倪元璐(1594年1月7日-1644年4月25日),字汝玉(yu),一作玉(yu)汝,號鴻寶,浙江紹(shao)興(xing)府上(shang)虞(今紹(shao)興(xing)市上(shang)虞區)人。明末(mo)官(guan)員、書法家。
天啟二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1622年(nian)(nian)),倪元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)中進(jin)士(shi),以庶(shu)吉士(shi)授(shou)編修(xiu),后出主江西鄉試。崇禎(zhen)八年(nian)(nian)(1635年(nian)(nian))任國子(zi)祭酒,因被控“妾冒(mao)妻(qi)封”而(er)落職。南(nan)歸(gui)后居(ju)紹興城中。崇禎(zhen)十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1642年(nian)(nian))起用為兵(bing)部(bu)(bu)右侍(shi)郎兼(jian)侍(shi)講學(xue)士(shi),次年(nian)(nian)拜戶部(bu)(bu)尚書(shu)兼(jian)翰林院學(xue)士(shi),不(bu)(bu)久又兼(jian)攝吏(li)部(bu)(bu)。崇禎(zhen)十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(1644年(nian)(nian))初,大(da)順(shun)軍逼近北京,倪元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)請(qing)修(xiu)南(nan)京宮殿,以備不(bu)(bu)測,但(dan)未被采納。三(san)月,北京失(shi)陷,倪元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)自縊以殉(xun)節(jie)。南(nan)明弘光元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1645年(nian)(nian)),追贈少保、吏(li)部(bu)(bu)尚書(shu),謚(shi)號“文正”。后清(qing)廷賜(si)謚(shi)“文貞(zhen)”。
倪(ni)元(yuan)璐(lu)書(shu)法(fa)(fa)靈秀神妙,行草尤極超逸,最得王右軍、顏魯公(gong)和蘇東坡三(san)(san)人翰墨之(zhi)助(zhu),用筆鋒棱四(si)露中見蒼(cang)渾,并(bing)時雜有渴筆與濃(nong)墨相映成趣,結(jie)字奇(qi)(qi)側多變,書(shu)風奇(qi)(qi)偉,后人對他(ta)有“筆奇(qi)(qi)、字奇(qi)(qi)、格奇(qi)(qi)”之(zhi)“三(san)(san)奇(qi)(qi)”,“勢足、意足、韻足”之(zhi)“三(san)(san)足”的(de)(de)稱(cheng)譽。他(ta)突破(po)了(le)明末柔媚的(de)(de)書(shu)風,創造了(le)具有強烈(lie)個性的(de)(de)書(shu)法(fa)(fa),與黃道周、王鐸(duo)鼎足而立(li),并(bing)稱(cheng)“明末書(shu)壇三(san)(san)株(zhu)樹”,又(you)與王鐸(duo)、傅山(shan)、黃道周、張瑞圖(tu)并(bing)稱(cheng)“晚(wan)明五大家”,成為明末書(shu)風的(de)(de)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)。代(dai)(dai)表(biao)作有《行草詩翰》軸。亦能詩文,著(zhu)有《倪(ni)文貞集》。
天(tian)啟二(er)年(nian),倪元璐成進士(shi),改庶吉士(shi),授編修。倪元璐、黃道周、劉(liu)理順俱為名臣袁可立門生(sheng),死事(shi)最(zui)為悲(bei)壯,天(tian)下公認忠(zhong)烈。
倪元(yuan)璐、黃道周、王鐸(duo)皆于天啟二年(nian)成進士,其(qi)時(shi)孫(sun)承宗(zong)、袁(yuan)可立等為(wei)考官,后二公聯(lian)兵抗清(qing)共筑(zhu)遼海屏(ping)障,且二公皆不為(wei)閹黨(dang)所喜,時(shi)人(ren)有指其(qi)為(wei)孫(sun)黨(dang)者自(zi)此(ci)始。元(yuan)璐曾為(wei)袁(yuan)可立撰有《袁(yuan)節(jie)寰(huan)大司(si)馬像贊》,言語(yu)間充(chong)溢著對(dui)先師的敬仰。冊封德(de)府,移疾(ji)歸。還(huan)朝,出(chu)典江西鄉試。
暨復(fu)命,則莊烈帝踐(jian)阼,魏(wei)忠賢已(yi)伏誅(zhu)矣(yi)(yi)。楊維垣者(zhe)(zhe),逆奄(yan)遺孽也(ye)(ye),至是上(shang)疏(shu)并詆東(dong)(dong)林(lin)、崔(cui)(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)。元(yuan)璐不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)平,崇禎元(yuan)年(nian)正月上(shang)疏(shu)曰:臣(chen)(chen)(chen)頃(qing)閱章奏,見(jian)攻(gong)崔(cui)(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)者(zhe)(zhe)必(bi)與東(dong)(dong)林(lin)并稱邪(xie)(xie)黨。夫(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)東(dong)(dong)林(lin)為邪(xie)(xie)黨,將(jiang)以(yi)(yi)何(he)(he)者(zhe)(zhe)名崔(cui)(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)?崔(cui)(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)既(ji)邪(xie)(xie)黨矣(yi)(yi),擊忠賢、呈秀者(zhe)(zhe)又(you)(you)邪(xie)(xie)黨乎(hu)哉(zai)!東(dong)(dong)林(lin),天(tian)下(xia)才藪也(ye)(ye),而(er)(er)或樹高明(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幟,繩人(ren)過刻,持論(lun)(lun)(lun)太深(shen),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非中行(xing)則可(ke),謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)非狂狷不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)。且天(tian)下(xia)議論(lun)(lun)(lun),寧假借,必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)失名義(yi);士(shi)人(ren)行(xing)己,寧矯(jiao)(jiao)激,必(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)忘廉隅。自(zi)以(yi)(yi)假借矯(jiao)(jiao)激為大咎(jiu),于(yu)是彪虎之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒公然(ran)(ran)(ran)背(bei)畔名義(yi),決裂廉隅。頌(song)德(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi),必(bi)將(jiang)勸進;建祠(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi),必(bi)且呼嵩(song)。