金(jin)遼戰爭(zheng)是(shi)指中國(guo)(guo)金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)建立(li)前一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)天會三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(遼朝(chao)(chao)(chao)天慶四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)保大(da)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),1114~1125年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)(guo)東北部(bu)(bu)(bu)興(xing)起(qi)的女真族,起(qi)兵(bing)反抗直至(zhi)攻(gong)滅(mie)遼朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的戰爭(zheng)。遼朝(chao)(chao)(chao)后期,遼國(guo)(guo)皇帝天祚(zuo)帝驕奢淫逸,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)政廢弛,官僚貴族橫征暴斂,互(hu)相拼殺,各民族紛紛起(qi)來(lai)反抗。在(zai)(zai)遼道(dao)宗皇帝在(zai)(zai)位(wei)時,逐步(bu)趨于統一(yi)(yi)的女真各部(bu)(bu)(bu),已形成擁有(you)10萬(wan)戶(hu)的強大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)盟,占有(you)今黑(hei)龍江以東及長白山一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)廣大(da)地區。遼天慶三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1113年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),完顏阿骨打繼任女真都勃極烈(部(bu)(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯(lian)盟長),厲兵(bing)秣馬、發(fa)展生產,決心擺脫遼朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的統治,起(qi)兵(bing)攻(gong)遼。
女(nv)(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)族(zu)是居(ju)住在中國東北地區的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個古(gu)老(lao)民族(zu)。商周時(shi)(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)肅慎(shen),西漢時(shi)(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)挹婁(lou),南北朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)勿吉(ji),隋唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)珠鞥(yi)。遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)人滅掉(diao)靺(mo)鞥(yi)人建立的(de)(de)(de)渤海政權(quan)后(hou),黑水珠鞥(yi)改稱(cheng)女(nv)(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)。為了(le)削弱女(nv)(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)力量,遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)統治者(zhe)采取分而治之的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法,將(jiang)一(yi)部分女(nv)(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)人遷(qian)到遼(liao)(liao)陽以南,編入(ru)遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)戶(hu)籍,稱(cheng)熟女(nv)(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)。沒有遷(qian)走(zou)的(de)(de)(de),不編入(ru)遼(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)戶(hu)籍,稱(cheng)生女(nv)(nv)真(zhen)(zhen),他們(men)住在長白(bai)山(shan)北、松花(hua)江、黑龍江一(yi)帶(dai),承(cheng)擔(dan)著對(dui)遼(liao)(liao)王朝(chao)(chao)納貢的(de)(de)(de)義務。
遼道宗耶律(lv)洪基(ji)時,隸屬于遼朝的(de)女真諸(zhu)部(bu)(bu)逐趨統一(yi)(yi),形成擁(yong)有10萬戶的(de)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)聯盟。在完顏盈歌時期即力農積谷,練兵牧馬(ma),逐步強大。從此,一(yi)(yi)個以完顏部(bu)(bu)為核(he)心的(de)強大統一(yi)(yi)的(de)軍事聯盟逐漸形成。女真各部(bu)(bu)族的(de)統一(yi)(yi)促進了(le)女真社會(hui)的(de)發展,為金朝的(de)建(jian)國(guo)奠(dian)定(ding)了(le)基(ji)礎(chu)。
