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基本介紹

舌(she)戰(zhan)群(qun)儒出自(zi)明代羅(luo)貫(guan)中所著章回(hui)小說《三國演義(yi)》第43回(hui)：“諸葛亮舌(she)戰(zhan)群(qun)儒，魯(lu)子敬力排眾議(yi)。”

故(gu)事講述諸(zhu)葛亮為聯(lian)盟孫權抵抗曹操的過程中遭到(dao)東(dong)吳諸(zhu)謀士的責難，最后都被諸(zhu)葛亮一(yi)一(yi)反(fan)駁(bo)，啞口無(wu)言。

角色介紹

孔明簡介

諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(181—234年(nian))，三(san)國時杰(jie)出(chu)政治(zhi)家、戰略家、外交(jiao)家。字孔明(ming)，號臥龍。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)于漢(han)靈帝光和四年(nian)(181年(nian))出(chu)生(sheng)于瑯(lang)邪(xie)(xie)陽都(今山東沂南縣)的一個官(guan)吏之家。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)氏(shi)是瑯(lang)邪(xie)(xie)的望(wang)族(zu)，先祖諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)豐曾在(zai)西(xi)漢(han)元(yuan)帝時做過(guo)司隸校尉(wei)(衛(wei)戍京師的長官(guan))。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)父(fu)親諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)圭，字君貢(gong)，東漢(han)末(mo)年(nian)做過(guo)泰(tai)山郡(jun)丞。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)3歲(sui)母(mu)親章氏(shi)病逝,諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)8歲(sui)喪父(fu)，與弟(di)弟(di)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)均(jun)一起跟隨由袁術任命為豫(yu)章太(tai)守的叔父(fu)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)到豫(yu)章赴任。東漢(han)朝廷(ting)派朱皓取代了諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)職務，諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)就去投奔老朋友荊州牧(mu)劉表。

內容介紹

有關資料

小說記載

《三國(guo)演(yan)義》是中國(guo)古代(dai)長篇(pian)章回小說的開山之作。

三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)故事(shi)在我國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)民(min)(min)間頗為(wei)流行。宋元時(shi)代(dai)即被搬(ban)上舞(wu)臺，金(jin)、元演(yan)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)劇目達30多種。元代(dai)至治年(nian)間出現了(le)(le)新安虞氏所(suo)刊(kan)(kan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《全(quan)相三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)志平話》。元末(mo)(mo)明(ming)初羅貫(guan)中綜合民(min)(min)間傳說(shuo)和戲曲、話本(ben)，結合陳壽《三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)志》和裴松(song)之注的(de)(de)(de)(de)史料(liao)，根據他個人(ren)對社會(hui)人(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體悟(wu)，創作了(le)(le)《三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)志通俗(su)演(yan)義(yi)(yi)》，現存最早(zao)刊(kan)(kan)本(ben)是明(ming)嘉(jia)靖(jing)年(nian)所(suo)刊(kan)(kan)刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)，俗(su)稱“嘉(jia)靖(jing)本(ben)”，本(ben)書24卷(juan)。清康熙年(nian)間，毛綸(lun)毛宗崗父子辨正史事(shi)、增刪(shan)文字(zi)，修(xiu)改成今日通行的(de)(de)(de)(de)120回本(ben)《三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)演(yan)義(yi)(yi)》。《三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)演(yan)義(yi)(yi)》描(miao)(miao)寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是從東漢(han)末(mo)(mo)年(nian)到西(xi)晉初年(nian)之間近一(yi)百(bai)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史風云。全(quan)書反(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治軍事(shi)斗爭，反(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)各類(lei)社會(hui)矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透與轉化，概(gai)括了(le)(le)這(zhe)一(yi)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史巨變，塑(su)造了(le)(le)一(yi)批咤叱風云的(de)(de)(de)(de)英雄人(ren)物。在對三(san)(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)握上，作者表現出明(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)擁(yong)劉反(fan)曹(cao)傾向(xiang)(xiang)，以劉備(bei)集(ji)團作為(wei)描(miao)(miao)寫(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中心，對劉備(bei)集(ji)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要人(ren)物加以歌(ge)頌，對曹(cao)操則極力揭露(lu)鞭撻(ta)。今天我們對于作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種擁(yong)劉反(fan)曹(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傾向(xiang)(xiang)應有(you)辯(bian)證的(de)(de)(de)(de)認識。尊劉反(fan)曹(cao)是民(min)(min)間傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要傾向(xiang)(xiang)，在羅貫(guan)中生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)隱含著人(ren)民(min)(min)對漢(han)族復興的(de)(de)(de)(de)希望。