而(er)(er)人(ren)猶且寬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰:“無(wu)可(ke)奈何(he)(he),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)(ran)耳。”充此無(wu)可(ke)奈何(he)(he)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),又(you)(you)將(jiang)何(he)(he)所(suo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)至哉(zai)!乃議者(zhe)(zhe)以(yi)(yi)忠厚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)曲原此輩,而(er)(er)獨(du)持已(yi)甚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)苛責吾徒,所(suo)謂舛(chuan)也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)大獄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,湯火僅存,屢奉明(ming)綸,俾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)酌用(yong),而(er)(er)當(dang)(dang)(dang)事(shi)(shi)者(zhe)(zhe)猶以(yi)(yi)道(dao)學封疆(jiang),持為鐵案,毋亦(yi)深(shen)防其(qi)報(bao)復(fu)乎(hu)?然(ran)(ran)(ran)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)為過矣(yi)(yi)。年(nian)來(lai)借東(dong)(dong)林(lin)媚崔(cui)(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)者(zhe)(zhe),其(qi)人(ren)自(zi)敗,何(he)(he)待東(dong)(dong)林(lin)報(bao)復(fu)?若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)附崔(cui)(cui)(cui)、魏(wei),又(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)攻(gong)去之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)人(ren)已(yi)喬(qiao)岳矣(yi)(yi),雖百東(dong)(dong)林(lin)烏(wu)能(neng)(neng)報(bao)復(fu)哉(zai)?臣(chen)(chen)(chen)又(you)(you)伏讀圣旨,有“韓(han)爌(kuang)清忠有執,朕所(suo)鑒知(zhi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)諭。而(er)(er)近聞(wen)廷(ting)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議,殊(shu)有異(yi)同,可(ke)為大怪。爌(kuang)相業光偉,他不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)論(lun)(lun)(lun),即如(ru)紅丸議起,舉國(guo)沸然(ran)(ran)(ran),爌(kuang)獨(du)侃(kan)侃(kan)條揭(jie),明(ming)其(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)(ran)。夫(fu)(fu)孫慎行(xing),君子也(ye)(ye),爌(kuang)且不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)附,況他人(ren)乎(hu)!而(er)(er)今(jin)推轂不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)及,點灼橫加,則徒以(yi)(yi)其(qi)票(piao)擬熊廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi)一事(shi)(shi)耳。廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi)固當(dang)(dang)(dang)誅(zhu),爌(kuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為無(wu)說,封疆(jiang)失事(shi)(shi),累累有徒,乃欲獨(du)殺一廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi),豈(qi)平論(lun)(lun)(lun)哉(zai)?此爌(kuang)所(suo)以(yi)(yi)閣筆(bi)也(ye)(ye)。然(ran)(ran)(ran)廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi)究不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死于(yu)封疆(jiang)而(er)(er)死于(yu)局面,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)死于(yu)法吏而(er)(er)死于(yu)奸珰,則又(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)謂后之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)能(neng)(neng)殺廷(ting)弼(bi)(bi),而(er)(er)爌(kuang)獨(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。又(you)(you)如(ru)詞臣(chen)(chen)(chen)文震孟正學勁骨,有古大臣(chen)(chen)(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品,三(san)月居(ju)官,昌言(yan)獲罪(zui),人(ren)以(yi)(yi)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)羅倫、舒(shu)芬。而(er)(er)今(jin)起用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)旨再下(xia),謬(miu)悠之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)譚不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi),將(jiang)毋門戶(hu)二(er)字(zi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)重提(ti)耶(ye)(ye)?用(yong)更端以(yi)(yi)相遮抑(yi)耶(ye)(ye)?書(shu)院(yuan)、生(sheng)祠(ci),相勝(sheng)負者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye),生(sheng)祠(ci)毀,書(shu)院(yuan)豈(qi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)當(dang)(dang)(dang)修復(fu)!
