倪元(yuan)璐(lu)(1594年1月7日-1644年4月25日),字汝(ru)玉,一作(zuo)玉汝(ru),號鴻寶,浙江紹興(xing)府上虞(今紹興(xing)市上虞區)人。明(ming)末官(guan)員、書法家(jia)。
天啟二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1622年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),倪元璐中進士,以(yi)庶吉士授編修,后出主(zhu)江西(xi)鄉試。崇禎(zhen)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1635年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))任國子祭酒(jiu),因被控“妾冒妻封”而(er)落職。南(nan)歸后居(ju)紹興城中。崇禎(zhen)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1642年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))起用(yong)為兵部右侍郎兼(jian)侍講學(xue)士,次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)拜(bai)戶部尚(shang)書(shu)兼(jian)翰林院學(xue)士,不久又兼(jian)攝吏(li)部。崇禎(zhen)十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))初,大順軍逼近北京(jing),倪元璐請修南(nan)京(jing)宮殿,以(yi)備不測,但未被采納。三月,北京(jing)失陷,倪元璐自縊以(yi)殉(xun)節(jie)。南(nan)明弘光元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),追(zhui)贈少保、吏(li)部尚(shang)書(shu),謚號“文正”。后清廷賜謚“文貞”。
倪元璐書(shu)(shu)法(fa)靈秀神妙(miao),行草尤極超(chao)逸(yi),最得王右軍、顏魯公(gong)和蘇東坡三人翰墨之(zhi)助(zhu),用筆鋒棱四露中見蒼渾,并時雜有(you)(you)渴筆與濃墨相映成趣,結字奇(qi)側多(duo)變,書(shu)(shu)風奇(qi)偉,后人對他有(you)(you)“筆奇(qi)、字奇(qi)、格(ge)奇(qi)”之(zhi)“三奇(qi)”,“勢足(zu)、意足(zu)、韻足(zu)”之(zhi)“三足(zu)”的稱(cheng)譽。他突破了(le)明末(mo)柔媚(mei)的書(shu)(shu)風,創造了(le)具有(you)(you)強烈個性的書(shu)(shu)法(fa),與黃道周、王鐸鼎足(zu)而立,并稱(cheng)“明末(mo)書(shu)(shu)壇三株樹”,又與王鐸、傅山(shan)、黃道周、張瑞圖并稱(cheng)“晚(wan)明五大家”,成為明末(mo)書(shu)(shu)風的代表。代表作有(you)(you)《行草詩翰》軸。亦能詩文(wen)(wen),著(zhu)有(you)(you)《倪文(wen)(wen)貞(zhen)集》。
天啟二年(nian),倪(ni)元(yuan)璐成(cheng)進士(shi),改庶吉(ji)士(shi),授編修。倪(ni)元(yuan)璐、黃道周、劉理順(shun)俱為(wei)名臣袁可立門(men)生,死事最為(wei)悲壯(zhuang),天下公(gong)認忠烈。
倪元璐(lu)、黃道周(zhou)、王鐸(duo)皆于天啟二年成(cheng)進士,其時孫承宗、袁可(ke)立(li)等(deng)為(wei)考官,后二公(gong)聯(lian)兵抗(kang)清共筑遼海屏障(zhang),且二公(gong)皆不為(wei)閹黨(dang)所喜(xi),時人有指其為(wei)孫黨(dang)者自此始。元璐(lu)曾(ceng)為(wei)袁可(ke)立(li)撰有《袁節寰大司馬像贊》,言語間充溢著對先師的(de)敬仰(yang)。冊封德(de)府,移疾歸(gui)。還(huan)朝,出(chu)典江西鄉試。
暨復命,則莊(zhuang)烈帝踐阼(zuo),魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)已(yi)(yi)伏誅矣。楊維垣者(zhe)(zhe),逆(ni)奄遺孽也(ye)(ye),至是上疏并詆東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)、崔、魏(wei)(wei)。元(yuan)璐(lu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能平(ping),崇禎(zhen)元(yuan)年(nian)正(zheng)月上疏曰(yue):臣(chen)(chen)頃閱章奏,見攻(gong)崔、魏(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)與(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)并稱邪(xie)(xie)黨(dang)。夫以東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)為(wei)邪(xie)(xie)黨(dang),將(jiang)(jiang)以何者(zhe)(zhe)名崔、魏(wei)(wei)?崔、魏(wei)(wei)既邪(xie)(xie)黨(dang)矣,擊忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)、呈(cheng)秀者(zhe)(zhe)又(you)邪(xie)(xie)黨(dang)乎(hu)(hu)哉(zai)!東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin),天(tian)下才藪也(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)(er)或樹高明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幟,繩人(ren)過刻,持(chi)論(lun)太深,謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)中行(xing)則可(ke)(ke)(ke),謂(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非(fei)狂狷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。且天(tian)下議(yi)論(lun),寧假(jia)借(jie),必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)失名義;士人(ren)行(xing)己,寧矯激,必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)忘廉(lian)隅(yu)。自(zi)以假(jia)借(jie)矯激為(wei)大(da)(da)咎,于是彪虎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)公然(ran)(ran)背(bei)畔名義,決裂廉(lian)隅(yu)。頌德(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi)(yi),必(bi)將(jiang)(jiang)勸進;建祠不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi)(yi),必(bi)且呼(hu)嵩(song)。