戰(zhan)國時(shi),楚國有個人(ren)坐船(chuan)(chuan)渡江(jiang)(jiang)。船(chuan)(chuan)到(dao)(dao)江(jiang)(jiang)心,他一(yi)不(bu)(bu)小心,把(ba)(ba)隨身(shen)攜帶(dai)的一(yi)把(ba)(ba)寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)掉(diao)落江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)。他趕緊去(qu)抓(zhua),已經(jing)來不(bu)(bu)及了。船(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)的人(ren)對(dui)此感到(dao)(dao)非常(chang)惋惜,但那(nei)楚人(ren)似乎(hu)胸有成竹,馬上(shang)(shang)掏出一(yi)把(ba)(ba)小刀(dao),在船(chuan)(chuan)舷上(shang)(shang)刻(ke)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)個記(ji)號(hao)(hao),并(bing)向大家(jia)說:“這是(shi)我寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)落水的地(di)方,所以我要(yao)刻(ke)上(shang)(shang)一(yi)個記(ji)號(hao)(hao)。”,大家(jia)都(dou)不(bu)(bu)理解他為什(shen)么(me)這樣做(zuo),也不(bu)(bu)再去(qu)問他。船(chuan)(chuan)靠岸后那(nei)楚人(ren)立即在船(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)刻(ke)記(ji)號(hao)(hao)的地(di)方下水,去(qu)撈(lao)取掉(diao)落的寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。撈(lao)了半(ban)天(tian),不(bu)(bu)見(jian)寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的影子。他覺得很(hen)奇怪,自言自語說:“我的寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)就是(shi)在這里掉(diao)下去(qu)嗎(ma)?我還在這里刻(ke)了記(ji)號(hao)(hao)呢,怎(zen)么(me)會找不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)的呢?”,至此,船(chuan)(chuan)上(shang)(shang)的人(ren)紛(fen)紛(fen)大笑起來,說:“船(chuan)(chuan)一(yi)直(zhi)在行進,而(er)(er)你的寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卻沉(chen)入了水底不(bu)(bu)動,你怎(zen)么(me)找得到(dao)(dao)你的劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)呢?”,其實,劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)掉(diao)落在江(jiang)(jiang)中(zhong)后,船(chuan)(chuan)繼續行駛,而(er)(er)寶(bao)(bao)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)卻不(bu)(bu)會再移動。像他這樣去(qu)找劍(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),真(zhen)是(shi)太愚(yu)蠢可笑了。
刻舟求劍:多指做事不知(zhi)進退,墨守成規,不懂得隨著客觀(guan)情況的(de)變(bian)化(hua)來處(chu)理事情;比喻人的眼光未(wei)必與(yu)客觀世界的發展(zhan)變(bian)化同步;也比喻辦事刻板,拘泥(ni)而不知變(bian)通。
成語出(chu)自戰國·呂(lv)不(bu)韋《呂(lv)氏春秋(qiu)·察今》:“楚人有涉江者;其(qi)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)自舟中墜于水;遽契(qi)其(qi)舟曰:‘是(shi)吾劍(jian)(jian)(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)從(cong)墜。’舟止(zhi);從(cong)其(qi)所(suo)契(qi)者入水求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)。舟已行矣;而(er)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)行;求(qiu)劍(jian)(jian)(jian)若(ruo)此(ci);不(bu)亦惑乎?”
刻(ke)舟求劍,在句子(zi)中多(duo)作謂語、定語或(huo)狀(zhuang)語,多(duo)含貶義。
近義詞:按(an)圖(tu)索驥、依樣葫蘆、墨守(shou)成(cheng)規(gui)、膠柱(zhu)鼓(gu)瑟、緣(yuan)木求(qiu)魚、一成(cheng)不變(bian)、食古不化、守(shou)株待(dai)兔、蕭規(gui)曹(cao)隨。
反義詞:通權(quan)達變、借坡下驢、審(shen)時(shi)度勢(shi)、隨(sui)機應變、因(yin)時(shi)制(zhi)宜、相機行(xing)事、因(yin)地制(zhi)宜、見機行(xing)事、看(kan)風使舵、瞬(shun)息萬(wan)變、臨機制(zhi)變。
劍落水中只會沉底,這是普通常識。船走遠了,還要在船底下找那早掉下水去的劍,真是愚蠢可笑。假使船是靜止的,劍沉水底,在船的落劍處刻上記號順著記號下水找劍,自然有可能找到。無奈劍沉水底就不動了,船卻在不斷移動。這個客觀事實沒在求劍的人的頭腦里得到反映。他一心以為劍從哪里落下去,就從哪里去找,必能找到。他的認識同客觀事實不一致,結果自然只有失敗。用這樣一個比喻來諷刺死抱著教條的人,非常有力。這則成(cheng)語包(bao)含著兩(liang)層(ceng)道理。一層(ceng)是,人的思(si)想認識(shi)如(ru)(ru)果不符(fu)合客(ke)觀(guan)實際,就不會把(ba)事情做成(cheng)功。另一層(ceng)是,客(ke)觀(guan)實際是不斷發展變化的,如(ru)(ru)果把(ba)陳規舊章(zhang)當(dang)成(cheng)解決(jue)新(xin)問題的法寶,也(ye)要(yao)鬧笑話。作者這種思(si)想是樸素(su)的唯(wei)物思(si)想,辯證思(si)想。