時柄(bing)國(guo)者悉忠賢遺黨,疏入,以論(lun)奏不當責之。于(yu)是(shi)維(wei)(wei)(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)復疏駁(bo)元璐(lu)。元璐(lu)再疏曰(yue):臣前(qian)疏原為(wei)維(wei)(wei)(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發也(ye)。陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)明(ming)旨曰(yue):“分別門戶,已非治征”,曰(yue)“化(hua)異為(wei)同”,曰(yue)“天下(xia)(xia)為(wei)公”,而(er)維(wei)(wei)(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)倡為(wei)孫(sun)黨、趙(zhao)黨、熊黨、鄒(zou)黨之說。是(shi)陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)于(yu)方隅(yu)無不化(hua),而(er)維(wei)(wei)(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)實(shi)未化(hua);陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)于(yu)正氣無不伸,而(er)維(wei)(wei)(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不肯(ken)伸。
維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin),以(yi)(yi)(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)嘗推李(li)三(san)才(cai)而(er)(er)(er)護熊廷弼也。抑知(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)有(you)力擊魏(wei)(wei)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)之(zhi)楊漣,首劾崔(cui)(cui)呈秀之(zhi)高攀龍乎(hu)!忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)窮兇極(ji)惡,維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)猶(you)尊稱(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)曰“廠(chang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)公”、“廠(chang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)愛錢”、“廠(chang)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)知(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)國為(wei)(wei)(wei)民”,而(er)(er)(er)何(he)責乎(hu)三(san)才(cai)?五彪五虎之(zhi)罪,刑官僅擬削奪,維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)駁(bo)(bo)正(zheng),又(you)何(he)誅乎(hu)廷弼?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)又(you)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)韓爌。夫(fu)舍爌昭然(ran)忤珰(dang)(dang)之(zhi)大節,而(er)(er)(er)加以(yi)(yi)(yi)罔利莫須有(you)之(zhi)事(shi),已(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)失平。至廷弼行賄(hui)之(zhi)說,乃忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)借(jie)以(yi)(yi)(yi)誣陷清流,為(wei)(wei)(wei)楊、左諸(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)追贓地耳(er),天下誰不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi),維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)猶(you)守是說乎(hu)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)又(you)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)文震孟(meng)。夫(fu)震孟(meng)忤珰(dang)(dang)削奪,其破(po)帽策蹇(jian)傲蟒(mang)玉馳驛語,何(he)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)非(fei)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)試(shi)觀數年來破(po)帽策蹇(jian)之(zhi)輩,較超階躐級之(zhi)儔,孰為(wei)(wei)(wei)榮辱。自此(ci)(ci)義不(bu)(bu)(bu)明,畏(wei)破(po)帽策蹇(jian)者,相率(lv)而(er)(er)(er)頌德(de)建祠(ci),希蟒(mang)玉馳驛者呼父、呼九千歲而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)怍,可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)勝嘆哉(zai)!維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)又(you)怪(guai)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)盛(sheng)稱(cheng)(cheng)鄒(zou)元(yuan)標。夫(fu)謂(wei)都門聚講為(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)則(ze)(ze)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),謂(wei)元(yuan)標講學有(you)他腸則(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。