板胡(hu)是伴隨著中國地(di)方戲曲梆子腔的(de)出(chu)現,在(zai)胡(hu)琴(qin)的(de)基(ji)礎上產生的(de)一種擦奏弦鳴樂器,歸屬于拉弦樂器。
它(ta)的名稱是因為琴(qin)筒(tong)用薄(bo)木板粘成(cheng)而得(de)名的,清代時曾別(bie)稱板琴(qin)。
板胡在(zai)中國大約有300多年(nian)的歷史,品種(zhong)繁多,音(yin)色明亮,高(gao)亢。是(shi)我國多種(zhong)梆子腔(qiang)戲(xi)曲(qu),北方戲(xi)曲(qu)和曲(qu)藝(yi)的主(zhu)要伴奏樂器。
20世紀50年代后(hou),又用(yong)于獨(du)奏,器樂(le)(le)合奏。深受廣大人民喜愛,流行于西北(bei)、華北(bei)、東北(bei)、東北(bei)各(ge)省(sheng)區(qu),尤以(yi)陜(shan)西、甘肅、山西等(deng)省(sheng)最為盛行。最初,板(ban)胡(hu)(hu)主要流行于中國(guo)的(de)北(bei)方地(di)(di)區(qu),當地(di)(di)的(de)許多地(di)(di)方戲曲(qu)和(he)(he)曲(qu)藝(yi),比(bi)如(ru)像河北(bei)梆子(zi),評劇(ju)、豫劇(ju)、秦腔等(deng)都是用(yong)板(ban)胡(hu)(hu)作為主要伴(ban)奏樂(le)(le)器的(de)。由于板(ban)胡(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)中國(guo)的(de)戲曲(qu)、曲(qu)藝(yi)有(you)著深厚的(de)淵源關系,因此它(ta)在演(yan)奏戲曲(qu)、曲(qu)藝(yi)音樂(le)(le)時(shi)最能發揮自身的(de)特長,在地(di)(di)方戲曲(qu)和(he)(he)曲(qu)藝(yi)伴(ban)奏中,各(ge)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)板(ban)胡(hu)(hu)善于表現各(ge)自不同的(de)風(feng)格,富有(you)獨(du)特的(de)地(di)(di)方色(se)彩。
板胡在中國(guo)大約(yue)有300多(duo)年的歷史,它的名(ming)稱是因為(wei)琴(qin)筒用薄(bo)木板粘成而得名(ming)的。
最(zui)初,板胡(hu)(hu)主要流行于中(zhong)國的(de)(de)北(bei)方地(di)(di)(di)區,當地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)許(xu)多(duo)地(di)(di)(di)方戲(xi)曲(qu)和(he)曲(qu)藝(yi),比如(ru)像豫劇、河(he)北(bei)梆子(zi)、評劇、秦(qin)腔等都是用(yong)板胡(hu)(hu)作為主要伴奏樂(le)(le)器的(de)(de)。由于板胡(hu)(hu)和(he)中(zhong)國的(de)(de)戲(xi)曲(qu)、曲(qu)藝(yi)有(you)著(zhu)深厚(hou)的(de)(de)淵源關系,因(yin)此它(ta)在演奏戲(xi)曲(qu)、曲(qu)藝(yi)音樂(le)(le)時(shi)最(zui)能發揮(hui)自身的(de)(de)特長,在地(di)(di)(di)方戲(xi)曲(qu)和(he)曲(qu)藝(yi)伴奏中(zhong),各地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)板胡(hu)(hu)善于表現各自不同(tong)的(de)(de)風格,富有(you)獨特的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方色(se)彩。
新(xin)(xin)中國(guo)成(cheng)立以后(hou),在音樂工(gong)作者和(he)樂器(qi)制(zhi)作者的(de)(de)努(nu)力(li)下,板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)制(zhi)作技(ji)術也有了(le)很大的(de)(de)發展(zhan),使許多新(xin)(xin)品種加入了(le)"板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)家族(zu)"。其中有中音板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、高音板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),三弦板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),竹筒(tong)板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),秦腔板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)等等,都(dou)是"板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)家族(zu)"的(de)(de)"新(xin)(xin)成(cheng)員"。隨(sui)著板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)形制(zhi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan),板(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)演(yan)奏(zou)技(ji)巧也在不斷地(di)提高,表現力(li)也更加豐富(fu)多彩(cai),成(cheng)為(wei)中國(guo)民族(zu)樂隊中不可缺少(shao)的(de)(de)特色樂器(qi)和(he)具有濃郁地(di)方特色的(de)(de)獨(du)奏(zou)樂器(qi),并為(wei)民族(zu)歌(ge)劇、民族(zu)歌(ge)舞(wu)和(he)聲樂伴(ban)奏(zou)。
板胡的音箱用椰殼或木制,面板用薄桐木板。琴桿用較硬的烏木或紅木,張二根弦,馬尾竹弓。音色明亮、高亢,適于表現熱烈奔放的(de)曲調(diao)。
板胡(hu)的結構絕大部分和二胡(hu)相(xiang)同,主要區別在琴筒(tong)和千斤(jin)上(shang)。
琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)又稱瓢,是板(ban)(ban)胡的(de)(de)共鳴箱,呈圓筒(tong)(tong)形,用堅(jian)硬的(de)(de)椰子殼(ke)做成,也有用木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)、銅質(zhi)或竹質(zhi)的(de)(de),七(qi)十年代以后還用低發(fa)泡(ABS)材料模壓成型。琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)一頭(tou)(tou)大一頭(tou)(tou)小的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang),能使(shi)音(yin)(yin)響共鳴集中并造成板(ban)(ban)胡的(de)(de)特色。瓢大發(fa)音(yin)(yin)低沉(chen)不宏亮(liang),瓢小則發(fa)音(yin)(yin)尖嘯(xiao)刺耳。琴(qin)筒(tong)(tong)前口(kou)(kou)(kou)不蒙皮(pi)膜而膠以桐木(mu)(mu)板(ban)(ban)。它是板(ban)(ban)胡音(yin)(yin)色優劣的(de)(de)關鍵,以用木(mu)(mu)質(zhi)松軟(ruan)、紋理順直(zhi)、勻密、無痕節和水漬的(de)(de)梧桐木(mu)(mu)為佳(jia)。筒(tong)(tong)后口(kou)(kou)(kou)有的(de)(de)敞口(kou)(kou)(kou),有的(de)(de)開五個音(yin)(yin)孔(kong),呈金錢眼狀(zhuang)。
