津(jin)南(nan)區(qu)(qu)位于天津(jin)市東南(nan)部,海(hai)(hai)河(he)(he)(he)下(xia)游南(nan)岸,4000年以(yi)來,在(zai)古渤海(hai)(hai)灣(wan)灘涂及(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)岸坡區(qu)(qu),由古黃河(he)(he)(he)、海(hai)(hai)河(he)(he)(he)攜帶(dai)(dai)泥沙與古渤海(hai)(hai)潮汐(xi)、風浪(lang)搬運海(hai)(hai)底(di)物(wu)質(zhi)共(gong)同堆積(ji)的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)積(ji)沖(chong)積(ji)平(ping)(ping)原。地勢低洼(wa),地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位高(gao),境內土(tu)壤共(gong)有潮土(tu)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻土(tu)、沼澤土(tu)、鹽(yan)土(tu)4個土(tu)類,5個亞類,土(tu)壤含(han)鹽(yan)量0.2%~0.4%,pH8.0~8.5,有機質(zhi)含(han)量1.5%~3.0%,富含(han)鉀、鎂等礦物(wu)質(zhi)元素,土(tu)壤質(zhi)地粘(zhan)重,保水(shui)(shui)(shui)保肥(fei)能力強,為小(xiao)站(zhan)稻種植(zhi)提供(gong)了(le)(le)獨特(te)的(de)(de)地理環境。津(jin)南(nan)的(de)(de)先人(ren)通過(guo)興修水(shui)(shui)(shui)利、筑堤(di)圍(wei)田(tian),以(yi)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)洗堿,創造出(chu)種植(zhi)小(xiao)站(zhan)稻的(de)(de)優越條(tiao)件。同時(shi),南(nan)運河(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)夾帶(dai)(dai)著漳河(he)(he)(he)從(cong)黃土(tu)高(gao)原卷來的(de)(de)富含(han)氮、磷(lin)、鉀及(ji)有機肥(fei)料的(de)(de)泥沙,通過(guo)馬廠(chang)減河(he)(he)(he)注(zhu)入(ru)津(jin)南(nan)土(tu)地,構(gou)成了(le)(le)獨特(te)的(de)(de)小(xiao)站(zhan)稻生(sheng)長土(tu)壤環境。區(qu)(qu)境北(bei)靠海(hai)(hai)河(he)(he)(he),南(nan)有馬廠(chang)堿河(he)(he)(he),河(he)(he)(he)渠縱橫交(jiao)織,洼(wa)淀坑塘(tang)星羅棋布,共(gong)有海(hai)(hai)河(he)(he)(he)、大(da)(da)沽(gu)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)等5條(tiao)市管(guan)一級河(he)(he)(he)道,長87.89km;洪(hong)泥河(he)(he)(he)、月(yue)牙河(he)(he)(he)、雙橋河(he)(he)(he)等16條(tiao)區(qu)(qu)管(guan)二級河(he)(he)(he)道,長185.3km,蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)量4000km3,水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)優良。自然降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)多集中在(zai)6~8月(yue)份(fen),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨量558.9mm,為小(xiao)站(zhan)稻生(sheng)長提供(gong)了(le)(le)良好(hao)的(de)(de)灌溉條(tiao)件。2.3 氣候情況(kuang)津(jin)南(nan)區(qu)(qu)屬暖溫帶(dai)(dai)半濕潤季風型大(da)(da)陸氣候,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫12.5℃,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨量558.9mm,年蒸發(fa)量1768.5mm,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)相對濕度(du)64%,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)無霜期206d,太陽輻射(she)總量125.9kcl/cm2,全年日照時(shi)數2610~2899h,大(da)(da)于10℃的(de)(de)積(ji)溫4176.9℃。津(jin)南(nan)小(xiao)站(zhan)稻的(de)(de)生(sheng)育期長達190 d,灌漿(jiang)期晝夜溫差大(da)(da),形成了(le)(le)小(xiao)站(zhan)稻生(sheng)產(chan)獨特(te)的(de)(de)氣候條(tiao)件。
小(xiao)站稻米(mi)粒飽滿,均勻一致,半透明,無異(yi)常色澤和(he)氣味(wei),長寬比≤2.2。米(mi)飯(fan)富有(you)光澤,具有(you)“香、黏、彈(dan)、筋、甜”的(de)特點,冷飯(fan)不(bu)回(hui)生。
2019年(nian)11月15日,小站稻(dao)入選中國(guo)農(nong)(nong)業品牌(pai)目(mu)錄。2020年(nian),原(yuan)中華人民共和國(guo)農(nong)(nong)業部(bu)批(pi)準對“欽州鱸魚”實施國(guo)家農(nong)(nong)產品地(di)理標志登記(ji)保護(hu)。
遼(liao)(liao)圣宗(zong)統和五年(nian)(nian)(987)建立的(de)盤山千像寺講堂碑載:“幽(you)燕之(zhi)分(fen),列(lie)郡有四,薊門(men)為(wei)上,地方千里(li),藉冠(guan)百(bai)城,紅稻(dao)香(xiang)耕(geng),實魚鹽之(zhi)沃壤……”,這(zhe)里(li)所說千里(li)幽(you)燕的(de)紅稻(dao)香(xiang)耕(geng)(粳),魚鹽等等,其中涵蓋了包括津南在內的(de)天(tian)津沿海(hai)(hai)區域(yu),是較(jiao)早的(de)種稻(dao)文獻記載。宋遼(liao)(liao)對峙時,以(yi)海(hai)(hai)河(he)為(wei)界(jie)(jie),因之(zhi),海(hai)(hai)河(he)亦稱界(jie)(jie)河(he),當時,海(hai)(hai)口在泥(ni)(ni)沽一(yi)帶(dai)。交界(jie)(jie)之(zhi)處(chu),多(duo)低(di)洼積澇地區,到處(chu)成為(wei)塘泊(bo)。北宋利(li)用這(zhe)種地貌特點,擬廣開水(shui)田以(yi)限遼(liao)(liao)戎(rong)馬(ma)侵突。泥(ni)(ni)沽屬(shu)清(qing)(qing)池縣(xian),清(qing)(qing)池縣(xian)屬(shu)滄州,曾任滄州節度副使(shi)而“實專(zhuan)郡治”的(de)何承(cheng)矩(ju),率(lv)先提出了在緣邊屯(tun)田種稻(dao)的(de)理論,宋太宗(zong)很贊(zan)同(tong)何承(cheng)矩(ju)的(de)奏議,命為(wei)制置河(he)北緣邊屯(tun)田使(shi),實施屯(tun)田。淳(chun)化(hua)四年(nian)(nian)(993),何承(cheng)矩(ju)“發諸(zhu)州鎮兵一(yi)萬八千人……,興堰(yan)六百(bai)里(li),置斗門(men),引淀水(shui)灌(guan)溉”,“大作稻(dao)田以(yi)足食(shi)”。
第一年試(shi)種,沒有(you)把握好北方的節候,成(cheng)熟得晚,趕上霜凍,沒有(you)收成(cheng),失(shi)敗了。何承矩沒有(you)畏難,用江(jiang)東(dong)(dong)早(zao)季稻的種籽下(xia)種,結(jie)果(guo),“江(jiang)東(dong)(dong)原應七月成(cheng)熟的早(zao)稻,在(zai)屯田(tian)地八(ba)月成(cheng)熟”,試(shi)種終(zhong)于成(cheng)功。“自(zi)順安(an)以(yi)東(dong)(dong)瀕海,廣(guang)袤數百里,悉為(wei)稻田(tian),而有(you)莞蒲(pu)蜃蛤(ha)之饒,民賴(lai)其(qi)利(li)”。其(qi)后(hou),宋(song)朝進一步完備(bei)該防線,將(jiang)河北水田(tian)永(yong)為(wei)定(ding)制。
天禧四(si)(si)年(1020)“諸州(zhou)已屯田四(si)(si)千(qian)二(er)百余頃,歲收二(er)萬九千(qian)四(si)(si)百余石”。
慶(qing)歷八年(nian)(1048)黃河北(bei)徙,從“泥(ni)沽海(hai)口”入(ru)海(hai),水源(yuan)更為(wei)充沛。置高(gao)陽關路后,沿御河設有“稻田(tian)務”,管理種稻。后河北(bei)屯(tun)田(tian)司奏(zou)議“豐年(nian)屯(tun)田(tian),入(ru)不(bu)償費”,屯(tun)田(tian)不(bu)斷(duan)減(jian)少。
治平四年(1067)朝廷“詔(zhao)罷緣邊(bian)水陸屯(tun)田(tian)務,募民租佃(dian)”。
元至大二年(1309)鎮(zhen)守(shou)海(hai)(hai)口屯(tun)儲親軍(jun)(jun)都指揮(hui)使(shi),“撥漢軍(jun)(jun)五千,給田十萬(wan)頃,于直沽沿海(hai)(hai)口屯(tun)種”。翌年,用鈔9158錠,購買農具耕(geng)牛,撥給屯(tun)軍(jun)(jun)。
泰定年間(1324~1328)翰林直(zhi)學士虞集倡議:“京師之(zhi)東,瀕海(hai)數千里,北極(ji)遼河,南濱青齊,萑葦(wei)之(zhi)場也(ye)”,“用浙人之(zhi)法(fa),筑堤捍水以為田”,但實效寥寥。
至正十二(er)年(1352)丞相脫(tuo)脫(tuo)上(shang)言:“京(jing)畿近地水(shui)利,召募南人(ren)耕(geng)種(zhong),歲可得(de)粟、麥百余萬石,不煩(fan)海運,京(jing)師(shi)足食。”明寶(bao)坻縣令(ling)袁黃所著《勸農書》中(zhong)說(shuo):“元虞(yu)集、郭(guo)守(shou)敬所談京(jing)東(dong)水(shui)利,其言鑿鑿,而(er)(er)脫(tuo)脫(tuo)丞相循而(er)(er)興之(zhi),果獲厚利……”。?