當日(ri)忠(zhong)(zhong)賢(xian)驅逐(zhu)諸(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren),毀廢書院者,正(zheng)欲箝學士大夫(fu)之(zhi)口,恣行不(bu)(bu)(bu)義耳(er)。自元(yuan)標以(yi)(yi)(yi)偽(wei)學見驅,而(er)(er)(er)逆(ni)珰(dang)(dang)遂(sui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)真儒自命,學宮之(zhi)內,儼然(ran)揖先圣為(wei)(wei)(wei)平交。使(shi)(shi)元(yuan)標諸(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)在,豈遂(sui)至此(ci)(ci)!維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)又(you)駁(bo)(bo)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)假(jia)(jia)借(jie)矯激(ji)。夫(fu)當崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)之(zhi)世,人(ren)(ren)皆任真率(lv)性,頌德(de)建祠(ci)。使(shi)(shi)有(you)一(yi)人(ren)(ren)假(jia)(jia)借(jie)矯激(ji),而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)頌不(bu)(bu)(bu)建,豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)猶(you)賴是人(ren)(ren)哉(zai)!維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)真小人(ren)(ren),待其貫(guan)滿可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)攻(gong)去(qu)之(zhi),臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)計(ji)也。必待其貫(guan)滿,其敗(bai)壞天下事(shi)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)勝言(yan),雖攻(gong)去(qu)之(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)已(yi)晚(wan)乎(hu)!即如(ru)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei),貫(guan)滿久矣,不(bu)(bu)(bu)遇圣明,誰攻(gong)去(qu)之(zhi)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)終以(yi)(yi)(yi)無(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)奈(nai)何(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)頌德(de)建祠(ci)者解,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)非(fei)訓也。假(jia)(jia)令呈秀一(yi)人(ren)(ren)舞蹈(dao)稱(cheng)(cheng)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)于逆(ni)珰(dang)(dang),諸(zhu)(zhu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)亦以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)奈(nai)何(he)而(er)(er)(er)從之(zhi)乎(hu)?又(you)令逆(ni)珰(dang)(dang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)兵劫諸(zhu)(zhu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)使(shi)(shi)從叛逆(ni),諸(zhu)(zhu)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)亦靡然(ran)從之(zhi),以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)奈(nai)何(he)而(er)(er)(er)然(ran)乎(hu)?維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)又(you)言(yan)“今日(ri)之(zhi)忠(zhong)(zhong)直,不(bu)(bu)(bu)當以(yi)(yi)(yi)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對案(an)”,臣(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)謂(wei)正(zheng)當以(yi)(yi)(yi)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)對案(an)也。夫(fu)人(ren)(ren)品(pin)試(shi)之(zhi)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)而(er)(er)(er)定矣,故(gu)有(you)東(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),為(wei)(wei)(wei)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)所(suo)恨其牴觸、畏(wei)其才(cai)望而(er)(er)(er)必欲殺(sha)之(zhi)逐(zhu)之(zhi)者,此(ci)(ci)正(zheng)人(ren)(ren)也。有(you)攻(gong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)林(lin)(lin)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren),雖為(wei)(wei)(wei)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)所(suo)借(jie),而(er)(er)(er)勁節不(bu)(bu)(bu)阿,或(huo)遠(yuan)或(huo)逐(zhu)者,亦正(zheng)人(ren)(ren)也。以(yi)(yi)(yi)崔(cui)(cui)、魏(wei)(wei)定邪正(zheng),猶(you)以(yi)(yi)(yi)明鏡別妍媸(chi)。維(wei)垣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)取(qu)證于此(ci)(ci),而(er)(er)(er)安取(qu)證哉(zai)!
