17世紀,滿洲族興(xing)起于白山(shan)黑水之(zhi)間,建(jian)立了后金(jin)政權,進而奪取(qu)遼(liao)東(dong),動搖(yao)了東(dong)亞地區以明(ming)(ming)帝國(guo)(guo)為中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)際秩(zhi)序。后金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)鄰朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)王(wang)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)自建(jian)國(guo)(guo)以來就是明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藩屬國(guo)(guo),篤信程(cheng)朱理學,嚴守華夷(yi)之(zhi)辨。16世紀末,日(ri)本侵略朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(萬(wan)歷朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)戰(zhan)(zhan)爭,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)稱(cheng)壬(ren)辰(chen)倭亂)之(zhi)際,因(yin)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)救援朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“再造之(zhi)恩”而使明(ming)(ming)鮮(xian)關系進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步密切,因(yin)此在(zai)后金(jin)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)(zhan)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)秩(zhi)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)天然地選(xuan)擇(ze)站在(zai)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方。萬(wan)歷四(si)(si)十七年(1619年,天命四(si)(si)年),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)出(chu)兵1萬(wan)余(yu)人隨明(ming)(ming)軍(jun)征討后金(jin),結果明(ming)(ming)軍(jun)在(zai)薩爾滸戰(zhan)(zhan)役為代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列戰(zhan)(zhan)役中(zhong)失敗(bai),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)殘兵5000人投降(jiang)后金(jin)。此后,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)國(guo)(guo)王(wang)李琿(光海君)奉行中(zhong)立政策(ce),暗中(zhong)聯絡后金(jin),結果在(zai)天啟三(san)年(1623年,天命七年)被臣(chen)下(xia)廢黜,其廢位理由中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)條就是“陰懷(huai)貳心,輸款(kuan)奴夷(yi)(指后金(jin))”。新國(guo)(guo)王(wang)李倧(仁祖)高(gao)舉“崇明(ming)(ming)排金(jin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)旗號,標榜與明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)“協(xie)力討虜”,后金(jin)和朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)往來一(yi)(yi)(yi)度中(zhong)斷(duan)。
不(bu)過,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)未能真正做到(dao)同心協力。在明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)圍(wei)堵后金(jin)的戰(zhan)略(lve)布(bu)(bu)局中,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)占有重要地(di)位,前遼(liao)東(dong)經略(lve)熊廷弼提出“三(san)方(fang)布(bu)(bu)置策”時(shi),就(jiu)強調“須聯合(he)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)”。明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)將(jiang)領毛文龍在朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)椵島(dao)(皮島(dao))開辟了反攻(gong)遼(liao)東(dong)的基地(di)——東(dong)江(jiang)鎮,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)雖盡力資助(zhu),但內心對(dui)其十分(fen)疑(yi)忌(ji)。結果朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)不(bu)但未能“協力討虜(lu)”,反而在天(tian)啟七年(nian)(1627年(nian),天(tian)聰元年(nian))后金(jin)入(ru)侵朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)(丁卯之役)時(shi)不(bu)能有效配合(he),致使朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)被迫(po)與后金(jin)締結“兄弟之國”的盟約(yue),開放義州中江(jiang)與后金(jin)互市(shi),每年(nian)向后金(jin)輸(shu)送“歲幣”。但此后朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)與后金(jin)的關系并不(bu)融洽,兩國外(wai)交(jiao)摩擦集中于(yu)幾下幾個方(fang)面:
俘虜問題(ti):盡(jin)管(guan)后金釋放了(le)丁(ding)卯之役中大部分(fen)朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)被擄人(ren)口,但仍有(you)上萬人(ren)被后金扣(kou)作人(ren)質(zhi),要求朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)或以后金逃人(ren)交換(huan)、或以米糧贖回,朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)被迫選擇(ze)后者。
逃(tao)人問(wen)(wen)題:丁卯之役結束當年(nian)十二月,皇太極(ji)就指責朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)不(bu)遣返(fan)后(hou)金(jin)逃(tao)到(dao)朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)的人員,朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)答以逃(tao)人所剩無幾(ji);崇(chong)禎四、六年(nian)(1631、1633年(nian),天(tian)聰五(wu)、七年(nian)),皇太極(ji)兩(liang)度就逃(tao)人問(wen)(wen)題向朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)施壓,朝(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)才遣返(fan)了(le)部分(fen)后(hou)金(jin)逃(tao)人。
犯(fan)越(yue)問題:丁卯之役后,朝(chao)(chao)鮮邊(bian)民屢屢越(yue)境采(cai)參,后金(jin)亦侵入(ru)朝(chao)(chao)鮮境內屠殺漢人(ren)難民,兩國互相指責對方(fang)“犯(fan)越(yue)”,即非法(fa)入(ru)境。
開市(shi)(shi)問題:朝鮮(xian)自崇禎元年(nian)(1628年(nian),天聰二年(nian))同(tong)后金(jin)開市(shi)(shi)于義州,但在時間(jian)、價格(ge)、場所上(shang)多有爭(zheng)端(duan),如原約(yue)為春秋開市(shi)(shi),然(ran)而(er)后金(jin)后來又要(yao)求夏季也開市(shi)(shi),兩國為此一(yi)直(zhi)僵(jiang)持(chi);價格(ge)方面兩國也按(an)各(ge)自有利價格(ge)而(er)爭(zheng)論;場所上(shang),后金(jin)要(yao)求咸鏡道會寧也開市(shi)(shi),朝鮮(xian)堅(jian)持(chi)拖延不開。
歲(sui)幣問題(ti):后(hou)金大汗皇(huang)太(tai)極嫌棄朝鮮的禮(li)物偷工減料(liao),崇禎(zhen)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1631年(nian)(nian)(nian),天聰五年(nian)(nian)(nian))朝鮮在春秋兩次納歲(sui)幣時,皇(huang)太(tai)極都干脆拒(ju)絕接受。翌(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian),皇(huang)太(tai)極派人通知增(zeng)加(jia)“歲(sui)幣”種類和數額(e),仁祖僅同意其(qi)(qi)新定數額(e)的十(shi)分之一(yi),以(yi)金銀、牛角、倭劍等不是朝鮮的特(te)產為由(you)拒(ju)絕獻出(chu),其(qi)(qi)后(hou)兩國互相指責(ze)背棄盟約,引發關系緊張。