而(er)(er)(er)人(ren)猶(you)且寬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue):“無(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)奈(nai)何,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)耳。”充此(ci)無(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)奈(nai)何、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心,又(you)將(jiang)(jiang)何所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至哉(zai)!乃(nai)議(yi)者(zhe)(zhe)以忠(zhong)(zhong)厚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心曲原此(ci)輩,而(er)(er)(er)獨(du)持(chi)已(yi)(yi)甚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)苛責(ze)吾徒(tu),所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)舛也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)大(da)(da)獄(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou),湯火僅存(cun),屢奉(feng)明(ming)綸,俾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酌用(yong),而(er)(er)(er)當事者(zhe)(zhe)猶(you)以道學封(feng)疆(jiang),持(chi)為(wei)鐵(tie)案,毋亦(yi)深防其報(bao)復乎(hu)(hu)?然(ran)(ran)臣(chen)(chen)以為(wei)過矣。年(nian)來借(jie)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)媚崔、魏(wei)(wei)者(zhe)(zhe),其人(ren)自(zi)敗,何待東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)報(bao)復?若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)附崔、魏(wei)(wei),又(you)能攻(gong)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其人(ren)已(yi)(yi)喬岳矣,雖百(bai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)烏能報(bao)復哉(zai)?臣(chen)(chen)又(you)伏讀圣旨(zhi),有(you)“韓(han)爌(kuang)清忠(zhong)(zhong)有(you)執,朕所(suo)鑒知”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)諭。而(er)(er)(er)近(jin)聞廷(ting)臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議(yi),殊有(you)異同,可(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)大(da)(da)怪。爌(kuang)相業光偉,他(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)論(lun),即(ji)如紅丸議(yi)起(qi),舉國沸然(ran)(ran),爌(kuang)獨(du)侃侃條揭,明(ming)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)。夫孫(sun)慎行(xing),君子也(ye)(ye),爌(kuang)且不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)附,況他(ta)人(ren)乎(hu)(hu)!而(er)(er)(er)今(jin)推(tui)轂(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及,點灼橫加,則徒(tu)以其票擬熊廷(ting)弼一事耳。廷(ting)弼固當誅,爌(kuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)無(wu)說(shuo),封(feng)疆(jiang)失事,累(lei)累(lei)有(you)徒(tu),乃(nai)欲獨(du)殺一廷(ting)弼,豈平(ping)論(lun)哉(zai)?此(ci)爌(kuang)所(suo)以閣(ge)筆也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)廷(ting)弼究(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)于封(feng)疆(jiang)而(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)于局面,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死(si)(si)于法吏而(er)(er)(er)死(si)(si)于奸珰,則又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)謂(wei)(wei)后(hou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)能殺廷(ting)弼,而(er)(er)(er)爌(kuang)獨(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。又(you)如詞臣(chen)(chen)文震孟(meng)正(zheng)學勁骨,有(you)古大(da)(da)臣(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品,三月居官,昌言(yan)獲(huo)罪,人(ren)以方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羅倫、舒(shu)芬。而(er)(er)(er)今(jin)起(qi)用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨(zhi)再下,謬悠(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)譚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi)(yi),將(jiang)(jiang)毋門戶二字不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)重提(ti)耶?用(yong)更端(duan)以相遮抑耶?書(shu)院、生(sheng)祠,相勝負者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye),生(sheng)祠毀(hui),書(shu)院豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當修(xiu)復!