總之(zhi)東林之(zhi)取憎于逆珰獨(du)深,其(qi)得禍獨(du)酷(ku)。在今日(ri)當曲原其(qi)被抑之(zhi)苦,不(bu)當毛舉其(qi)尺(chi)寸之(zhi)瑕。乃歸逆珰以首功,代逆珰而分謗,斯亦(yi)不(bu)善立論者矣。
疏(shu)入,柄國者以互相詆訾兩解之。當是時,元(yuan)兇(xiong)雖殛,其徒黨(dang)猶盛,無敢頌言東林者。自元(yuan)璐疏(shu)出,清(qing)議(yi)漸明,而善類亦稍登(deng)進矣。
元璐尋(xun)進侍講(jiang)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)年(nian)四(si)月,請毀(hui)《三(san)(san)朝(chao)要(yao)典(dian)》,言:“梃擊(ji)、紅(hong)(hong)丸、移宮(gong)(gong)三(san)(san)議(yi),哄(hong)于(yu)清流,而(er)(er)《三(san)(san)朝(chao)要(yao)典(dian)》一(yi)書,成于(yu)逆豎。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)議(yi)可兼行,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)書必當(dang)速毀(hui)。蓋當(dang)事起議(yi)興,盈廷互訟。主梃擊(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)力護東(dong)宮(gong)(gong),爭梃擊(ji)者(zhe)(zhe)計安(an)神祖(zu)。主紅(hong)(hong)丸者(zhe)(zhe)仗(zhang)義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,爭紅(hong)(hong)丸者(zhe)(zhe)原情(qing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論。主移宮(gong)(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)弭變于(yu)幾先(xian)(xian),爭移宮(gong)(gong)者(zhe)(zhe)持平于(yu)事后(hou)。數者(zhe)(zhe)各有其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是,不可偏非(fei)。總在逆珰未(wei)用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)先(xian)(xian),雖甚水火,不害塤篪,此一(yi)局(ju)也(ye)(ye)。既而(er)(er)楊漣二十四(si)罪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)疏發(fa),魏廣微此輩(bei)門戶之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說興,于(yu)是逆珰殺人則(ze)借(jie)三(san)(san)案,群小求(qiu)富貴則(ze)借(jie)三(san)(san)案。經此二借(jie),而(er)(er)三(san)(san)案全非(fei)矣。故凡推慈歸孝于(yu)先(xian)(xian)皇,正(zheng)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)頌德稱功于(yu)義父,又一(yi)局(ju)也(ye)(ye)。網已密而(er)(er)猶疑有遺鱗(lin),勢已重而(er)(er)或(huo)憂(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)翻局(ju)。崔、魏諸奸始創立(li)私編,標題《要(yao)典(dian)》,以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)批根(gen)今(jin)日,則(ze)眾正(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)黨(dang)碑;以(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)免死(si)他年(nian),即上公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鐵券。又一(yi)局(ju)也(ye)(ye)。由此而(er)(er)觀,三(san)(san)案者(zhe)(zhe),天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)公議(yi);《要(yao)典(dian)》者(zhe)(zhe),魏氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)私書。三(san)(san)案自三(san)(san)案,《要(yao)典(dian)》自《要(yao)典(dian)》也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)為金石不刊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論者(zhe)(zhe),誠未(wei)深思。臣謂翻即紛(fen)囂,改亦(yi)多事,惟(wei)有毀(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)已。”帝(di)命禮部會詞臣詳議(yi)。議(yi)上,遂焚其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)板。侍講(jiang)孫(sun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獬(xie),忠賢(xian)黨(dang)也(ye)(ye),聞(wen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),詣(yi)閣大哭(ku),天(tian)下笑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