當然,最(zui)要害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題在(zai)于朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)在(zai)明(ming)金(jin)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)曖昧(mei)關系(xi),即朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)一(yi)(yi)面稱臣(chen)明(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(事大),一(yi)(yi)面與明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)敵國后金(jin)修好(交鄰),這種曖昧(mei)關系(xi)注定不(bu)能持久。朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)在(zai)丁卯(mao)之(zhi)役后并未斷絕同(tong)明(ming)朝(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)宗藩關系(xi),仍舊遵奉明(ming)朝(chao)(chao)正朔,年年遣使(shi)渡海朝(chao)(chao)貢北京(jing),明(ming)朝(chao)(chao)亦不(bu)時派遣敕使(shi)來朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)。丁卯(mao)之(zhi)役后第二年,皇(huang)太極(ji)要求朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)提供(gong)船(chuan)(chuan)只(zhi)以討伐東江(jiang)鎮,仁祖(zu)拖了三天才見后金(jin)使(shi)臣(chen),然后對他們嚴正表示:“明(ming)國猶(you)吾父也,撫我二百余年,今(jin)征(zheng)我父之(zhi)國,豈(qi)可相助(zhu)(zhu)以船(chuan)(chuan)?船(chuan)(chuan)殆不(bu)可借也!”另一(yi)(yi)方面,在(zai)明(ming)軍追擊投(tou)奔后金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)吳橋兵變叛(pan)將(jiang)孔有德(de)、耿仲明(ming)等的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)則出兵協助(zhu)(zhu)明(ming)軍,令皇(huang)太極(ji)耿耿于懷。隨著后金(jin)的(de)(de)(de)日益強大,勢必訴(su)諸(zhu)戰爭來解決朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)懸(xuan)案。
天啟七年(1627年,天命(ming)十(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年),皇太(tai)(tai)極登上后金汗位,是(shi)為(wei)清太(tai)(tai)宗。他在(zai)位時(shi),勵(li)精(jing)圖治(zhi),實行改革(ge)(參見(jian)詞條(tiao)皇太(tai)(tai)極新政),對(dui)(dui)內強化(hua)中央集權,樹立起(qi)自己的絕(jue)對(dui)(dui)權威;對(dui)(dui)外東征西(xi)討,確定(ding)了(le)征服明(ming)朝、一(yi)(yi)(yi)統天下的宏大(da)(da)目標。從丁卯之(zhi)役到丙子之(zhi)役的十(shi)年時(shi)間里,皇太(tai)(tai)極完成了(le)幾(ji)件大(da)(da)事:一(yi)(yi)(yi)、統一(yi)(yi)(yi)族稱為(wei)滿洲,標志著一(yi)(yi)(yi)個新興民族完成整合;二、平定(ding)漠南蒙古,西(xi)拓疆土(tu);三、三次入塞侵略明(ming)朝,掠(lve)奪(duo)大(da)(da)量(liang)人(ren)(ren)口與(yu)(yu)物資(zi);四、發(fa)動大(da)(da)凌河之(zhi)戰,取(qu)(qu)得(de)重大(da)(da)軍事勝利,不僅拔掉了(le)明(ming)朝在(zai)遼(liao)西(xi)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)個要(yao)塞,還獲得(de)了(le)圍城(cheng)作(zuo)戰的寶貴經驗。在(zai)這段期間,后金還有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個重大(da)(da)的收獲是(shi)孔有(you)德、耿仲明(ming)等(deng)明(ming)將攜紅夷炮來投,既得(de)到了(le)大(da)(da)量(liang)先(xian)進武器(qi),又(you)獲取(qu)(qu)了(le)火炮操作(zuo)和瞄(miao)準技術,并由此開(kai)創(chuang)出漢人(ren)(ren)炮兵與(yu)(yu)滿蒙步騎兵協同作(zuo)戰的戰術。
天啟三年(nian)(1623年(nian),天命八年(nian)),李倧(zong)通過宮(gong)廷(ting)(ting)政(zheng)(zheng)變(仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)反(fan)正(zheng))登(deng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)王位(wei),是為朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan)標榜“崇(chong)明排金(jin)”,因(yin)此(ci)從一開(kai)始(shi)就將防備(bei)(bei)后(hou)金(jin)視為頭等大(da)(da)事(shi),然而一籌(chou)莫展。當時(shi)(shi),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)兵(bing)力嚴重不(bu)足,兵(bing)額名義上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)為18萬(wan),實則6萬(wan)。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)即位(wei)后(hou),實施號(hao)牌(pai)(pai)法,要求16歲以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)男丁佩戴號(hao)牌(pai)(pai),加(jia)緊(jin)對人(ren)(ren)口(kou)的(de)(de)控制(zhi),以(yi)擴充兵(bing)力。天啟七年(nian)(1627年(nian),天聰元(yuan)年(nian))號(hao)牌(pai)(pai)法中止(zhi)時(shi)(shi),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)擁有兵(bing)力約(yue)10萬(wan)。此(ci)外還有“束伍軍(jun)”(類似(si)預備(bei)(bei)役)9萬(wan)余人(ren)(ren),武科參(can)加(jia)者(“出(chu)身”、“武學”)及雜色軍(jun)兵(bing)4-5萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)。但由(you)于朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)社會(hui)生產力在壬辰倭亂(luan)時(shi)(shi)遭到(dao)(dao)極大(da)(da)破壞,仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)即位(wei)后(hou)仍未恢復,糧餉(xiang)不(bu)足也(ye)(ye)成為一大(da)(da)問題,仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)剛即位(wei)時(shi)(shi),戶曹判書李曙稱朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)廷(ting)(ting)一年(nian)收(shou)入10萬(wan)石(shi),而支出(chu)11萬(wan)石(shi),“經(jing)費猶且(qie)不(bu)足,有何余儲以(yi)備(bei)(bei)軍(jun)需?”這種(zhong)窘況到(dao)(dao)丙子(zi)之役時(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)沒得到(dao)(dao)根本性改善。此(ci)外,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)文恬武嬉,即使經(jing)過丁卯之役,依(yi)然“上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)茍(gou)安,大(da)(da)官(guan)(guan)、小(xiao)官(guan)(guan)悠(you)悠(you)泛泛,諸臣之會(hui)備(bei)(bei)局者,詼諧、吸南草而已,閫帥(shuai)(shuai)之倚轅(yuan)門者,擁妓、縱(zong)酒肉而已”,意思是朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)下(xia)茍(gou)且(qie)偷安,大(da)(da)小(xiao)官(guan)(guan)員無所作為,備(bei)(bei)邊司重臣聚(ju)在一起(qi),抽(chou)煙打趣,邊疆(jiang)將帥(shuai)(shuai)則整日漁色嫖妓、喝酒吃肉。仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)依(yi)賴(lai)反(fan)正(zheng)功(gong)臣集團維持政(zheng)(zheng)權(quan),放任(ren)反(fan)正(zheng)功(gong)臣欺壓(ya)民眾、兼(jian)并土地,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)百姓(xing)說(shuo):“在廷(ting)(ting)權(quan)貴之臣與廢朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)(光(guang)海君)異者,只(zhi)是面目耳!”朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)也(ye)(ye)缺乏將材,仁(ren)(ren)(ren)祖(zu)初(chu)年(nian)的(de)(de)都元(yuan)帥(shuai)(shuai)張晚(wan)感(gan)慨“而武將無一人(ren)(ren)知(zhi)兵(bing)者,只(zhi)知(zhi)以(yi)賂做官(guan)(guan)而已”。因(yin)此(ci)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)(da)臣鄭忠信自嘲“無兵(bing)之國(guo)”,皇(huang)太極也(ye)(ye)常稱朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)為“兒女之國(guo)”。
在戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略方(fang)針和武器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)裝備方(fang)面,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)自(zi)(zi)宣祖(zu)以來就確(que)立了(le)對女(nv)真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為主、配以火器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)沿防御(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略。到了(le)仁祖(zu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao),由于(yu)丁卯之(zhi)役(yi)時沿路諸(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相繼失守(shou),所以戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)后調整(zheng)為讓出(chu)大(da)路、修筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、配以火器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)縱深防御(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略,如移(yi)(yi)義(yi)州于(yu)白馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、移(yi)(yi)平(ping)壤于(yu)慈(ci)母山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、移(yi)(yi)黃州于(yu)正方(fang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、移(yi)(yi)平(ping)山(shan)(shan)(shan)于(yu)長(chang)壽(shou)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),同(tong)時強化江(jiang)華島(江(jiang)都(dou))和南漢山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩大(da)要(yao)塞的(de)(de)(de)(de)防御(yu)工事(因漢城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較大(da),難以防守(shou))。這(zhe)種戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在于(yu)堅(jian)壁清(qing)野、設險(xian)守(shou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、打持(chi)久戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),等(deng)待勤王(wang)兵(bing)或(huo)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)外(wai)援(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)到來或(huo)者敵軍久攻(gong)不下而主動撤退(tui)。但(dan)皇(huang)太極對這(zhe)種戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略不屑一(yi)顧,在開戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)前(qian)夕警告朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian):“貴國(guo)多(duo)筑(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),我(wo)(wo)當(dang)從(cong)大(da)路直(zhi)向京(jing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),其(qi)可以山(shan)(shan)(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)捍我(wo)(wo)乎(hu)?貴國(guo)所恃者江(jiang)都(dou),我(wo)(wo)若蹂躪八路,其(qi)可以一(yi)小島為國(guo)乎(hu)?”此外(wai),朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略所倚靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)是火器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),尤其(qi)是鳥銃(chong),而火器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)又依賴從(cong)明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)輸(shu)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)磺(huang)、硝(xiao)(xiao)石等(deng)原(yuan)料。崇禎五年(1632年,天聰六(liu)年),明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)擔心朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)敵,遂對朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)實施(shi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略物資(zi)(zi)禁運,停止每年向朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)例(li)售的(de)(de)(de)(de)3000斤硫(liu)磺(huang)、硝(xiao)(xiao)石,給(gei)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)造成莫大(da)困難。直(zhi)到丙子之(zhi)役(yi)爆發前(qian)一(yi)天,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)派到明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最后一(yi)次朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)天使團——金堉為首的(de)(de)(de)(de)冬至使,仍(reng)在北京(jing)呼吁解除(chu)對朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)磺(huang)、硝(xiao)(xiao)石之(zhi)禁。除(chu)了(le)火藥不足,朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)也缺(que)乏甲衣(yi),都(dou)元帥金自(zi)(zi)點曾說:“我(wo)(wo)國(guo)甲衣(yi)極少(shao),遇賊必敗。”
崇禎八年(1635年,天聰(cong)九(jiu)年),皇(huang)太(tai)極(ji)派多爾(er)袞(gun)、岳托、薩哈廉(lian)、豪格等(deng)遠征察哈爾(er),蒙古帝國末代大汗額哲投降,標(biao)志(zhi)著漠南蒙古并入后(hou)金(jin)版圖(tu)。額哲向后(hou)金(jin)獻(xian)上了據(ju)稱是歷代“傳國玉璽”的印章,后(hou)金(jin)眾臣(chen)便(bian)以(yi)此為瑞(rui)兆,奏請皇(huang)太(tai)極(ji)稱帝。十(shi)二月二十(shi)八日,經過群(qun)臣(chen)再三(san)勸(quan)進(jin)(jin),皇(huang)太(tai)極(ji)勉強(qiang)答應,但說(shuo):“朝(chao)鮮(xian)乃兄弟之國,應與共(gong)議(yi)。”時值朝(chao)鮮(xian)王(wang)妃韓氏(仁烈王(wang)后(hou))去世(shi),皇(huang)太(tai)極(ji)便(bian)派戶(hu)部(bu)承政(zheng)英俄爾(er)岱(朝(chao)鮮(xian)稱龍骨大)和馬福塔(朝(chao)鮮(xian)稱馬夫大)兩人借春信、吊祭為名前往(wang)朝(chao)鮮(xian),趁機要(yao)求朝(chao)鮮(xian)也(ye)參與勸(quan)進(jin)(jin),同(tong)行的還(huan)有數十(shi)名蒙古貴族,他們(men)代表(biao)蒙古向朝(chao)鮮(xian)提(ti)議(yi)勸(quan)進(jin)(jin)。
崇禎九年(1636年,天聰(cong)十(shi)年)二(er)月二(er)十(shi)四日,后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)使臣(chen)一(yi)(yi)(yi)行(xing)抵達朝(chao)鮮(xian)首都漢城,拋(pao)出了(le)后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)八旗旗主及(ji)漠南蒙古(gu)四十(shi)九臺吉給朝(chao)鮮(xian)國王的(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)信(xin)各一(yi)(yi)(yi)封(feng),朝(chao)鮮(xian)官員以不合規(gui)矩為(wei)由拒絕受理(兄弟之(zhi)國的(de)(de)臣(chen)下(xia)不應直接致書(shu)(shu)對方君(jun)主)。英俄(e)爾岱和蒙古(gu)人(ren)便口頭要(yao)求朝(chao)鮮(xian)為(wei)皇(huang)太極勸進。此言一(yi)(yi)(yi)出,朝(chao)鮮(xian)上下(xia)嘩然,成均館儒生金(jin)(jin)壽弘率(lv)138人(ren)聯(lian)名上疏,請求“斬虜(lu)使、焚虜(lu)書(shu)(shu)”。仁(ren)祖(zu)雖不至于(yu)如此極端,但也(ye)不接見后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)使臣(chen)。英俄(e)爾岱等人(ren)擔心留在(zai)朝(chao)鮮(xian)有(you)性命之(zhi)憂,趕緊搶了(le)朝(chao)鮮(xian)人(ren)的(de)(de)馬(ma)匹,奪門(men)撤走,途中“觀者塞路(lu),群童或擲瓦(wa)以辱之(zhi)”。仁(ren)祖(zu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)面派人(ren)追(zhui)上英俄(e)爾岱,遞交答復,表示后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)要(yao)求是朝(chao)鮮(xian)“不敢(gan)聞之(zhi)語(yu)”;一(yi)(yi)(yi)面于(yu)三月一(yi)(yi)(yi)日向朝(chao)鮮(xian)八道下(xia)達以“絕和備(bei)御”為(wei)要(yao)旨(zhi)的(de)(de)諭書(shu)(shu)。英俄(e)爾岱入手這些文件,回(hui)國后(hou)(hou)呈給皇(huang)太極,后(hou)(hou)金(jin)(jin)眾(zhong)臣(chen)建議興師討(tao)伐朝(chao)鮮(xian),皇(huang)太極則指示繼續交涉。