《三國演義》刻畫了近200個(ge)人物形象，其(qi)中(zhong)最(zui)為(wei)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有諸葛(ge)亮、曹(cao)操、關(guan)羽(yu)、劉(liu)備(bei)等人。諸葛(ge)亮是(shi)作(zuo)者(zhe)心目中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“賢(xian)相”的(de)(de)(de)(de)化身，他具(ju)有“鞠躬盡(jin)瘁，死而(er)(er)后已”的(de)(de)(de)(de)高風(feng)亮節，具(ju)有近世(shi)濟民再造太平(ping)盛世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雄(xiong)心壯志，而(er)(er)且作(zuo)者(zhe)還賦予他呼風(feng)喚雨(yu)、神機妙算的(de)(de)(de)(de)奇(qi)異本領。曹(cao)操是(shi)一位奸雄(xiong)，他生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)信條是(shi)“寧教我(wo)負天(tian)下(xia)人，不教天(tian)下(xia)人負我(wo)”，既有雄(xiong)才大(da)略(lve)，又殘暴奸詐，是(shi)一個(ge)政治(zhi)野心家陰謀家這與歷史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)真曹(cao)操是(shi)不可混同的(de)(de)(de)(de)。關(guan)羽(yu)“威猛剛毅”、“義重如山”。劉(liu)備(bei)被作(zuo)者(zhe)塑造成為(wei)仁(ren)民愛物、視賢(xian)下(xia)士、知(zhi)人善任(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)仁(ren)君典型。

《三國(guo)演(yan)義》描(miao)寫了大(da)(da)大(da)(da)小小的(de)戰(zhan)爭，構(gou)思宏偉(wei)，手(shou)法多(duo)樣(yang)，使我們清晰地看到了一場場刀光血影的(de)戰(zhan)爭場面。其中(zhong)“官(guan)渡之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)”和“赤(chi)壁(bi)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)”等戰(zhan)爭的(de)描(miao)寫波瀾起伏、跌宕跳躍，讀來驚(jing)心(xin)動(dong)魄。

全書的文不(bu)甚深，言(yan)不(bu)甚俗(su)，簡潔(jie)明快，氣勢充沛(pei)，生動活潑。

《三國(guo)演義》帶來我國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)小(xiao)說(shuo)創(chuang)作(zuo)的熱潮，它所塑造的一(yi)系列人物形象(xiang)在我國(guo)已(yi)家喻戶曉，婦孺皆知。

《三國(guo)(guo)演(yan)義(yi)》的版(ban)(ban)本很多，主要有：明弘治刻(ke)本《三國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)通俗演(yan)義(yi)》，文(wen)字(zi)粗(cu)樸，內容(rong)平易；《三國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)演(yan)義(yi)》，清毛(mao)宗崗增刪評點本，約(yue)成書于康(kang)熙初年，該(gai)本在(zai)社(she)會(hui)上流傳(chuan)最(zui)為廣泛。人民文(wen)學出版(ban)(ban)社(she)多次重印出版(ban)(ban)。

《三國演義》第四(si)十三回寫諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)只身隨魯肅過江(jiang)、游說(shuo)東吳群臣。時值劉備新敗，退守(shou)夏口(kou)，曹操大軍壓境，東吳上下(xia)主降之(zhi)風日(ri)盛(sheng)。在此情勢下(xia)，諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)以(yi)其(qi)超人(ren)的膽識(shi)同東吳群儒展(zhan)開舌戰(zhan)，并(bing)以(yi)其(qi)滔(tao)滔(tao)辯(bian)才使對手(shou)一(yi)個個皆(jie)成“口(kou)”下(xia)敗將，并(bing)最(zui)終說(shuo)服了孫權(quan)，使孫劉聯(lian)盟共(gong)抗曹操的局(ju)面得(de)以(yi)形成。

