郁孤臺下清江(jiang)水,中間(jian)多少行人淚(lei)。西北(bei)望長(chang)安,可憐無數山。
青山(shan)遮不住,畢(bi)竟東流去。江(jiang)晚正(zheng)愁余,山(shan)深聞鷓鴣。
菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)蠻(man)(man):本唐教坊曲(qu)(qu),后用為詞(ci)牌,也(ye)用作(zuo)曲(qu)(qu)牌。亦作(zuo)《菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)鬘》,又(you)名《子夜歌》、《重疊金(jin)》、《花溪碧》、《晚云烘(hong)日》等(deng)。另(ling)有《菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)蠻(man)(man)引》、《菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)蠻(man)(man)慢》。《菩(pu)(pu)薩(sa)蠻(man)(man)》也(ye)是曲(qu)(qu)牌名,屬北曲(qu)(qu)正宮(gong),字句格律與(yu)詞(ci)牌前(qian)半闋同,用在套曲(qu)(qu)中。
造口(kou):一名皂(zao)口(kou),在江(jiang)西萬安縣南六十里(li)。
郁孤(gu)臺(tai):今江(jiang)西省贛(gan)州市城區西北部(bu)賀蘭山頂,又稱(cheng)望(wang)闕臺(tai),因“隆阜郁然(ran),孤(gu)起平(ping)地數丈”得名。清江(jiang):贛(gan)江(jiang)與袁(yuan)江(jiang)合流處舊稱(cheng)清江(jiang)。
長(chang)安:今(jin)陜西(xi)省西(xi)安市,為漢唐故都。此處代指宋(song)(song)都汴京。宋(song)(song)劉攽《九(jiu)日(ri)》:“可憐西(xi)北望,白日(ri)遠(yuan)長(chang)安。”
愁余:使我(wo)發愁。《楚(chu)辭·九歌·湘夫人》:“帝子降(jiang)兮(xi)(xi)北渚(zhu),目眇(miao)眇(miao)兮(xi)(xi)愁予。”
無數山:很多座山。
鷓鴣:鳥(niao)名(ming)。傳說其叫聲(sheng)如(ru)云“行不得也哥哥”,啼聲(sheng)凄苦。
郁孤臺下(xia)這贛江的水,水中(zhong)有(you)多少行人的眼淚。我舉頭眺(tiao)望西北的長安(an),可惜只看到無(wu)數青山。
但(dan)青(qing)山怎(zen)能把(ba)江水(shui)擋(dang)住?江水(shui)畢(bi)竟(jing)還會向東流去(qu)。夕陽西下我正滿懷愁緒,聽(ting)到深(shen)山里(li)傳來鷓鴣的鳴叫(jiao)聲。
這(zhe)首(shou)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)為(wei)公元1176年(宋(song)孝宗(zong)(zong)淳熙三(san)年)作者任(ren)江西(xi)提點(dian)刑獄,駐節贛(gan)州、途(tu)經造(zao)口(kou)時(shi)所(suo)作。關于(yu)此(ci)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)端,羅(luo)大經在(zai)(zai)《鶴(he)林(lin)玉(yu)(yu)露》中(zhong)有幾(ji)句話(hua)非常重(zhong)要。《鶴(he)林(lin)玉(yu)(yu)露·辛幼(you)安(an)詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)》條(tiao)云(yun):“蓋(gai)南(nan)渡(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初,虜人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)御舟(zhou)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)口(kou),不及(ji)而(er)(er)還(huan)。幼(you)安(an)自此(ci)起(qi)興(xing)。”《宋(song)史》高宗(zong)(zong)紀及(ji)后(hou)(hou)妃(fei)傳(chuan)載:1129年(建(jian)炎(yan)三(san)年)八月(yue)(yue),“會防秋(qiu)迫(po),命劉寧止制置江浙,衛太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)往(wang)洪州,騰康(kang)、劉玨權(quan)知三(san)省樞(shu)密院事從行(xing)。閏八月(yue)(yue),高宗(zong)(zong)亦離建(jian)康(kang)(今南(nan)京市(shi))赴浙西(xi)。時(shi)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)分(fen)兩路(lu)(lu)(lu)大舉南(nan)侵,十月(yue)(yue),西(xi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)自黃州(今湖北(bei)(bei)黃岡)渡(du)江,直奔洪州追(zhui)(zhui)隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)。“康(kang)、玨奉太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)行(xing)次吉(ji)州,金(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)急(ji),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)乘舟(zhou)夜行(xing)。”《三(san)朝北(bei)(bei)盟會編(bian)》(建(jian)炎(yan)三(san)年十一(yi)(yi)月(yue)(yue)二十三(san)日)載:“質明,至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)和縣(xian)(xian)(去(qu)(qu)(qu)吉(ji)州八十里(li)。《太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)和縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》),又進至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)萬(wan)(wan)安(an)縣(xian)(xian)(去(qu)(qu)(qu)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)和一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)里(li)。