隨后,朝(chao)鮮(xian)春信使羅德憲、李(li)廓(kuo)來到(dao)盛京,適逢(feng)皇太(tai)極(ji)于四月十(shi)一(yi)日舉行登極(ji)大(da)(da)典,宣布建元崇德、國(guo)(guo)(guo)號大(da)(da)清(qing)(qing),羅德憲、李(li)廓(kuo)在(zai)大(da)(da)典上拒絕向(xiang)皇太(tai)極(ji)跪拜,被(bei)驅逐出境。皇太(tai)極(ji)給他們一(yi)封國(guo)(guo)(guo)書(shu),自(zi)稱“大(da)(da)清(qing)(qing)皇帝”,稱朝(chao)鮮(xian)為“爾國(guo)(guo)(guo)”,要(yao)求朝(chao)鮮(xian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)王立即送子(zi)弟為人質。羅、李(li)兩(liang)(liang)人在(zai)進入朝(chao)鮮(xian)前丟棄該(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)書(shu),但謄(teng)寫(xie)內容呈給仁祖。朝(chao)鮮(xian)再次舉國(guo)(guo)(guo)嘩然。六月十(shi)七日,仁祖向(xiang)清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)發出“檄(xi)書(shu)”,強調“敗盟”責任在(zai)清(qing)(qing)方,兩(liang)(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)關系瀕臨破裂。
此時皇(huang)太極尚未(wei)入侵(qin)(qin)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian),因為他正派(pai)軍(jun)隊入侵(qin)(qin)明朝(chao)(chao)(chao)(參見詞條(tiao)丙子(zi)之(zhi)變)。十(shi)月(yue),征明大(da)軍(jun)凱旋,皇(huang)太極就著手(shou)籌劃出征朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian),并派(pai)人前往(wang)蒙古(gu)會(hui)盟,查戶口(kou)、編牛錄,抽(chou)調外(wai)藩蒙古(gu)之(zhi)兵力(li)從征。皇(huang)太極親征朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)的目的,從政治上來說,是通過(guo)降服(fu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)這一(yi)“禮義之(zhi)邦”來樹立(li)正統性,從軍(jun)事上來說,是解除攻打明朝(chao)(chao)(chao)的后顧之(zhi)憂,從經濟上來說,當時清朝(chao)(chao)(chao)糧食(shi)歉收(shou),皇(huang)太極希(xi)望(wang)通過(guo)征服(fu)朝(chao)(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)來確保(bao)物資供應。
而(er)朝鮮內部也分化為(wei)(wei)金尚(shang)憲、洪翼漢為(wei)(wei)代表的(de)斥(chi)和(he)派(pai)和(he)金瑬、崔(cui)鳴(ming)吉(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)代表的(de)主和(he)派(pai),前者(zhe)占絕大(da)多(duo)數,以(yi)臺諫官員為(wei)(wei)主,后者(zhe)則(ze)以(yi)仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)反(fan)(fan)正功臣(chen)為(wei)(wei)主,兩派(pai)爭論不休。仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)起初偏向(xiang)斥(chi)和(he)派(pai),后來在崔(cui)鳴(ming)吉(ji)(ji)的(de)反(fan)(fan)復勸諫下傾向(xiang)“守和(he)”,按照崔(cui)鳴(ming)吉(ji)(ji)的(de)建議派(pai)遣譯(yi)(yi)官去(qu)清(qing)朝,溝通緩和(he)雙(shuang)邊關系,力(li)圖·維持“兄弟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)國”的(de)狀態。十(shi)月入(ru)清(qing)的(de)譯(yi)(yi)使樸(pu)仁(ren)(ren)范(fan)等所攜(xie)國書被(bei)皇(huang)太極(ji)拒(ju)絕接受,皇(huang)太極(ji)隨(sui)后對(dui)朝鮮下最后通牒,要求十(shi)一月二十(shi)五日前送(song)來王子(zi)、大(da)臣(chen)來“更定(ding)和(he)議”,否則(ze)將(jiang)“大(da)舉(ju)東搶”。仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)對(dui)此痛苦地說(shuo):“欲(yu)為(wei)(wei)守御之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)備,則(ze)形勢如此;欲(yu)為(wei)(wei)羈縻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策,則(ze)名(ming)士輩皆曰不可。賊來而(er)已,將(jiang)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何?”表達(da)了他(ta)既無(wu)力(li)防備清(qing)軍入(ru)侵(qin)、又面臨斥(chi)和(he)派(pai)(所謂“名(ming)士輩”)輿論壓力(li)的(de)進(jin)退兩難之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境。最終,仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)頂(ding)住朝中(zhong)斥(chi)和(he)派(pai)的(de)壓力(li),又派(pai)譯(yi)(yi)官樸(pu)蘭(lan)英出使清(qing)朝,在樸(pu)蘭(lan)英北(bei)上(shang)途中(zhong),丙(bing)子(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)役就(jiu)爆發了。
崇禎九(jiu)年(1636年,崇德元年)十一月(yue)十九(jiu)日,皇(huang)太(tai)極命兵部貝(bei)勒岳托召集眾臣(chen)于篤恭殿,宣布將親征(zheng)朝(chao)(chao)鮮,以懲(cheng)其(qi)“敗盟逆命”之(zhi)罪,要求(qiu)每(mei)牛(niu)(niu)錄(lu)各選騎(qi)兵15人(ren)(ren)、步兵10人(ren)(ren)、護軍7人(ren)(ren)、共甲32副,昂邦章京石廷柱所統漢軍每(mei)甲士1人(ren)(ren)箭50枝,甲12人(ren)(ren)備長槍1桿,2牛(niu)(niu)錄(lu)備云梯(ti)、挨牌各1副,并備齊(qi)各種器械及馬匹,攜半月(yue)行糧,于二十九(jiu)日集合(he)(he)。十一月(yue)二十五日(冬至),皇(huang)太(tai)極祭(ji)告天地、太(tai)廟,“告征(zheng)朝(chao)(chao)鮮之(zhi)由”,列舉了朝(chao)(chao)鮮在薩爾滸(hu)之(zhi)戰(zhan)時“助明來(lai)侵(qin)”、在遼沈之(zhi)戰(zhan)后“招誘遼民”、在丁卯之(zhi)役后“屢敗盟誓”等罪狀。十二月(yue)一日,外(wai)藩蒙古的兵馬趕(gan)到盛京會合(he)(he),參與討伐朝(chao)(chao)鮮。皇(huang)太(tai)極安排(pai)鄭親王濟爾哈朗(lang)留守盛京,武英郡王阿(a)濟格駐牛(niu)(niu)莊、饒余貝(bei)勒阿(a)巴泰駐海城(cheng),以防備明軍。翌日,皇(huang)太(tai)極祭(ji)堂(tang)子(zi)誓師(shi),正式(shi)出發。
十二月(yue)(yue)三日,馬福塔、勞(lao)薩等率領(ling)300名偽裝成(cheng)商(shang)人的(de)清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)率先從沙河堡(今(jin)遼寧鞍山沙河街(jie)道)出發。十二月(yue)(yue)八日(1637年1月(yue)(yue)3日),這(zhe)支清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)渡過(guo)結冰的(de)鴨綠江,揭開了丙子之役(yi)的(de)序幕。朝(chao)鮮軍(jun)(jun)龜縮山城,不敢阻截,致(zhi)使(shi)清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)前鋒部隊一路高(gao)歌猛(meng)進,如入無人之境。十二月(yue)(yue)十二日,朝(chao)鮮朝(chao)廷接到義(yi)州府尹林(lin)慶業驚(jing)呼鴨綠江邊“賊(zei)兵(bing)彌漫”的(de)馳啟(急報),但未引(yin)起(qi)足(zu)夠重視,判斷只是清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)在邊境耀武揚威的(de)“脅和(he)之計(ji)”而已。十二月(yue)(yue)十三日,都(dou)元帥金自點馳啟:“賊(zei)兵(bing)已到安州。”朝(chao)鮮仁(ren)祖(zu)這(zhe)才緊急召(zhao)見(jian)大臣,商(shang)討對策。領(ling)議政金瑬主(zhu)張(zhang)火速征兵(bing),并請仁(ren)祖(zu)臨幸江華(hua)島(dao),但仁(ren)祖(zu)還(huan)是認為清(qing)軍(jun)(jun)不會深入,金瑬堅(jian)持請求,仁(ren)祖(zu)才勉強答應,但不同意世子分朝(chao)。同時奪(duo)情起(qi)復沈器遠為留都(dou)大將,留守漢城。
十二月(yue)十四日(ri),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)朝(chao)(chao)廷接(jie)報清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)前(qian)鋒(feng)已過開(kai)城(cheng),仁祖終于“定去(qu)邠(bin)(bin)(周(zhou)太王去(qu)邠(bin)(bin)遷岐以(yi)(yi)躲避戎狄的(de)典故,指(zhi)遷都)之(zhi)議(yi)”,安排金(jin)瑬之(zhi)子金(jin)慶征、李(li)(li)(li)敏求等護送(song)世子嬪姜(jiang)氏(愍(min)懷嬪)和鳳林(后來的(de)朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)孝宗)、麟坪兩大君以(yi)(yi)及(ji)廟社神主先(xian)行出發。史(shi)稱其(qi)時(shi)(shi)“上(shang)下皇皇,罔知所為,都城(cheng)士大夫扶(fu)老攜(xie)幼,哭聲載(zai)路(lu)”。未時(shi)(shi),仁祖及(ji)昭顯世子等出發前(qian)往江(jiang)(jiang)華島(dao)(dao),剛到崇(chong)禮門(南(nan)大門),就聽說清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)前(qian)鋒(feng)部(bu)隊已抵達漢城(cheng)西郊(jiao)的(de)弘濟(ji)院(yuan),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)訓練都監將官李(li)(li)(li)興業率領(ling)的(de)80多(duo)人(ren)(ren)(一(yi)說60多(duo)人(ren)(ren))的(de)小股騎兵被清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)擊敗。吏曹判(pan)書(shu)崔(cui)鳴(ming)吉(ji)(ji)請求去(qu)清(qing)(qing)營周(zhou)旋以(yi)(yi)緩師(shi),仁祖同意(yi),崔(cui)鳴(ming)吉(ji)(ji)和都承旨李(li)(li)(li)景稷便設(she)宴(yan)歡迎馬福(fu)塔、勞薩等,仁祖一(yi)行趁機轉進(jin)漢城(cheng)南(nan)四十里的(de)南(nan)漢山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)。翌日(ri)清(qing)(qing)晨,仁祖在金(jin)瑬等人(ren)(ren)的(de)勸說下打算從南(nan)漢山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)前(qian)往江(jiang)(jiang)華島(dao)(dao),然而風雪甚緊,一(yi)路(lu)顛仆,被迫折返南(nan)漢山(shan)(shan)城(cheng),其(qi)后仁祖擔心中途(tu)被清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)俘虜(lu),聽從南(nan)漢山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)守(shou)御使李(li)(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)白的(de)建議(yi),不再考慮逃往江(jiang)(jiang)華島(dao)(dao),決定死守(shou)南(nan)漢山(shan)(shan)城(cheng)。