元璐歷遷南京司業(ye)、右(you)中允(yun)。四年,進右(you)諭德,充日講官(guan),進右(you)庶子。上(shang)制實八策:曰(yue)(yue)(yue)間插(cha)部,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)繕京邑,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)優守兵,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)靖降人,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)益寇(kou)餉(xiang),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)儲邊才,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)奠輦轂(gu),曰(yue)(yue)(yue)嚴教育。又上(shang)制虛八策:曰(yue)(yue)(yue)端政(zheng)本,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)伸(shen)公議,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)宣義問,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)一(yi)條教,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)慮久遠,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)昭激(ji)勸,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)勵名節,曰(yue)(yue)(yue)假體貌。其端政(zheng)本,悉規(gui)切溫體仁(ren);其伸(shen)公議,則詆張(zhang)捷薦呂純如謀翻逆案事。捷大怒,上(shang)疏力攻(gong),元璐疏辨,帝俱不問。八年,遷國子祭(ji)酒。
元璐雅負時望,位漸通顯(xian)。帝意(yi)向(xiang)之,深(shen)為體(ti)(ti)仁(ren)(ren)所忌。一日,帝手書其名(ming)下閣(ge),令以履歷(li)進,體(ti)(ti)仁(ren)(ren)益恐。會誠意(yi)伯劉孔(kong)昭謀掌戎(rong)政,體(ti)(ti)仁(ren)(ren)餌孔(kong)昭使攻元璐,言其妻陳(chen)尚(shang)存(cun),而妾(qie)王冒繼配(pei)復封,敗禮(li)亂法。詔下吏部核奏,其同里尚(shang)書姜逢元,侍郎王業(ye)浩、劉宗周及其從兄御史元珙,咸言陳(chen)氏以過被出(chu),繼娶王非妾(qie),體(ti)(ti)仁(ren)(ren)意(yi)沮(ju)。會部議行撫按勘(kan)奏,即(ji)擬(ni)旨云:“登科(ke)錄二氏并列,罪跡顯(xian)然,何待行勘(kan)。”遂(sui)(sui)落(luo)職閑(xian)住。孔(kong)昭京營不(bu)可(ke)得,遂(sui)(sui)以南京操江償之。
兵部(bu)右(you)侍郎兼侍讀學士
十五(wu)(wu)(wu)年九月,詔起兵部(bu)右侍(shi)郎兼(jian)侍(shi)讀學士(shi)。明年春抵(di)都(dou),陳制敵機宜,帝(di)喜(xi)。五(wu)(wu)(wu)月,超拜(bai)戶部(bu)尚(shang)書兼(jian)翰(han)林院學士(shi),仍充日講(jiang)官。祖制,浙人不得(de)官戶部(bu)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐辭,不許。帝(di)眷元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐甚,五(wu)(wu)(wu)日三賜(si)對。因奏:“陛(bi)下誠用(yong)臣,臣請(qing)得(de)參兵部(bu)謀。”帝(di)曰:“已諭樞臣,令(ling)(ling)與(yu)卿協計。”當(dang)是(shi)時(shi),馮元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)飆為(wei)兵部(bu),與(yu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐同志(zhi),鉤考兵食,中外想(xiang)望治(zhi)平。惟(wei)帝(di)亦以(yi)用(yong)兩(liang)人晚,而時(shi)事(shi)益(yi)不可(ke)為(wei),左支右詘,既已無可(ke)奈何。故事(shi),諸邊餉(xiang)司悉中差,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐請(qing)改為(wei)大差,兼(jian)兵部(bu)銜,令(ling)(ling)清核(he)軍伍,不稱職者(zhe)即遣人代(dai)之(zhi)。先是(shi),屢(lv)遣科臣出督四(si)方(fang)租賦,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐以(yi)為(wei)擾民無益(yi),罷之(zhi),而專(zhuan)責(ze)撫按。戶部(bu)侍(shi)郎莊祖誨督剿寇餉(xiang),憂(you)為(wei)盜劫,遠避(bi)之(zhi)長沙、衡(heng)州。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐請(qing)令(ling)(ling)督撫自催,毋(wu)煩朝使(shi)。自軍興以(yi)來,正供之(zhi)外,有(you)邊餉(xiang),有(you)新(xin)餉(xiang),有(you)練餉(xiang),款目(mu)多(duo),黠吏易(yi)為(wei)奸,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐請(qing)合(he)為(wei)一(yi)。帝(di)皆報可(ke)。時(shi)國用(yong)益(yi)詘,而災傷(shang)蠲免又多(duo)。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)璐計無所出,請(qing)開(kai)贖罪例,且令(ling)(ling)到官滿歲(sui)者(zhe),得(de)輸貲給封誥,帝(di)亦從(cong)之(zhi)。
先(xian)是,有崇明人沈廷揚(yang)者,獻海運(yun)策,元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)奏聞(wen)(wen)。命(ming)試行(xing),乃(nai)以(yi)廟(miao)灣船六艘聽運(yun)進。月余,廷揚(yang)見元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu),元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)驚曰(yue):“我已(yi)奏聞(wen)(wen)上,謂公(gong)去矣(yi),何在此?”廷揚(yang)曰(yue):“已(yi)去復來矣(yi),運(yun)已(yi)至。”元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)又驚喜聞(wen)(wen)上。上亦喜,命(ming)酌議。乃(nai)議歲糧艘,漕(cao)與海各相半行(xing)焉。十月,命(ming)兼攝吏(li)部事。陳演忌元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu),風魏(wei)藻(zao)德言于帝(di)曰(yue):“元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)書生(sheng),不習錢谷。”元(yuan)璐(lu)(lu)亦數(shu)請解(jie)職(zhi)。
