松材(cai)(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),該線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)屬(shu)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)動物門、線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)綱(gang)、滑刃(ren)(ren)目(mu)、滑刃(ren)(ren)科、傘滑刃(ren)(ren)屬(shu)。雌蟲(chong)(chong)體(ti)(ti)長0.81mm,雄(xiong)體(ti)(ti)長0.73mm,雌蟲(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部(bu)近圓錐形,末(mo)端圓;雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部(bu)似(si)鳥爪,向腹面(mian)彎曲。松材(cai)(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)病又稱松枯萎病,是一種毀滅性蟲(chong)(chong)害。它(ta)是通過松墨天(tian)牛(Monochamus alternatus)等媒介昆蟲(chong)(chong)傳(chuan)播(bo)于松樹(shu)體(ti)(ti)內,從而引發松樹(shu)病害。被松材(cai)(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)感染后的松樹(shu),針葉(xie)黃褐色或紅褐色,萎蔫下垂,樹(shu)脂(zhi)分泌停止,樹(shu)干(gan)可觀察到天(tian)牛侵入孔或產卵痕(hen)跡,病樹(shu)整株(zhu)干(gan)枯死亡,最終(zhong)腐爛。
松材線蟲屬于(yu)線形動物(wu)門(men),滑刃(ren)目、滑刃(ren)總科(ke)(ke)、滑刃(ren)科(ke)(ke)、傘滑刃(ren)屬。是我國危害較大的外(wai)來入(ru)侵(qin)(qin)物(wu)種(zhong)之一(yi)(但未被(bei)列(lie)入(ru)我國首(shou)批外(wai)來入(ru)侵(qin)(qin)物(wu)種(zhong)名單)。成(cheng)蟲體細長(chang),雌蟲體長(chang)0.81mm,雄(xiong)體長(chang)0.73mm,雌蟲尾(wei)部(bu)近圓錐形,末端圓。雄(xiong)蟲尾(wei)部(bu)似鳥(niao)爪,向腹面彎曲。1982年在(zai)南京中山陵首(shou)次發現,以(yi)后相繼(ji)在(zai)江(jiang)蘇、安(an)徽、廣東和浙江(jiang)等地成(cheng)災,幾乎毀滅了在(zai)香港廣泛(fan)分布(bu)的馬(ma)尾(wei)松林(lin)。近距離傳播(bo)(bo)主要靠媒介天(tian)牛(niu),如(ru)松墨天(tian)牛(niu)(Monochamus alternatus),攜帶傳播(bo)(bo);遠距離主要靠人為調運帶疫(帶松材線蟲的天(tian)牛(niu))的苗木(mu)、松材、松木(mu)包(bao)裝箱及松木(mu)制(zhi)品(pin)等進行傳播(bo)(bo)。被(bei)松材線蟲感染后的松樹,針葉黃褐(he)色或紅褐(he)色、萎蔫下垂,樹脂分泌停止,在(zai)樹干(gan)(gan)上可觀察到天(tian)牛(niu)侵(qin)(qin)入(ru)孔或產(chan)卵痕跡,病樹整株干(gan)(gan)枯死亡,木(mu)材藍變。嚴重威(wei)脅用材林(lin)。由于(yu)擴展迅速,現已對黃山、張家界等風景名勝(sheng)區的天(tian)然針葉林(lin)構成(cheng)了巨大威(wei)脅。
松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus),該線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬(shu)(shu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)動物門、線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)綱(gang)、滑(hua)刃(ren)目、滑(hua)刃(ren)科(ke)、傘滑(hua)刃(ren)屬(shu)(shu)。目前傘滑(hua)刃(ren)屬(shu)(shu)約有50多(duo)個種(zhong)。傘滑(hua)刃(ren)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)多(duo)寄(ji)生在(zai)昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體內,和(he)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)死(si)亡(wang)有關的(de)種(zhong)主要(yao)是松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)擬松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus)。松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)侵(qin)染松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)后(hou)使(shi)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)枯(ku)死(si),而擬松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)也(ye)在(zai)很多(duo)地方枯(ku)死(si)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)木(mu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)中發現(xian),但擬松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)是否(fou)能(neng)引起松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)死(si)亡(wang),現(xian)在(zai)尚無定論。松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和(he)擬松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)形態特征非(fei)常(chang)相似(si)。其主要(yao)區別在(zai)于雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)尾(wei)部形態,松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)雌蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)尾(wei)部鈍圓,而擬松(song)(song)材(cai)(cai)(cai)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)尾(wei)端有個尖(jian)突。