明永樂二年(1404)明成祖朱(zhu)棣(di)派功臣親(qin)兵,大(da)批移民到津南開(kai)荒種稻。弘治元年(1488),丘浚又重提元虞集舊(jiu)議,認為(wei)華北濱海平原皆可廣行水利,化斥鹵為(wei)良田。特別指出直沽(gu)“截斷河流(liu)(liu),橫開(kai)長河一條,收其流(liu)(liu)而分其水,然(ran)后于沮(ju)洳(ru)處筑為(wei)長堤,隨各為(wei)水門,以司啟閉(bi)。外以截咸(xian)水,俾其不(bu)得(de)入(ru),內以收淡水,俾不(bu)至浸(jin)”。
萬歷(li)三年(1575)工科給(gei)事中徐貞(zhen)明提倡畿輔興水利,“……永平(ping)、灤州(zhou)坻(chi)滄(cang)州(zhou)、慶云,地皆萑葦(wei),土(tu)實膏腴(yu),元虞集欲于京東濱海(hai)地筑塘捍(han)水,以成(cheng)稻(dao)田,若仿集意,招徠南人,俾之耕籍(ji),北起遼東,南濱青齊,皆良田也”。
萬(wan)歷十(shi)(shi)三年(nian)(1585)徐(xu)貞明任(ren)尚寶司卿兼(jian)御史領墾田(tian)事。徐(xu)光(guang)啟在《農政全書(shu)》卷十(shi)(shi)二水利部(bu)分(fen),有注提到(dao)徐(xu)貞明,說(shuo)他曾指出“在天津北部(bu)瀕海(hai)(hai)屯(tun)種(zhong),若如吳越人,田(tian)而(er)耕之,則利十(shi)(shi)倍于葦”。直到(dao)明末,汪應(ying)蛟屯(tun)墾十(shi)(shi)字(zi)圍田(tian),幾(ji)代人的夢想(xiang),才(cai)算(suan)成為現(xian)實。萬(wan)歷二十(shi)(shi)六年(nian)(1598)汪應(ying)蛟受(shou)命任(ren)天津海(hai)(hai)防(fang)巡(xun)撫,萬(wan)歷二十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(1600),于白塘(tang)口、葛沽兩處,墾種(zhong)5000余(yu)畝,其(qi)中水田(tian)2000畝,每畝最(zui)高(gao)收四(si)五(wu)石(shi),余(yu)為旱(han)田(tian),多者(zhe)每畝收一二石(shi)。
此后,陸續開發了(le)東(dong)泥(ni)沽(gu)、西泥(ni)沽(gu)、盤沽(gu)、吳家(jia)嘴、辛莊、雙港、何家(jia)圈、官莊等處。屯田(tian)種稻,采用的是江南圍(wei)田(tian)耕(geng)作(zuo)辦(ban)法。以(yi)“求(qiu)、仁、誠、足、愚、食、力、古、所(suo)、貴”10個字命名,編(bian)次其圍(wei)田(tian),人稱(cheng)“十字圍(wei)”。
圍田(tian)的格局是“一(yi)(yi)面濱河,三面開渠(qu),與河水通(tong)。深(shen)廣各一(yi)(yi)丈五(wu)尺,四面筑(zhu)堤以防水澇,(堤)高厚各七尺,又(you)中間(jian)溝渠(qu)之制,條分(fen)縷析”。“十字圍”均在(zai)海河右岸。地周圍主干渠(qu)挖(wa)到(dao)5米深(shen),利(li)于排澇和(he)(he)降(jiang)低(di)地下水位,減(jian)輕(qing)土壤(rang)鹽分(fen),并利(li)用海河一(yi)(yi)日(ri)兩潮,引水灌溉和(he)(he)排出(chu)尾(wei)水,使土壤(rang)鹽堿成分(fen)降(jiang)低(di)。此種方法,適于低(di)洼及地上水豐沛地區(qu)植稻(dao)。
汪應蛟見南(nan)方(fang)的兵(bing)(bing)士,不獨(du)習(xi)水戰,而且(qie)能種水田(tian),所以(yi)在“倭寇(kou)平,撤南(nan)兵(bing)(bing)”的時候,力(li)倡留兵(bing)(bing)屯田(tian),并“輔(fu)以(yi)右衛(wei)軍人二(er)千(qian)三(san)百余名……,歲(sui)得美谷蓋二(er)萬(wan)石有奇”。但(dan)兵(bing)(bing)力(li)是經常要調動(dong)的,后(hou)“因(yin)援遼千(qian)名,即八千(qian)畝(mu)多蕪,且(qie)有申言種稻(dao)不如取葦者”。至“萬(wan)歷卅五(wu)年,因(yin)收獲不多,又(you)任從長(chang)葦,兩營兵(bing)(bing)皆采(cai)樵,有采(cai)廿八萬(wan)束者,有水淹(yan)無(wu)一(yi)束者”。汪應蛟在津南(nan)種稻(dao)事業,興旺了五(wu)六年,到萬(wan)歷末,平倭退兵(bing)(bing)后(hou),“已墾之(zhi)稻(dao)田(tian),十有七廢,僅余葛(ge)沽(gu)而已”。但(dan)圍田(tian)種稻(dao)之(zhi)法,對天津其后(hou)種稻(dao)發展起了重要作用。
明代杰出的(de)科學家徐光啟,萬歷(li)(li)四十(shi)一年(nian)(1613),因修歷(li)(li)書(shu),為朝臣所不滿,遂托病來(lai)到(dao)天(tian)津。從(cong)萬歷(li)(li)四十(shi)一年(nian)至(zhi)天(tian)啟元年(nian)(1613~1621),先后4次屯(tun)田,調(diao)查訪問(wen),將(jiang)開(kai)墾(ken)、水利、荒政(zheng)3方(fang)面實踐及心(xin)得(de)總結于《農政(zheng)全書(shu)》中。
徐光啟初至津南時(shi),大(da)面積稻(dao)田荒(huang)廢,“僅靜(jing)海縣之葛沽(gu)高地已田”。他在(zai)家書里寫到:“在(zai)天津荒(huang)田無(wu)(wu)數,至貴者(zhe)不過六七分(銀)一畝,賤(jian)者(zhe)不過二三(san)厘(li)錢,糧(賦稅)又輕,中有一半可(ke)(ke)作水(shui)(shui)(shui)田者(zhe),雖(sui)低(di)而近大(da)江,可(ke)(ke)作岸備(bei)澇(lao),車水(shui)(shui)(shui)備(bei)旱者(zhe)也。有一半在(zai)內地,開(kai)河(he)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)種(zhong)稻(dao),不然亦可(ke)(ke)種(zhong)麥(mai)種(zhong)秫也,但(dan)亦要筑岸備(bei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)耳。其(qi)余尚有無(wu)(wu)主無(wu)(wu)糧的荒(huang)田,一望八九(jiu)十里,無(wu)(wu)數任(ren)人(ren)開(kai)種(zhong),任(ren)人(ren)牧牛羊也”。他在(zai)在(zai)葛沽(gu)購(gou)置20頃荒(huang)田,引來南方優良稻(dao)種(zhong),仍采用(yong)(yong)圍(wei)田之法防澇(lao),并戽(hu)海河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)備(bei)旱,同(tong)時(shi),利(li)用(yong)(yong)海河(he)潮汐進(jin)行灌(guan)溉。
萬歷四(si)(si)十四(si)(si)年(1616)“試種(zhong)(zhong)南稻(dao)(dao),農(nong)師(shi)孫(sun)彪(biao),用人(ren)糞干每畝施八石(shi),結果稻(dao)(dao)棵瘋長大如(ru)(ru)碗,根大如(ru)(ru)斗(dou),含胎不(bu)秀,竟不(bu)收。后一(yi)年,每畝改用麻糝四(si)(si)斗(dou),是年每畝收米一(yi)石(shi)五(wu)斗(dou),科大如(ru)(ru)酒瓶(ping)口”。他(ta)因地(di)(di)制宜,把長江一(yi)帶稻(dao)(dao)棉輪作的(de)經(jing)驗,拿來推(tui)廣,“凡高仰田(tian)可(ke)棉可(ke)稻(dao)(dao)者,種(zhong)(zhong)棉二(er)(er)年種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)一(yi)年,即(ji)草(cao)根潰(kui)爛,土地(di)(di)肥厚,蟲螟不(bu)生”。一(yi)水(shui)二(er)(er)旱的(de)倒茬(cha)種(zhong)(zhong)植,是節(jie)(jie)水(shui)改土培養地(di)(di)力、防止周圍地(di)(di)塊返堿(jian)和消滅(mie)病蟲雜草(cao)的(de)成功經(jing)驗。此輪作制在解放后尚(shang)有應用,不(bu)僅(jin)稻(dao)(dao)棉豐收,節(jie)(jie)水(shui)治(zhi)堿(jian),還可(ke)改種(zhong)(zhong)菜田(tian)。
徐(xu)光啟(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅注意(yi)水(shui)利措(cuo)施和種稻,還深(shen)入研究(jiu)改造(zao)鹽漬土,總結出因地(di)施肥的重要性。《糞雍規則》載:“天(tian)津(jin)屯田(tian)(tian)兵言(yan):堿地(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)害稻,得水(shui)即去,其田(tian)(tian)壯與新田(tian)(tian)同。但葛沽屯田(tian)(tian)兵又言(yan):初年堿地(di)不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)稻蒔,下多不(bu)(bu)(bu)發(fa),二年以后漸佳,后來更不(bu)(bu)(bu)須上糞,尤盛不(bu)(bu)(bu)堿者”。他分(fen)析(xi),近海重堿地(di)初開不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)稻,因洗堿不(bu)(bu)(bu)夠(gou)所(suo)致(zhi)。
萬歷(li)四(si)十五年(1617)終(zhong)于(yu)完成了南稻北移(yi)。
天(tian)啟初,后(hou)金在遼東(dong)戰緊,百萬(wan)難民水(shui)(shui)(shui)陸(lu)轉徙(xi)進關。天(tian)津為京都門戶,又是通(tong)(tong)向遼東(dong)要道(dao),天(tian)津屯(tun)田(tian),對京師和遼東(dong)戰場均(jun)有重大意義。因而再度出現(xian)了屯(tun)田(tian)熱潮。天(tian)啟二年(1622),巡(xun)按御(yu)史張慎言(yan)提(ti)出天(tian)津屯(tun)田(tian)奏議,總結歸納(na)了官種、佃種、民種、軍種、屯(tun)種5種方(fang)式,倡(chang)議繼續推行。太常少卿(qing)董應(ying)(ying)舉(ju),也于同年上(shang)奏朝廷:“臣近到(dao)何家圈(quan)、白(bai)塘口(kou)、雙(shuang)港、辛莊、羊碼頭、大人(ren)(ren)莊、咸水(shui)(shui)(shui)沽(gu)、泥沽(gu)、葛(ge)(ge)沽(gu),見汪(wang)司農往(wang)日開河(he)(he)舊跡尤存,可(ke)作水(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)甚(shen)多(duo)……”。結果,董應(ying)(ying)舉(ju)獲(huo)準經(jing)理天(tian)津至山海關屯(tun)務。他將流民在各(ge)地安排屯(tun)墾,在津以(yi)公(gong)款(kuan)買民田(tian)12萬(wan)余畝(mu),合閑田(tian)18萬(wan)畝(mu),仿效汪(wang)應(ying)(ying)蛟(jiao)之法,在何家圈(quan)、雙(shuang)港、白(bai)塘口(kou)、辛莊、葛(ge)(ge)沽(gu)等地圍(wei)田(tian)種稻,所(suo)獲(huo)“積谷(gu)無(wu)算”,屯(tun)利(li)(li)益(yi)興。這期間(jian),直隸巡(xun)按兼提(ti)督學(xue)(xue)政左(zuo)光斗(dou),河(he)(he)間(jian)府水(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)(li)通(tong)(tong)判盧觀象(xiang),興辦屯(tun)學(xue)(xue),“屯(tun)童入學(xue)(xue)給以(yi)武生衣巾,授之水(shui)(shui)(shui)田(tian)百畝(mu),使自耕之,每(mei)畝(mu)收租稻一石,專設(she)秀才名額(e),中秀才后(hou),繼續留在屯(tun)學(xue)(xue),等待考舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)、進士”,結果“人(ren)(ren)爭如(ru)流水(shui)(shui)(shui)”。明末(mo)朝政腐(fu)敗,黨爭激(ji)烈,終致屯(tun)田(tian)難以(yi)持久。
