清康熙(xi)郎窯紅(hong)釉(you)穿帶直(zhi)口瓶是18世(shi)紀初(chu),江西(xi)巡撫郎廷(ting)極(ji)奉康熙(xi)之命(ming)到(dao)景德鎮(zhen)主持(chi)御(yu)窯時燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)出的。當時,郎廷(ting)極(ji)試圖燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)出失傳(chuan)數百年的祭(ji)紅(hong),但是沒有成(cheng)功,卻成(cheng)功地燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)出另外一種更為鮮亮的紅(hong)釉(you)瓷器,因(yin)此(ci)人們把這種瓷器以他的姓氏(shi)命(ming)名。現藏于(yu)北京故宮博物院。
清康熙郎窯紅(hong)釉(you)(you)穿帶直口(kou)瓶(ping)(ping)高(gao)20.8厘米,口(kou)徑(jing)6.1厘米,足(zu)徑(jing)9.1厘米。瓶(ping)(ping)直口(kou),長頸,垂腹(fu),圈足(zu)外撇(pie)。足(zu)外墻(qiang)兩側各(ge)有一長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)穿孔,可穿系(xi)繩帶。在容器上(shang)系(xi)帶是對無(wu)梁、無(wu)系(xi)、無(wu)扳手的器物進行提(ti)拿的傳統方(fang)(fang)法,拆(chai)卸容易(yi)而又非(fei)常實用,也可以使(shi)器物在擺放位置上(shang)固定,不致被損(sun)壞(huai)。該(gai)器通體施紅(hong)釉(you)(you),因釉(you)(you)質在高(gao)溫燒造時(shi)垂流(liu)而使(shi)口(kou)部顯露出白(bai)(bai)色(se)(se)胎體,底部紅(hong)釉(you)(you)凝聚,釉(you)(you)色(se)(se)濃重。外底施白(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)并(bing)鐫刻(ke)乾(qian)隆御制詩(shi):“暈如雨后(hou)霽霞紅(hong),出火還加微(wei)炙工。世上(shang)朱砂(sha)非(fei)所(suo)擬,西方(fang)(fang)寶石致難同。插花(hua)應使(shi)花(hua)羞(xiu)色(se)(se),比盡翻嗤畫(hua)是空。數(shu)典(dian)宣窯斯最古(gu),誰知皇祜德尤崇。乾(qian)隆乙未仲春月御題。”
清康熙郎(lang)窯紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)使用(yong)的(de)(de)郎(lang)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)屬高(gao)(gao)溫釉(you)(you)(you)(you),在1300℃以上高(gao)(gao)溫燒成(cheng),是(shi)我國名貴銅紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)中色(se)(se)彩(cai)最鮮(xian)艷(yan)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)。郎(lang)窯紅(hong)(hong)無(wu)論瓶(ping),碗,盤各種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)物的(de)(de)底足(zu)(zu)旋削十分講究,為了流釉(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)過(guo)底足(zu)(zu),工(gong)(gong)匠用(yong)刮(gua)刀在圈(quan)足(zu)(zu)外(wai)側刮(gua)出一(yi)(yi)個(ge)二層臺,阻擋流釉(you)(you)(you)(you)淌下來,這是(shi)郎(lang)窯紅(hong)(hong)瓷器(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)作過(guo)程中一(yi)(yi)個(ge)獨(du)特的(de)(de)技法,因此郎(lang)窯紅(hong)(hong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)施釉(you)(you)(you)(you)技術(shu)有“脫(tuo)口、垂足(zu)(zu)、郎(lang)不(bu)流”之(zhi)稱。從傳(chuan)世實物看,大瓶(ping)之(zhi)類器(qi)(qi)物也有紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)垂流過(guo)足(zu)(zu)邊(bian),又經人工(gong)(gong)打磨修(xiu)正的(de)(de)。當代景(jing)德鎮燒制(zhi)(zhi)顏色(se)(se)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)技術(shu)很(hen)高(gao)(gao),尤其所燒紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)渾然一(yi)(yi)體,非(fei)常艷(yan)麗,帶(dai)有刺目的(de)(de)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)光(guang)。器(qi)(qi)底為亮青釉(you)(you)(you)(you),足(zu)(zu)邊(bian)釉(you)(you)(you)(you)也進行過(guo)打磨。
清康熙郎窯紅(hong)釉(you)穿帶直口(kou)瓶色彩(cai)絢麗,紅(hong)艷鮮明(ming),且具有一種強烈的玻璃光澤。由于(yu)(yu)釉(you)汁(zhi)(zhi)厚,在高溫下產(chan)生(sheng)流(liu)淌,所以成品的郎紅(hong)往往于(yu)(yu)口(kou)沿(yan)露(lu)出(chu)白胎,呈現出(chu)旋狀白線,或粉色、淡(dan)青或淺(qian)紅(hong)色,俗稱“燈草邊(bian)”;而(er)底部邊(bian)緣釉(you)汁(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)垂凝聚,近于(yu)(yu)黑(hei)紅(hong)色。
清(qing)康熙郎(lang)窯紅(hong)(hong)釉穿帶直口瓶之(zhi)所以選擇紅(hong)(hong)顏色,主要是受中國傳統文(wen)化(hua)的影響。在(zai)傳統文(wen)化(hua)里(li),紅(hong)(hong)色一直被(bei)視為是一種表示喜慶的正色,寓意(yi)著莊(zhuang)嚴、幸福、吉祥。
清康(kang)熙(xi)郎窯紅釉穿(chuan)帶直口瓶是故宮十(shi)大(da)鎮館(guan)之寶之一(yi)。