《萬(wan)(wan)安(an)縣(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》),兵(bing)(bing)衛不滿百(bai)(bai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),滕康(kang)、劉玨皆竄(cuan)山谷(gu)中(zhong)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)和縣(xian)(xian),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)乃自萬(wan)(wan)安(an)縣(xian)(xian)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)皂口(kou),舍舟(zhou)而(er)(er)陸,遂幸虔(qian)州(去(qu)(qu)(qu)萬(wan)(wan)安(an)凡二百(bai)(bai)四十里(li)。《贛(gan)州府志(zhi)》)。”《宋(song)史·后(hou)(hou)妃(fei)傳(chuan)》:“太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)及(ji)潘妃(fei)以(yi)農夫肩輿(yu)而(er)(er)行(xing)。”《宋(song)史·胡銓傳(chuan)》:“銓募鄉兵(bing)(bing)助(zhu)官軍捍(han)御金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing),太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)得脫幸虔(qian)。”史書所(suo)記(ji)(ji)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)和,與羅(luo)氏所(suo)記(ji)(ji)追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)口(kou)稍有不合。但羅(luo)氏為(wei)南(nan)宋(song)廬陵(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),又曾(ceng)任(ren)江西(xi)撫州軍事推官,其(qi)所(suo)記(ji)(ji)信實與否(fou),尚不妨存疑。況(kuang)且金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)既至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)和,其(qi)前鋒追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)六(liu)十里(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)口(kou),也未始無(wu)(wu)此(ci)可能(neng)。無(wu)(wu)論(lun)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)是否(fou)追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)口(kou),隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)被追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)口(kou)時(shi)情勢危急(ji),以(yi)致舍舟(zhou)以(yi)農夫肩輿(yu)而(er)(er)行(xing),此(ci)是鐵案,史無(wu)(wu)異辭。尤要者,應知隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)并建(jian)炎(yan)年間形勢。當公元1127年(北(bei)(bei)宋(song)靖(jing)康(kang)二年)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)入汴(bian)擄(lu)徽(hui)欽(qin)二宗(zong)(zong)北(bei)(bei)去(qu)(qu)(qu),北(bei)(bei)宋(song)滅(mie)亡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)廢后(hou)(hou)幸免(mian),垂簾聽(ting)政(zheng),迎立康(kang)王(wang),是為(wei)高宗(zong)(zong)。有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)請立皇太(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)子,隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)拒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。《宋(song)史·后(hou)(hou)妃(fei)傳(chuan)》記(ji)(ji)其(qi)言曰(yue):“今強敵(di)在(zai)(zai)外,我以(yi)婦(fu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)抱三(san)歲小兒(er)聽(ting)政(zheng),將何以(yi)令天(tian)下(xia)?”其(qi)告(gao)天(tian)下(xia)手詔曰(yue):“雖舉族有北(bei)(bei)轅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恤,而(er)(er)敷天(tian)同(tong)左袒(tan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)。”又曰(yue):“漢家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厄十世,宜光武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)興(xing);獻公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子九人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),唯重(zhong)耳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獨在(zai)(zai)。”