時柄國者悉(xi)忠賢遺黨,疏(shu)入,以論奏不當責之(zhi)。于(yu)是(shi)維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)復疏(shu)駁元(yuan)璐(lu)。元(yuan)璐(lu)再疏(shu)曰:臣前(qian)疏(shu)原為維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發也。陛(bi)下明旨曰:“分(fen)別門戶,已非治征(zheng)”,曰“化(hua)異為同”,曰“天(tian)下為公”,而(er)(er)維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則倡為孫(sun)黨、趙(zhao)黨、熊黨、鄒黨之(zhi)說。是(shi)陛(bi)下于(yu)方隅無不化(hua),而(er)(er)維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)實未化(hua);陛(bi)下于(yu)正氣無不伸,而(er)(er)維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不肯(ken)伸。
維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛稱東(dong)林,以(yi)東(dong)林嘗推李(li)三才(cai)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)護熊廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi)也(ye)。抑(yi)知東(dong)林有力(li)擊(ji)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楊(yang)(yang)漣(lian),首劾崔呈(cheng)秀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高攀龍乎(hu)!忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)窮兇極惡,維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)猶尊稱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰“廠(chang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公”、“廠(chang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)不(bu)愛錢”、“廠(chang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)知為(wei)國為(wei)民(min)”,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)何(he)責(ze)乎(hu)三才(cai)?五彪(biao)五虎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪,刑官僅擬削(xue)奪,維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)駁(bo)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),又(you)(you)何(he)誅乎(hu)廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)又(you)(you)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛稱韓爌。夫(fu)舍爌昭然(ran)(ran)忤珰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)節,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)加以(yi)罔(wang)利莫須有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事,已(yi)為(wei)失平(ping)。至(zhi)廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi)行(xing)賄(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo),乃忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)借以(yi)誣陷(xian)清流,為(wei)楊(yang)(yang)、左諸(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)追贓地耳,天下(xia)誰(shui)不(bu)知,維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)猶守是說(shuo)乎(hu)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)又(you)(you)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛稱文震孟(meng)。夫(fu)震孟(meng)忤珰削(xue)奪,其(qi)破帽(mao)策蹇(jian)傲蟒玉馳驛語,何(he)可(ke)非?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)試觀數年來破帽(mao)策蹇(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輩,較超階(jie)躐級之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儔,孰為(wei)榮辱。自(zi)此(ci)義(yi)不(bu)明,畏破帽(mao)策蹇(jian)者,相率而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)頌德建(jian)(jian)祠,希蟒玉馳驛者呼父(fu)、呼九千(qian)歲而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)怍,可(ke)勝嘆(tan)哉(zai)(zai)!維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)又(you)(you)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛稱鄒元(yuan)(yuan)標。夫(fu)謂都門聚講為(wei)非則可(ke),謂元(yuan)(yuan)標講學有他腸則不(bu)可(ke)。當日忠(zhong)賢(xian)(xian)驅逐諸(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),毀廢書院者,正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)欲箝學士大(da)夫(fu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)口,恣(zi)行(xing)不(bu)義(yi)耳。自(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)標以(yi)偽(wei)學見驅,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)逆(ni)珰遂以(yi)真儒(ru)自(zi)命,學宮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內,儼然(ran)(ran)揖先圣為(wei)平(ping)交(jiao)。使元(yuan)(yuan)標諸(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在,豈遂至(zhi)此(ci)!維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)又(you)(you)駁(bo)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)假(jia)(jia)借矯激(ji)。夫(fu)當崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)世,人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆任真率性,頌德建(jian)(jian)祠。使有一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)假(jia)(jia)借矯激(ji),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)不(bu)頌不(bu)建(jian)(jian),豈不(bu)猶賴是人(ren)(ren)(ren)哉(zai)(zai)!維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)為(wei)真小人(ren)(ren)(ren),待(dai)其(qi)貫滿(man)可(ke)攻(gong)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)為(wei)非計也(ye)。必(bi)待(dai)其(qi)貫滿(man),其(qi)敗(bai)壞天下(xia)事已(yi)不(bu)可(ke)勝言(yan),雖攻(gong)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)已(yi)晚乎(hu)!即(ji)如崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei),貫滿(man)久矣,不(bu)遇(yu)圣明,誰(shui)攻(gong)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)終(zhong)以(yi)無可(ke)奈何(he)為(wei)頌德建(jian)(jian)祠者解,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)為(wei)非訓也(ye)。假(jia)(jia)令呈(cheng)秀一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)舞蹈(dao)稱臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)于逆(ni)珰,諸(zhu)(zhu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)亦(yi)(yi)以(yi)為(wei)無可(ke)奈何(he)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)?又(you)(you)令逆(ni)珰以(yi)兵劫諸(zhu)(zhu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)使從叛逆(ni),諸(zhu)(zhu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)亦(yi)(yi)靡(mi)然(ran)(ran)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),以(yi)為(wei)無可(ke)奈何(he)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)然(ran)(ran)乎(hu)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)又(you)(you)言(yan)“今日之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠(zhong)直(zhi),不(bu)當以(yi)崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)對案”,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)謂正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)當以(yi)崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)對案也(ye)。夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)品試之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)定矣,故有東(dong)林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),為(wei)崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)所恨(hen)其(qi)牴觸、畏其(qi)才(cai)望而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)必(bi)欲殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)逐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者,此(ci)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。有攻(gong)東(dong)林之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),雖為(wei)崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)所借,而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)勁節不(bu)阿,或遠或逐者,亦(yi)(yi)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)。以(yi)崔、魏(wei)(wei)(wei)定邪正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),猶以(yi)明鏡別(bie)妍媸。維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)取證于此(ci),而(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)安取證哉(zai)(zai)!