雍正三(san)年(nian)(1725)海河流(liu)域遭受大(da)水(shui)(shui)災。清政府派怡親王允祥(xiang)和(he)大(da)學士朱軾(shi)主持畿輔水(shui)(shui)利(li)。雍正五(wu)年(nian)(1727),設水(shui)(shui)利(li)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)府,分立京(jing)東、京(jing)西、京(jing)南和(he)天津4個營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)局(ju)。陳(chen)儀領(ling)天津局(ju),“統轄天津、靜海、滄州(zhou),興(xing)國(guo)、富(fu)國(guo)二(er)鹽(yan)場。”陳(chen)儀首先恢(hui)復(fu)了(le)已廢棄(qi)的“藍田(tian)(tian)”,“浚舊渠,引潮水(shui)(shui)灌(guan)溉滋(zi)培,秧苗蕃(fan)盛……,于(yu)是官民相勸,共(gong)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)三(san)十余頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)……”。另外,又恢(hui)復(fu)明(ming)朝屯田(tian)(tian)舊跡,此后官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)和(he)私營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(官民自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying))水(shui)(shui)田(tian)(tian)競相擴展,在津營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)田(tian)(tian)十圍(wei)。其(qi)中,賀家口(kou)圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)38頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)92畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)9頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing);何家圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)83頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)16畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)23頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)40畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);吳家嘴圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)27頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)92畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)14頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)41畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);雙港圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)38頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)25畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)38頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)72畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);白塘口(kou)圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)64頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)67畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)4頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)72畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);辛莊圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)61頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)62畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)59畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);葛沽(gu)(gu)、盤沽(gu)(gu)2圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)59畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)4頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)91畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);東、西泥沽(gu)(gu)2圍(wei)官營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)35頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)27畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),自(zi)(zi)營(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)6頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)28畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。
陳儀主持開墾(ken)水田(tian)(tian)的(de)方法,基本是沿襲明代(dai)汪(wang)應(ying)蛟的(de)作法,“筑十字圍(wei)(wei)三(san)面(mian)通河(he),開渠(qu)(qu)與河(he)水通,潮來渠(qu)(qu)滿,則閉之以灌溉”。這次(ci)營田(tian)(tian),海(hai)河(he)干(gan)流右岸附近的(de)大片(pian)土地得到(dao)了(le)開發,總面(mian)積是明代(dai)十字圍(wei)(wei)的(de)4倍,“白塘(tang)、葛沽(gu)(gu)之間(jian),斥鹵(lu)盡膏腴”。使一部分(fen)圍(wei)(wei)田(tian)(tian)連(lian)成一片(pian),如“藍(lan)田(tian)(tian)”與賀家(jia)口圍(wei)(wei),東(dong)泥沽(gu)(gu)圍(wei)(wei)與西泥沽(gu)(gu)圍(wei)(wei)等(deng)。各圍(wei)(wei)引水渠(qu)(qu)道(dao),逐漸向(xiang)離河(he)較遠的(de)洼地延伸(shen),形成了(le)互相連(lian)通的(de)引河(he)。“十圍(wei)(wei)”持續時間(jian)不長,到(dao)乾隆(long)四年(nian)(1739),“存者(zhe)賀家(jia)口、葛沽(gu)(gu)兩圍(wei)(wei)而已”。
小(xiao)站(zhan)建(jian)鎮(zhen)、小(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)拓(tuo)植成功,是盛(sheng)軍(jun)對天(tian)津的(de)兩大(da)貢獻。小(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)卓爾不群(qun),歷史(shi)功績系于馬廠減(jian)河(he)。該河(he)兩岸使用南運河(he)水與海(hai)(hai)河(he)水灌溉的(de)水田,都視作小(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)作區。這一(yi)作區內生產的(de)水稻(dao)(dao),集中(zhong)了(le)北方粳(jing)稻(dao)(dao)的(de)優點(dian),作為(wei)商品(pin)粳(jing)稻(dao)(dao),均稱(cheng)做小(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)。在(zai)此以前,天(tian)津素以葛沽稻(dao)(dao)著稱(cheng)。咸豐(feng)初年,僧格林沁督兵大(da)沽海(hai)(hai)口,在(zai)咸水沽營田3540畝(mu),葛沽營田750畝(mu),其營田方法仍是挑溝建(jian)閘,引潮水灌溉,并就地招農民(min),發給資本(ben)認種。其后,移交崇厚管(guan)理。崇厚的(de)屯田思路,仍然(ran)是依(yi)附于海(hai)(hai)河(he),而李(li)鴻(hong)章(zhang)、周盛(sheng)傳則進步為(wei)另(ling)辟(pi)水源,在(zai)開(kai)拓(tuo)上超過了(le)前者。
同治十三年(1874)周盛傳奉李鴻章命,在修筑新(xin)城(今屬(shu)塘沽(gu)區)的同時,試(shi)辦“海上營田”,在新(xin)城門外,試(shi)墾萬畝,雖播種不(bu)多,獲稻不(bu)下(xia)數千石,成(cheng)效(xiao)已有可觀(guan)。
周(zhou)盛傳總結了元朝以來屯墾(ken)(ken)廢(fei)興的(de)經驗教訓,在實地勘(kan)察的(de)基礎(chu)上,提出了東(dong)自新城,西至馬廠,溝(gou)通海(hai)河(he)(he)(he)與(yu)南(nan)運(yun)河(he)(he)(he),大興水(shui)利,滌鹵刷咸(xian),墾(ken)(ken)荒50萬(wan)畝,圩(wei)田種稻的(de)宏(hong)偉設想。在《詳(xiang)陳津東(dong)水(shui)利并(bing)擬開海(hai)運(yun)各(ge)處引河(he)(he)(he)由(you)營試(shi)辦(ban)屯墾(ken)(ken)稟(bing)》中說:“自歲內……,由(you)運(yun)河(he)(he)(he)沿(yan)起,順新辟大道……,親(qin)行逐段(duan)履勘(kan),見天津、靜海(hai)之交(jiao),俗(su)所(suo)稱南(nan)洼水(shui)鄉,今年悉已涸出,而彌望荒廢(fei)百里,內外盡為石田。益慨(kai)然于(yu)土(tu)曠民稀,非所(suo)以衛(wei)津輔(fu)。而屯政(zheng)與(yu)海(hai)防(fang)相為表里,誠不(bu)可一日緩(huan)矣”。