由(you)于(yu)女(nv)真(zhen)原臣附(fu)于(yu)遼(liao),受遼(liao)統治(zhi),因(yin)此,遼(liao)除每年要(yao)女(nv)真(zhen)人進貢(gong)北(bei)珠、貂、樺、名(ming)馬良(liang)犬、海東青等名(ming)貴特產(chan)外,還從其他方(fang)面(mian)奴役女(nv)真(zhen)人。而遼(liao)朝后(hou)期宮廷日(ri)趨腐敗,至天(tian)祚帝耶律延(yan)禧更是(shi)驕(jiao)奢淫逸(yi),府(fu)庫空(kong)虛,加劇對各族(zu)人民壓迫和掠奪,強(qiang)令女(nv)真(zhen)進貢(gong)異品珍寶。女(nv)真(zhen)各部(bu)人民強(qiang)烈不滿,紛紛要(yao)求起兵反(fan)抗。遼(liao)天(tian)祚帝天(tian)慶三年(1113),完顏阿骨打(da)(即金太祖)繼任為聯盟(meng)長。阿骨打(da)是(shi)女(nv)真(zhen)族(zu)一(yi)位(wei)杰出的(de)(de)(de)領袖。他適(shi)應了當(dang)時女(nv)真(zhen)社會發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求和反(fan)遼(liao)斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)需要(yao),決(jue)心推翻遼(liao)朝統治(zhi),建立(li)自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)王(wang)朝。
女真(zhen)族的(de)反遼(liao)斗(dou)爭和金國的(de)建(jian)立(li)。天慶四年(1114)初(chu),阿(a)骨打(da)遣迪古乃等到遼(liao)朝(chao)索要叛逃者阿(a)疏,屢遭拒絕(jue),從而(er)偵(zhen)知遼(liao)朝(chao)政(zheng)腐敗,不(bu)修武(wu)備,遂令各部首領扼守要沖,筑城治械(xie),加緊備戰(zhan)。遼(liao)朝(chao)也遣東(dong)北統(tong)軍司(si)節度使蕭撻不(bu)野(ye)率軍加強寧(ning)江州(zhou)(今吉林扶余北伯(bo)都訥)防御。阿(a)骨打(da)乃決定(ding)在遼(liao)軍集(ji)結(jie)(jie)之前,先發(fa)制人(ren),命完(wan)顏(yan)銀術可、完(wan)顏(yan)婁室、移烈、完(wan)顏(yan)阇母為將,征調各部兵2500人(ren)集(ji)結(jie)(jie)于(yu)(yu)淶流(liu)河(今松花江支流(liu)拉林河)。九月,于(yu)(yu)石碑崴子(zi)屯(今吉林扶余東(dong))誓師(shi)攻(gong)打(da)寧(ning)江州(zhou)。寧(ning)江州(zhou)是遼(liao)控(kong)制女真(zhen)的(de)前哨重地,而(er)遼(liao)并(bing)無(wu)重兵把守。
阿骨打率(lv)軍(jun)進入遼(liao)(liao)界,途中(zhong)與遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)遭遇,阿骨打為避其鋒銳而佯退,引渤海軍(jun)進攻(gong),爾后親率(lv)將士反擊(ji),射殺遼(liao)(liao)驍將耶律謝十。遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)敗逃(tao),自相(xiang)(xiang)踐踏,死者甚眾(zhong)。十月(yue),攻(gong)克寧江州城,并俘獲(huo)大量馬匹(pi)財物,勝利(li)班師。攻(gong)破寧江州,是女(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)族(zu)反遼(liao)(liao)斗爭(zheng)的第1次重大勝利(li),極(ji)大地鼓舞了女(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)軍(jun)的士氣,增強了女(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)軍(jun)推(tui)翻(fan)遼(liao)(liao)統(tong)治的信心(xin)。遼(liao)(liao)天祚帝得(de)知寧江失守的消息(xi)后,命令(ling)都統(tong)蕭(xiao)糺里、副都統(tong)蕭(xiao)撻不野率(lv)10萬步騎進攻(gong)女(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)。十月(yue),遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)先(xian)(xian)鋒蕭(xiao)嗣(si)先(xian)(xian)率(lv)7000人屯出(chu)河店(今黑龍(long)江肇源西(xi)),與女(nv)真(zhen)(zhen)軍(jun)隔鴨(ya)子河(今松花江上游)相(xiang)(xiang)對。
十(shi)一(yi)月,阿骨打(da)率甲(jia)士(shi)3700人乘夜渡(du)江襲(xi)遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。黎明(ming)時,大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)過河(he),與(yu)遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)會戰于出(chu)河(he)店。當時,大(da)風驟起,塵埃蔽天(tian),女真軍(jun)(jun)(jun)乘勢揮軍(jun)(jun)(jun)猛擊,遼(liao)將士(shi)望風潰(kui)逃,女真軍(jun)(jun)(jun)擄(lu)獲無數人畜、車馬、兵(bing)甲(jia)。女真軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在出(chu)河(he)店取勝后,乘勝攻下遼(liao)賓(今吉林農安(an)東北(bei))祥(今農安(an)境(jing))、咸(今遼(liao)寧開原北(bei))3州之地(di)。天(tian)祚帝因遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)屢戰屢敗(bai)(bai),罷樞(shu)密使蕭奉先,起用南府宰相張琳統管軍(jun)(jun)(jun)事。張琳為擴充兵(bing)力,倉促(cu)征兵(bing)10萬,分4路(lu)(lu)出(chu)擊,東征女真。其(qi)突出(chu)淶流河(he)1路(lu)(lu),被女真軍(jun)(jun)(jun)擊敗(bai)(bai),其(qi)余3路(lu)(lu)聞訊,不戰自退女真軍(jun)(jun)(jun)連戰皆勝,收(shou)編遼(liao)俘,兵(bing)力驟增。阿骨打(da)遂(sui)于遼(liao)天(tian)慶五年(nian)正月初稱帝,是為太祖,國號大(da)金(jin),年(nian)號收(shou)國。