史書記載

只記載諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)面見孫(sun)權(quan)，東吳主戰(zhan)派(pai)、主和(he)派(pai)相爭日盛(sheng)。諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)只是節使。

經典片段

原文

肅乃引孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)至幕下(xia)。早見(jian)(jian)張昭(zhao)(zhao)、顧雍等一(yi)(yi)班文(wen)武(wu)二十余人(ren)(ren)(ren)，峨(e)冠博帶，整衣端坐(zuo)。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)逐一(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)(jian)，各問姓名。施禮已畢，坐(zuo)于客(ke)位。張昭(zhao)(zhao)等見(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)豐神(shen)飄灑，器(qi)宇軒昂，料道此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)必(bi)來游說(shuo)。張昭(zhao)(zhao)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)言(yan)挑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)(yue)：“昭(zhao)(zhao)乃江東微末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，久聞(wen)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)高臥隆中(zhong)，自(zi)比管(guan)(guan)、樂(le)。此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)語(yu)果(guo)有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)：“此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)亮平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)可(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比也(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)曰(yue)(yue)：“近聞(wen)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州三(san)顧先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)于草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，幸(xing)得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)為(wei)(wei)‘如(ru)魚得(de)(de)(de)水’，思欲席(xi)卷荊襄。今一(yi)(yi)旦以(yi)屬曹(cao)操，未(wei)審是(shi)何主(zhu)(zhu)見(jian)(jian)？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)自(zi)思張昭(zhao)(zhao)乃孫權手下(xia)第一(yi)(yi)個謀士，若不(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他，如(ru)何說(shuo)得(de)(de)(de)孫權，遂答(da)曰(yue)(yue)：“吾觀(guan)取漢(han)上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易如(ru)反掌。我主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州躬行(xing)(xing)仁(ren)義(yi)，不(bu)忍奪(duo)同宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)業(ye)，故力辭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。劉(liu)(liu)琮(cong)孺子，聽信(xin)佞言(yan)，暗(an)自(zi)投降，致(zhi)使曹(cao)操得(de)(de)(de)以(yi)猖(chang)獗。今我主(zhu)(zhu)屯(tun)兵江夏(xia)，別有(you)良(liang)圖，非(fei)等閑可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)曰(yue)(yue)：“若此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，是(shi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)言(yan)行(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)違(wei)也(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比管(guan)(guan)、樂(le)——管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)桓(huan)公，霸諸侯，一(yi)(yi)匡天下(xia)；樂(le)毅(yi)扶(fu)持微弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕，下(xia)齊七(qi)十余城(cheng)：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)者，真(zhen)濟世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才也(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)在草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，但笑(xiao)傲風月，抱膝危(wei)坐(zuo)。今既從(cong)事(shi)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州，當為(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)靈興利除害(hai)，剿滅亂賊。且(qie)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州未(wei)得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚且(qie)縱橫(heng)寰宇，割據(ju)城(cheng)池；今得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆(jie)仰(yang)望。雖三(san)尺(chi)童(tong)蒙，亦謂彪虎生(sheng)(sheng)翼，將(jiang)見(jian)(jian)漢(han)室復(fu)興，曹(cao)氏(shi)即滅矣。朝廷舊臣(chen)，山林(lin)隱士，無(wu)(wu)不(bu)拭目而(er)(er)(er)待：以(yi)為(wei)(wei)拂高天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云(yun)翳，仰(yang)日月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光輝，拯民(min)于水火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，措天下(xia)于衽席(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)，在此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)時也(ye)(ye)。何先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)歸豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州，曹(cao)兵一(yi)(yi)出(chu)，棄(qi)甲拋戈，望風而(er)(er)(er)竄；上(shang)不(bu)能報劉(liu)(liu)表以(yi)安(an)庶民(min)，下(xia)不(bu)能輔孤子而(er)(er)(er)據(ju)疆土(tu)；乃棄(qi)新(xin)野，走樊城(cheng)，敗當陽，奔夏(xia)口，無(wu)(wu)容身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是(shi)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州既得(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，反不(bu)如(ru)其初也(ye)(ye)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅(yi)，果(guo)如(ru)是(shi)乎？愚直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，幸(xing)勿見(jian)(jian)怪！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)聽罷(ba)，啞然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)笑(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)：“鵬飛萬里，其志豈群鳥能識哉？譬如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)染沉疴，當先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)糜(mi)粥以(yi)飲(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和藥(yao)以(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待其腑(fu)臟調(diao)和，形體(ti)漸安(an)，然(ran)后(hou)用(yong)肉(rou)食(shi)以(yi)補之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛藥(yao)以(yi)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：則病根盡去(qu)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)全生(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)。若不(bu)待氣脈和緩(huan)，便以(yi)猛藥(yao)厚味，欲求安(an)保，誠為(wei)(wei)難矣。吾主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州，向(xiang)日軍(jun)敗于汝南(nan)，寄跡劉(liu)(liu)表，兵不(bu)滿千，將(jiang)止關、張、趙云(yun)而(er)(er)(er)已：此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)正如(ru)病勢尫羸已極(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)，新(xin)野山僻(pi)小(xiao)縣，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)稀少，糧食(shi)鮮薄，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州不(bu)過暫借以(yi)容身(shen)，豈真(zhen)將(jiang)坐(zuo)守(shou)于此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)耶？夫以(yi)甲兵不(bu)完，城(cheng)郭不(bu)固，軍(jun)不(bu)經(jing)練，糧不(bu)繼日，然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)博望燒(shao)屯(tun)，白河(he)用(yong)水，使夏(xia)侯惇，曹(cao)仁(ren)輩心驚膽裂(lie)：竊謂管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)兵，未(wei)必(bi)過此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。至于劉(liu)(liu)琮(cong)降操，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州實(shi)出(chu)不(bu)知(zhi)；且(qie)又不(bu)忍乘亂奪(duo)同宗(zong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)業(ye)，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)真(zhen)大(da)仁(ren)大(da)義(yi)也(ye)(ye)。當陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州見(jian)(jian)有(you)數(shu)十萬赴義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)，扶(fu)老攜幼相(xiang)(xiang)隨，不(bu)忍棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日行(xing)(xing)十里，不(bu)思進(jin)取江陵，甘與同敗，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)亦大(da)仁(ren)大(da)義(yi)也(ye)(ye)。寡不(bu)敵眾，勝負乃其常事(shi)。昔高皇(huang)數(shu)敗于項羽，而(er)(er)(er)垓下(xia)一(yi)(yi)戰成(cheng)功，此(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)非(fei)韓信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良(liang)謀乎？夫信(xin)久事(shi)高皇(huang)，未(wei)嘗累勝。蓋國家大(da)計，社(she)稷安(an)危(wei)，是(shi)有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)謀。非(fei)比夸辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛(xu)譽欺人(ren)(ren)(ren)：坐(zuo)議(yi)立談(tan)，無(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)及；臨機(ji)應(ying)變(bian)，百無(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)能。——誠為(wei)(wei)天下(xia)笑(xiao)耳！”這一(yi)(yi)篇言(yan)語(yu)，說(shuo)得(de)(de)(de)張昭(zhao)(zhao)并無(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)回(hui)答(da)。