南漢(han)山(shan)城(cheng)防守部署是:
訓練大將申景禛,負(fu)責東(dong)城望月臺(tai);
總(zong)戎(rong)使具宏,負責南城(cheng);
守御使李時白,負責西城;
軍器寺提調李曙(shu)(后(hou)因(yin)病,改以(yi)御(yu)營大將元(yuan)斗杓),負(fu)責(ze)北城(cheng)。
十(shi)二月十(shi)五日(ri),崔(cui)鳴吉從清營(ying)回來,轉(zhuan)告(gao)了馬福塔等提出(chu)的(de)(de)王(wang)弟與大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)(指政丞級(ji)別的(de)(de)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen))為人質的(de)(de)議和條件,于是仁(ren)祖(zu)派遠房王(wang)族李(li)偁冒充(chong)王(wang)弟、刑(xing)曹判書(shu)沈諿(qi)作為大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)前往清營(ying)。清軍逼問兩人是否是真(zhen)王(wang)弟、真(zhen)大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)時(shi),沈諿(qi)不敢回答,遂(sui)被清軍識(shi)破(po),在(zai)清營(ying)中的(de)(de)朝鮮使臣(chen)(chen)樸蘭英(ying)堅(jian)(jian)稱二人為真(zhen),為清軍所(suo)殺,清軍揚言必(bi)須送出(chu)世子才能議和。十(shi)二月十(shi)七日(ri),仁(ren)祖(zu)派左議政洪瑞鳳、戶曹判書(shu)金藎(jin)國(guo)、都(dou)承(cheng)旨李(li)景稷前往清營(ying),清方還是堅(jian)(jian)持必(bi)須世子出(chu)來當人質,仁(ren)祖(zu)本(ben)有(you)意答應,但遭到禮曹判書(shu)金尚憲(xian)、駙馬東陽尉申翊(yi)圣和臺諫兩司(si)(司(si)憲(xian)府、司(si)諫院(yuan))為首的(de)(de)斥和派官(guan)員的(de)(de)堅(jian)(jian)決反對而未果,雙方首次交涉(she)就此(ci)破(po)裂。
十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六日(ri),皇太極緊接著派遣(qian)的多鐸、岳托等人(ren)所(suo)(suo)率部(bu)隊與馬(ma)福(fu)塔會師,初步包(bao)圍南漢山城,“立(li)柵困之(zhi)(zhi)”。仁祖面對這種局面痛心疾(ji)首,曾哭著對群臣(chen)說:“三百年(nian)血誠事(shi)大(da),受(shou)恩深重,而一(yi)(yi)朝(chao)逢廢朝(chao)(光(guang)海君)時所(suo)(suo)未有(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi),諸(zhu)(zhu)卿(qing)(qing)(qing)諸(zhu)(zhu)卿(qing)(qing)(qing),此(ci)何為(wei)哉?當(dang)倫紀(ji)斁滅之(zhi)(zhi)時,幸與當(dang)時立(li)節(jie)之(zhi)(zhi)諸(zhu)(zhu)賢(xian)為(wei)此(ci)撥亂(luan)之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)業,居人(ren)君之(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)、行(xing)人(ren)君之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)者,今十(shi)(shi)(shi)四年(nian)矣(yi)。豈(qi)料終歸犬(quan)羊禽獸也哉?然諸(zhu)(zhu)卿(qing)(qing)(qing)有(you)(you)何所(suo)(suo)失?緣予薄劣無狀,致有(you)(you)此(ci)罔極之(zhi)(zhi)變也。諸(zhu)(zhu)卿(qing)(qing)(qing)諸(zhu)(zhu)卿(qing)(qing)(qing),奈何奈何!”十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)日(ri),仁祖出行(xing)宮南門,頒(ban)布(bu)教書,宣(xuan)布(bu)“君臣(chen)上下(xia),同守一(yi)(yi)城,和議已絕,唯有(you)(you)戰(zhan)耳(er)”,正(zheng)式確立(li)了“戰(zhan)守”的方針。其后他拒絕了清軍使(shi)者的和談要(yao)求,并主(zhu)張趁(chen)清軍尚未完成包(bao)圍之(zhi)(zhi)際“宜一(yi)(yi)番(fan)決戰(zhan)”。從(cong)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八(ba)日(ri)至二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九日(ri),朝(chao)鮮軍屢(lv)次出城作戰(zhan),主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you):
十二月(yue)十八日,北門大將元斗杓(shao)率軍出戰,殺清兵6人;
十二(er)月十九日,總戎使具宏募炮(pao)手出城邀擊(ji)清(qing)軍,殺清(qing)兵20人(ren)(ren)(一(yi)說5、6人(ren)(ren)),奪取馬匹;
十(shi)二月二十(shi)一日(ri),御營別(bie)將李起榮率兵(bing)出(chu)西門(men),殺(sha)清兵(bing)10余人(ren),東門(men)大(da)將申景(jing)禛(zhen)亦出(chu)戰;
十(shi)二(er)(er)月二(er)(er)十(shi)二(er)(er)日,北門御營軍(jun)殺清兵10余人(ren),東門大將申景禛殺清兵30余人(ren),幾次出戰,朝(chao)鮮軍(jun)只陣亡5、6人(ren);
十二月二十三日,自募(mu)軍出戰,殺清兵約(yue)50人(ren);
十(shi)二月二十(shi)四(si)日,發兵400人出戰,斬獲頗多;
十(shi)(shi)二(er)月二(er)十(shi)(shi)九日,發兵600人出(chu)戰,至山城(cheng)下平地,清(qing)軍(jun)不接戰,日暮,體(ti)察使(shi)金瑬傳令(ling)收兵,清(qing)軍(jun)趁機(ji)奇(qi)襲,別將申誠立以(yi)下數百人陣亡。
在十(shi)二月二十(shi)九日(ri)的(de)慘敗后,“城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)大震,上(shang)下色(se)沮”,加上(shang)清軍(jun)主(zhu)力已經(jing)趕到,朝鮮遂(sui)喪失斗志,龜縮城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),不敢主(zhu)動出戰。當時南漢山城(cheng)(cheng)有兵(bing)13000多人(ren),所(suo)儲糧食還可以支撐到二月下旬。
此前,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)已于(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)率右翼軍(jun)(jun)進入朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)境內,郭山(shan)、定州等地(di)朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)軍(jun)(jun)民迎(ying)降(jiang),皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)命(ming)(ming)順民剃發。十(shi)(shi)(shi)三日(ri)(ri)(ri),命(ming)(ming)杜(du)(du)度(du)擄走皮島鄰近地(di)區的(de)(de)所有朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)人(ren)。十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)抵(di)達(da)安(an)州,平安(an)兵使柳琳在(zai)此堅守,皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)并(bing)未強攻,而是曉(xiao)諭柳琳之后繼續南下。途(tu)中在(zai)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九日(ri)(ri)(ri)、二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一日(ri)(ri)(ri)、二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)接到(dao)多鐸(duo)關于(yu)朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)王退守南漢山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)報告,乃(nai)于(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)急(ji)派增援兵力,二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六日(ri)(ri)(ri)派筆帖式吳達(da)禮等前去敦促后衛杜(du)(du)度(du)“速攜紅(hong)衣、大將軍(jun)(jun)炮(pao)及(ji)一切(qie)火器(qi)前來”。皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)于(yu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)月(yue)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九日(ri)(ri)(ri)渡(du)過漢江(jiang),在(zai)南漢山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)西側設置(zhi)御營(ying),同時命(ming)(ming)固山(shan)額(e)真譚泰等攻取漢城(cheng)(cheng),搜捕朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)軍(jun)(jun)人(ren),掠奪(duo)財物牲畜(chu)。翌年(nian)正月(yue)四(si)日(ri)(ri)(ri),移御營(ying)于(yu)漢江(jiang)北岸(an),同日(ri)(ri)(ri),三順王(孔(kong)有德(de)、耿仲明、尚(shang)可喜(xi))和烏真超哈的(de)(de)金玉和攜火炮(pao)抵(di)達(da)南漢山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)。正月(yue)十(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri),率左翼軍(jun)(jun)南下的(de)(de)多爾(er)袞(gun)和豪格(ge)等抵(di)達(da)御營(ying),向皇(huang)(huang)(huang)太(tai)(tai)極(ji)匯報這段(duan)時間的(de)(de)戰果。同日(ri)(ri)(ri),杜(du)(du)度(du)等帶著包(bao)括紅(hong)夷炮(pao)在(zai)內的(de)(de)火藥武器(qi)與重裝備抵(di)達(da)清軍(jun)(jun)陣營(ying),切(qie)斷南漢山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)內外聯(lian)絡,徹底完成了對南漢山(shan)城(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)圍。
仁祖君(jun)(jun)臣被困在南漢(han)山城期間(jian),亦寄希望于朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)八道勤(qin)王(wang)兵(bing)(bing)來援救(jiu),遂于十二(er)月(yue)十七日(ri)頒布教書(shu),稱自己是為了(le)固守與明朝(chao)(chao)的君(jun)(jun)臣大義才遭清(qing)軍(jun)入侵,號召諸(zhu)道士(shi)民也要(yao)對國王(wang)盡君(jun)(jun)臣之(zhi)義、起兵(bing)(bing)勤(qin)王(wang)。十二(er)月(yue)二(er)十一日(ri),有定居朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)的女真瓦爾喀人投奔(ben)清(qing)軍(jun),報告了(le)此情報,于是多鐸派(pai)阿爾津、色(se)勒前去堵截朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)勤(qin)王(wang)兵(bing)(bing)。從(cong)十二(er)月(yue)到翌年(nian)正月(yue),各路朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)勤(qin)王(wang)兵(bing)(bing)被清(qing)軍(jun)先后擊(ji)退,“赴難之(zhi)兵(bing)(bing),一無成功者”。金自點、沈器遠等(deng)退守京畿道楊根(gen)郡之(zhi)迷原(又作薇原、薇園(yuan))縣(xian),按(an)兵(bing)(bing)不動(dong),試圖聚(ju)合大軍(jun)后反(fan)攻(gong)。朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)平安道觀察使洪命耇、慶尚左兵(bing)(bing)使許完、右兵(bing)(bing)使閔栐、忠清(qing)兵(bing)(bing)使李(li)義培等(deng)文武大員陣(zhen)亡,但清(qing)軍(jun)高級將(jiang)領揚古(gu)利亦遭朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)伏(fu)兵(bing)(bing)用鳥(niao)槍擊(ji)斃。
十二(er)月(yue)二(er)十九(jiu)日以后(hou),朝(chao)鮮(xian)君臣龜縮于南(nan)漢(han)山城中,不敢出戰,皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極(ji)亦率清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍主力(li)趕到,加(jia)緊構筑對南(nan)漢(han)山城的(de)包圍網,重啟議和再(zai)次成(cheng)為朝(chao)鮮(xian)仁祖(zu)的(de)選(xuan)擇。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)初(chu)一(yi),清(qing)(qing)(qing)方拒絕了朝(chao)鮮(xian)方面送來(lai)的(de)賀年(nian)禮物,但向使臣傳話說明天再(zai)來(lai),留下了協商(shang)的(de)余(yu)地。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)二(er)日,洪瑞鳳、金藎國、李(li)景稷被派往清(qing)(qing)(qing)營(ying),返回后(hou)轉達(da)了皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極(ji)的(de)“詔諭(yu)”,在(zai)該“詔諭(yu)”中,皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極(ji)強調戰爭爆(bao)發的(de)責(ze)任在(zai)朝(chao)鮮(xian)一(yi)方。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)月(yue)三(san)日,洪、金、李(li)三(san)人赴(fu)清(qing)(qing)(qing)營(ying)送去崔鳴吉撰(zhuan)寫的(de)國書,對前一(yi)日皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極(ji)的(de)責(ze)難進(jin)行(xing)辯解,并懇(ken)請皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極(ji)原(yuan)諒朝(chao)鮮(xian),撤退(tui)清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍,恢(hui)復丁卯之役后(hou)的(de)“兄弟之國”狀態(tai)。但皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極(ji)對仁祖(zu)的(de)國書不予答復,雙方在(zai)此(ci)后(hou)十天的(de)時(shi)間里沒有任何(he)接觸(chu)。
此時(shi)清(qing)軍已(yi)將南(nan)漢山城圍得水泄不(bu)通,諸道勤王兵(bing)又被各個擊破,朝(chao)鮮(xian)朝(chao)廷被迫于正(zheng)月(yue)十一日(ri)寫出國書(shu),繼續之前的(de)訴求,次(ci)日(ri)派洪(hong)(hong)瑞(rui)(rui)鳳(feng)、崔鳴吉(ji)、尹(yin)暉等送到清(qing)軍陣營。清(qing)方先以日(ri)暮為(wei)由不(bu)受(shou),第(di)二天洪(hong)(hong)瑞(rui)(rui)鳳(feng)等又來(lai),清(qing)方才接(jie)受(shou)這封國書(shu)。但皇(huang)太極對這封國書(shu)還是不(bu)予答復(fu)。仁祖非常焦(jiao)急,便(bian)于正(zheng)月(yue)十六日(ri)又派洪(hong)(hong)瑞(rui)(rui)鳳(feng)、崔鳴吉(ji)、尹(yin)暉三人去(qu)清(qing)營,詢問皇(huang)太極的(de)態度(du)。負責對朝(chao)交涉的(de)英俄爾岱說(shuo):“若無新語,不(bu)須更(geng)來(lai)!”暗示(shi)朝(chao)鮮(xian)必須先向清(qing)朝(chao)稱臣方可和談(tan),此外(wai)還透露清(qing)軍將進攻江華島。同日(ri),清(qing)軍在望(wang)月(yue)峰(feng)下樹起一面寫有“招降”二字(zi)的(de)白(bai)旗(qi),不(bu)過被大風吹斷。
正(zheng)月(yue)十(shi)七日(ri),皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極終于(yu)答復朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian),對朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)的辯(bian)解逐條(tiao)駁斥(chi),要(yao)(yao)求仁祖(zu)做出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)抉擇:“欲(yu)生耶,亟宜出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)歸命;欲(yu)戰(zhan)耶,亦(yi)宜亟出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)戰(zhan)!”正(zheng)月(yue)十(shi)八日(ri),皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極又派(pai)(pai)人到南漢(han)山城(cheng)(cheng)下喊話,敦促朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)國(guo)王(wang)盡快出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng),否則將于(yu)十(shi)九日(ri)或(huo)二(er)(er)十(shi)一(yi)日(ri)決戰(zhan)。仁祖(zu)看出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)了皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極的這道“詔(zhao)諭”雖(sui)然(ran)措(cuo)辭嚴厲,但(dan)“亦(yi)有容許之意(yi)”,故決定(ding)繼續交涉。然(ran)而(er),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)主和(he)(he)派(pai)(pai)與(yu)斥(chi)和(he)(he)派(pai)(pai)的對立已經白(bai)熱(re)化,崔鳴(ming)(ming)吉(ji)寫出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)國(guo)書,言辭卑屈,大意(yi)是婉拒(ju)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng),希望能“城(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)拜天(tian)子(zi)”(指(zhi)高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)安市(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)主在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)拜送(song)(song)唐太(tai)(tai)(tai)宗之故事,崔鳴(ming)(ming)吉(ji)認為(wei)清朝(chao)(chao)不知此事)。