在袁可立的門生(sheng)中,黃道周(zhou)、倪元(yuan)璐(lu)和劉理順(shun)皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)殉,名(ming)垂千秋(qiu)。其中元(yuan)璐(lu)素(su)負時望(wang),亦漸(jian)獲重用(yong),思(si)宗頗欲用(yong)之(zhi),然卻因此深(shen)遭小人所忌,而蒙讒言罷歸。元(yuan)璐(lu)自(zi)此深(shen)知朝(chao)政不可為(wei)(wei),從(cong)此絕意仕途。崇(chong)禎(zhen)十五年(nian)(1642年(nian))聞(wen)清(qing)兵(bing)入至(zhi)北(bei)京(jing),北(bei)京(jing)震(zhen)動,求救兵(bing)于天(tian)下,元(yuan)璐(lu)毅然盡(jin)鬻家產以征兵(bing),募得死(si)士數百人,馳赴北(bei)京(jing)。并向思(si)宗陳述(shu)制(zhi)敵(di)之(zhi)法,思(si)宗拜為(wei)(wei)戶部尚(shang)(shang)書(shu),深(shen)恨(hen)不能早日用(yong)之(zhi)。十七年(nian)二(er)月(yue),命以原官專直日講(jiang)。逾月(yue),李自(zi)成(cheng)陷北(bei)京(jing)。城陷之(zhi)日,元(yuan)璐(lu)整衣(yi)冠(guan)拜闕,大(da)書(shu)幾上曰(yue):“南(nan)都尚(shang)(shang)可為(wei)(wei)。死(si),吾(wu)(wu)分(fen)也,勿(wu)以衣(yi)衾斂(lian)。暴我尸(shi),聊志(zhi)吾(wu)(wu)痛。”遂南(nan)向坐,取帛自(zi)縊(yi)而死(si)。
在(zai)學(xue)書(shu)的道(dao)路上,倪元璐最得王(wang)右(you)軍(jun)、顏魯(lu)公(gong)和蘇東坡三人翰墨之助,以雄深高渾見魄力,書(shu)風奇(qi)偉。黃道(dao)周曾在(zai)《書(shu)秦華(hua)玉鐫(juan)諸楷法后》云:“同年中倪鴻寶(bao)筆法探古,遂能兼撮子(zi)瞻、逸(yi)少(shao)之長,如劍客龍(long)天,時(shi)成花女,要非時(shi)妝所貌,過數十年亦與王(wang)蘇并(bing)寶(bao)當世(shi)但恐鄙屑不為(wei)之耳(er)。”正如黃道(dao)周所言倪元璐在(zai)植根傳(chuan)統的同時(shi),又在(zai)竭力尋求(qiu)變化,其(qi)學(xue)古人,靈(ling)活變通,學(xue)到舉一反(fan)三。
其(qi)(qi)(qi)受(shou)益蘇字(zi)(zi)(zi),便能(neng)(neng)(neng)將蘇字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)扁(bian)平結字(zi)(zi)(zi)特征,反其(qi)(qi)(qi)道地化為(wei)偏長(chang)狹瘦(shou)的(de)(de)自家(jia)構字(zi)(zi)(zi)法則;學王字(zi)(zi)(zi),卻能(neng)(neng)(neng)把王氏書中居(ju)多的(de)(de)方筆(bi)(bi),變(bian)成自己腕下能(neng)(neng)(neng)隨機生發的(de)(de)圓筆(bi)(bi);晚年用力顏(yan)(真(zhen)卿)字(zi)(zi)(zi),去其(qi)(qi)(qi)“屋漏痕”意(yi),書風漸趨渾(hun)沉(chen),又(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)將揉、擦(ca)、飛白(bai)、渴筆(bi)(bi)等(deng)技法引入其(qi)(qi)(qi)中,借以(yi)(yi)豐(feng)富作品內涵。并以(yi)(yi)奇(qi)險(xian)多變(bian)的(de)(de)結體,聚散(san)開合隨機應變(bian),再以(yi)(yi)字(zi)(zi)(zi)距(ju)極(ji)密、行距(ju)極(ji)寬的(de)(de)章法布白(bai),呈現出一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)奇(qi)異的(de)(de)圖像。其(qi)(qi)(qi)行草立軸代(dai)表作有(you)《冒雨行樂(le)陵道詩軸》、《贈樂(le)山五律詩軸》等(deng)。同時代(dai)王季重(即王思(si)任(ren))曾戲評倪(ni)書如“刺菱(ling)翻筋斗”,言其(qi)(qi)(qi)棱峭和動(dong)感(gan),不(bu)過評論最準確(que)的(de)(de)還是曾從(cong)黃道周學書的(de)(de)倪(ni)元璐之(zhi)子、清(qing)人(ren)倪(ni)后瞻更為(wei)準確(que)。他說:“倪(ni)鴻寶書,一(yi)(yi)筆(bi)(bi)不(bu)肯學古人(ren),只欲自出新意(yi),鋒棱四露,仄逼復疊,見者驚叫奇(qi)絕。方之(zhi)歷(li)代(dai)書家(jia),真(zhen)天開叢蠶一(yi)(yi)線矣。”
倪元璐(lu)的(de)行草書用筆(bi)鋒(feng)棱四露中見蒼渾,并時雜有渴筆(bi)與濃墨相映(ying)成趣,結字奇側多變(bian),人(ren)曾戲稱(cheng)“刺菱翻(fan)筋(jin)斗”,其棱峭生(sheng)動之姿被(bei)刻畫得淋漓盡致(zhi)。他書法風格的(de)形(xing)成,除了他善于從王右軍、顏(yan)魯(lu)公和(he)蘇東坡等古(gu)人(ren)的(de)經典中得到滋養,更在于他的(de)“新理異態”使其能自出新意(yi)。
康(kang)有為在《廣(guang)藝舟雙楫》中(zhong)說(shuo):“明人(ren)無不能行(xing)書(shu)者(zhe),倪(ni)(ni)鴻寶新理異(yi)態尤(you)多。”在古代書(shu)法(fa)的(de)品評(ping)中(zhong),用“異(yi)態”二(er)字稱譽,所見(jian)只有宋代的(de)蘇東(dong)坡稱張(zhang)旭的(de)草書(shu)“異(yi)態生動(dong),號(hao)稱神逸”,明代的(de)項穆評(ping)顏真(zhen)卿的(de)書(shu)法(fa):“獨(du)其《自(zi)敘(xu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)帖》,粗魯詭異(yi),且過郁(yu)濁,酷非(fei)平日異(yi)態”。康(kang)氏所說(shuo)的(de)“新”與“異(yi)”,有兩層意思:一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是不同于一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)明人(ren)書(shu)法(fa);二(er)是不同于一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)帖學書(shu)法(fa),這二(er)者(zhe)對于倪(ni)(ni)書(shu)來說(shuo)是統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)。倪(ni)(ni)元璐書(shu)法(fa)有明人(ren)行(xing)書(shu)流便(bian)秀雅的(de)特(te)點,又(you)有澀(se)勁樸茂的(de)風貌,其源出于帖學書(shu)法(fa),又(you)含有碑學特(te)別是六朝(chao)碑學的(de)特(te)點。