座上忽一人抗聲問曰：“今(jin)曹公(gong)兵(bing)(bing)屯百萬(wan)，將列千員，龍驤虎(hu)視，平吞江夏，公(gong)以(yi)為何如(ru)？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)視之(zhi)(zhi)，乃虞(yu)翻也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰：“曹操收袁(yuan)紹(shao)蟻(yi)聚之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)，劫劉表烏合之(zhi)(zhi)眾，雖數(shu)百萬(wan)不(bu)足(zu)懼(ju)也(ye)(ye)。”虞(yu)翻冷笑(xiao)(xiao)曰：“軍(jun)敗于當陽，計窮于夏口，區區求教于人，而猶言(yan)‘不(bu)懼(ju)’，此(ci)真大言(yan)欺人也(ye)(ye)！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰：“劉豫(yu)州(zhou)以(yi)數(shu)千仁義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)師，安能敵百萬(wan)殘暴(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)眾？退守夏口，所以(yi)待時也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)江東兵(bing)(bing)精糧(liang)足(zu)，且有(you)長江之(zhi)(zhi)險，猶欲使其主屈(qu)膝(xi)降賊，不(bu)顧(gu)天(tian)下恥(chi)笑(xiao)(xiao)。——由此(ci)論之(zhi)(zhi)，劉豫(yu)州(zhou)真不(bu)懼(ju)操賊者矣！”虞(yu)翻不(bu)能對(dui)。