金(jin)(jin)太祖完(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)旻(完(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)阿骨打)稱帝后(hou)(hou),于(yu)收國元年(1115)正月初五,率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻克黃龍(long)府后(hou)(hou)回(hui)師。遼天祚(zuo)帝聞(wen)訊,命(ming)都(dou)(dou)統耶律訛(e)里(li)朵(duo)、左(zuo)副都(dou)(dou)統蕭乙薛、右(you)副都(dou)(dou)統耶律章奴(nu)率(lv)(lv)騎兵(bing)號稱20萬、步(bu)兵(bing)7萬至(zhi)達(da)魯(lu)(lu)古城(今(jin)吉(ji)林扶余西北(bei)土城子),準備攻金(jin)(jin),并遣使逼(bi)金(jin)(jin)議(yi)和。二十九日,金(jin)(jin)太祖率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)至(zhi)達(da)魯(lu)(lu)古城下迎(ying)戰(zhan),見(jian)遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)雖(sui)眾,但隊形(xing)不整。遂于(yu)高阜(fu)列陣(zhen)。令(ling)(ling)皇(huang)侄完(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)宗(zong)雄(xiong)(完(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)謀良虎)以右(you)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)擊遼左(zuo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),令(ling)(ling)左(zuo)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)迂回(hui)至(zhi)遼右(you)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)陣(zhen)后(hou)(hou),又(you)命(ming)完(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)婁室、完(wan)顏(yan)(yan)(yan)銀術可率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)擊遼中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。金(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)先后(hou)(hou)9次沖(chong)(chong)(chong)入遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)陣(zhen)營,遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)依然固守。金(jin)(jin)太祖急令(ling)(ling)宗(zong)雄(xiong)設疑兵(bing)以分遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),宗(zong)雄(xiong)抓(zhua)住戰(zhan)機猛(meng)攻遼右(you)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。
遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)敗(bai),退入(ru)達魯古城。次(ci)日凌晨(chen),遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)突圍北逃.金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)追(zhui)至(zhi)阿(a)婁岡。全殲(jian)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)步(bu)兵(bing)。二月,金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)舉攻(gong)(gong)入(ru)黃(huang)龍府,金(jin)太祖命婁室(shi)為(wei)萬戶,鎮守黃(huang)龍府。黃(huang)龍府失守后(hou)。當年十一(yi)月,天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)親率70萬大(da)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)出征。遼(liao)(liao)(liao)駙馬(ma)蕭特末(mo)、林(lin)牙蕭扎拉率騎兵(bing)5萬,步(bu)兵(bing)40萬至(zhi)斡鄰濼(今吉(ji)林(lin)大(da)安南查干泡),企圖兩路夾擊(ji),一(yi)舉擊(ji)敗(bai)金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)。阿(a)骨打親自率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)爻剌,雙(shuang)方主(zhu)力(li)尚(shang)未對(dui)陣,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)耶(ye)律(lv)章(zhang)奴(nu)發動兵(bing)變(bian).欲(yu)立燕王耶(ye)律(lv)淳為(wei)帝(di)。天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)得知,被迫(po)從前線西還。阿(a)骨打遂率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)動追(zhui)擊(ji)西還的遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun),在(zai)護步(bu)答崗(今黑龍江五常西)與(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)相遇。此時,金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)只有2萬,阿(a)骨打決定集中兵(bing)力(li)攻(gong)(gong)擊(ji)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)主(zhu)所在(zai)的中軍(jun)(jun)(jun),并(bing)以左右(you)兩翼(yi)合擊(ji),遼(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)不(bu)備,大(da)敗(bai)而逃。
在遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)屢屢敗(bai)北(bei)(bei)的情況(kuang)下,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)統治階(jie)級內(nei)部(bu)不斷發(fa)生叛亂,金(jin)收國二(er)年(1116)正月,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)東京(今遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)陽(yang))裨將、渤海人高永(yong)昌擁兵自立,占(zhan)據遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)東50余州。天祚帝先后派張琳(lin)、耶律淳(chun)募兵鎮壓(ya)。高永(yong)昌遣使(shi)向(xiang)金(jin)求援,想聯結金(jin)合力消滅(mie)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao),被金(jin)拒絕(jue)。四月,金(jin)太(tai)祖命完顏斡魯(lu)統率(lv)(lv)(lv)內(nei)外諸軍(jun)進(jin)攻高永(yong)昌。斡魯(lu)率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)南下,與(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun)遇于沈州(今遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)沈陽(yang))擊敗(bai)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)軍(jun),攻克沈州。高永(yong)昌率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)結陣于沃里活水(遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)水)以拒金(jin)軍(jun)。金(jin)將完顏阇母乘(cheng)勢(shi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)強(qiang)行渡(du)河,大敗(bai)永(yong)昌軍(jun)于首(shou)山(今遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)陽(yang)北(bei)(bei)),永(yong)昌率(lv)(lv)(lv)殘軍(jun)敗(bai)退東京城內(nei)。第2天.高水昌盡發(fa)城中(zhong)士卒(zu)與(yu)金(jin)軍(jun)決戰,又大敗(bai)。金(jin)軍(jun)乘(cheng)勝(sheng)攻占(zhan)東京。
金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)占領東京(jing)(jing)(jing)后,迅速率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)西(xi)(xi)進(jin),準備奪取遼上(shang)(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)天(tian)(tian)輔元年(1117)四(si)月(yue),遼天(tian)(tian)祚帝(di)(di)命秦晉(jin)王耶律(lv)淳率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)向(xiang)遼東反擊,被金(jin)(jin)(jin)完顏忠(完顏迪(di)古(gu)乃)、婁室、完顏婆盧火(huo)和完顏斡魯(lu)古(gu)等軍(jun)(jun)(jun)擊敗。九(jiu)月(yue),天(tian)(tian)祚帝(di)(di)為阻(zu)遏金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)西(xi)(xi)進(jin),命耶律(lv)淳為都(dou)統,招募遼東饑(ji)民2.8萬(wan)人(ren),編(bian)為8營,號(hao)稱(cheng)“怨(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)”,由乾州(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)鎮西(xi)(xi)南(nan))進(jin)屯蒺(ji)藜山(今(jin)(jin)阜新北(bei))進(jin)行防(fang)御,企圖(tu)阻(zu)擊金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)直入(ru)中(zhong)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(今(jin)(jin)內蒙古(gu)寧(ning)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)大明城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))、上(shang)(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(今(jin)(jin)巴林(lin)左(zuo)旗東南(nan)波(bo)羅城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng))。十二月(yue),金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)西(xi)(xi)攻乾州東北(bei)之顯(xian)(xian)州,耶律(lv)淳率(lv)“怨(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)”乘夜偷(tou)襲被擊敗,金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)遂拔顯(xian)(xian)州。