總之東林之取憎于逆(ni)(ni)珰(dang)獨深,其(qi)得(de)禍獨酷。在今日當曲原其(qi)被抑之苦,不當毛(mao)舉(ju)其(qi)尺寸之瑕。乃(nai)歸逆(ni)(ni)珰(dang)以(yi)首功,代逆(ni)(ni)珰(dang)而分謗,斯亦不善立論者矣(yi)。
疏(shu)(shu)入(ru),柄國者(zhe)(zhe)以互相(xiang)詆(di)訾兩解之。當(dang)是時,元兇雖(sui)殛,其徒黨猶盛,無敢頌言東林者(zhe)(zhe)。自元璐疏(shu)(shu)出(chu),清議(yi)漸明,而(er)善類亦(yi)稍登(deng)進矣。
元璐尋進侍講。其(qi)年(nian)四月,請毀《三(san)朝要典(dian)(dian)》,言(yan):“梃擊、紅(hong)(hong)丸、移宮三(san)議(yi),哄于(yu)(yu)(yu)清流,而(er)(er)《三(san)朝要典(dian)(dian)》一書(shu),成于(yu)(yu)(yu)逆豎(shu)。其(qi)議(yi)可兼行,其(qi)書(shu)必當(dang)速毀。蓋當(dang)事起議(yi)興,盈廷(ting)互訟。主梃擊者(zhe)力護東宮,爭梃擊者(zhe)計安神祖。主紅(hong)(hong)丸者(zhe)仗義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),爭紅(hong)(hong)丸者(zhe)原情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。主移宮者(zhe)弭變于(yu)(yu)(yu)幾先(xian),爭移宮者(zhe)持平(ping)于(yu)(yu)(yu)事后。數者(zhe)各有(you)其(qi)是,不(bu)可偏(pian)非。總在逆珰未用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先(xian),雖甚(shen)水火,不(bu)害塤篪,此(ci)(ci)一局(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。既而(er)(er)楊(yang)漣二十(shi)四罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏(shu)發,魏廣微此(ci)(ci)輩門(men)戶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說興,于(yu)(yu)(yu)是逆珰殺人則(ze)借(jie)三(san)案(an),群(qun)小求(qiu)富貴則(ze)借(jie)三(san)案(an)。經此(ci)(ci)二借(jie),而(er)(er)三(san)案(an)全非矣。故凡(fan)推慈歸孝于(yu)(yu)(yu)先(xian)皇,正(zheng)其(qi)頌德稱功于(yu)(yu)(yu)義父(fu),又一局(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。網(wang)已(yi)密(mi)而(er)(er)猶疑有(you)遺(yi)鱗,勢已(yi)重(zhong)而(er)(er)或(huo)憂其(qi)翻局(ju)。崔、魏諸奸始創立(li)私編,標題《要典(dian)(dian)》,以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)批根今(jin)(jin)日,則(ze)眾正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黨(dang)碑;以之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)免死他年(nian),即上公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐵券。又一局(ju)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。由此(ci)(ci)而(er)(er)觀,三(san)案(an)者(zhe),天下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公議(yi);《要典(dian)(dian)》者(zhe),魏氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私書(shu)。三(san)案(an)自三(san)案(an),《要典(dian)(dian)》自《要典(dian)(dian)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)。今(jin)(jin)為(wei)金石(shi)不(bu)刊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論者(zhe),誠(cheng)未深(shen)思。臣謂(wei)翻即紛(fen)囂,改亦多事,惟有(you)毀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)已(yi)。”帝命禮部(bu)會詞臣詳議(yi)。議(yi)上,遂焚其(qi)板。侍講孫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獬,忠(zhong)賢黨(dang)也(ye)(ye)(ye),聞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),詣閣(ge)大(da)哭,天下笑(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
