(qi)圖速戰(zhan)(zhan)速決,一舉成功,以(yi)致(zhi)一遇(yu)挫(cuo)折(zhe),便無力(li)挽救(jiu)。其(qi)次(ci)是(shi)(shi)對幽(you)州(zhou)城(cheng)的(de)防御力(li)量估計不足。幽(you)州(zhou)是(shi)(shi)遼(liao)的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)要(yao)地,遼(liao)必以(yi)重兵守(shou)城(cheng)。宋軍遠(yuan)程急進,無攻堅準備,以(yi)致(zhi)頓兵堅城(cheng),陷入師(shi)勞兵疲的(de)困境(jing)。
最(zui)后(hou)是缺乏打援(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)署(shu)。幽州既(ji)為(wei)(wei)遼(liao)戰(zhan)略要地(di),在受(shou)到圍攻時,遼(liao)兵必以(yi)重(zhong)兵增援(yuan)(yuan)。但趙光義心高氣傲,未(wei)作任何(he)阻援(yuan)(yuan)部(bu)署(shu),只顧傾全(quan)力攻城,致為(wei)(wei)遼(liao)援(yuan)(yuan)軍拊(fu)擊,導致全(quan)軍潰敗。反觀遼(liao)軍,雖在宋(song)(song)軍突(tu)襲初期遭到一些(xie)挫(cuo)折,但能(neng)采(cai)取(qu)一些(xie)有效措施,固守待(dai)援(yuan)(yuan),為(wei)(wei)調集援(yuan)(yuan)兵贏(ying)得(de)了時間。在援(yuan)(yuan)兵到達后(hou),又成功地(di)運(yun)用兩翼包圍的(de)戰(zhan)法(fa),發揮(hui)騎兵的(de)長處,乘耶律沙拖住宋(song)(song)軍并使(shi)宋(song)(song)軍遭到一定(ding)程(cheng)度削(xue)弱時,突(tu)然(ran)投入(ru)戰(zhan)斗(dou),終(zhong)于扭轉戰(zhan)局,取(qu)得(de)了解圍幽州,大挫(cuo)宋(song)(song)軍的(de)勝(sheng)利(li)。
高粱(liang)河(he)一役作為遼宋(song)關系的重(zhong)要轉折點直接(jie)造成(cheng)了日后的宋(song)連戰(zhan)連敗,到澶淵之(zhi)盟,至(zhi)此宋(song)對遼已然完全處于下風,并直接(jie)對其經濟造成(cheng)極大(da)的影響(xiang)。遼成(cheng)為一個威(wei)壓北(bei)宋(song),雄(xiong)踞中國北(bei)方的龐大(da)帝國一直到被金(jin)所取代(dai)。高粱(liang)河(he)一戰(zhan)影響(xiang)深(shen)遠。
軍(jun)事(shi)史學者曾(ceng)瑞(rui)龍評價此(ci)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)說:“從十世(shi)紀軍(jun)事(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展大(da)勢來看,高(gao)粱(liang)河(he)(he)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役盡(jin)管發生在(zai)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)初,卻是最后(hou)一場‘五(wu)代’的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役。作(zuo)為(wei)其(qi)指導(dao)思想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略奇襲,大(da)縱深突破的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役法,以(yi)及(ji)繼之(zhi)以(yi)皇帝直接指揮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術決戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),都具有(you)(you)濃厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)代色彩。可是宋(song)(song)(song)(song)遼兩軍(jun)在(zai)高(gao)粱(liang)河(he)(he)畔惡(e)斗(dou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果,也正(zheng)式宣告了五(wu)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭已成(cheng)(cheng)歷史陳跡。以(yi)上曾(ceng)經在(zai)藩鎮及(ji)地(di)方政(zheng)權之(zhi)間,中(zhong)(zhong)央和叛(pan)將之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭中(zhong)(zhong)屢試不(bu)爽的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)手段,如今(jin)被用來對付遼這個(ge)政(zheng)治軍(jun)事(shi)上都相對穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)國(guo)。雖然這些(xie)作(zuo)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)手段在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)也收到相當效果,但情況不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是:遼朝廣闊(kuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)土(tu),為(wei)抵消宋(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)早(zao)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強大(da)攻勢提供(gong)了足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回旋余地(di),而其(qi)強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增援能力(li)也足以(yi)挑戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),及(ji)重奪宋(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役主導(dao)權。最后(hou),耶律休哥一個(ge)令人瞠目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側擊(ji),使宋(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)不(bu)知所錯(cuo)。因此(ci)宋(song)(song)(song)(song)軍(jun)將士縱有(you)(you)很(hen)多優秀表(biao)現(xian),這個(ge)敗局的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄成(cheng)(cheng)亦非(fei)偶然。總之(zhi),從宏(hong)觀角(jiao)度(du)看,高(gao)粱(liang)河(he)(he)體現(xian)了戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)陳代謝。”