徽、成(均在今(jin)(jin)遼寧(ning)阜新西(xi)(xi)北(bei))、惠(hui)(今(jin)(jin)建平北(bei))、乾等七州相繼降金(jin)(jin)(jin)。天(tian)(tian)輔四(si)年(1120)四(si)月(yue),金(jin)(jin)(jin)太祖親率(lv)金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)向(xiang)遼都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)臨(lin)潢(huang)府進(jin)發(fa)。五月(yue),金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)抵上(shang)(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下(xia),派遣使(shi)者(zhe)招降。遼上(shang)(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)留(liu)守撻(ta)不野(ye)自恃上(shang)(shang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池堅固(gu),屯積(ji)豐(feng)厚,企圖(tu)據城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)固(gu)守。金(jin)(jin)(jin)太祖親臨(lin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)督戰(zhan),大將(jiang)阇(du)母(mu)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)首先(xian)登城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不到半天(tian)(tian)功夫(fu),外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即被金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻破,撻(ta)不野(ye)知城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)難(nan)保,遂率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)出降。天(tian)(tian)祚帝(di)(di)逃往西(xi)(xi)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)(xi)大同)。
天輔五(wu)年(nian)(1121)正月(yue),遼都統耶律余(yu)睹(du)降金(jin)。金(jin)太(tai)祖得知遼內(nei)部空(kong)虛(xu),兵員枯竭,于十二月(yue)命皇弟完(wan)顏(yan)杲(完(wan)顏(yan)斜也)為內(nei)外諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)都統,完(wan)顏(yan)昱(yu)(完(wan)顏(yan)蒲家奴)、完(wan)顏(yan)宗翰(完(wan)顏(yan)粘(zhan)罕(han))等(deng)為副都統,耶律余(yu)睹(du)為先鋒,統軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)南下(xia),攻中(zhong)(zhong)京。遼人毫無(wu)斗(dou)志,金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)未到,即焚燒芻糧(liang),準備徙民逃(tao)遁。六年(nian)(1122)正月(yue),金(jin)克遼高州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)內(nei)蒙古(gu)赤峰東)、恩州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)內(nei)蒙古(gu)喀刺沁(qin)旗東)及回紇城(cheng)(cheng),遂進(jin)至(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)京大定(ding)府(今(jin)(jin)內(nei)蒙古(gu)自治區寧(ning)城(cheng)(cheng)縣西北(bei))城(cheng)(cheng)下(xia)。遼守軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)聞金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)已(yi)到,不(bu)戰(zhan)自潰,金(jin)克中(zhong)(zhong)京。然(ran)后,金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)進(jin)據(ju)澤州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)平(ping)泉南察罕(han)城(cheng)(cheng))。
二月(yue)(yue),占領北(bei)安(an)州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)承德西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan))。前鋒進至(zhi)松亭關(今(jin)(jin)遷西(xi)(xi)北(bei)喜(xi)峰口)、古(gu)北(bei)口(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)密云東北(bei))一(yi)帶。遼(liao)天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)(di)(di)見金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)有(you)直(zhi)取(qu)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))之勢,便命耶律淳等(deng)留守南(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),自己(ji)率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)逃至(zhi)鴛(yuan)(yuan)鴦(yang)(yang)濼(luo)(今(jin)(jin)河北(bei)北(bei)安(an)固里(li)淖)。