元(yuan)璐歷遷南京司業、右中允。四(si)年,進(jin)右諭德,充日講官,進(jin)右庶子。上制實八策(ce):曰(yue)間(jian)插部,曰(yue)繕京邑,曰(yue)優守(shou)兵,曰(yue)靖降人,曰(yue)益寇餉,曰(yue)儲邊才,曰(yue)奠輦轂,曰(yue)嚴(yan)教育。又上制虛八策(ce):曰(yue)端政(zheng)本(ben),曰(yue)伸(shen)公議(yi),曰(yue)宣(xuan)義問(wen),曰(yue)一(yi)條教,曰(yue)慮久(jiu)遠(yuan),曰(yue)昭激(ji)勸(quan),曰(yue)勵名節,曰(yue)假體(ti)貌。其(qi)端政(zheng)本(ben),悉規切溫體(ti)仁;其(qi)伸(shen)公議(yi),則詆張(zhang)捷薦呂純(chun)如謀(mou)翻逆案事。捷大怒,上疏(shu)力攻,元(yuan)璐疏(shu)辨,帝(di)俱(ju)不問(wen)。八年,遷國子祭酒(jiu)。
元(yuan)璐雅負時(shi)望,位漸通顯。帝意(yi)向之(zhi),深為體仁所忌。一日(ri),帝手書其名下閣,令以(yi)履(lv)歷進,體仁益恐。會誠意(yi)伯劉孔昭謀掌戎(rong)政,體仁餌孔昭使攻元(yuan)璐,言(yan)其妻陳尚存,而妾(qie)王冒繼配復封,敗禮亂法。詔下吏(li)部(bu)核奏,其同里尚書姜(jiang)逢元(yuan),侍郎王業浩、劉宗周及(ji)其從兄御史元(yuan)珙,咸言(yan)陳氏(shi)(shi)以(yi)過被出,繼娶(qu)王非妾(qie),體仁意(yi)沮(ju)。會部(bu)議行撫(fu)按勘奏,即擬旨(zhi)云:“登科錄二氏(shi)(shi)并列,罪跡顯然(ran),何待(dai)行勘。”遂(sui)落職閑(xian)住(zhu)。孔昭京營不可得,遂(sui)以(yi)南京操江償(chang)之(zhi)。
兵部右侍(shi)郎兼侍(shi)讀學士
十五(wu)年(nian)(nian)九月(yue),詔(zhao)起兵(bing)部(bu)右侍郎兼侍讀學士(shi)。明(ming)年(nian)(nian)春抵都,陳(chen)制敵(di)機宜,帝(di)喜(xi)。五(wu)月(yue),超拜戶部(bu)尚書(shu)兼翰(han)林院學士(shi),仍充日(ri)講官(guan)(guan)。祖制,浙人不(bu)得(de)官(guan)(guan)戶部(bu)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)辭,不(bu)許。帝(di)眷元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)甚,五(wu)日(ri)三賜對。因奏:“陛(bi)下誠用臣,臣請得(de)參兵(bing)部(bu)謀。”帝(di)曰:“已諭樞臣,令與卿(qing)協(xie)計(ji)。”當(dang)是(shi)時,馮元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)飆(biao)為(wei)兵(bing)部(bu),與元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)同志,鉤(gou)考兵(bing)食,中(zhong)外(wai)想(xiang)望(wang)治平。惟帝(di)亦以(yi)用兩人晚,而時事益不(bu)可為(wei),左支右詘,既已無可奈何。故(gu)事,諸邊餉(xiang)(xiang)司(si)悉(xi)中(zhong)差(cha),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)請改為(wei)大(da)差(cha),兼兵(bing)部(bu)銜,令清(qing)核軍伍,不(bu)稱職者(zhe)即遣人代(dai)之(zhi)。先是(shi),屢(lv)遣科臣出督四(si)方(fang)租(zu)賦(fu),元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)以(yi)為(wei)擾民無益,罷之(zhi),而專責撫按。戶部(bu)侍郎莊祖誨督剿寇(kou)餉(xiang)(xiang),憂為(wei)盜(dao)劫,遠避之(zhi)長沙、衡州。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)請令督撫自催,毋煩(fan)朝使(shi)。自軍興以(yi)來,正供之(zhi)外(wai),有(you)邊餉(xiang)(xiang),有(you)新餉(xiang)(xiang),有(you)練餉(xiang)(xiang),款目(mu)多,黠吏易為(wei)奸,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)請合為(wei)一。帝(di)皆報可。時國用益詘,而災(zai)傷(shang)蠲免(mian)又多。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)計(ji)無所出,請開贖罪例,且令到(dao)官(guan)(guan)滿歲者(zhe),得(de)輸(shu)貲給(gei)封誥,帝(di)亦從之(zhi)。