松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)生活(huo)史包括(kuo)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)擴(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)(xing)兩個階(jie)段,在寄主植物(wu)(wu)體(ti)內,當環(huan)境條(tiao)件不適宜時(shi),由繁殖(zhi)(zhi)型(xing)(xing)(xing)二齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(J2)轉變(bian)為擴(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)(xing)三齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(JⅢ),并向天牛(niu)(niu)蛹室周(zhou)圍(wei)聚集,在天牛(niu)(niu)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)羽化前,松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)擴(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)(xing)三齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)蛻(tui)皮變(bian)為擴(kuo)散型(xing)(xing)(xing)四齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(JⅣ),通過氣孔進(jin)(jin)入剛(gang)羽化的(de)、體(ti)壁尚未完全骨化的(de)天牛(niu)(niu)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)呼吸系(xi)統。隨后,天牛(niu)(niu)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)進(jin)(jin)行補充營養(yang)取食或者產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)時(shi),線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)從天牛(niu)(niu)氣管逸出,并從天牛(niu)(niu)取食或產(chan)卵(luan)(luan)造成的(de)傷口進(jin)(jin)入新(xin)的(de)寄主植物(wu)(wu)體(ti)內。因此JⅣ型(xing)(xing)(xing)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)是松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生活(huo)史中重要的(de)一個蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)態,是種群形成和(he)擴(kuo)散的(de)關鍵。天牛(niu)(niu)攜(xie)帶的(de)松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)越多,侵染(ran)健(jian)康(kang)松樹(shu)的(de)松材(cai)線(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)原就(jiu)越多。
原(yuan)產地:原(yuan)產北美洲。
在(zai)日(ri)本、韓國、美國、加拿大、墨西哥、葡萄牙、中國等(deng)國均有發生(sheng),但危害程度不一,其中以日(ri)本受害最重(zhong)。此病1982年中國在(zai)南(nan)京市中山陵首次發現,在(zai)短(duan)短(duan)的十幾年內(nei),又相(xiang)繼在(zai)江蘇、安徽、山東(dong)、浙江、廣(guang)東(dong)、湖北、湖南(nan)、臺灣、香(xiang)港等(deng)省(區(qu)(qu))等(deng)許(xu)多地(di)區(qu)(qu)發生(sheng)并流行成災(zai)。
雌(ci)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)都呈蠕蟲(chong)形(xing)(xing),蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)細(xi)長(chang)(chang)(chang),雌(ci)蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.81mm,雄(xiong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)長(chang)(chang)(chang)0.73mm。唇(chun)區高,縊縮(suo)顯著。口針細(xi)長(chang)(chang)(chang),其基部(bu)微增厚。中(zhong)食(shi)(shi)道球卵圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),占體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)2/3以(yi)上,瓣(ban)膜清晰。食(shi)(shi)道腺(xian)細(xi)長(chang)(chang)(chang)葉狀,覆(fu)蓋(gai)于(yu)腸(chang)(chang)背面(mian)。排泄(xie)(xie)孔的(de)開口大(da)致和(he)食(shi)(shi)道與腸(chang)(chang)交接處(chu)平行,半月體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在排泄(xie)(xie)孔后約2/3體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)寬(kuan)(kuan)處(chu)。卵巢單個,前伸;陰門(men)開口于(yu)蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)后部(bu)73%處(chu)。上覆(fu)以(yi)寬(kuan)(kuan)的(de)陰門(men)蓋(gai)。后陰子宮囊長(chang)(chang)(chang),約為(wei)陰肛距的(de)3/4。雌(ci)蟲(chong)尾(wei)亞圓(yuan)錐(zhui)(zhui)形(xing)(xing),末端寬(kuan)(kuan)圓(yuan),少數有微小的(de)尾(wei)尖突。