宗(zong)翰軍(jun)(jun)出(chu)青嶺,追擊正在鴛(yuan)(yuan)鴦(yang)(yang)濼(luo)的天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)(di)(di)。天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)(di)(di)聞金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)將至(zhi)。遂率(lv)(lv)部逃入白水(shui)(shui)濼(luo)(今(jin)(jin)內蒙(meng)古(gu)察哈爾右翼前旗(qi)黃(huang)旗(qi)海(hai))。金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)尾隨緊追。四月(yue)(yue),金(jin)取(qu)西(xi)(xi)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)后,完顏(yan)杲率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)直(zhi)逼白水(shui)(shui)濼(luo),天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)(di)(di)乘輕(qing)騎逃入夾山(今(jin)(jin)內蒙(meng)古(gu)土默特左旗(qi)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)),山西(xi)(xi)諸(zhu)城(cheng)皆降。十二月(yue)(yue),金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)分兩路(lu)進攻燕(yan)(yan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)。一(yi)路(lu)由(you)完顏(yan)忠率(lv)(lv)領入得勝口(今(jin)(jin)北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)昌平北(bei)),一(yi)路(lu)由(you)銀術(shu)可率(lv)(lv)領入居庸關(今(jin)(jin)昌平西(xi)(xi)北(bei)),恰遇地震,遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)不戰自潰,遼(liao)知樞密院左企弓、虞仲(zhong)文等(deng)率(lv)(lv)百官(guan)出(chu)城(cheng)奉表投(tou)降,金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)輕(qing)取(qu)南(nan)(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),并命左企弓等(deng)撫定燕(yan)(yan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)諸(zhu)州(zhou)。至(zhi)此,遼(liao)國境土全(quan)部納入了金(jin)朝的版圖。七月(yue)(yue)七日,遼(liao)天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)(di)(di)率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)出(chu)夾山,欲收(shou)復燕(yan)(yan)云地區,遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)進至(zhi)奄遏(e)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(今(jin)(jin)內蒙(meng)古(gu)岱海(hai))被金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)擊敗(bai),逃往山陰(今(jin)(jin)屬山西(xi)(xi))。八月(yue)(yue),金(jin)太祖(zu)病(bing)逝,其(qi)弟(di)完顏(yan)晟(完顏(yan)吳乞(qi)買)繼位,是為太宗(zong)。金(jin)天(tian)會三年(1125)二月(yue)(yue),金(jin)軍(jun)(jun)于應(ying)州(zhou)(今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)(xi)應(ying)縣)境俘天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)(di)(di),遼(liao)朝滅亡(wang)。
金(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭之(zhi)前,女(nv)真族(zu)原(yuan)附于(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao),受(shou)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統(tong)治,并(bing)(bing)承擔著對遼(liao)(liao)(liao)王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)納(na)貢(gong)的(de)義務。但女(nv)真族(zu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)反遼(liao)(liao)(liao)斗(dou)爭中逐步(bu)(bu)強(qiang)(qiang)大(da),直(zhi)至擺脫遼(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)統(tong)治。建(jian)立了(le)金(jin)國(guo)(guo),并(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中,連戰(zhan)(zhan)皆勝,直(zhi)到(dao)滅(mie)亡遼(liao)(liao)(liao)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)。