《鶴(he)林(lin)玉(yu)(yu)露·建(jian)炎(yan)登極》條(tiao)云(yun):“事詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的切,讀(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)動,蓋(gai)中(zhong)興(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)助(zhu)也。”陳(chen)寅恪(ke)《論(lun)再生緣》亦謂:“維(wei)系人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)心(xin),抵御外侮”,“所(suo)以(yi)為(wei)當時(shi)及(ji)后(hou)(hou)世所(suo)傳(chuan)誦。”故史稱隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you):“國(guo)有事變,必此(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)當之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”建(jian)炎(yan)三(san)年,西(xi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)窮追(zhui)(zhui)隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you),東路(lu)(lu)(lu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)兵(bing)(bing)則渡(du)江陷建(jian)康(kang)、臨安(an),高宗(zong)(zong)被迫(po)浮舟(zhou)海上。此(ci)誠南(nan)宋(song)政(zheng)權(quan)出存亡危急(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋(qiu)。故當作者身臨造(zao)口(kou),懷想(xiang)隆(long)(long)(long)祐(you)(you)(you)(you)被追(zhui)(zhui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)此(ci),“因(yin)此(ci)感(gan)興(xing) ”,題詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)于(yu)壁(bi),實情理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)必然。羅(luo)氏所(suo)記(ji)(ji)大體可信,詞(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)題六(liu)字即為(wei)本證。
公元1175至1176年(淳熙(xi)二、三年)間(jian),辛棄(qi)疾任江(jiang)(jiang)西提(ti)點(dian)刑(xing)獄,經(jing)常巡回(hui)往復于湖南、江(jiang)(jiang)西等地。來到造口,俯瞰不(bu)舍(she)晝夜流(liu)逝(shi)而去的江(jiang)(jiang)水,詞(ci)人的思緒也(ye)似這江(jiang)(jiang)水般波瀾起伏,綿延不(bu)絕,于是寫(xie)下了這首詞(ci)。
辛棄(qi)疾(1140-1207),南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋詞(ci)人。字幼(you)安(an),號稼(jia)軒(xuan)(xuan),歷城(今山東(dong)濟南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan))人。二(er)十(shi)一(yi)歲參加(jia)抗(kang)(kang)金義(yi)軍,曾任耿京軍的掌書記,不(bu)久投(tou)歸南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)宋。歷任江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)陰(yin)簽判,建康通判,江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)提(ti)點刑(xing)(xing)獄,湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei)轉運使,湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)、江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)安(an)撫(fu)(fu)使等職。四十(shi)二(er)歲遭讒(chan)落職,退(tui)居江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)信州,長達二(er)十(shi)年之(zhi)久,其(qi)(qi)間一(yi)度起(qi)(qi)為(wei)福(fu)建提(ti)點刑(xing)(xing)獄、福(fu)建安(an)撫(fu)(fu)使。六十(shi)四歲再起(qi)(qi)為(wei)浙東(dong)安(an)撫(fu)(fu)使、鎮(zhen)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)知府,不(bu)久罷歸。一(yi)生力(li)主抗(kang)(kang)金北(bei)伐,并提(ti)出(chu)有(you)(you)關方略,均(jun)未被采納。其(qi)(qi)詞(ci)熱(re)情洋溢、慷慨(kai)激昂,富有(you)(you)愛國感情。有(you)(you)《稼(jia)軒(xuan)(xuan)長短(duan)句》以(yi)及(ji)今人輯(ji)本《辛稼(jia)軒(xuan)(xuan)詩文鈔存》。
辛棄疾此首《菩薩蠻》,用極(ji)高明之比興藝術,寫極(ji)深沉之愛國(guo)情思,無愧為詞中瑰寶。