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)交合(he)刺大(da),弓狀,成(cheng)對,喙突顯著,交合(he)刺遠端膨大(da)如盤。雄(xiong)蟲(chong)尾(wei)似鳥(niao)爪,向腹(fu)面(mian)彎曲(qu),尾(wei)端為(wei)小的(de)卵狀交合(he)傘包裹,退火的(de)交合(he)傘在光學顯微鏡下不易看見,交合(he)傘(為(wei)翼)是(shi)尾(wei)的(de)角質膜的(de)延伸,在問短呈鏟狀,由于(yu)邊緣向內(nei)卷曲(qu),從背面(mian)觀(guan)呈卵形(xing)(xing),從側面(mian)觀(guan)呈尖圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)。病材(cai)中(zhong)的(de)幼蟲(chong)蟲(chong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)前部(bu)和(he)成(cheng)蟲(chong)相似,但其后部(bu)則因腸(chang)(chang)內(nei)積聚大(da)量顆狀內(nei)含物,以(yi)至(zhi)呈暗色并接結(jie)構模(mo)糊。幼蟲(chong)尾(wei)亞圓(yuan)錐(zhui)(zhui)形(xing)(xing)。
松(song)材線蟲(chong)(chong)病(bing)又稱松(song)枯萎(wei)病(bing),是(shi)(shi)一種毀(hui)滅性(xing)蟲(chong)(chong)害。它是(shi)(shi)通過松(song)墨天牛等媒介(jie)昆(kun)蟲(chong)(chong)傳播于(yu)松(song)樹體內,從(cong)而(er)引發松(song)樹病(bing)害。被松(song)材線蟲(chong)(chong)感染后的松(song)樹,針葉黃褐色或(huo)(huo)紅褐色,萎(wei)蔫下(xia)垂,樹脂(zhi)分泌停止(zhi),樹干可觀察到天牛侵入孔或(huo)(huo)產卵痕跡(ji),病(bing)樹整株干枯死亡,最終腐爛。
松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)病(bing)多發生在(zai)高溫干旱的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣候條(tiao)件下。從罹患病(bing)樹(shu)(shu)羽(yu)化出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)幾乎100%攜帶松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),每(mei)只天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)都(dou)可(ke)攜帶成千上萬(wan)(wan)條(tiao)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),最(zui)高可(ke)達25萬(wan)(wan)~30萬(wan)(wan)條(tiao)。當(dang)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)上咬食(shi)(shi)樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)補充營養時(shi)(shi),線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)就從天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)取(qu)食(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷口進(jin)入樹(shu)(shu)脂,然后蛻皮成為幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。被松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)侵染的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)往(wang)往(wang)又是(shi)松(song)(song)(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)對象。翌(yi)年,在(zai)罹患病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)林內(nei)寄生的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)羽(yu)化時(shi)(shi)又會攜帶大(da)量線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),并“接種”傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)到(dao)健(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)上,導(dao)致病(bing)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擴(kuo)散蔓延。該病(bing)害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近距離(li)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)主要(yao)靠松(song)(song)(song)黑天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)攜帶傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo),遠距離(li)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)主要(yao)是(shi)人為調(diao)運帶疫(帶松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu))的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗木(mu)、松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)、松(song)(song)(song)木(mu)包裝(zhuang)箱及松(song)(song)(song)木(mu)制(zhi)品等進(jin)行遠程傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)。松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)雌(ci)雄(xiong)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)交尾(wei)后產(chan)(chan)卵(luan),每(mei)只雌(ci)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)產(chan)(chan)卵(luan)約(yue)100粒(li)。蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)卵(luan)在(zai)25℃下經(jing)30小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)孵(fu)化。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)共4齡。在(zai)溫度30℃時(shi)(shi),線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)3天(tian)(tian)就可(ke)以完成一個(ge)世代。松(song)(song)(song)材(cai)線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)生長繁(fan)殖(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)適宜(yi)溫度為20℃,低于10℃時(shi)(shi)不(bu)能(neng)發育,28℃以上時(shi)(shi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)會受到(dao)抑制(zhi),在(zai)33℃以上則不(bu)能(neng)繁(fan)殖(zhi)。線(xian)(xian)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)能(neng)在(zai)6個(ge)月內(nei)使松(song)(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)死亡,是(shi)使松(song)(song)(song)林大(da)片被毀的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
松(song)(song)材線蟲病在美國(guo)、加拿大、墨西哥、日本、韓國(guo)等國(guo)均有發(fa)生,20世紀80年代(dai)侵(qin)襲中國(guo)香港(gang),幾乎毀滅了香港(gang)分(fen)布(bu)廣泛的(de)馬尾松(song)(song)林。1982年在南京中山陵首(shou)次(ci)被發(fa)現,隨(sui)后相繼在安徽、山東、浙(zhe)江、廣東等地形成(cheng)幾個(ge)疾病中心,并向(xiang)四周擴散,使這些省的(de)局部(bu)地區(qu)發(fa)生并流(liu)行成(cheng)災,導致(zhi)大批松(song)(song)樹(shu)枯死。松(song)(song)材線蟲病給安徽、浙(zhe)江兩省帶(dai)來(lai)的(de)經濟(ji)損失高達5億~7億元。由(you)于松(song)(song)線蟲的(de)毀滅性危害,該蟲已被為對內(nei)、對外的(de)重要檢疫(yi)對象。
松(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)的媒介(jie)昆蟲(chong)有天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)科28個(ge)種、吉丁科1個(ge)屬(shu)(shu)、脛(jing)象科1個(ge)屬(shu)(shu)的昆蟲(chong)。在我國松(song)材(cai)線蟲(chong)分布區中,其傳播媒介(jie)均為松(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)(Monochamus alternatus)。松(song)墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu),屬(shu)(shu)鞘翅目天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)科溝脛(jing)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)亞科墨天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)(niu)屬(shu)(shu),幼蟲(chong)有5個(ge)齡期,以4、5齡老蟲(chong)在蛹室內(nei)越冬,是(shi)松(song)樹的蛀干(gan)害蟲(chong),蟲(chong)口密度較高時可導致松(song)樹死亡(wang)。
①借(jie)助媒(mei)介(jie)天(tian)牛(niu)或線蟲本身的(de)移動的(de)自然傳播(bo)途徑;②借(jie)助人為運輸并在媒(mei)介(jie)天(tian)牛(niu)的(de)攜帶下實現遠(yuan)距(ju)離(li)蔓(man)延的(de)人為傳播(bo)途徑。
松(song)(song)材線蟲病首先表現為(wei)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂分(fen)泌減(jian)少,蒸(zheng)騰作用(yong)下降,接著部分(fen)針葉失(shi)去(qu)光澤(ze)成(cheng)灰(hui)綠色,并逐漸(jian)變(bian)黃,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂停止分(fen)泌,最(zui)后(hou)整(zheng)個樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠針葉變(bian)成(cheng)紅褐色,植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)死亡。無論是小(xiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)還是大樹(shu)(shu)(shu),大多數(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)在(zai)表現癥狀后(hou)1一3個月迅速枯(ku)死,只有少數(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)至(zhi)(zhi)次年(nian)春季或初夏枯(ku)死,越年(nian)死亡的松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)可在(zai)當年(nian)被診斷。有的植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)感病后(hou),在(zai)l一2年(nian)內僅樹(shu)(shu)(shu)冠上少量枝條枯(ku)死,隨時間推移逐漸(jian)增多,直至(zhi)(zhi)全株(zhu)。在(zai)濕地松(song)(song)、馬尾松(song)(song)、黑(hei)松(song)(song)等植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)上發生比較普(pu)遍。