座間又一人問曰：“孔(kong)明(ming)欲效儀(yi)(yi)、秦(qin)之(zhi)舌，游說東吳(wu)耶？”孔(kong)明(ming)視之(zhi)，乃(nai)步騭也(ye)。孔(kong)明(ming)曰：“步子山以蘇(su)秦(qin)張儀(yi)(yi)為辯(bian)士，不知蘇(su)秦(qin)、張儀(yi)(yi)亦豪(hao)杰也(ye)：蘇(su)秦(qin)佩六國相(xiang)印，張儀(yi)(yi)兩次相(xiang)秦(qin)，皆有匡扶人國之(zhi)謀(mou)，非比畏(wei)(wei)強凌(ling)弱，懼(ju)刀避劍之(zhi)人也(ye)。君(jun)等聞曹操虛發詐(zha)偽(wei)之(zhi)詞，便畏(wei)(wei)懼(ju)請降，敢笑蘇(su)秦(qin)、張儀(yi)(yi)乎(hu)？”步騭默然(ran)無語。

忽(hu)一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)問曰：“孔明(ming)以曹操(cao)(cao)何(he)如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)？”孔明(ming)視(shi)其(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)(nai)薛(xue)綜也(ye)。孔明(ming)答(da)曰：“曹操(cao)(cao)乃(nai)(nai)漢(han)賊(zei)也(ye)，又何(he)必問？”綜曰：“公(gong)言差矣。漢(han)傳世至今，天(tian)數將終。今曹公(gong)已有天(tian)下三分之(zhi)(zhi)二，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆歸心。劉豫(yu)州不(bu)識(shi)天(tian)時，強(qiang)欲與爭，正如(ru)以卵擊石(shi)，安得(de)不(bu)敗(bai)乎？”孔明(ming)厲聲(sheng)曰：“薛(xue)敬文(wen)安得(de)出此無(wu)(wu)父(fu)無(wu)(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)言乎！夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生天(tian)地間，以忠孝為(wei)立身之(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)。公(gong)既為(wei)漢(han)臣(chen)，則(ze)見有不(bu)臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，當誓共(gong)戮之(zhi)(zhi)：臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)。今曹操(cao)(cao)祖宗(zong)叨食漢(han)祿(lu)，不(bu)思報效(xiao)，反懷篡逆之(zhi)(zhi)心，天(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)所共(gong)憤；公(gong)乃(nai)(nai)以天(tian)數歸之(zhi)(zhi)，真無(wu)(wu)父(fu)無(wu)(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)！不(bu)足(zu)與語！請(qing)勿復言！”薛(xue)綜滿(man)面羞慚(can)，不(bu)能(neng)對答(da)。