詞(ci)題“書(shu)江(jiang)(jiang)西造(zao)(zao)口壁(bi)”,起寫郁孤(gu)(gu)臺(tai)與清江(jiang)(jiang)。造(zao)(zao)口一名皂(zao)口,在江(jiang)(jiang)西萬安縣(xian)西南六十里(《萬安縣(xian)志》)。詞(ci)中的郁孤(gu)(gu)臺(tai)在贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)城西北(bei)(bei)角(《嘉靖贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)府志圖(tu)》),因“隆阜(fu)郁然,孤(gu)(gu)起平地數(shu)丈”得名。“唐李勉為虔州(zhou)(即贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou))剌史時,登臨北(bei)(bei)望,慨然曰(yue):‘余雖不及子牟,而(er)(er)心在魏(wei)闕(que)一也。’改郁孤(gu)(gu)為望闕(que)。”(《方輿勝覽》)清江(jiang)(jiang)即贛(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)。章、貢(gong)二水抱(bao)贛(gan)(gan)州(zhou)城而(er)(er)流,至郁孤(gu)(gu)臺(tai)下匯為贛(gan)(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)流,經造(zao)(zao)口、萬安、太和(he)、吉州(zhou)(治(zhi)廬(lu)陵,今(jin)(jin)吉安)、隆興(xing)府(即洪州(zhou),今(jin)(jin)南昌市),入鄱陽湖注入長江(jiang)(jiang)。
“郁(yu)(yu)孤(gu)臺下(xia)(xia)清(qing)(qing)江水。”起筆(bi)橫絕。由(you)于漢字(zi)形、聲、義具體可感(gan)(gan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)特質,尤其郁(yu)(yu)有郁(yu)(yu)勃、沉郁(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi),孤(gu)有巍(wei)巍(wei)獨(du)立(li)(li)(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)(gan),郁(yu)(yu)孤(gu)臺三字(zi)劈面便(bian)凸起一(yi)座(zuo)郁(yu)(yu)然(ran)(ran)孤(gu)峙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高臺。詞(ci)(ci)人(ren)調動此(ci)三字(zi)打頭陣,顯然(ran)(ran)有滿腔磅(bang)礴(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)激(ji)憤,勢(shi)不(bu)能不(bu)用此(ci)突兀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)筆(bi)也。進而(er)寫出(chu)臺下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)(qing)江水。《萬安(an)縣志(zhi)》云:“贛水入萬安(an)境(jing),初落平廣(guang),奔激(ji)響溜。”寫出(chu)此(ci)一(yi)江激(ji)流(liu),詞(ci)(ci)境(jing)遂從(cong)百余里外之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郁(yu)(yu)孤(gu)臺,順勢(shi)收至(zhi)眼前之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)口(kou)(kou)。造(zao)口(kou)(kou),詞(ci)(ci)境(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)核心(xin)也。故又縱筆(bi)寫出(chu):“中間多少行人(ren)淚(lei)(lei)。”行人(ren)淚(lei)(lei)三字(zi),直(zhi)點造(zao)口(kou)(kou)當(dang)年(nian)事(shi)。詞(ci)(ci)人(ren)身臨隆(long)祐(you)太后(hou)被(bei)追(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,痛感(gan)(gan)建炎國脈(mo)如(ru)縷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)危,憤金(jin)兵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)猖(chang)狂,羞國恥之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)未雪,乃將滿懷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悲憤,化(hua)為(wei)此(ci)悲涼之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)句。在詞(ci)(ci)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心(xin)魂中,此(ci)一(yi)江流(liu)水,竟為(wei)行人(ren)流(liu)不(bu)盡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)傷心(xin)淚(lei)(lei)。行人(ren)淚(lei)(lei)意(yi)蘊深廣(guang),不(bu)必專言隆(long)祐(you)。在建炎年(nian)間四海南(nan)奔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際,自中原至(zhi)江淮(huai)而(er)江南(nan),不(bu)知有多少行人(ren)流(liu)下(xia)(xia)無數(shu)傷心(xin)淚(lei)(lei)啊。由(you)此(ci)想(xiang)來(lai),便(bian)覺隆(long)祐(you)被(bei)追(zhui)至(zhi)造(zao)口(kou)(kou),又正是那(nei)一(yi)存亡危急之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象征。無疑(yi)此(ci)一(yi)江行人(ren)淚(lei)(lei)中,也有詞(ci)(ci)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)悲淚(lei)(lei)啊。“西北望(wang)(wang)長(chang)(chang)安(an),可憐無數(shu)山(shan)。”長(chang)(chang)安(an)指汴京,西北望(wang)(wang)猶言直(zhi)北望(wang)(wang)。