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文物特征

清乾隆黑漆(qi)彩繪(hui)樓閣(ge)(ge)群(qun)仙(xian)(xian)祝壽(shou)鐘(zhong)(zhong)造型為(wei)木胎黑漆(qi)彩繪(hui)二層(ceng)(ceng)樓閣(ge)(ge)。一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)正中(zhong)為(wei)雙針時(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，寫有(you)“乾隆年(nian)制(zhi)”的(de)(de)鐘(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)上飾以造辦處(chu)特有(you)的(de)(de)黃色琺瑯。鐘(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)上的(de)(de)5個上弦孔分別控制(zhi)5種功能(neng)：走時(shi)(shi)(shi)、報(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)、報(bao)(bao)(bao)刻(ke)(ke)、開關門、打樂(le)。鐘(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)的(de)(de)左右兩側為(wei)變動(dong)的(de)(de)布景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，左邊景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)表(biao)演主(zhu)題是“海(hai)屋添籌”，右邊景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)表(biao)演主(zhu)題為(wei)“群(qun)仙(xian)(xian)祝壽(shou)”。二層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)3間房屋，內各有(you)一(yi)報(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)人。每逢3、6、9、12時(shi)(shi)(shi)，房門開啟，3人手執鐘(zhong)(zhong)碗(wan)(wan)緩步出門，站(zhan)定后(hou)，左邊的(de)(de)人敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)碗(wan)(wan)發(fa)出“叮(ding)(ding)”聲，右邊的(de)(de)人敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)碗(wan)(wan)發(fa)出“當(dang)”聲，“叮(ding)(ding)當(dang)”聲響一(yi)次(ci)(ci)報(bao)(bao)(bao)一(yi)刻(ke)(ke)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，響兩次(ci)(ci)報(bao)(bao)(bao)兩刻(ke)(ke)，依次(ci)(ci)類推，報(bao)(bao)(bao)完四(si)刻(ke)(ke)后(hou)，中(zhong)間的(de)(de)人敲鐘(zhong)(zhong)碗(wan)(wan)報(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)。報(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)完畢，樂(le)曲聲起(qi)，景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內的(de)(de)活動(dong)裝(zhuang)置開始運作。左景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內重巒疊嶂間有(you)仙(xian)(xian)鶴傲立，架(jia)著祥(xiang)云的(de)(de)仙(xian)(xian)人緩緩升騰，云海(hai)中(zhong)一(yi)座瓊樓陡(dou)然浮起(qi)。右景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內扶(fu)杖(zhang)的(de)(de)壽(shou)星正依次(ci)(ci)接(jie)受(shou)八仙(xian)(xian)敬獻的(de)(de)寶物。樂(le)止，報(bao)(bao)(bao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)人退回門內，樓門關閉，景(jing)箱(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)內各活動(dong)裝(zhuang)置復(fu)位。

制作技巧

清乾隆黑漆彩(cai)繪(hui)樓閣(ge)群仙祝壽(shou)鐘為(wei)亭(ting)(ting)式鐘共有7套機械(xie)系統，分別控制走時、報時、景(jing)箱內的(de)(de)活動(dong)(dong)裝置等，亭(ting)(ting)式鐘的(de)(de)外殼(ke)分全(quan)金(jin)屬與(yu)金(jin)屬框玉石頂兩(liang)大類。用料上多(duo)用紫檀木、紅木為(wei)外殼(ke)，以亭(ting)(ting)臺樓閣(ge)的(de)(de)傳統建(jian)筑形式為(wei)造(zao)型(xing)，上嵌琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)或描以金(jin)漆等。早(zao)期金(jin)屬鐘殼(ke)銅澆鑄，后(hou)期是鑄鉛包銅鎏金(jin)。上乘者繪(hui)琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)，琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)又分掐絲琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)與(yu)透明琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)，前者適用于花卉圖案，后(hou)者則表現(xian)人物(wu)、風(feng)景(jing)等。琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)繪(hui)制程度，又分為(wei)全(quan)琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)與(yu)半琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)，全(quan)琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)即外殼(ke)及鐘殼(ke)內都施以琺(fa)(fa)瑯(lang)(lang)，亭(ting)(ting)式鐘的(de)(de)機芯以發條為(wei)動(dong)(dong)力。