先是,有(you)崇明(ming)人沈廷(ting)揚者(zhe),獻(xian)海(hai)(hai)運(yun)(yun)策(ce),元(yuan)璐(lu)奏(zou)聞。命(ming)試(shi)行(xing),乃以廟灣(wan)船六艘聽運(yun)(yun)進。月(yue)余(yu),廷(ting)揚見元(yuan)璐(lu),元(yuan)璐(lu)驚(jing)曰:“我已奏(zou)聞上(shang),謂公去矣(yi),何(he)在此?”廷(ting)揚曰:“已去復來矣(yi),運(yun)(yun)已至。”元(yuan)璐(lu)又驚(jing)喜聞上(shang)。上(shang)亦喜,命(ming)酌議(yi)。乃議(yi)歲糧艘,漕與海(hai)(hai)各相半行(xing)焉。十月(yue),命(ming)兼攝吏部事。陳(chen)演(yan)忌元(yuan)璐(lu),風(feng)魏藻(zao)德(de)言于(yu)帝曰:“元(yuan)璐(lu)書生,不(bu)習錢谷。”元(yuan)璐(lu)亦數請解職。
在(zai)袁可立的(de)門(men)生中(zhong),黃道周、倪元(yuan)璐(lu)和(he)劉理順(shun)皆為(wei)(wei)國殉,名垂千秋。其中(zhong)元(yuan)璐(lu)素負(fu)時望(wang),亦(yi)漸獲(huo)重用,思宗(zong)頗欲用之,然(ran)卻因此深(shen)遭小人所忌,而蒙讒言罷(ba)歸(gui)。元(yuan)璐(lu)自此深(shen)知朝政不可為(wei)(wei),從此絕意(yi)仕途。崇禎十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(1642年(nian))聞清兵(bing)入至北(bei)京(jing)(jing),北(bei)京(jing)(jing)震動(dong),求救兵(bing)于天下,元(yuan)璐(lu)毅然(ran)盡鬻家產以征兵(bing),募得(de)死(si)士(shi)數百人,馳赴北(bei)京(jing)(jing)。并向(xiang)思宗(zong)陳述制敵之法(fa),思宗(zong)拜為(wei)(wei)戶部(bu)尚書(shu),深(shen)恨(hen)不能早日用之。十(shi)七年(nian)二(er)月,命以原(yuan)官(guan)專直日講。逾月,李(li)自成陷北(bei)京(jing)(jing)。城陷之日,元(yuan)璐(lu)整(zheng)衣冠拜闕,大書(shu)幾上曰:“南都尚可為(wei)(wei)。死(si),吾分也(ye),勿以衣衾斂。暴我尸,聊志吾痛。”遂南向(xiang)坐,取帛自縊而死(si)。
在(zai)(zai)(zai)學書(shu)的道路上,倪元(yuan)璐(lu)最得(de)王右軍、顏魯公(gong)和(he)蘇東坡(po)三人(ren)(ren)翰墨之助,以雄深高渾見魄(po)力,書(shu)風奇偉。黃(huang)道周(zhou)(zhou)曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)《書(shu)秦華玉鐫(juan)諸楷法(fa)后》云(yun):“同(tong)年(nian)中(zhong)倪鴻(hong)寶(bao)筆法(fa)探古,遂能兼(jian)撮子瞻(zhan)、逸少之長,如劍客龍天,時成(cheng)花女,要非時妝所貌,過數(shu)十年(nian)亦與王蘇并(bing)寶(bao)當世但(dan)恐(kong)鄙(bi)屑不為(wei)之耳。”正(zheng)如黃(huang)道周(zhou)(zhou)所言倪元(yuan)璐(lu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)植根傳統的同(tong)時,又在(zai)(zai)(zai)竭力尋求(qiu)變(bian)(bian)化,其學古人(ren)(ren),靈活變(bian)(bian)通,學到舉一反(fan)三。
其受益蘇(su)字(zi)(zi)(zi),便能(neng)將蘇(su)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)扁(bian)平(ping)結字(zi)(zi)(zi)特征(zheng),反其道地化為(wei)偏(pian)長狹瘦的(de)(de)自家構字(zi)(zi)(zi)法則(ze);學王(wang)字(zi)(zi)(zi),卻能(neng)把王(wang)氏書(shu)中居多(duo)的(de)(de)方筆,變成自己(ji)腕下能(neng)隨機生發的(de)(de)圓(yuan)筆;晚年用力顏(yan)(真(zhen)卿)字(zi)(zi)(zi),去其“屋漏痕”意(yi),書(shu)風漸趨渾沉,又能(neng)將揉、擦(ca)、飛白、渴筆等(deng)技法引入其中,借以豐富作(zuo)品內涵。并以奇險多(duo)變的(de)(de)結體,聚散開合隨機應變,再以字(zi)(zi)(zi)距(ju)極密(mi)、行距(ju)極寬的(de)(de)章法布(bu)白,呈現出一(yi)(yi)種奇異的(de)(de)圖像。