光(guang)緒(xu)元年(nian)(1875)周盛傳率馬步13營(ying)(ying)由馬廠移(yi)駐(zhu)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan),扎(zha)營(ying)(ying)18座,開(kai)始了(le)“盛軍(jun)營(ying)(ying)田”。先(xian)開(kai)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)至新城出(chu)海河(he)(he)段15公(gong)里。又(you)開(kai)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)至咸水沽引河(he)(he)(今月牙河(he)(he))10公(gong)里。并分(fen)別(bie)于北閘(zha)口、小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)西、官港建大石(shi)閘(zha),引甜刷咸,實行(xing)咸淡分(fen)流。同(tong)時(shi),就營(ying)(ying)前隙地購材建屋,以(yi)(yi)止商旅。正(zheng)式命(ming)名小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)為新農(nong)鎮(zhen)。五月,李鴻章到(dao)小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)勘工(gong),嘉其節(jie)省,奏飭盛軍(jun)疏挑減(jian)河(he)(he),兼辦(ban)屯墾。盛軍(jun)購外洋火輪水車4架(jia),又(you)造風(feng)力(li)水車、手搖(yao)水車、腳踏水車、畜(chu)力(li)水車2300余(yu)架(jia),從山(shan)東濰縣購買耕(geng)牛800余(yu)頭(tou),以(yi)(yi)資(zi)耕(geng)耨。
光緒(xu)(xu)二年(nian)(1876)盛軍開(kai)(kai)挖減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)下游(you),自新城(cheng)(cheng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)沽(gu)入(ru)海河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)段,在南開(kai)(kai)(今(jin)屬(shu)塘沽(gu)區)別開(kai)(kai)支并(bing)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)沽(gu)、南開(kai)(kai)、西(xi)(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)各(ge)建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)1座。翌年(nian),改(gai)(gai)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)通(tong)天津獨孔木橋為鐵柱3孔石(shi)(shi)板橋,增建(jian)(jian)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)處(chu)5孔木橋。開(kai)(kai)新城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)南經北店子、南天門、寧家(jia)圈、黃家(jia)臺至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(今(jin)八米(mi)(mi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he))20公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),建(jian)(jian)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)1座,以排咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)。又于(yu)新城(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)上游(you),傍減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)右(you)堤外,開(kai)(kai)支河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)達西(xi)(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)以進甜水(shui)(shui),并(bing)在西(xi)(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)左側建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)1座。光緒(xu)(xu)四(si)年(nian)(1878),開(kai)(kai)泥(ni)沽(gu)通(tong)海河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)大(da)站(zhan)溝通(tong)馬(ma)廠減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(今(jin)雙橋河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he))10公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)木閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)3座;咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)繞潘家(jia)溝至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)仁字營(ying)10公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),溝通(tong)海河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)與橫(heng)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、灰(hui)(hui)(hui)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)各(ge)1座;咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)街心河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)10公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)券閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)2座;咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)減(jian)(jian)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(今(jin)四(si)丈河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he))10公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li),建(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)、灰(hui)(hui)(hui)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)各(ge)1座;東(dong)大(da)站(zhan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。光緒(xu)(xu)五年(nian)(1879),開(kai)(kai)泥(ni)沽(gu)、咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)一帶咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(含今(jin)躍進河(he)(he)(he)(he)(he))20公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)。改(gai)(gai)建(jian)(jian)咸(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)水(shui)(shui)沽(gu)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)等地(di)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),筑新城(cheng)(cheng)大(da)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha),基礎密排梅花樁,上覆三合土,蓋青石(shi)(shi)板,以糯(nuo)米(mi)(mi)汁調碎石(shi)(shi)子和(he)蛤蜊灰(hui)(hui)(hui)粘(zhan)合。閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)板以鐵條(tiao)、螺釘連接(jie)為整體,或以生鐵鑄成,并(bing)裝有滑輪,可任意啟閉。并(bing)依此法(fa)改(gai)(gai)建(jian)(jian)、新建(jian)(jian)了多處(chu)石(shi)(shi)閘(zha)(zha)(zha)(zha)。
光(guang)緒六年(1880)周(zhou)盛(sheng)傳統(tong)率盛(sheng)軍(jun)步隊11個(ge)營,銘(ming)軍(jun)步隊10個(ge)營,古北(bei)口、保定(ding)、大(da)(da)名、正(zheng)定(ding)、河(he)(he)(he)間等處練軍(jun)步隊13個(ge)營,共(gong)34個(ge)營分(fen)段自靳官屯(tun)(tun)向東開河(he)(he)(he)32.5公(gong)里(li),接盛(sheng)軍(jun)前開之(zhi)河(he)(he)(he),并(bing)建成靳官屯(tun)(tun)石(shi)質5孔大(da)(da)橋閘(zha)。至(zhi)此,由靳官屯(tun)(tun)至(zhi)西(xi)大(da)(da)沽出(chu)海(hai)(hai),全長75公(gong)里(li)的(de)馬(ma)廠減河(he)(he)(he)全線貫通。沿(yan)河(he)(he)(he)分(fen)建石(shi)、鐵(tie)柱板(ban)橋4座(zuo)(zuo)、大(da)(da)型閘(zha)6座(zuo)(zuo),下游開橫(heng)河(he)(he)(he)6條(即今四丈河(he)(he)(he)、月牙河(he)(he)(he)、雙橋河(he)(he)(he)、躍進(jin)河(he)(he)(he)、新城小西(xi)河(he)(he)(he)、南開河(he)(he)(he)),分(fen)注海(hai)(hai)河(he)(he)(he)。墾區之(zhi)內溝洫汊河(he)(he)(he)縱(zong)橫(heng)交錯,引甜(tian)水灌(guan)溉(gai),排咸水刷堿,渠系分(fen)明(ming),橋閘(zha)涵(han)洞配套齊備,以小站為中(zhong)心的(de)墾區基本形成。盛(sheng)軍(jun)開墾稻(dao)田已(yi)達6萬余畝(mu),民營稻(dao)田達13.6萬畝(mu),為小站世稱“北(bei)國魚米(mi)之(zhi)鄉”奠(dian)定(ding)了基礎。
小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)墾區以馬廠減河為(wei)(wei)主干渠,自靜海靳官(guan)(guan)(guan)屯,導南運河水(shui)(shui)東北流,經潮宗橋(qiao)(qiao)、西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)、小(xiao)(xiao)宣閘(zha)(zha)為(wei)(wei)5孔(kong)大型(xing)橋(qiao)(qiao)閘(zha)(zha),閘(zha)(zha)孔(kong)、閘(zha)(zha)墩均為(wei)(wei)1.9丈寬。百(bai)余年保存完好,至今(jin)使用,代表了(le)當時(shi)(shi)國內水(shui)(shui)利科學技術水(shui)(shui)平。馬廠減河從(cong)西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)至靳官(guan)(guan)(guan)屯閘(zha)(zha),長約百(bai)里,西小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)富(fu)民閘(zha)(zha)與(yu)靳官(guan)(guan)(guan)屯閘(zha)(zha)“互相表里”,承(cheng)擔(dan)汛期排洪和蓄水(shui)(shui)灌溉(gai),“乘時(shi)(shi)蓄泄,操縱在(zai)人”。
