清康熙郎窯紅(hong)釉穿(chuan)帶直口(kou)瓶(ping)是18世紀初,江西巡撫郎廷極奉康熙之命到景德鎮主持(chi)御窯時燒(shao)制出(chu)的。當時,郎廷極試圖燒(shao)制出(chu)失(shi)傳數百年的祭(ji)紅(hong),但是沒有成(cheng)功(gong),卻成(cheng)功(gong)地燒(shao)制出(chu)另外一種(zhong)更為鮮亮(liang)的紅(hong)釉瓷器(qi)(qi),因(yin)此人們把這種(zhong)瓷器(qi)(qi)以他的姓氏命名。現藏于(yu)北(bei)京故宮博物院。
清康(kang)熙(xi)郎(lang)窯紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)穿(chuan)帶直(zhi)口(kou)(kou)(kou)瓶高(gao)(gao)20.8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),口(kou)(kou)(kou)徑(jing)6.1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),足(zu)徑(jing)9.1厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。瓶直(zhi)口(kou)(kou)(kou),長(chang)頸,垂腹,圈足(zu)外撇。足(zu)外墻兩(liang)側各有一長(chang)方形穿(chuan)孔,可(ke)穿(chuan)系(xi)繩帶。在(zai)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)上系(xi)帶是對無梁、無系(xi)、無扳(ban)手(shou)的(de)器(qi)(qi)物進行提拿的(de)傳統(tong)方法,拆卸容(rong)易而又非(fei)常實用(yong),也可(ke)以使(shi)器(qi)(qi)物在(zai)擺(bai)放位置上固定(ding),不(bu)致被損壞。該器(qi)(qi)通體(ti)施(shi)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you),因釉(you)質(zhi)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)溫燒造時垂流而使(shi)口(kou)(kou)(kou)部顯露出(chu)白(bai)色胎體(ti),底部紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)凝聚(ju),釉(you)色濃重。外底施(shi)白(bai)釉(you)并鐫刻乾(qian)隆御(yu)制(zhi)詩:“暈如雨(yu)后霽霞紅(hong)(hong),出(chu)火還加微炙工。世上朱砂非(fei)所擬,西方寶石致難同。插花應(ying)使(shi)花羞色,比(bi)盡翻嗤(chi)畫是空。數典宣窯斯最古,誰知皇祜(hu)德尤崇。乾(qian)隆乙未仲春月御(yu)題。”
清(qing)康(kang)熙郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)使(shi)用的郎紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)屬高溫釉(you)(you),在1300℃以上高溫燒(shao)成,是我(wo)國(guo)名貴銅紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)中色彩最鮮艷的一(yi)種。郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)無論瓶(ping),碗,盤各(ge)種器(qi)物的底(di)(di)足(zu)旋(xuan)削十分講究,為了流釉(you)(you)不過(guo)(guo)(guo)底(di)(di)足(zu),工(gong)匠用刮刀在圈足(zu)外(wai)側刮出一(yi)個二層(ceng)臺(tai),阻擋流釉(you)(you)淌下來,這是郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)瓷(ci)器(qi)制作過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中一(yi)個獨特的技(ji)法,因此郎窯(yao)紅(hong)(hong)器(qi)的施釉(you)(you)技(ji)術有(you)“脫口(kou)、垂足(zu)、郎不流”之(zhi)稱。從傳世實物看(kan),大瓶(ping)之(zhi)類器(qi)物也(ye)有(you)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)垂流過(guo)(guo)(guo)足(zu)邊,又經人(ren)工(gong)打磨(mo)修正的。當代景(jing)德鎮(zhen)燒(shao)制顏色釉(you)(you)的技(ji)術很(hen)高,尤其所(suo)燒(shao)紅(hong)(hong)釉(you)(you)渾(hun)然一(yi)體,非常艷麗,帶有(you)刺目的釉(you)(you)光。器(qi)底(di)(di)為亮青釉(you)(you),足(zu)邊釉(you)(you)也(ye)進行過(guo)(guo)(guo)打磨(mo)。
清(qing)康熙郎窯紅釉(you)穿帶直口(kou)瓶色(se)彩絢麗(li),紅艷鮮明,且具(ju)有(you)一種強烈的玻璃(li)光澤。由于釉(you)汁厚,在高溫下產生流(liu)淌,所以成品(pin)的郎紅往往于口(kou)沿露出(chu)白(bai)胎(tai),呈(cheng)現出(chu)旋狀(zhuang)白(bai)線,或粉(fen)色(se)、淡(dan)青或淺(qian)紅色(se),俗稱“燈草邊(bian)”;而底部邊(bian)緣(yuan)釉(you)汁流(liu)垂凝聚,近(jin)于黑紅色(se)。
清(qing)康熙郎窯紅釉穿帶直口瓶(ping)之所以選擇紅顏色(se),主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)受中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)文化的影響(xiang)。在傳(chuan)統(tong)文化里,紅色(se)一(yi)直被(bei)視為是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種表示喜慶的正色(se),寓意著莊嚴、幸福、吉祥。
清康熙郎(lang)窯紅釉穿帶直口瓶是故宮十大(da)鎮館之寶之一。