相(xiang)反,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)(guo)面對日益興盛(sheng)的(de)金(jin)國(guo)(guo),在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中屢(lv)(lv)戰(zhan)(zhan)屢(lv)(lv)敗(bai)(bai),連連敗(bai)(bai)逃,直(zhi)至被金(jin)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)所(suo)滅(mie)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)這種強(qiang)(qiang)弱(ruo)轉化之(zhi)勢中,遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)(guo)所(suo)以由(you)強(qiang)(qiang)變(bian)弱(ruo),直(zhi)至被自(zi)己(ji)統(tong)治的(de)女(nv)真政權(quan)所(suo)滅(mie),根本(ben)的(de)原(yuan)因就在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)王朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)政日益腐(fu)敗(bai)(bai),不修武(wu)備,府庫空虛,軍隊毫無(wu)斗(dou)志,無(wu)戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)力(li)(li),在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)軍的(de)猛(meng)烈進(jin)攻下,不戰(zhan)(zhan)自(zi)潰。而(er)金(jin)國(guo)(guo)卻逐漸形(xing)成了(le)以完顏部(bu)為核心的(de)強(qiang)(qiang)大(da)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)軍事聯盟,并(bing)(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)對遼(liao)(liao)(liao)作戰(zhan)(zhan)中建(jian)立起一(yi)套具有女(nv)真族(zu)特色的(de)國(guo)(guo)家制度,軍隊也組織(zhi)嚴密,戰(zhan)(zhan)斗(dou)力(li)(li)強(qiang)(qiang),特別是(shi)反遼(liao)(liao)(liao)斗(dou)爭適應了(le)當時女(nv)真族(zu)社會(hui)發展的(de)要求,因而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)金(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭中,逐步(bu)(bu)由(you)弱(ruo)變(bian)強(qiang)(qiang),由(you)受(shou)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)統(tong)治,到(dao)滅(mie)亡遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)(guo),并(bing)(bing)將遼(liao)(liao)(liao)國(guo)(guo)境(jing)土(tu)全部(bu)納(na)入(ru)金(jin)國(guo)(guo)的(de)版圖。
在金(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong),完顏(yan)阿骨打(da)充(chong)分發揮金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)騎兵快速機動(dong)的優勢(shi),主(zhu)動(dong)出(chu)擊(ji),出(chu)奇制勝。在攻(gong)(gong)(gong)克(ke)寧江州,大戰(zhan)出(chu)河(he)店,攻(gong)(gong)(gong)占黃龍府以及攻(gong)(gong)(gong)占東(dong)京(jing)、上京(jing)、中(zhong)京(jing)和(he)南京(jing)的戰(zhan)爭(zheng)中(zhong),金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)都是主(zhu)動(dong)出(chu)擊(ji),掌握戰(zhan)爭(zheng)的主(zhu)動(dong)權,多次(ci)打(da)敗遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)主(zhu)力。在遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)每戰(zhan)敗逃的情況下,金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)乘(cheng)(cheng)勢(shi)主(zhu)動(dong)追(zhui)擊(ji),形成咄咄逼人(ren)之勢(shi),致使遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)不戰(zhan)自潰,連連逃退。在遼(liao)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)屢屢敗北(bei),金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連戰(zhan)皆勝的形勢(shi)下,金(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)紿終能抓住戰(zhan)機,乘(cheng)(cheng)勢(shi)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)遼(liao),步(bu)步(bu)緊逼,逐(zhu)一奪取(qu)遼(liao)朝(chao)重鎮,終于攻(gong)(gong)(gong)滅遼(liao)朝(chao)。
遼(liao)國天慶四年(nian),女真部落聯盟長阿骨(gu)打先發制人(ren),征調各(ge)部兵2500人(ren)誓(shi)師攻(gong)寧(ning)(ning)江州,用假(jia)裝敗退引誘敵人(ren)的戰法,打敗了遼(liao)國大將蕭撻不(bu)野,攻(gong)破了寧(ning)(ning)江州,掠奪財物而歸。后來,女真軍(jun)連戰皆勝,兵力驟增。