小站墾(ken)(ken)區的(de)(de)(de)土地,在盛(sheng)軍屯墾(ken)(ken)前,均(jun)為(wei)(wei)私人所有(you),只是(shi)靠近咸(xian)水沽(gu)南部(bu)有(you)小面(mian)積(ji)熟田,其余都是(shi)“斥鹵之地”。業(ye)主(zhu)或收(shou)刈草(cao)之利(li),或寄(ji)糧(liang)于灶,略(lve)認(ren)草(cao)課,本無糧(liang)差。盛(sheng)軍屯墾(ken)(ken)的(de)(de)(de)土地,都是(shi)光(guang)緒元年(1875)從業(ye)主(zhu)手中購(gou)置的(de)(de)(de)。小站墾(ken)(ken)區購(gou)地總數為(wei)(wei)“一(yi)千(qian)一(yi)百三(san)十八頃六十三(san)畝九分二厘二毫二絲四(si)(si)忽四(si)(si)微(wei)”,計發地價“大錢三(san)萬(wan)五(wu)千(qian)零二十七(qi)串(chuan)零二百文。”原業(ye)主(zhu)為(wei)(wei)咸(xian)水沽(gu)的(de)(de)(de)43家(jia)(jia),葛沽(gu)的(de)(de)(de)16家(jia)(jia),楊岑(cen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)29家(jia)(jia),鄧岑(cen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)6家(jia)(jia),徐家(jia)(jia)坨(tuo)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)1家(jia)(jia),汪家(jia)(jia)圈(quan)的(de)(de)(de)1家(jia)(jia),共(gong)96家(jia)(jia)。
軍能(neng)墾而不能(neng)盡種(zhong),民(min)能(neng)種(zhong)而不能(neng)自(zi)(zi)墾。盛字軍營務處設局,“募人領(ling)種(zhong),或富民(min)認墾,或流民(min)來(lai)歸,或兼募南人為之(zhi)倡導。”光緒初年,黃河流域大旱,直隸(li)、山東(dong)、河南逃荒至小(xiao)(xiao)站地區(qu)(qu)的(de)人很(hen)多,安徽人也多有到小(xiao)(xiao)站墾區(qu)(qu)定居(ju)者,自(zi)(zi)光緒六年十(shi)(shi)月(yue)至七年十(shi)(shi)二月(yue)(1880~1881)民(min)戶領(ling)種(zhong)熟田約14500余畝(mu),“每畝(mu)分(fen)別(bie)等則,酌(zhuo)收(shou)(shou)大錢一二百文不等。車屋等項照時估計(ji)繳價,所收(shou)(shou)領(ling)費分(fen)發各營弁勇,藉償勞貰力”。
小(xiao)站屯墾(ken)最大(da)(da)(da)耕作單位仍叫“圍”。1圍長寬各0.5公(gong)里,合(he)(he)田(tian)(tian)540畝(mu)(mu),除溝、路(lu)占田(tian)(tian)127畝(mu)(mu)外,實(shi)(shi)墾(ken)413畝(mu)(mu)。每(mei)圍實(shi)(shi)積(ji)田(tian)(tian)又分16等份(fen),約25畝(mu)(mu)1份(fen),叫做一田(tian)(tian),墾(ken)治(zhi)一田(tian)(tian)的計(ji)劃投(tou)資為牛水車(che)1輛,合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)20吊(diao)(diao)(diao);車(che)棚1間(jian)(jian),合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)16吊(diao)(diao)(diao);莊(zhuang)房4間(jian)(jian),合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)120吊(diao)(diao)(diao);車(che)水造(zao)田(tian)(tian)牲口1頭,合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)30吊(diao)(diao)(diao);犁耙鍬(qiao)鋤杠筐(kuang)繩索全副,合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)8吊(diao)(diao)(diao);耕牛放喂需人(ren)工3名,合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)72吊(diao)(diao)(diao);草料合(he)(he)大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)21吊(diao)(diao)(diao)600文,即墾(ken)治(zhi)一田(tian)(tian)需大(da)(da)(da)錢(qian)(qian)(qian)287吊(diao)(diao)(diao)600文。
周盛(sheng)傳認識(shi)到“南運河會漳(zhang)河濁(zhuo)流(liu),本有‘石水斗泥’之喻,其(qi)肥(fei)尤可化(hua)堿而成(cheng)腴矣。”這一認識(shi)是(shi)有科學(xue)道(dao)理的(de),漳(zhang)河流(liu)經(jing)黃土高(gao)原(yuan),帶大量泥沙匯入南運河。據有關(guan)部(bu)門測定,每噸黃土含(han)氮0.8~1.5公(gong)斤,磷(lin)1.5公(gong)斤,鉀(jia)20公(gong)斤,大量沉積的(de)有機肥(fei)料,是(shi)改良(liang)小站墾區鹽漬(zi)土地的(de)好條件,是(shi)小站屯墾成(cheng)功的(de)重要原(yuan)因(yin)。
盛字軍總結(jie)了(le)(le)前人水(shui)(shui)利(li)工(gong)(gong)程癥(zheng)結(jie)之所(suo)在,改(gai)進了(le)(le)施工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術。認識到歷代屯田(tian)失(shi)敗(bai)“蓋緣引水(shui)(shui)河溝(gou)(gou)規(gui)制太窄。海濱土質松(song)懈,一遇暴雨橫(heng)澇,浮沙(sha)松(song)土,并流入溝(gou)(gou),惰農不(bu)加挑扌宛,不(bu)數(shu)年而(er)(er)淤為平地。”汪應蛟(jiao)圍田(tian),溝(gou)(gou)渠深廣各(ge)1.5丈(zhang),而(er)(er)馬(ma)廠(chang)減河“口寬十(shi)至十(shi)二(er)丈(zhang),底(di)寬四丈(zhang)五尺(chi)至七八丈(zhang),深八尺(chi)至一丈(zhang)二(er)三尺(chi),挖出之土于(yu)兩岸(an)十(shi)丈(zhang)外各(ge)堆成(cheng)堤(di),庶堤(di)內共有三十(shi)余(yu)丈(zhang)容水(shui)(shui)之地”,形成(cheng)復式河槽,既擴(kuo)大了(le)(le)容水(shui)(shui)之地,又防(fang)止了(le)(le)主(zhu)堤(di)岸(an)受澇水(shui)(shui)坍刷。
前人建閘(zha)(zha)不(bu)牢固,“海(hai)上(shang)(shang)硝(xiao)土,遇水則瀉”,“上(shang)(shang)下(xia)坍(tan)刷,日久必(bi)致傾(qing)圮墊淤(yu),此閘(zha)(zha)洞(dong)所以易(yi)廢也”。為此,盛軍燒用境內的蚌(bang)蛤殼代替石(shi)灰,摻入碎石(shi),澆以米汁,錘煉鑲入閘(zha)(zha)底丈余方(fang)圓(yuan),以御沖蕩。閘(zha)(zha)板置兩層(ceng),上(shang)(shang)板可(ke)以啟動,下(xia)板固定,上(shang)(shang)板提(ti)起,水能流(liu)過,而泥沙被下(xia)板擋住,便(bian)利撈泥肥田,又防止了(le)渠(qu)道淤(yu)塞。此法沿(yan)用至今。
光緒二十年(1894)盛(sheng)軍調離,20年的苦心(xin)經營給小站(zhan)人民留(liu)下難(nan)以忘懷的印象。
盛軍(jun)是正(zheng)軍(jun),為行戰之師,在特定的背景下,他們開(kai)辟小站(zhan),建(jian)成(cheng)小站(zhan)墾區(qu)。光(guang)緒二十年(1894),盛軍(jun)奉調開(kai)赴中(zhong)日甲午戰爭前線,離開(kai)了耕(geng)耘(yun)20年的小站(zhan)。其時,昔日人煙稀少,滿(man)目(mu)鹽堿荒灘,遍(bian)地萑葦叢生的小站(zhan),已成(cheng)為城防儼然,民居櫛比,街道寬暢,店鋪林立,田野廣闊(kuo),阡陌縱橫,河渠流水(shui)潺潺,岸邊楊柳(liu)依(yi)依(yi),水(shui)里魚蟹成(cheng)群,空中(zhong)沙鷗翔(xiang)集(ji),夏季一片碧綠,秋成(cheng)遍(bian)地金黃,經濟、文化(hua)相對發達的北國魚米之鄉。
光緒二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(1896),清政府面對失去(qu)管理(li),日漸荒廢(fei)的小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站墾區,設立(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站營田管理(li)局,招集農民和遣散士(shi)兵耕種。當時規定每戶可領種10畝(mu),每畝(mu)年(nian)(nian)租銀6錢(qian)至1兩(liang)不等,但一(yi)般窮人不敢領地(di),怕(pa)官方言(yan)而(er)無(wu)信,中途提租,特別是怕(pa)無(wu)力出錢(qian)修河(he)挑溝,因(yin)此大部分土地(di)被退職官員(yuan)和退役士(shi)兵所(suo)領。光緒二十(shi)六年(nian)(nian)(1900),八(ba)國(guo)(guo)(guo)聯軍(jun)入侵中國(guo)(guo)(guo),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站曾一(yi)度被德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)侵略軍(jun)占領,生產(chan)受到嚴重破壞。三十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站地(di)區荒地(di)日趨增多,清政府又設立(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)站墾務局,辦理(li)招墾事宜,后與(yu)營田局合(he)并。
民(min)國期間,軍閥混戰,巧取豪奪小(xiao)站(zhan)田地。
民國初年(nian),軍(jun)閥(fa)張敬堯(yao)之(zhi)女在(zai)小站一帶(dai)收買(mai)土(tu)地(di),成立(li)(li)(li)勛記公司(si),于中(zhong)塘(tang)、孫家甸(dian)、大(da)蘆莊、翟(zhai)家甸(dian)一帶(dai),占有水(shui)旱田(tian)2萬(wan)余畝,加(jia)上大(da)量荒(huang)洼(wa)草地(di),共(gong)43100畝。1920年(nian),北(bei)洋軍(jun)閥(fa)徐樹錚成立(li)(li)(li)開源墾殖公司(si),1925年(nian),在(zai)軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)城(cheng)、茶淀(dian)建立(li)(li)(li)農場,在(zai)境內占有大(da)量土(tu)地(di),種(zhong)植水(shui)稻(dao)。同時在(zai)軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)城(cheng)設立(li)(li)(li)工作(zuo)(zuo)站,在(zai)墾區(qu)內設立(li)(li)(li)水(shui)稻(dao)試驗站,這是著名的(de)軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)城(cheng)稻(dao)作(zuo)(zuo)研(yan)究所的(de)前身,也是我國華北(bei)地(di)區(qu)最早的(de)稻(dao)作(zuo)(zuo)研(yan)究基地(di)。