文物鑒賞

清乾隆黑漆彩繪樓閣群仙祝(zhu)壽鐘(zhong)(zhong)為亭式(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)，是西洋(yang)自鳴鐘(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)的一個門(men)類，具(ju)有較高(gao)的觀賞(shang)價值，其(qi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)殼仿照建(jian)筑中(zhong)的亭閣，故稱(cheng)“亭式(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)”，上海及江浙(zhe)一帶俗稱(cheng)“亭子鐘(zhong)(zhong)”。亭式(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)的四(si)面都(dou)是玻璃，因其(qi)透明，亦稱(cheng)“四(si)明鐘(zhong)(zhong)”。

文物價值

清(qing)(qing)乾(qian)隆黑漆彩(cai)繪(hui)樓閣群(qun)仙(xian)祝壽鐘(zhong)具(ju)的(de)制作有相當高(gao)的(de)技術水(shui)準，其造型莊重大方，外飾華麗，玻璃透(tou)明，有著(zhu)較高(gao)的(de)觀賞(shang)性為故宮(gong)(gong)(gong)鐘(zhong)表的(de)代(dai)表作。把(ba)中(zhong)國傳統(tong)文化的(de)多個方面巧妙地體現(xian)在(zai)一(yi)座(zuo)鐘(zhong)表上，具(ju)有極高(gao)的(de)藝術價值，現(xian)在(zai)故宮(gong)(gong)(gong)博物院珍藏(zang)清(qing)(qing)代(dai)鐘(zhong)表千余件(jian)，其中(zhong)做鐘(zhong)處(chu)作品數量雖不足十分之(zhi)一(yi)，但(dan)它(ta)們是(shi)清(qing)(qing)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)做鐘(zhong)處(chu)制品之(zhi)代(dai)表，存留(liu)至(zhi)今(jin)，具(ju)為稀世珍寶，同時也是(shi)世界科學文化藝術寶庫中(zhong)的(de)瑰寶。

文物寓意

清乾隆黑漆彩(cai)繪樓(lou)閣群仙(xian)祝(zhu)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)鐘，鐘盤的左(zuo)右(you)(you)兩側為變動(dong)的布景(jing)箱，左(zuo)邊景(jing)箱的表演(yan)主題(ti)是“海(hai)屋添籌(chou)”，右(you)(you)邊景(jing)箱的表演(yan)主題(ti)為“群仙(xian)祝(zhu)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)”，寓意福(fu)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)雙全。右(you)(you)邊景(jing)箱內(nei)的仙(xian)山之間，扶著手杖的老(lao)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)星接(jie)受(shou)八仙(xian)依(yi)次(ci)獻(xian)寶，寓意“八仙(xian)祝(zhu)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)”；左(zuo)景(jing)內(nei)起(qi)伏(fu)層疊的山巒間，仙(xian)鶴(he)傲立(li)，仙(xian)人飄浮于(yu)云(yun)中(zhong)，緩(huan)緩(huan)升(sheng)起(qi)，海(hai)水(shui)掀開一(yi)洞(dong)，升(sheng)起(qi)一(yi)座樓(lou)閣，寓意“海(hai)屋添籌(chou)”祝(zhu)愿長(chang)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)。“海(hai)屋添籌(chou)”這一(yi)故(gu)事出自宋代蘇軾(shi)的《東坡志林》一(yi)書，后來就慢慢變成了比喻(yu)長(chang)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)的成語，被人們用作祝(zhu)壽(shou)(shou)(shou)時的吉(ji)祥話。

保護措施

清(qing)乾隆黑(hei)漆彩繪(hui)樓閣群仙祝壽(shou)鐘是故宮十大鎮館之寶(bao)之一。