其行草立軸(zhou)代(dai)表作(zuo)有(you)《冒雨行樂(le)陵(ling)道詩軸(zhou)》、《贈樂(le)山五律詩軸(zhou)》等(deng)。同時代(dai)王(wang)季重(即王(wang)思任)曾(ceng)戲評倪(ni)書(shu)如“刺(ci)菱翻筋斗(dou)”,言(yan)其棱(leng)峭和動感,不(bu)過(guo)評論最準確(que)的(de)(de)還是(shi)曾(ceng)從黃道周學書(shu)的(de)(de)倪(ni)元璐(lu)之子、清人倪(ni)后瞻更為(wei)準確(que)。他說:“倪(ni)鴻寶(bao)書(shu),一(yi)(yi)筆不(bu)肯學古(gu)人,只(zhi)欲自出新(xin)意(yi),鋒棱(leng)四露,仄逼復疊(die),見者驚叫奇絕(jue)。方之歷(li)代(dai)書(shu)家,真(zhen)天開叢(cong)蠶一(yi)(yi)線矣。”
倪(ni)元璐(lu)的行草書用(yong)筆鋒(feng)棱(leng)四露中見蒼渾,并時(shi)雜有渴(ke)筆與濃墨相(xiang)映成趣,結字奇側多(duo)變,人(ren)曾(ceng)戲稱“刺菱翻筋(jin)斗”,其(qi)棱(leng)峭生動之姿被(bei)刻畫得淋漓盡致(zhi)。他(ta)書法風格的形成,除了他(ta)善于從王右軍、顏魯公和蘇東坡等古人(ren)的經(jing)典中得到滋養,更在于他(ta)的“新理異(yi)態”使其(qi)能(neng)自出(chu)新意。
康有為在《廣藝舟雙楫》中說:“明(ming)(ming)人無不(bu)能(neng)行(xing)書(shu)(shu)者,倪鴻寶新理異(yi)態(tai)尤多。”在古代書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)品評(ping)中,用“異(yi)態(tai)”二(er)字稱譽(yu),所見只有宋代的(de)(de)(de)蘇東坡稱張旭的(de)(de)(de)草書(shu)(shu)“異(yi)態(tai)生動(dong),號稱神逸”,明(ming)(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)項穆評(ping)顏真卿的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa):“獨其《自敘一(yi)帖》,粗魯詭(gui)異(yi),且過郁濁,酷非(fei)平日異(yi)態(tai)”。康氏(shi)所說的(de)(de)(de)“新”與(yu)“異(yi)”,有兩層(ceng)意思:一(yi)是(shi)不(bu)同于一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)人書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa);二(er)是(shi)不(bu)同于一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)帖學書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa),這二(er)者對于倪書(shu)(shu)來說是(shi)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)。倪元(yuan)璐(lu)書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)有明(ming)(ming)人行(xing)書(shu)(shu)流便秀(xiu)雅的(de)(de)(de)特點,又有澀勁樸茂的(de)(de)(de)風貌,其源(yuan)出于帖學書(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa),又含有碑學特別(bie)是(shi)六朝碑學的(de)(de)(de)特點。
既以(yi)風(feng)骨凌(ling)厲,“異態”高古(gu),清(qing)(qing)勁奇(qi)趣,格(ge)(ge)(ge)調曠(kuang)達(da)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,展現(xian)出明(ming)代氣(qi)(qi)(qi)勢(shi)(shi)豪邁、奔放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng),行書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流利猶(you)如“凌(ling)魚奮尾,駭(hai)龍反拘”,體現(xian)明(ming)人行書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流便(bian)秀雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點,但又(you)以(yi)其不求表(biao)面(mian)點書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)精,這就(jiu)超(chao)越了明(ming)代書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)風(feng)格(ge)(ge)(ge),能惟(wei)求氣(qi)(qi)(qi)勢(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng),集(ji)形、意(yi)(yi)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)為一(yi)(yi)體,依意(yi)(yi)而生、率(lv)真天成(cheng),把明(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)推(tui)向情(qing)與(yu)美相結(jie)合(he)的(de)(de)(de)道路,從(cong)而能達(da)“通(tong)神”的(de)(de)(de)極高境界。此其一(yi)(yi)。其二(er):細度他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)墨(mo)(mo)跡,結(jie)字(zi)多抬(tai)高右(you)角,竭盡傾斜(xie)交錯(cuo),危(wei)絕(jue)救應之(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)(shi)。如果說(shuo)(shuo)倪元(yuan)璐的(de)(de)(de)這幅書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)很講究造型的(de)(de)(de)話,還不如說(shuo)(shuo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)更善于(yu)用筆(bi),他(ta)(ta)(ta)在用筆(bi)上直(zhi)落直(zhi)收(shou),斬釘截鐵,筆(bi)畫恣意(yi)(yi),給人以(yi)剛勁暢(chang)達(da)之(zhi)(zhi)感,其墨(mo)(mo)濃(nong)而厚筆(bi)畫重而沉,方整中(zhong)見婉(wan)遒,可窺(kui)篆、隸之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)趣。加上筆(bi)畫字(zi)型的(de)(de)(de)粗細大小變化,墨(mo)(mo)色濃(nong)濕干枯交替,卻又(you)出現(xian)險勁中(zhong)寓古(gu)雅(ya)的(de)(de)(de)韻律。這就(jiu)超(chao)越了他(ta)(ta)(ta)源出的(de)(de)(de)帖學(xue)、碑(bei)學(xue)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa),將所學(xue)融入自己的(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)造,使之(zhi)(zhi)“下(xia)筆(bi)磊(lei)落無俗(su)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)”,難怪后人對(dui)他(ta)(ta)(ta)有“筆(bi)奇(qi)、字(zi)奇(qi)、格(ge)(ge)(ge)奇(qi)”之(zhi)(zhi)三奇(qi),“勢(shi)(shi)足(zu)、意(yi)(yi)足(zu)、韻足(zu)”之(zhi)(zhi)“三足(zu)”的(de)(de)(de)稱譽,正像清(qing)(qing)代的(de)(de)(de)秦祖永在《桐陰論畫》中(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)“元(yuan)璐書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)靈秀神妙,行草尤極超(chao)逸”。他(ta)(ta)(ta)突破了明(ming)末(mo)柔媚的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng),創(chuang)造了具有強烈個性的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa),對(dui)清(qing)(qing)末(mo)民國初年的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)有過一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。
與黃道周
“黃、倪二人(ren)是袁(yuan)可立的得(de)(de)意弟子,又同(tong)朝為(wei)官,更重要(yao)的是二人(ren)在(zai)書法字畫等(deng)(deng)共同(tong)志趣方面最為(wei)契合。······在(zai)得(de)(de)知倪元(yuan)璐因袁(yuan)可立辭(ci)官自己也要(yao)請辭(ci)后,黃道(dao)周(zhou)和陳(chen)彥升、陳(chen)子龍(long)等(deng)(deng)人(ren),來(lai)倪元(yuan)璐家中勸阻。”(閩南師范大(da)學王翔《黃道(dao)周(zhou)詩歌(ge)研究》)