金(jin)尚憲看到國(guo)書稱(cheng)(cheng)皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極為(wei)“陛下”(意(yi)味著兩(liang)(liang)國(guo)變(bian)為(wei)君(jun)臣關系),痛哭(ku)流(liu)涕,撕掉國(guo)書,崔鳴(ming)(ming)吉(ji)重(zhong)寫時(shi)不得不刪(shan)除“陛下”兩(liang)(liang)字,當(dang)天(tian)和(he)(he)洪瑞鳳、尹(yin)(yin)暉一(yi)起送(song)(song)到清營,英俄爾岱、馬福塔不受。第(di)二(er)(er)天(tian),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)面在(zai)國(guo)書中加(jia)了“陛下”兩(liang)(liang)字,由右(you)議政李弘胄(洪瑞鳳稱(cheng)(cheng)病)、崔鳴(ming)(ming)吉(ji)、尹(yin)(yin)暉再次送(song)(song)去(qu),但(dan)英俄爾岱、馬福塔堅持要(yao)(yao)求朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)國(guo)王(wang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng),雙方(fang)爭(zheng)執不下。正(zheng)月(yue)二(er)(er)十(shi)日(ri),皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極又下達“詔(zhao)諭”,在(zai)“出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)歸命”之外拋出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)了“縛送(song)(song)斥(chi)和(he)(he)臣”的條(tiao)件(jian),仁祖(zu)表示無法接受。翌日(ri),仁祖(zu)派(pai)(pai)李弘胄等(deng)送(song)(song)去(qu)答復國(guo)書,雖(sui)然(ran)這封(feng)國(guo)書明確向皇(huang)太(tai)(tai)(tai)極稱(cheng)(cheng)臣,但(dan)還是婉拒(ju)了國(guo)王(wang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)縛送(song)(song)斥(chi)和(he)(he)臣這兩(liang)(liang)個條(tiao)件(jian),英俄爾岱、馬福塔等(deng)拒(ju)受國(guo)書,雙方(fang)不歡而(er)散。
正(zheng)月(yue)二(er)(er)十二(er)(er)日(ri),清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)用車載著(zhu)82艘(一說44艘)舢(shan)板(ban)小船,在(zai)多(duo)(duo)爾(er)(er)袞(gun)的(de)(de)率(lv)(lv)領下(xia)(xia)進攻江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)島(dao)(dao)(dao)。當(dang)時(shi),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)廟社神(shen)主、世子(zi)嬪、兩大(da)君(jun)、元(yuan)(yuan)孫(sun)等王室人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)及(ji)大(da)臣家眷都藏身于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)島(dao)(dao)(dao),負責(ze)防(fang)務的(de)(de)是江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)留守(shou)兼(jian)舟(zhou)師大(da)將張(zhang)(zhang)紳(shen)(shen),守(shou)島(dao)(dao)(dao)兵(bing)力約(yue)1000人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。此外,島(dao)(dao)(dao)上(shang)還(huan)有(you)檢(jian)察使(shi)金慶征、副使(shi)李敏求(qiu),不(bu)(bu)過兩人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并無兵(bing)權(quan)。江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)海(hai)(hai)峽(xia)(鹽河)被(bei)(bei)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)天塹,當(dang)時(shi)還(huan)浮著(zhu)冰,所(suo)以盡(jin)管清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)早(zao)就(jiu)放出攻取江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)島(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)風聲(sheng),朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)朝(chao)(chao)廷(ting)也(ye)征發(fa)諸道水師防(fang)備江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)海(hai)(hai)峽(xia),但朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)都認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這是清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)虛張(zhang)(zhang)聲(sheng)勢(shi)。江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)留守(shou)張(zhang)(zhang)紳(shen)(shen)也(ye)“謂虜(lu)不(bu)(bu)能飛渡”,有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)勸他加強(qiang)防(fang)備,他就(jiu)斥其膽(dan)怯。二(er)(er)十二(er)(er)日(ri)上(shang)午(wu),多(duo)(duo)爾(er)(er)袞(gun)發(fa)動渡海(hai)(hai)作戰,直指江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)島(dao)(dao)(dao)北(bei)面朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)守(shou)軍(jun)(jun)防(fang)備虛弱的(de)(de)甲(jia)串(chuan)津。張(zhang)(zhang)紳(shen)(shen)率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)乘27艘板(ban)屋船從廣城鎮北(bei)上(shang),忠(zhong)清(qing)(qing)(qing)水使(shi)姜晉(jin)昕亦率(lv)(lv)7艘板(ban)屋船從燕尾亭(ting)南(nan)下(xia)(xia),企(qi)圖(tu)攔截(jie)清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)。不(bu)(bu)料由于(yu)退潮的(de)(de)緣故(gu),張(zhang)(zhang)紳(shen)(shen)所(suo)率(lv)(lv)水軍(jun)(jun)在(zai)離甲(jia)串(chuan)津數(shu)百步處的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)域停滯(zhi)不(bu)(bu)前,姜晉(jin)昕所(suo)率(lv)(lv)水軍(jun)(jun)雖能南(nan)下(xia)(xia),卻(que)因(yin)多(duo)(duo)爾(er)(er)袞(gun)連放紅夷大(da)炮而迅速(su)敗退,姜晉(jin)昕亦負傷。中午(wu)時(shi)分,清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)成功登陸甲(jia)串(chuan)。由于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)守(shou)軍(jun)(jun)都被(bei)(bei)張(zhang)(zhang)紳(shen)(shen)調走,張(zhang)(zhang)紳(shen)(shen)水軍(jun)(jun)又因(yin)退潮而動彈不(bu)(bu)得,所(suo)以江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)島(dao)(dao)(dao)輕易落入清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)手中,只(zhi)有(you)朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)中軍(jun)(jun)黃善身率(lv)(lv)113人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)抵抗清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun),旋(xuan)即(ji)戰死。鳳(feng)林大(da)君(jun)也(ye)帶著(zhu)勇士試圖(tu)抵抗而未果,最(zui)終交出江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)府(fu)城,向(xiang)多(duo)(duo)爾(er)(er)袞(gun)投降(jiang)。前右議(yi)政金尚容在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)府(fu)城南(nan)門(men)引(yin)爆火藥自(zi)殺,其余(yu)包括世子(zi)嬪、兩大(da)君(jun)、元(yuan)(yuan)孫(sun)等在(zai)內(nei)的(de)(de)240多(duo)(duo)名朝(chao)(chao)鮮(xian)(xian)(xian)王室人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)、大(da)臣及(ji)其眷屬成為(wei)(wei)(wei)清(qing)(qing)(qing)軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)俘虜(lu)。二(er)(er)十五日(ri),多(duo)(duo)爾(er)(er)袞(gun)帶著(zhu)戰俘離開江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)華(hua)島(dao)(dao)(dao)。