1928年(nian),小站(zhan)營(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)由天津(jin)警備(bei)司令部營(ying)房營(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)管(guan)理(li)局管(guan)理(li)。1930年(nian)將小站(zhan)營(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)贈送南開(kai)大學做校產,設校田(tian)(tian)(tian)管(guan)理(li)處(chu),征(zheng)收地租做教育(yu)補助費(fei)。1937年(nian)由冀察(cha)綏公署營(ying)田(tian)(tian)(tian)管(guan)理(li)處(chu)接管(guan)。其間,小站(zhan)墾區的稻(dao)作(zuo)管(guan)理(li)流于(yu)形式,農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)水利基(ji)本建設停滯(zhi)不前,產量低,效益差,加之(zhi)封建剝削,稻(dao)農(nong)不得溫飽。
1937年,日本侵略(lve)軍侵占(zhan)華北(bei)后(hou),張敬堯眷屬(shu)將稻田出賣給(gei)日本人。日本侵略(lve)軍先(xian)后(hou)在小站(zhan)成立軍谷公司、米谷統制協會,跑馬圈地(di),強占(zhan)民田,對津南地(di)區農民進行瘋狂掠奪。同(tong)時(shi)成立華北(bei)墾業公司,統轄(xia)小站(zhan)、軍糧城、茶淀3個稻區。小站(zhan)82戶農民,于清光緒十五(wu)年(1889)
承租大(da)地(di)主璩(qu)姓在西小站一帶的土地(di)4000余畝,業(ye)經數(shu)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)辛勞,辟荒成(cheng)熟,赤(chi)鹵不毛(mao),盡成(cheng)膏(gao)腴。1939年(nian)(nian),璩(qu)姓強行提(ti)高(gao)租價,每畝增收5角。1940年(nian)(nian),租價再次提(ti)高(gao),每畝增收一元二(er)三角,并答應保(bao)持農民永(yong)(yong)(yong)佃權。1941年(nian)(nian)冬,裕德堂(tang)家長璩(qu)華甫擅將稻田盜賣給(gei)日本(ben)東一公(gong)(gong)司(農場)。1942年(nian)(nian),東一公(gong)(gong)司勾結小站警備隊長城地(di)永(yong)(yong)(yong)夫(fu)(fu),迫(po)令農民將永(yong)(yong)(yong)佃權之地(di)交給(gei)東一公(gong)(gong)司。農民代表(biao)范少山等(deng)據理(li)力(li)爭,城地(di)永(yong)(yong)(yong)夫(fu)(fu)對其施用種種酷刑,逼迫(po)交地(di),并將范少山槍(qiang)殺。
日(ri)本集團和私人(ren)經營的(de)藤井、香(xiang)川、興華(hua)等(deng)21個(ge)農場、公司占(zhan)地(di)(di)106939畝;小站電化(hua)水利組合(he)占(zhan)地(di)(di)92794畝。
另外還有增興農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、大和農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、昌太(tai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、新橋農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、示范農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、三(san)井農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、大農(nong)(nong)(nong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)、相川農(nong)(nong)(nong)場(chang)(chang)等。日(ri)本(ben)侵(qin)占的(de)總耕地達(da)20余萬畝,無數稻(dao)(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)被逼(bi)得(de)無家可(ke)(ke)歸,佃農(nong)(nong)(nong)無地可(ke)(ke)耕,流離失所。日(ri)本(ben)侵(qin)略軍(jun)(jun)(jun)以賤價收集稻(dao)(dao)(dao)谷(gu),充(chong)為軍(jun)(jun)(jun)需、民(min)食(shi)(shi),嚴禁(jin)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)自(zi)食(shi)(shi)和買(mai)賣稻(dao)(dao)(dao)米(mi)。淪陷期偽天津(jin)市公署規定,津(jin)郊所產稻(dao)(dao)(dao)谷(gu)由米(mi)谷(gu)統制(zhi)會(hui)統一(yi)(yi)征購(gou),由天津(jin)平衡倉庫或軍(jun)(jun)(jun)谷(gu)倉庫儲存,嚴格控制(zhi)。日(ri)偽軍(jun)(jun)(jun)警、勤農(nong)(nong)(nong)隊經(jing)常(chang)進行(xing)大搜查,對食(shi)(shi)用、買(mai)賣稻(dao)(dao)(dao)谷(gu)(米(mi))者(zhe)任(ren)意殺(sha)害。1942年,日(ri)偽實行(xing)黑豆(dou)、豆(dou)餅、蠶豆(dou)粉(fen)限量配給,稻(dao)(dao)(dao)米(mi)、面粉(fen)禁(jin)絕。天津(jin)市內有錢商戶遂有偷向(xiang)(xiang)津(jin)南農(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)高(gao)價購(gou)買(mai)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)米(mi)的(de)。葛(ge)沽(gu)人呂寶(bao)發,每(mei)月(yue)向(xiang)(xiang)天津(jin)八大家之一(yi)(yi)的(de)振德(de)楊家,冒死送稻(dao)(dao)(dao)谷(gu)兩包(bao),可(ke)(ke)得(de)大洋20元,某夜,在茶棚哨卡被日(ri)本(ben)人“大蓋(gai)三(san)”和“小地木”查獲,把(ba)呂寶(bao)發用槍托打倒(dao),用繩索住脖頸,駕摩托車拖死在路上(shang)。
咸(xian)水沽人李家(jia)駒與(yu)小站人楊作志(zhi),用自行車馱運大米(mi),夜間在石柱子河裝船(chuan),然(ran)后轉道海河去市內,米(mi)未裝船(chuan)即(ji)遭查獲,被綁到小站日本侵略軍守備(bei)隊門前,縱(zong)狗咬殺(sha),李家(jia)駒當即(ji)斃命,楊作志(zhi)花(hua)200塊大洋(yang)請翻譯贖命,商會作保,幸免死難。
王(wang)家場劉姓母(mu)女(nv)(nv),相依為命,母(mu)病(bing),女(nv)(nv)兒拾稻(dao)穗搗米(mi),給母(mu)親熬稀(xi)飯,看病(bing)路過花店橋,日(ri)本侵略軍(jun)小隊長井野抓(zhua)住劉母(mu)向(xiang)嘴里(li)灌稀(xi)屎,劉母(mu)嘔(ou)出米(mi)粒,被當即用刺刀捅(tong)死。隨后強奸劉女(nv)(nv),劉女(nv)(nv)跳老海河自盡……。
日本侵占后,所設農場完全(quan)以軍(jun)事(shi)封建掠奪為目的,其(qi)經(jing)營方式(shi)極為落后,非常(chang)野蠻,土地被分割(ge)成碎塊,強迫當地農民或所謂(wei)游民當佃戶,從事(shi)奴(nu)隸式(shi)勞動,佃戶除負擔沉重租額外,稻谷悉被日本侵略(lve)軍(jun)強行掠取。
1945年(nian)日本投(tou)降后,河北(bei)省在小站(zhan)成(cheng)立(li)營田管(guan)理(li)局,管(guan)轄原(yuan)營田局和大安農(nong)(nong)場(chang)。農(nong)(nong)林部(bu)在天津接管(guan)華北(bei)墾業(ye)局,建立(li)河北(bei)墾業(ye)農(nong)(nong)場(chang)管(guan)理(li)處(chu),下(xia)設小站(zhan)、津郊(原(yuan)八里臺)、軍糧城、張(zhang)貴莊、茶淀5個農(nong)(nong)區,經營管(guan)理(li)合作農(nong)(nong)場(chang)。國(guo)民(min)政府制造種(zhong)種(zhong)借口,欺騙壓榨原(yuan)土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)所有(you)者,拒不(bu)發還被(bei)日本強占的土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di),實(shi)行分佃(dian)收租或(huo)包佃(dian)收租,且(qie)苛(ke)捐(juan)雜稅(shui)、征購、征借,不(bu)可勝數。1946年(nian),小站(zhan)地(di)(di)區曾暴發兩次抗立(li)掠(lve)奪(duo)性租約,堅持(chi)永佃(dian)權的斗爭。另(ling)外,由(you)于(yu)管(guan)理(li)混亂,技術落后,水稻品種(zhong)混雜退化,特別是由(you)于(yu)封建土(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)所有(you)制的弊端和國(guo)民(min)政府忙于(yu)內戰(zhan),農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)無暇顧及,至解放前夕,水稻畝(mu)產(chan)量僅200公斤左右(you)。
津(jin)(jin)南地(di)區(qu)1948年(nian)12月20日解放(fang),中(zhong)共天津(jin)(jin)縣委從1949年(nian)初開始領(ling)導廣(guang)大農(nong)民開展土(tu)(tu)地(di)改(gai)革,消(xiao)滅封建剝削,農(nong)民分得土(tu)(tu)地(di)及其他生(sheng)(sheng)產資(zi)料,政府(fu)加(jia)強(qiang)了(le)對水(shui)稻(dao)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)領(ling)導。津(jin)(jin)沽區(qu)農(nong)墾局對農(nong)民使用國有(you)土(tu)(tu)地(di)的(de)征(zheng)收比(bi)例,執(zhi)行《定額分紅(hong)制暫行辦法草案》,取消(xiao)土(tu)(tu)地(di)收租。為解決農(nong)民生(sheng)(sheng)產資(zi)料不足,進行多次實物放(fang)貸。1949年(nian),先后貸放(fang)稻(dao)種10.35萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),豆餅(bing)?450.9萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),硫(liu)酸(suan)銨19.7萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),硝(xiao)酸(suan)銨4.5萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),柴(chai)油(you)356大桶,煤1500噸。同(tong)時(shi)天津(jin)(jin)縣政府(fu)貸出豆餅(bing)307.85萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),硫(liu)酸(suan)銨13.65萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),玉米2.8萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),小(xiao)米7.65萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin),現金(jin)1135元,柴(chai)油(you)21大桶,花(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)2400公斤(jin),稻(dao)種20萬(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)。