詞(ci)(ci)人(ren)因(yin)回想(xiang)隆(long)祐(you)被(bei)追(zhui)而(er)念(nian)及(ji)神州陸沉,獨(du)立(li)(li)(li)造(zao)口(kou)(kou)仰望(wang)(wang)汴京亦猶杜老之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獨(du)立(li)(li)(li)夔(kui)州仰望(wang)(wang)長(chang)(chang)安(an)。抬望(wang)(wang)眼,遙望(wang)(wang)長(chang)(chang)安(an),境(jing)界(jie)頓時無限高遠。然(ran)(ran)而(er),可惜有無數(shu)青山(shan)重重遮攔,望(wang)(wang)不(bu)見(jian)也,境(jing)界(jie)遂一(yi)變(bian)而(er)為(wei)具有封(feng)閉(bi)式(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)味,頓挫極有力。歇拍雖(sui)暗用李勉登郁(yu)(yu)孤(gu)臺望(wang)(wang)闕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)故事(shi),卻寫出(chu)自己之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)滿懷忠憤。
“青山(shan)遮(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住(zhu),畢竟東(dong)流(liu)(liu)去(qu)。”贛江(jiang)北(bei)流(liu)(liu),此(ci)言東(dong)流(liu)(liu),詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)寫(xie)胸懷,正不(bu)(bu)必(bi)拘泥。無(wu)數(shu)青山(shan)雖可(ke)(ke)(ke)遮(zhe)住(zhu)長(chang)安(an),但終究(jiu)遮(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)一(yi)(yi)江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)向(xiang)東(dong)流(liu)(liu)。換(huan)頭是(shi)寫(xie)眼(yan)前景(jing),若言有寄托,則似(si)難以(yi)(yi)指(zhi)實。若言無(wu)寄托,則遮(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)與(yu)(yu)畢竟二(er)語(yu),又明顯帶有感(gan)情色(se)彩。周濟云(yun):“借水(shui)怨山(shan)。”可(ke)(ke)(ke)謂具眼(yan)。此(ci)詞(ci)句(ju)(ju)句(ju)(ju)不(bu)(bu)離山(shan)水(shui)。試體(ti)味“遮(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)”三字(zi),將(jiang)青山(shan)周匝圍(wei)堵之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)一(yi)(yi)筆(bi)推去(qu),“畢竟”二(er)字(zi)更見深沉有力。返觀(guan)上闋,清江(jiang)水(shui)既(ji)為(wei)(wei)行(xing)人(ren)(ren)淚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)象喻,則東(dong)流(liu)(liu)去(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)江(jiang)水(shui)如有所喻,當(dang)喻祖國一(yi)(yi)方。無(wu)數(shu)青山(shan),詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)既(ji)嘆其(qi)遮(zhe)住(zhu)長(chang)安(an),更道出其(qi)遮(zhe)不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)東(dong)流(liu)(liu),則其(qi)所喻當(dang)指(zhi)敵人(ren)(ren)。在(zai)詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)潛意(yi)識中(zhong),當(dang)并指(zhi)投降派。“東(dong)流(liu)(liu)去(qu)”三字(zi)尤可(ke)(ke)(ke)體(ti)味。《尚書·禹貢(gong)》云(yun):“江(jiang)漢(han)朝(chao)宗于海(hai)。”在(zai)中(zhong)國文化(hua)傳(chuan)統中(zhong),江(jiang)河(he)行(xing)地與(yu)(yu)日月經(jing)天同為(wei)(wei)“天行(xing)健”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)體(ti)現(xian),故“君(jun)子以(yi)(yi)自強不(bu)(bu)息(xi)(xi)”(《息(xi)(xi)·系(xi)辭》)。杜(du)甫《長(chang)江(jiang)二(er)首》云(yun):“朝(chao)宗人(ren)(ren)共(gong)挹,盜賊爾誰尊(zun)?”“浩(hao)浩(hao)終不(bu)(bu)息(xi)(xi),乃知東(dong)極臨。眾流(liu)(liu)歸海(hai)意(yi),萬國奉君(jun)心。”故必(bi)言寄托,則換(huan)頭托意(yi),當(dang)以(yi)(yi)江(jiang)水(shui)東(dong)流(liu)(liu)喻正義(yi)所向(xiang)也。然而時局并不(bu)(bu)樂觀(guan),詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)心情并不(bu)(bu)輕(qing)松。“江(jiang)晚正愁(chou)(chou)余(yu),山(shan)深聞(wen)鷓(zhe)鴣(gu)。”詞(ci)情詞(ci)境(jing)又作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)大頓挫(cuo)。江(jiang)晚山(shan)深,此(ci)一(yi)(yi)暮(mu)色(se)蒼茫又具封閉式意(yi)味之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)境(jing)界,無(wu)異(yi)為(wei)(wei)詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)沉郁(yu)苦(ku)悶(men)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孤(gu)懷寫(xie)照,而暗應合(he)上闋開(kai)頭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)郁(yu)孤(gu)臺意(yi)象。