遼國(guo)天慶五年正(zheng)月初一,完顏阿骨打稱帝(di)(即金(jin)(jin)太(tai)祖),建(jian)立金(jin)(jin)朝(chao),年號(hao)收國(guo)。初五就率兵(bing)攻陷(xian)黃龍府后回師。遼國(guo)天祚皇帝(di)命令騎(qi)兵(bing)20萬、步兵(bing)7萬增援。金(jin)(jin)太(tai)祖發(fa)現(xian)遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)雖多,但(dan)隊(dui)形不整,抓住戰機,猛(meng)攻遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun),遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大敗。金(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)連創(chuang)遼軍(jun)(jun)(jun)主力,取得(de)了主動地位。
金(jin)收國(guo)(年號(hao))二年(遼(liao)天慶六年,即1116年)正月,渤海人高(gao)(gao)永昌擁兵(bing)自立為(wei)王,占據(ju)了(le)遼(liao)國(guo)以東(dong)50多個州。天祚(zuo)帝命令宰相張(zhang)琳攻討,高(gao)(gao)永昌向金(jin)求(qiu)援,金(jin)太祖乘機派兵(bing)攻打(da)遼(liao)的(de)東(dong)部,先于沈(shen)州(今中國(guo)東(dong)北部遼(liao)寧省(sheng)沈(shen)陽(yang)市)打(da)敗(bai)張(zhang)琳的(de)軍隊,后又擊(ji)滅(mie)了(le)高(gao)(gao)永昌,占領東(dong)京(今遼(liao)寧遼(liao)陽(yang))。遼(liao)國(guo)天祚(zuo)帝招募遼(liao)東(dong)流民(min)2.8萬人,編(bian)為(wei)8營,號(hao)稱“怨軍”反擊(ji),阻擊(ji)沒(mei)用成功(gong)(gong),金(jin)軍乘勢奪占遼(liao)國(guo)的(de)七個州城(cheng)。從此,金(jin)國(guo)每占領一個地方,便廢除苛法(fa),減(jian)免(mian)賦稅,優待(dai)降俘,爭(zheng)取民(min)心,以鞏固后方。后來金(jin)遼(liao)議和沒(mei)成功(gong)(gong),金(jin)軍轉入(ru)大舉(ju)進攻,遼(liao)國(guo)還沒(mei)部署就緒,金(jin)軍就攻入(ru)外城(cheng),遼(liao)國(guo)上京留守(官職名)撻不野率兵(bing)投降了(le)。
轉(zhuan)戰西(xi)(xi)京金國(guo)天(tian)輔五(wu)年,金太祖得(de)知遼(liao)(liao)內(nei)部(bu)空虛,兵(bing)源(yuan)枯(ku)竭,于是統軍(jun)(jun)南(nan)下,攻打(da)遼(liao)(liao)國(guo)。遼(liao)(liao)國(guo)天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)見金軍(jun)(jun)有(you)直取南(nan)京(今北京)之勢,逃到(dao)西(xi)(xi)京(今中(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)山西(xi)(xi)省(sheng)大同市)。金軍(jun)(jun)跟(gen)蹤追(zhui)擊,西(xi)(xi)京軍(jun)(jun)隊投降,天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)逃往夾山(今內(nei)蒙古土默特左旗西(xi)(xi)北)。后來遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)又叛變(bian),遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)尚(shang)有(you)2.5萬(wan)人(ren),金軍(jun)(jun)在(zai)城內(nei)只有(you)1000多人(ren),被遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)包圍。天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)登高觀戰,被金軍(jun)(jun)發現。金軍(jun)(jun)直沖天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di),天(tian)祚(zuo)帝(di)棄軍(jun)(jun)逃跑,遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)(jun)大敗。
進軍(jun)南(nan)京(jing)金(jin)(jin)國(guo)天輔六年三(san)月(yue)(yue),遼(liao)國(guo)秦晉王耶律淳在(zai)(zai)南(nan)京(jing)稱帝(di)。十二(er)月(yue)(yue),金(jin)(jin)分兵兩路攻南(nan)京(jing),當時正(zheng)趕上地震,遼(liao)軍(jun)不戰自退,金(jin)(jin)軍(jun)輕易奪取南(nan)京(jing)。金(jin)(jin)國(guo)天輔七年八月(yue)(yue),金(jin)(jin)太(tai)祖病逝(shi),他的弟(di)弟(di)完顏晟繼位(wei)(即金(jin)(jin)太(tai)宗)。金(jin)(jin)國(guo)天會(hui)三(san)年(1125年)二(er)月(yue)(yue),金(jin)(jin)軍(jun)在(zai)(zai)應州(今山西應縣)境內俘虜(lu)天祚帝(di),遼(liao)朝宣告滅亡。
在長達(da)11年、經過上百次戰(zhan)斗(dou)的(de)金遼(liao)(liao)戰(zhan)爭中,完顏阿骨(gu)打審(shen)時度勢,以武(wu)力進攻與分化瓦解相結(jie)合的(de)方略(lve),縱橫征戰(zhan)數千里,出奇(qi)制勝,多次擊敗遼(liao)(liao)軍(jun)主力,逐個奪取遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao)重鎮,終(zhong)于攻滅遼(liao)(liao)朝(chao),確(que)立了金在中國(guo)北部的(de)統治(zhi)。