既(ji)以(yi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)骨(gu)凌(ling)厲(li),“異態”高古,清(qing)勁(jing)奇趣(qu),格(ge)調曠達(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,展(zhan)現出明(ming)代氣勢(shi)豪邁、奔放的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)(feng)(feng),行書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流(liu)利猶(you)如“凌(ling)魚奮尾,駭龍反拘”,體現明(ming)人(ren)行書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)流(liu)便秀雅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點,但(dan)又(you)(you)以(yi)其不求(qiu)(qiu)表面點書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)精,這就超(chao)越(yue)了明(ming)代書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一般風(feng)(feng)(feng)格(ge),能惟求(qiu)(qiu)氣勢(shi)之(zhi)盛,集形、意(yi)、氣為一體,依(yi)意(yi)而生、率真天成(cheng),把明(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)推向情與美相結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路,從(cong)而能達(da)“通神(shen)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極高境界。此其一。其二:細度他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)墨跡,結(jie)字(zi)(zi)多抬高右角,竭盡傾斜交(jiao)錯(cuo),危絕(jue)救應(ying)之(zhi)勢(shi)。如果說(shuo)倪元璐(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這幅書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)很講究造型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話,還不如說(shuo)他(ta)(ta)更善于用筆(bi)(bi)(bi),他(ta)(ta)在用筆(bi)(bi)(bi)上(shang)(shang)直落(luo)直收,斬(zhan)釘截鐵,筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)恣意(yi),給人(ren)以(yi)剛勁(jing)暢達(da)之(zhi)感(gan),其墨濃而厚筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)重而沉(chen),方整中見(jian)婉遒,可窺篆、隸(li)之(zhi)意(yi)趣(qu)。加(jia)上(shang)(shang)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)字(zi)(zi)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗(cu)細大小(xiao)變(bian)化,墨色濃濕(shi)干(gan)枯(ku)交(jiao)替,卻又(you)(you)出現險勁(jing)中寓古雅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韻(yun)(yun)律。這就超(chao)越(yue)了他(ta)(ta)源出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)帖學、碑學書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa),將所學融入自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創造,使(shi)之(zhi)“下筆(bi)(bi)(bi)磊(lei)落(luo)無俗(su)氣”,難怪(guai)后人(ren)對他(ta)(ta)有“筆(bi)(bi)(bi)奇、字(zi)(zi)奇、格(ge)奇”之(zhi)三奇,“勢(shi)足、意(yi)足、韻(yun)(yun)足”之(zhi)“三足”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱譽,正像清(qing)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦祖永在《桐陰論畫(hua)》中說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“元璐(lu)(lu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa)靈秀神(shen)妙(miao),行草尤極超(chao)逸”。他(ta)(ta)突破了明(ming)末柔媚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)(feng)(feng),創造了具有強烈個性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)(fa),對清(qing)末民國初(chu)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)有過一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。
與黃道周
“黃(huang)(huang)、倪二(er)人是(shi)袁(yuan)可(ke)立的得意弟子,又同朝為官(guan),更重要的是(shi)二(er)人在書(shu)法(fa)字畫等共同志趣方面(mian)最為契合。······在得知倪元璐因(yin)袁(yuan)可(ke)立辭(ci)官(guan)自己(ji)也要請辭(ci)后,黃(huang)(huang)道周和陳彥升、陳子龍等人,來倪元璐家中勸(quan)阻。”(閩南師范大(da)學王翔《黃(huang)(huang)道周詩歌研究》)