座上又一(yi)人應聲問曰：“曹操(cao)雖(sui)挾天(tian)(tian)子(zi)以令諸侯，猶是(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)國曹參之(zhi)(zhi)后。劉豫(yu)州雖(sui)云(yun)中山(shan)靖王(wang)苗裔，卻無(wu)可稽考(kao)，眼見(jian)只(zhi)是(shi)織(zhi)(zhi)席販屨之(zhi)(zhi)夫耳，何足(zu)(zu)與曹操(cao)抗衡哉！”孔明視之(zhi)(zhi)，乃陸績也。孔明笑曰：“公(gong)非(fei)袁術(shu)座間懷橘之(zhi)(zhi)陸郎乎(hu)？請安坐，聽吾一(yi)言：曹操(cao)既為(wei)曹相(xiang)(xiang)國之(zhi)(zhi)后，則世(shi)為(wei)漢(han)臣矣；今乃專權肆橫，欺凌君父，是(shi)不惟無(wu)君，亦(yi)且蔑祖(zu)，不惟漢(han)室之(zhi)(zhi)亂(luan)臣，亦(yi)曹氏之(zhi)(zhi)賊子(zi)也。劉豫(yu)州堂(tang)堂(tang)帝胄，當(dang)今皇帝，按譜賜爵，何云(yun)‘無(wu)可稽考(kao)’？且高(gao)祖(zu)起身亭長(chang)，而終有天(tian)(tian)下(xia)；織(zhi)(zhi)席販屨，又何足(zu)(zu)為(wei)辱乎(hu)？公(gong)小兒之(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)，不足(zu)(zu)與高(gao)士共語！”陸績語塞。

座上一人忽曰：“孔明所言，皆強詞奪理，均非正論(lun)，不(bu)必再言。且請(qing)問孔明治何經典？”孔明視之(zhi)(zhi)，乃嚴畯(jun)也。孔明曰：“尋章摘句，世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒也，何能興(xing)邦立事(shi)？且古耕莘伊尹，釣渭子牙，張(zhang)良、陳(chen)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)流。鄧(deng)禹、耿(geng)弇之(zhi)(zhi)輩(bei)，皆有匡(kuang)扶(fu)宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)才，未審其生平(ping)治何經典。——豈亦(yi)效書生，區(qu)區(qu)于筆(bi)硯之(zhi)(zhi)間，數黑論(lun)黃，舞文弄(nong)墨(mo)而已乎？”嚴畯(jun)低(di)頭喪氣而不(bu)能對。

忽(hu)又(you)一人(ren)大聲曰：“公好為大言，未(wei)必真(zhen)有(you)實學，恐適為儒(ru)(ru)者(zhe)所笑(xiao)耳。”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)視(shi)其人(ren)，乃汝陽程德(de)樞(shu)也(ye)(ye)。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)答曰：“儒(ru)(ru)有(you)小(xiao)人(ren)君子之別(bie)。君子之儒(ru)(ru)，忠君愛(ai)國，守正惡邪，務(wu)使澤及當時，名留后世。——若夫小(xiao)人(ren)之儒(ru)(ru)，惟務(wu)雕(diao)蟲，專工(gong)翰墨(mo)，青春作賦，皓首窮經(jing)；筆下(xia)雖有(you)千言，胸中(zhong)實無一策。且(qie)如揚雄以文(wen)章名世，而屈身(shen)事莽，不免投閣而死，此所謂(wei)小(xiao)人(ren)之儒(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)；雖日賦萬言，亦何(he)取哉！”程德(de)樞(shu)不能對(dui)。眾人(ren)見孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)對(dui)答如流，盡皆失(shi)色。

同坐上(shang)張溫、駱統二人(ren)，又欲問難。忽一人(ren)自外(wai)而入(ru)，厲(li)聲言曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)明乃(nai)(nai)當世(shi)奇才，君等以唇舌(she)相難，非敬客之(zhi)(zhi)禮也。曹操大兵臨境(jing)，不思退敵(di)之(zhi)(zhi)策，乃(nai)(nai)徒(tu)斗口耶！”眾(zhong)視其人(ren)，乃(nai)(nai)零陵(ling)人(ren)，姓(xing)黃(huang)，名蓋(gai)，字公(gong)覆，現為(wei)東吳糧官。當時黃(huang)蓋(gai)謂孔(kong)明曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愚聞(wen)多言獲利(li)，不如默而無(wu)言。何(he)(he)不將(jiang)金石之(zhi)(zhi)論為(wei)我主言之(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)(nai)與(yu)眾(zhong)人(ren)辯論也？”孔(kong)明曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“諸(zhu)君不知世(shi)務，互(hu)相問難，不容(rong)不答(da)耳。”于是黃(huang)蓋(gai)與(yu)魯肅引孔(kong)明入(ru)。至(zhi)中門，正遇諸(zhu)葛瑾(jin)(jin)，孔(kong)明施(shi)禮。瑾(jin)(jin)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“賢(xian)弟(di)既(ji)到(dao)江東，如何(he)(he)不來(lai)見(jian)我？”孔(kong)明曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“弟(di)既(ji)事劉豫州，理宜先公(gong)后私(si)。公(gong)事未(wei)畢，不敢及私(si)。望兄見(jian)諒。”瑾(jin)(jin)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“賢(xian)弟(di)見(jian)過吳侯(hou)，卻來(lai)敘話。”說罷自去。