①直(zhi)觀檢(jian)(jian)驗:此種方法(fa)主要在產地調查(cha)時使用。在調查(cha)時仔細觀察樹木(mu)發育是否正常,注意察看有(you)無(wu)樹脂分泌減少、停止,針(zhen)葉變褐、萎蔫,枝干及整株枯死的現象,同時,觀察樹干上有(you)無(wu)天牛(niu)蛀食的痕跡、產卵孔、羽化孔等,如有(you)再行解(jie)剖檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)。
②解剖檢(jian)驗:用工具(ju)將可疑(yi)感病的樹(shu)(shu)木鋸斷劈開,看材質重量是否明顯減(jian)輕(qing);木質部(bu)有無(wu)藍變(bian)現象;樹(shu)(shu)干(gan)內有無(wu)松褐(he)天牛棲居的痕跡。
③漏(lou)斗分(fen)離(li)檢(jian)驗(yan):從(cong)罹(li)病木發病部位或天(tian)牛棲居處鉆取(qu)(qu)木材組織并粉碎(sui),用雙層紗(sha)布包好,置(zhi)于(yu)下方帶有膠管和截流夾的玻璃漏(lou)斗上,加水浸泡(pao)12h,取(qu)(qu)下部浸泡(pao)液(ye)離(li)心,取(qu)(qu)其沉淀液(ye)15ml,置(zhi)于(yu)解(jie)剖鏡下,對照松材線蟲的形(xing)態特征進(jin)行檢(jian)查鑒(jian)定。
④打孔流(liu)汁(zhi)法檢驗:松樹的(de)流(liu)汁(zhi)是比較正(zheng)常(chang)的(de),就(jiu)說明(ming)這個是健康的(de),如果流(liu)汁(zhi)不是很正(zheng)常(chang)的(de),拿到取樣到實驗室里面檢測,確定是否有染松材線蟲。
木(mu)材及(ji)其(qi)產品(pin)在使用前或(huo)出境(jing)、進(jin)境(jing)前用60℃熱(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理或(huo)殺線(xian)蟲(chong)劑處(chu)(chu)(chu)理。檢疫中(zhong)發現有攜帶松(song)材線(xian)蟲(chong)的(de)松(song)木(mu)及(ji)包裝箱等(deng)(deng)制品(pin),應用帳幕熏(xun)(xun)(xun)蒸法(fa)進(jin)行處(chu)(chu)(chu)理,放在一個密(mi)封的(de)塑料紙(zhi)中(zhong),用每立(li)方米(mi)木(mu)材方5~8磷(lin)化(hua)鋁藥丸(wan)或(huo)溴甲烷(wan)進(jin)行熏(xun)(xun)(xun)蒸,里(li)面留(liu)有一定(ding)的(de)循環空間,熏(xun)(xun)(xun)蒸7d以上(shang);或(huo)浸泡于水(shui)中(zhong)5個月以上(shang);或(huo)把病樹粉(fen)碎后再(zai)進(jin)行加工(gong),立(li)即送工(gong)廠用作(zuo)纖(xian)維板、刨花(hua)板或(huo)紙(zhi)漿等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業(ye)原(yuan)料以及(ji)作(zuo)為燃料及(ji)時燒毀;對利用價(jia)值(zhi)不大的(de)小(xiao)徑木(mu)、枝(zhi)丫等(deng)(deng)集中(zhong)燒毀,嚴防(fang)遺漏。
(1)對松材線蟲病(bing)應加強(qiang)檢(jian)疫檢(jian)驗,嚴禁(jin)被(bei)害木(mu)外運
對種苗(miao)等繁殖材(cai)料和(he)木材(cai)的調動和(he)貿(mao)易進行管理、控制和(he)檢驗,防(fang)止危(wei)險(xian)性病(bing)蟲(chong)的傳播和(he)蔓(man)延。防(fang)止危(wei)險(xian)性病(bing)蟲(chong)由國(guo)外傳入或(huo)由國(guo)內(nei)輸出(chu),將局(ju)部地(di)區發生的危(wei)險(xian)性病(bing)蟲(chong)封鎖(suo)在(zai)一定范圍內(nei),防(fang)止它傳播到新區,并采取各種積極(ji)措施逐步消滅。
(2)選育抗(kang)病(bing)樹(shu)種
選育(yu)抗(kang)蟲(chong)品種(zhong)是預防線蟲(chong)的(de)重要的(de)一環。同(tong)一樹種(zhong)由于經過長期的(de)自然選擇(ze)和人工(gong)選擇(ze)的(de)結(jie)果,形成不(bu)同(tong)品種(zhong)。其性(xing)狀不(bu)同(tong),抗(kang)蟲(chong)能(neng)力也可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)差異。
(3)積極防治(zhi)松墨天牛
人工(gong)把長(chang)勢很弱的(de)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)砍(kan)傷,因為(wei)松(song)(song)褐天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)最喜歡到這個里面產卵,然后進行除(chu)害處理(li),減少對健康(kang)松(song)(song)樹(shu)(shu)的(de)危(wei)害。除(chu)此之外,也有用(yong)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)化學引誘劑(ji)Ⅰ號誘殺(sha)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)或養放腫腿(tui)蜂(Scleroderma guani)寄生(sheng)天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)幼蟲(chong)(chong)誅殺(sha)。清除(chu)病害的(de)枯木或瀕于枯死的(de)樹(shu)(shu)木,集中成堆,用(yong)塑料布密封(feng),以溴甲烷熏蒸5~10h,藥(yao)量為(wei)69~83g/m3,可(ke)殺(sha)滅天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)成蟲(chong)(chong)及幼蟲(chong)(chong)。樹(shu)(shu)丫集成小堆燒毀(hui)。預防性的(de)噴(pen)藥(yao),包括樹(shu)(shu)冠噴(pen)藥(yao)和(he)地面噴(pen)藥(yao),前(qian)者在天(tian)(tian)牛(niu)羽化出來取食補(bu)充營養時(shi)噴(pen)藥(yao),后者在羽化開始(shi)時(shi)噴(pen)藥(yao),噴(pen)藥(yao)一次可(ke)持(chi)效2.5~3個月,可(ke)用(yong)25%殺(sha)螟松(song)(song)乳劑(ji),每(mei)公頃3~3. 6kg。
(4)生物防治
利用(yong)白僵菌(jun)防治昆(kun)蟲介體,也可用(yong)捕線(xian)蟲真菌(jun)來防治松(song)材線(xian)蟲。此種(zhong)方法對(dui)(dui)人(ren)、畜、植(zhi)物安全,對(dui)(dui)害(hai)蟲有長期抑制作用(yong),人(ren)工培(pei)養及使用(yong)技術要(yao)求比較嚴格,有時效(xiao)果不像藥劑那樣迅速和明顯。