“正愁(chou)(chou)余(yu)”,語(yu)本《楚辭·九歌·湘(xiang)夫人(ren)(ren)》:“目眇眇兮愁(chou)(chou)予。”楚騷哀(ai)怨要眇之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色(se)調,愈添意(yi)境(jing)沉郁(yu)凄迷(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氛圍(wei)。更哪堪(kan)聞(wen)亂(luan)山(shan)深處鷓(zhe)鴣(gu)聲聲:“行(xing)不(bu)(bu)得也哥哥”。《禽經(jing)》張華注:“鷓(zhe)鴣(gu)飛(fei)必(bi)南(nan)向(xiang),其(qi)志(zhi)懷南(nan),不(bu)(bu)徂(cu)北(bei)也。”白居易《山(shan)鷓(zhe)鴣(gu)》:“啼到(dao)曉(xiao),唯能愁(chou)(chou)北(bei)人(ren)(ren),南(nan)人(ren)(ren)慣聞(wen)如不(bu)(bu)聞(wen)。”鷓(zhe)鴣(gu)聲聲,是(shi)呼喚詞(ci)人(ren)(ren)莫忘南(nan)歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)懷抱,還是(shi)勾(gou)起其(qi)志(zhi)業(ye)未就之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠(zhong)憤,或如山(shan)那畔中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)父老同胞(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哀(ai)告,實難作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)指(zhi)實。但結筆(bi)寫(xie)出一(yi)(yi)懷愁(chou)(chou)苦(ku)則可(ke)(ke)(ke)斷(duan)言。而此(ci)一(yi)(yi)懷愁(chou)(chou)苦(ku),實朝(chao)廷一(yi)(yi)味妥協(xie),中(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)久未光(guang)復(fu)有以(yi)(yi)致之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),亦(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)斷(duan)言。
此(ci)詞(ci)抒發對建炎年間國(guo)(guo)事艱危之(zhi)沉(chen)痛追懷(huai),對靖康以(yi)來失(shi)去國(guo)(guo)土之(zhi)深情縈念(nian),故此(ci)一(yi)(yi)習用(yong)(yong)已久隱寫兒女柔情之(zhi)小令,竟為(wei)南宋愛國(guo)(guo)精神(shen)(shen)深沉(chen)凝聚之(zhi)絕唱。詞(ci)中運用(yong)(yong)比(bi)興手法,以(yi)眼(yan)前(qian)景道(dao)心上(shang)事,達到比(bi)興傳統(tong)意(yi)(yi)內言外之(zhi)極高境(jing)界。其眼(yan)前(qian)景不過(guo)是清江水、無數山,心上(shang)事則包(bao)舉家(jia)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)悲(bei)今昔之(zhi)感種(zhong)種(zhong)意(yi)(yi)念(nian),而一(yi)(yi)并(bing)托(tuo)(tuo)諸眼(yan)前(qian)景寫出。顯(xian)有寄(ji)托(tuo)(tuo),又難以(yi)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)指(zhi)實(shi)。但其主要寓托(tuo)(tuo)則可體認(ren),其一(yi)(yi)懷(huai)襟(jin)抱亦可領會。此(ci)種(zhong)以(yi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)幅意(yi)(yi)境(jing)寓寫整個襟(jin)抱、運用(yong)(yong)比(bi)興寄(ji)托(tuo)(tuo)又未必一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)指(zhi)實(shi)之(zhi)藝術造(zao)詣,實(shi)為(wei)中國(guo)(guo)美(mei)(mei)學理想之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)體現(xian)。全(quan)(quan)(quan)詞(ci)一(yi)(yi)片(pian)神(shen)(shen)行又潛氣內轉,兼有神(shen)(shen)理高絕與沉(chen)郁頓挫之(zhi)美(mei)(mei),在詞(ci)史上(shang)完全(quan)(quan)(quan)可與李太白同調詞(ci)相媲美(mei)(mei)。
卓人月(yue)評此(ci)詞云:“忠(zhong)憤之氣,拂拂指端。”(《詞統》)
明沈際(ji)飛《草堂(tang)詩馀正集》:“無數山(shan)水,無數悲憤(fen)。伊文(wen)公云:若朝廷賞罰明,此等人皆可(ke)用。”
清陳廷(ting)焯《云韶集》:“血淚淋漓,古今讓其獨步。結二語號呼痛哭,音節(jie)之悲,至今猶隱(yin)隱(yin)在耳。”
周濟《宋(song)四家詞選》:“借水怨山。”
唐圭璋《唐宋詞簡(jian)釋》:“此首《書江西造口壁(bi)》,不假雕繪,自抒悲(bei)(bei)憤(fen)。小(xiao)詞而蒼(cang)莽悲(bei)(bei)壯(zhuang)如此,誠不多(duo)見。蓋(gai)以(yi)真(zhen)情(qing)郁(yu)勃,而又有氣魄足(zu)以(yi)暢發其(qi)情(qing)。起(qi)從近處寫水,次(ci)從遠處寫山。下片(pian)(pian),將山水打成一片(pian)(pian),慨嘆不盡。末以(yi)愁聞(wen)鷓鴣作結,尤(you)覺無限悲(bei)(bei)憤(fen)。”
梁啟(qi)超評此(ci)詞云:“《菩(pu)薩蠻》如此(ci)大聲鏜鞳(ta),未曾有(you)也。”(《藝蘅館詞選》)