正月二十(shi)三日夜(ye),清軍襲擊南(nan)漢山城,被(bei)南(nan)漢山城守(shou)御使(shi)李時白擊退(tui)(tui)。其后,清軍連(lian)日向(xiang)南(nan)漢山城發(fa)射(she)紅夷炮,對朝鮮施加壓力。時人記載(zai):“炮丸大如(ru)鵝卵,或(huo)有如(ru)小兒(er)頭者(zhe),能飛越(yue)岡巒(luan),亂觸(chu)宮墻,聲震天地(di),晝夜(ye)不絕,城中之人,比比中死,堞所觸(chu)皆(jie)崩潰(kui),人心因(yin)此大洶”。二十(shi)三日,朝鮮已(yi)決定交出斥和(he)派大臣,翌日,洪瑞鳳、崔鳴吉、尹(yin)暉(hui)送國(guo)書于清營,然而國(guo)王出城一事仍不肯就范。二十(shi)五日,英俄爾岱、馬福塔退(tui)(tui)還(huan)朝鮮國(guo)書,并向(xiang)崔鳴吉等發(fa)出最后通牒,說(shuo)皇太極(ji)即將回國(guo),如(ru)果國(guo)王再不出城,就不會(hui)再有和(he)談的余地(di)了,同時告知(zhi)諸道勤(qin)王兵已(yi)被(bei)清軍各(ge)個擊破的消息。
二十(shi)六日上午,受不(bu)(bu)了(le)清軍紅夷炮的(de)(de)朝鮮(xian)守城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)將(jiang)(jiang)士嘩變,來(lai)(lai)到行宮門外兵諫,要求立(li)即交(jiao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)金(jin)尚憲等(deng)斥(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)派大(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)。仁(ren)(ren)祖企圖(tu)讓世子出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)來(lai)(lai)緩解壓力(此(ci)前(qian)世子曾(ceng)多(duo)次請求代父(fu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),未獲允許),便派洪(hong)瑞鳳、崔鳴吉(ji)、金(jin)藎(jin)國(guo)前(qian)往(wang)清營(ying),告知世子將(jiang)(jiang)出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。英俄爾岱說:“今則(ze)非國(guo)王(wang)親出(chu)(chu)(chu),決(jue)不(bu)(bu)可聽(ting)!”隨(sui)即將(jiang)(jiang)大(da)(da)(da)君手書(shu)和(he)(he)兩個大(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)的(de)(de)狀啟遞給(gei)洪(hong)瑞鳳等(deng),江華島失守的(de)(de)噩耗這才傳入(ru)南(nan)漢(han)山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)莫不(bu)(bu)痛(tong)哭(ku)”。江華島失守成為壓垮仁(ren)(ren)祖的(de)(de)最后稻草,當晚就決(jue)定出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降(jiang)(jiang)。二十(shi)七日,仁(ren)(ren)祖派李弘胄、金(jin)藎(jin)國(guo)、崔鳴吉(ji)送去(qu)了(le)愿意出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)向皇(huang)太極(ji)投降(jiang)(jiang)的(de)(de)國(guo)書(shu),并希望清方(fang)能保證人身安全。二十(shi)八日,仁(ren)(ren)祖及金(jin)瑬、崔鳴吉(ji)等(deng)從金(jin)尚憲、鄭蘊、尹(yin)煌等(deng)十(shi)多(duo)名自首的(de)(de)斥(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)派大(da)(da)(da)臣(chen)中(zhong)挑出(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)弘文館(guan)校理尹(yin)集、修(xiu)撰(zhuan)吳達濟(ji)二人,準備交(jiao)給(gei)清朝(翌日由崔鳴吉(ji)、李英達帶去(qu)清營(ying))。當晚,英俄爾岱、馬福塔來(lai)(lai)到南(nan)漢(han)山城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)門,按明使給(gei)朝鮮(xian)陪臣(chen)敕書(shu)的(de)(de)方(fang)式將(jiang)(jiang)戰時(shi)皇(huang)太極(ji)對(dui)朝鮮(xian)的(de)(de)最后一(yi)道“詔諭”遞給(gei)洪(hong)瑞鳳、崔鳴吉(ji)、金(jin)藎(jin)國(guo)。皇(huang)太極(ji)在“詔諭”中(zhong)宣布(bu)赦免仁(ren)(ren)祖之罪,并提出(chu)(chu)(chu)了(le)如下幾(ji)條議和(he)(he)條件:
1.繳納明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)誥命、冊印,斷(duan)絕對明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)的宗藩關系,停用明(ming)(ming)朝(chao)年號,遵奉大(da)清正朔(shuo);
2.納世子及(ji)另一王(wang)子為人質,諸(zhu)大臣亦須出子弟為質;
3.朝鮮有協助清軍攻明的義(yi)務(wu)(wu),當務(wu)(wu)之急(ji)就(jiu)是配(pei)合清軍攻取皮(pi)島;
4.每逢清朝(chao)(chao)圣節(jie)(jie)、正朝(chao)(chao)、冬(dong)至及皇后、皇太子千秋節(jie)(jie),朝(chao)(chao)鮮須按朝(chao)(chao)賀明朝(chao)(chao)的舊例來奉表朝(chao)(chao)賀;
5.朝(chao)(chao)鮮俘(fu)虜(lu)渡(du)過鴨(ya)綠江后,如果(guo)逃回,朝(chao)(chao)鮮必須送(song)還,不得(de)收(shou)留,但(dan)可(ke)按俘(fu)虜(lu)本主(zhu)意愿(yuan)贖回;
6.朝鮮須與清朝貴族聯姻(yin);
7.朝鮮不得再修繕新(xin)舊城(cheng)池(chi);
8.朝(chao)鮮須送還朝(chao)鮮境(jing)內所有瓦(wa)爾喀人(朝(chao)鮮稱兀(wu)良哈);
9.允許(xu)朝鮮(xian)繼續(xu)與(yu)日本貿易,朝鮮(xian)須(xu)協助清(qing)朝聯絡日本;
10.朝(chao)鮮不能再與(yu)圖們江外(wai)的瓦爾(er)喀人(ren)貿易(yi),如果遇到(dao)瓦爾(er)喀人(ren),必須扭送清(qing)朝(chao);
11.規定歲(sui)貢(gong)數額。隨(sui)后兩國(guo)使臣(chen)(chen)交涉了朝鮮國(guo)王出城投降的(de)細節問題(ti)及繳納明朝敕印和攻擊皮島等事宜。仁祖對這些(xie)苛(ke)刻(ke)的(de)條件(jian)非常不滿,說:“有如此難(nan)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,而(er)其可甘心受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)耶?”洪(hong)瑞鳳勸道:“稱臣(chen)(chen)奉朔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,則(ze)更無可為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事。今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢,少無以兵力擊卻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)路,亦將(jiang)奈何哉?”“今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權,都在于彼,勢難(nan)爭阻矣!”朝鮮遂(sui)只(zhi)能無條件(jian)接受。
崇禎十年(nian)(nian)(1637年(nian)(nian),崇德二年(nian)(nian))正月(yue)(yue)三(san)(san)(san)十日(2月(yue)(yue)24日),在漢(han)江南岸的三(san)(san)(san)田渡所(suo)筑(zhu)受(shou)降壇(tan)上(shang)(shang),皇(huang)(huang)太極(ji)接受(shou)了(le)身穿藍染衣(yi)的仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)對他所(suo)行的三(san)(san)(san)跪九叩之(zhi)禮,標志著(zhu)朝(chao)鮮(xian)臣服(fu)于(yu)清(qing)朝(chao)(兩年(nian)(nian)后(hou)立大(da)清(qing)皇(huang)(huang)帝功德碑于(yu)此(ci)),史稱“丁丑下城”。隨后(hou),仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)登上(shang)(shang)受(shou)降壇(tan),坐在東側,接受(shou)皇(huang)(huang)太極(ji)所(suo)賜酒肉,下壇(tan)后(hou)又穿上(shang)(shang)皇(huang)(huang)太極(ji)所(suo)賜的貂裘,再次謝恩,并命李景稷獻上(shang)(shang)明朝(chao)所(suo)頒國(guo)印(yin)。當天,許多朝(chao)鮮(xian)被俘男女看(kan)到(dao)仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)后(hou)痛(tong)哭著(zhu)說:“主上(shang)(shang)何忍使吾輩至此(ci)耶?朝(chao)廷士大(da)夫(fu)分(fen)黨(dang)交爭,不恤國(guo)事(shi),以至于(yu)此(ci),而朝(chao)士之(zhi)誤國(guo)者晏然(ran)如平(ping)昔,徒令無辜百(bai)姓受(shou)此(ci)系累之(zhi)慘,愿主上(shang)(shang)念之(zhi),拯濟(ji)于(yu)水火(huo)之(zhi)中矣!”仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)目(mu)睹這(zhe)一幕,“俯(fu)視流涕”。二月(yue)(yue)一日,仁(ren)(ren)祖(zu)和百(bai)官返(fan)回漢(han)城。
二月二日,皇太(tai)極班師(shi)歸國,留下(xia)貝(bei)子碩讬(tuo)及(ji)三順王攻(gong)打皮島。皇太(tai)極在班師(shi)途中下(xia)令(ling)“勿得劫掠降民(min)”,但朝鮮方面有記載稱清(qing)軍(jun)撤退時“搶掠之患,甚于來時”。