琴(qin)桿用紅木(mu)、紫檀木(mu)或花梨木(mu)制作,以(yi)貴重的(de)烏木(mu)為好(hao),琴(qin)桿為圓柱形,上端是琴(qin)頭,呈方形,開有(you)弦軸孔(kong)。琴(qin)桿不(bu)(bu)宜過長,過長會有(you)礙發音的(de)優美(mei),并(bing)加寬(kuan)了指(zhi)位(wei),不(bu)(bu)便運指(zhi)和(he)掌握音準。
弦軸(zhou)多用(yong)琴桿木料或黃楊木制(zhi)成,表(biao)面(mian)開(kai)有辯(bian)紋,裝在琴桿同一側面(mian)。目前大部(bu)分板胡已用(yong)木柄齒輪銅軸(zhou),調弦既準確又不會回弦。
弓子用粗細(xi)均勻、富有彈(dan)性(xing)的江葦或(huo)其他竹子做成,比二胡弓子長(chang)而粗,上面裝的馬尾(wei)以白馬尾(wei)為好,出音(yin)柔潤。弓桿不宜(yi)(yi)過(guo)(guo)長(chang)或(huo)過(guo)(guo)短,過(guo)(guo)長(chang)笨重,過(guo)(guo)短不宜(yi)(yi)拉奏長(chang)音(yin)。
板胡的(de)千斤(jin)又稱腰馬,因在(zai)琴(qin)(qin)桿中部支弦(xian)而得名,是用(yong)牛角或紅木制成(cheng)的(de)扁形木片(pian),用(yong)絲弦(xian)系于(yu)琴(qin)(qin)桿下鈾到(dao)弦(xian)馬的(de)1/3處。
弦馬用竹(zhu)或(huo)木制(zhi)成,置于面板(ban)中央以(yi)上(shang)、板(ban)的 1/3處為宜,竹(zhu)馬共鳴較(jiao)(jiao)大,發音也較(jiao)(jiao)渾(hun)厚(hou)優美。
琴弦(xian)用(yong)絲(si)弦(xian)或鋼(gang)絲(si)弦(xian)發音比(bi)絲(si)弦(xian)干凈、明亮(liang),泛音清晰。
板胡和(he)中(zhong)國其它(ta)的胡琴(qin)類(lei)樂器相比(bi),最大的特點就是(shi)音量大,音色清脆(cui)嘹亮,尤(you)其擅(shan)長(chang)表現高亢,激昂、熱烈和(he)火(huo)爆的情緒,同(tong)時也具(ju)備優美(mei)和(he)細(xi)膩的特點。
板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)形制(zhi)大(da)部分與(yu)二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)相同,主要區(qu)別(bie)在琴筒(tong)和千斤(jin)。琴筒(tong)又叫(jiao)瓢(piao),圓筒(tong)形,用(yong)(yong)椰子殼(ke)制(zhi)作,也(ye)有(you)用(yong)(yong)木質、銅質或(huo)(huo)竹筒(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。琴筒(tong)前(qian)口蒙(meng)桐木板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)是(shi)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)發(fa)音(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音(yin)(yin)色特別(bie)清(qing)澈響亮,富有(you)鄉土氣息,在樂隊中它常是(shi)各種伴奏(zou)樂器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)弦,在弦樂中擔(dan)任高(gao)音(yin)(yin)聲(sheng)部。弓桿(gan)(gan)比二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)弓子長(chang)而粗(cu),弓毛多而堅硬。千斤(jin)又稱(cheng)(cheng)腰馬,用(yong)(yong)牛角或(huo)(huo)紅(hong)木制(zhi)作,與(yu)二胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)千斤(jin)所用(yong)(yong)材(cai)料不同。琴弦為絲(si)弦或(huo)(huo)鋼絲(si)弦。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)有(you)多個(ge)品(pin)種。除用(yong)(yong)于獨奏(zou)、合奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)外(wai),還有(you)高(gao)音(yin)(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱(cheng)(cheng)河北梆子板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)或(huo)(huo)評劇板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、中音(yin)(yin)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱(cheng)(cheng)河南梆子板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))、秦腔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、山西板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(又稱(cheng)(cheng)晉中板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu))。它們在琴筒(tong)大(da)小(xiao)、琴桿(gan)(gan)粗(cu)細(xi)、弦軸長(chang)短、琴弦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)及音(yin)(yin)色等方面(mian),各有(you)差異。另外(wai)還有(you)用(yong)(yong)于紹興高(gao)調中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和用(yong)(yong)于廣東音(yin)(yin)樂、戲(xi)曲(qu)(qu)、曲(qu)(qu)藝中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)椰胡(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。