人民政(zheng)府從(cong)1949年(nian)至1957年(nian),先后投(tou)資217萬(wan)元(yuan)修(xiu)(xiu)建和補修(xiu)(xiu)閘涵洞1588處,新建4座大(da)型揚水站,提高了(le)排(pai)灌能力(li),解除了(le)咸水危(wei)害,并連年(nian)發放生(sheng)產及(ji)生(sheng)活貸款,促使全區水稻迅速發展。在這(zhe)期間農村互助合(he)作(zuo)運動蓬勃興起(qi),對水稻生(sheng)產起(qi)了(le)巨大(da)推動作(zuo)用。因此,翻身(shen)農民的種(zhong)稻熱情(qing)空前高漲(zhang)。
1953年(nian),成立(li)天(tian)津(jin)市(shi)(shi)農(nong)林(lin)水利局,進行津(jin)南洼改造,建成雙林(lin)農(nong)場。天(tian)津(jin)市(shi)(shi)公安局于1956年(nian)在小站(zhan)寧家(jia)圈,墾(ken)(ken)植稻田(tian)2萬畝(mu)(mu),建立(li)板橋農(nong)場。全(quan)區(qu)從解放初到(dao)1956年(nian),共開墾(ken)(ken)荒地(di)40835畝(mu)(mu)。到(dao)1957年(nian),擴大水稻面(mian)積6.5萬畝(mu)(mu)。
1949年(nian)(nian)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)17.24萬(wan)畝,平(ping)均畝產(chan)225公(gong)斤,總(zong)產(chan)量3879萬(wan)公(gong)斤,發展到(dao)1955年(nian)(nian)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)21.6萬(wan)畝,平(ping)均畝產(chan)369.5公(gong)斤,總(zong)產(chan)量7981.2萬(wan)公(gong)斤。1957年(nian)(nian),稻(dao)(dao)田面(mian)積(ji)(ji)達(da)到(dao)26.44萬(wan)畝,平(ping)均畝產(chan)328.4公(gong)斤,總(zong)產(chan)量8683萬(wan)公(gong)斤。1957年(nian)(nian)與(yu)1949年(nian)(nian)相比(bi),面(mian)積(ji)(ji)增加(jia)53.4%,平(ping)均畝產(chan)增加(jia)46%,總(zong)產(chan)量增加(jia)1.24倍。
是(shi)年,全區水(shui)稻(dao)播種面積(ji)占(zhan)天津(jin)市稻(dao)田(tian)面積(ji)的22.8%,稻(dao)谷總產(chan)量(liang)占(zhan)全市的31.6%,出現了建國后(hou)水(shui)稻(dao)生產(chan)的第(di)一個高峰(feng)。
1958年,遇到(dao)(dao)了大旱,馬廠減河和海河上游(you)修(xiu)建(jian)了許多(duo)蓄水工程(cheng),致使水源(yuan)大量(liang)減少,水量(liang)嚴重不(bu)足,全區(qu)水稻種植(zhi)面積急劇下降,到(dao)(dao)下半(ban)年又受到(dao)(dao)“五(wu)風(feng)”的(de)(de)干擾,在生產(chan)上搞(gao)形式(shi)主義的(de)(de)“大兵團作戰”,在制定農業(ye)生產(chan)計(ji)劃時(shi),大搞(gao)高指(zhi)標(biao),缺乏實事求是的(de)(de)科(ke)學態度。
由于水(shui)(shui)源(yuan)不足(zu)以及政治上的各種影響,1959~1961年水(shui)(shui)稻(dao)生產一直處于低潮。1961年水(shui)(shui)稻(dao)面積(ji)14.09萬畝,平均(jun)畝產230.1公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),總產量(liang)3242.5萬公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),種植面積(ji)和總產量(liang)比(bi)1949年還低。
1963年(nian)(nian),挖(wa)通洪泥河,疏浚(jun)月牙河,實(shi)施海河水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)南調。先(xian)后改造、新建6個(ge)(ge)揚水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)站(zhan),擴大(da)灌溉面(mian)(mian)積。同時(shi)經過糾正(zheng)“五風”,落實(shi)黨在農村(cun)的各項政策(ce),全面(mian)(mian)貫徹(che)“農業八字憲法”,大(da)抓科學種田(tian)(tian),小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)經歷1958~1962年(nian)(nian)連續低潮后,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)又逐漸上升(sheng)。1963年(nian)(nian),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)積已恢復到(dao)(dao)21.34萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),比1958年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)5.64萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),平均畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)312公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),比1958年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)79.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達(da)6662.3萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),比1958年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)3012.05萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),面(mian)(mian)積、畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)分別(bie)增(zeng)長(chang)35.9%、34.2%、82.5%。1964年(nian)(nian),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)(mian)積22.79萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),平均畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)339.4公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)7735.5萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。都呈現增(zeng)長(chang)趨勢。到(dao)(dao)1965年(nian)(nian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)形勢更加(jia)(jia)高(gao)漲,種植面(mian)(mian)積達(da)到(dao)(dao)24.67萬(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),平均畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)421公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin),總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)量達(da)到(dao)(dao)10380.5萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。區(qu)內(nei)出(chu)現了長(chang)青、咸(xian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沽、葛沽3個(ge)(ge)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)社,并有50個(ge)(ge)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的大(da)隊、297個(ge)(ge)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的小(xiao)(xiao)隊,全區(qu)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)500公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)(tian)達(da)8萬(wan)余畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),占稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)(tian)面(mian)(mian)積的32.4%。畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、總(zong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)創小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)歷史最(zui)高(gao)紀錄,是小(xiao)(xiao)站(zhan)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)第二次高(gao)峰(feng)。
1966~1971年,每年水稻種植面(mian)積維持在(zai)23萬畝左右,平均畝產(chan)250~400公斤(jin)。其間累計(ji),區內稻田面(mian)積和(he)稻谷總產(chan)量分別(bie)占全(quan)市的18%和(he)23%。
這(zhe)期間支援外(wai)省(sheng)、市水(shui)(shui)稻良種200萬公斤。并受河(he)南(nan)、山東、寧夏(xia)等省(sheng)區特邀,派出許多(duo)種稻能手做(zuo)技術顧問(wen),前(qian)往指導水(shui)(shui)稻生(sheng)產,有(you)的在當地(di)安家落(luo)戶(hu)。
解放(fang)后的22年來,小站地區為國家提供了大批優質稻(dao)(dao)米(mi),為對(dui)外貿易爭得(de)了市場,每公(gong)斤(jin)小站米(mi)能從(cong)國外換進2.5公(gong)斤(jin)小麥。從(cong)新中國建立到1971年,全區向國家貢獻小站稻(dao)(dao)谷累計達15億公(gong)斤(jin)。
全(quan)區農業用(yong)水(shui)原有兩個水(shui)源,60年代馬廠(chang)減(jian)河(he)水(shui)源被切(qie)斷后,70年代其(qi)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)海(hai)河(he)水(shui)源,用(yong)水(shui)也越來越困難,因海(hai)河(he)水(shui)量(liang)減(jian)少,僅能確保居民生活(huo)用(yong)水(shui)和城市(shi)工(gong)業用(yong)水(shui)。1972年6月,海(hai)河(he)水(shui)位下降(jiang)至0.2米,影(ying)響(xiang)了電廠(chang)用(yong)水(shui)。為(wei)此(ci)(ci),各級領導多次做(zuo)出(chu)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)改種(zhong)(zhong)旱田(tian)作物的(de)(de)決定(ding),但由于改旱思想不(bu)夠堅決,且又受(shou)當(dang)時陳(chen)伯達(da)“有水(shui)種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)、無水(shui)也種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)”謬(miu)論(lun)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang),有些社隊不(bu)顧客觀條件的(de)(de)變化(hua),一(yi)味追求種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)。是(shi)(shi)年,又遇上特大(da)旱災,大(da)部(bu)分稻(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)插秧(yang)后水(shui)竭苗枯,全(quan)區當(dang)年種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)面(mian)積7.43萬畝(mu),平均畝(mu)產51.5公斤。在此(ci)(ci)之后,又由于受(shou)林彪、“四人幫”極左路(lu)線(xian)的(de)(de)干擾和破壞,走向另一(yi)個極端(duan),不(bu)管(guan)有水(shui)無水(shui),一(yi)律禁(jin)止種(zhong)(zhong)稻(dao)(dao)(dao),大(da)搞一(yi)刀切(qie),已(yi)經插上稻(dao)(dao)(dao)秧(yang)的(de)(de),一(yi)旦發現(xian)也強行(xing)拔掉,不(bu)然就是(shi)(shi)政(zheng)治(zhi)路(lu)線(xian)問題,就是(shi)(shi)破壞生產,以(yi)反對(dui)黨的(de)(de)領導進行(xing)批判。因此(ci)(ci),1973年全(quan)區只種(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)1957畝(mu),全(quan)市(shi)僅剩稻(dao)(dao)(dao)田(tian)2.4萬畝(mu)。
1974~1977年(nian)(nian)主要(yao)為保(bao)護小站稻優良(liang)品種(zhong)(zhong),而(er)種(zhong)(zhong)了一(yi)(yi)部分水稻保(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)田,每年(nian)(nian)種(zhong)(zhong)稻面積控(kong)制(zhi)在5000畝以(yi)內(nei)。稻田改旱后全區(qu)(qu)糧食產量明(ming)顯下降,一(yi)(yi)度全區(qu)(qu)糧食畝產只有135公(gong)斤(jin),以(yi)致高(gao)產糧區(qu)(qu)變(bian)成(cheng)吃國(guo)(guo)家返(fan)銷糧區(qu)(qu),種(zhong)(zhong)旱的6年(nian)(nian)間吃國(guo)(guo)家返(fan)銷糧達(da)2340萬公(gong)斤(jin)。
1976年(nian)10月,粉碎“四人幫(bang)”后,天津(jin)市委提出(chu)“開源節流(liu),自力更生(sheng),自備水源,恢復(fu)和發(fa)展小站稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)”的指導思想,1977年(nian)水稻(dao)(dao)面積(ji)比(bi)前幾年(nian)略(lve)有(you)增加,到(dao)(dao)1978年(nian)面積(ji)已發(fa)展到(dao)(dao)?4.35?萬畝(mu)(mu)。中(zhong)共十一(yi)屆三中(zhong)全會召(zhao)開以后,給水稻(dao)(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)帶來了新的活力。1979年(nian),水稻(dao)(dao)面積(ji)擴大到(dao)(dao)10.5萬畝(mu)(mu),平均(jun)畝(mu)(mu)產(chan)323公(gong)(gong)斤,總產(chan)稻(dao)(dao)谷3396萬公(gong)(gong)斤。1980年(nian),水稻(dao)(dao)面積(ji)為(wei)(wei)13萬畝(mu)(mu),平均(jun)畝(mu)(mu)產(chan)272公(gong)(gong)斤,總產(chan)稻(dao)(dao)谷3537萬公(gong)(gong)斤。到(dao)(dao)1981年(nian)又(you)遇嚴重干旱,1~6月份降雨量僅74毫米,為(wei)(wei)常年(nian)同期的二分(fen)之一(yi)。
為抗旱(han)(han)(han)奪豐收,區(qu)政府(fu)提出(chu)(chu)“兩(liang)手(shou)準(zhun)備,立足種(zhong)(zhong)旱(han)(han)(han)”的決策(ce),大量(liang)引進抗病高(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的旱(han)(han)(han)田作物品種(zhong)(zhong),設(she)法引導群眾種(zhong)(zhong)足種(zhong)(zhong)好旱(han)(han)(han)田作物,并根(gen)據歷年(nian)(nian)水(shui)源變化(hua)規律育(yu)了一部(bu)分水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)秧(yang)苗,作好雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)到來時毀旱(han)(han)(han)插秧(yang)的“兩(liang)手(shou)準(zhun)備”,當年(nian)(nian)全區(qu)利(li)用雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)搶插水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)7.28萬畝(mu)(主要是(shi)麥茬(cha)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)及雨(yu)季(ji)(ji)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)),秋(qiu)后平均畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)124.7公斤(jin)(jin),總產(chan)(chan)(chan)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)谷(gu)907.5萬公斤(jin)(jin)。是(shi)年(nian)(nian)其他糧食作物產(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)也(ye)低(di),玉(yu)米畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)144.5公斤(jin)(jin),小麥畝(mu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)38.5公斤(jin)(jin),產(chan)(chan)(chan)值(zhi)仍屬水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)高(gao)。群眾對此總結出(chu)(chu)一些經驗,“種(zhong)(zhong)好麥子(zi),育(yu)好秧(yang),種(zhong)(zhong)上棒(bang)子(zi)(玉(yu)米)等插秧(yang),看雨(yu)確(que)定水(shui)和旱(han)(han)(han),兩(liang)手(shou)準(zhun)備心不(bu)慌(huang)”。在全區(qu)糧田面(mian)積逐年(nian)(nian)減(jian)少的情況下,糧食總產(chan)(chan)(chan)逐年(nian)(nian)有所提高(gao),主要原因之一是(shi)充分發揮水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)(dao)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)優勢。
80年代(dai)后期(qi),擴大水(shui)(shui)(shui)田面(mian)積。實施了月牙河、衛津河、洪泥河3河打(da)通工程及小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)利配套工程,并對二(er)級河道和主(zhu)要干、支渠進(jin)行清淤,使(shi)之蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量達到540萬(wan)立方(fang)米。另外開挖坑塘(tang)、洼(wa)淀(dian)建成一批養(yang)魚池、養(yang)葦塘(tang),小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫,共新建小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫13座,坑塘(tang)洼(wa)淀(dian)11處,共可蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)576萬(wan)立方(fang)米。小(xiao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫汛(xun)期(qi)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排澇,旱(han)時(shi)送(song)水(shui)(shui)(shui)救急(ji)。還將城(cheng)市(shi)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)凈(jing)化和科(ke)學處理,用于(yu)稻田灌溉(gai)。并且發揮全部機井(jing)作(zuo)用,實現(xian)渠水(shui)(shui)(shui)、井(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)和二(er)淋(lin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)結合使(shi)用,每年種植水(shui)(shui)(shui)稻穩定(ding)在(zai)5~7萬(wan)畝。
1985年(nian),中央農牧漁(yu)業部(bu)在湖南長沙召開了(le)優質(zhi)稻米(mi)座談會,再次把小站(zhan)稻列為名特(te)產(chan)品,使小站(zhan)稻區(qu)干部(bu)、群眾受到很大鼓舞。全區(qu)糧食生產(chan)從1985年(nian)始連(lian)續6年(nian)獲得(de)豐(feng)收,其中稻谷的增產(chan)起(qi)了(le)保駕(jia)作用。
1995年,糧(liang)食總(zong)產(chan)(chan)7289.2萬(wan)公斤(jin),稻谷總(zong)產(chan)(chan)3151.8萬(wan)公斤(jin),占(zhan)糧(liang)食總(zong)產(chan)(chan)的43.2%。