魯(lu)肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適間所囑，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)誤。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)點(dian)頭應(ying)諾。引(yin)至(zhi)(zhi)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)上，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)降階而(er)(er)(er)迎，優禮相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)待。施禮畢，賜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐(zuo)。眾文(wen)武分兩(liang)行而(er)(er)(er)立。魯(lu)肅立于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)側(ce)，只看他講話。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)致玄德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意畢，偷眼(yan)看孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)：碧眼(yan)紫髯，堂(tang)(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)(tang)一表。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)暗思：“此(ci)(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)貌非(fei)常，只可(ke)激，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)說。等他問(wen)時，用言(yan)激之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)了(le)。”獻茶(cha)已畢，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“多(duo)(duo)聞魯(lu)子(zi)敬談足(zu)下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)(cai)，今(jin)幸(xing)得相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，敢求教益。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)(cai)無(wu)(wu)學，有(you)(you)(you)(you)辱明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)問(wen)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足(zu)下(xia)(xia)近在新(xin)(xin)(xin)野，佐劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)(yu)曹操(cao)(cao)決戰(zhan)，必深知(zhi)彼(bi)軍(jun)虛實。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)兵(bing)微將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)寡(gua)，更兼(jian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)野城小無(wu)(wu)糧(liang)，安能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)曹操(cao)(cao)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)持。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹兵(bing)共有(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)少(shao)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“馬步水軍(jun)，約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一百(bai)余萬(wan)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“莫(mo)非(fei)詐(zha)(zha)乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“非(fei)詐(zha)(zha)也。曹操(cao)(cao)就兗州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)已有(you)(you)(you)(you)青州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軍(jun)二十萬(wan)；平了(le)袁紹，又(you)得五六十萬(wan)；中(zhong)原新(xin)(xin)(xin)招之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)三四十萬(wan)；今(jin)又(you)得荊(jing)(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)二三十萬(wan)：以(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)計之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)一百(bai)五十萬(wan)。亮(liang)以(yi)百(bai)萬(wan)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，恐(kong)驚江(jiang)東(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)也。”魯(lu)肅在旁，聞言(yan)失色(se)，以(yi)目視(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)；孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)只做不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹操(cao)(cao)部下(xia)(xia)戰(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)少(shao)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足(zu)智多(duo)(duo)謀(mou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)征(zheng)慣戰(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，何(he)(he)(he)止(zhi)一二千人(ren)(ren)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今(jin)曹操(cao)(cao)平了(le)荊(jing)(jing)、楚，復(fu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)遠(yuan)圖(tu)(tu)乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“即(ji)今(jin)沿江(jiang)下(xia)(xia)寨，準備戰(zhan)船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲圖(tu)(tu)江(jiang)東(dong)，待取何(he)(he)(he)地？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“若(ruo)彼(bi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)吞并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，戰(zhan)與(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰(zhan)，請足(zu)下(xia)(xia)為我(wo)(wo)一決。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮(liang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)一言(yan)，但恐(kong)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)從(cong)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愿(yuan)聞高論。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“向者(zhe)宇內大(da)亂，故(gu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)起江(jiang)東(dong)，劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)收眾漢(han)南，與(yu)(yu)曹操(cao)(cao)并爭天下(xia)(xia)。今(jin)操(cao)(cao)芟除(chu)大(da)難，略已平矣；近又(you)新(xin)(xin)(xin)破(po)荊(jing)(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，威震海(hai)內；縱有(you)(you)(you)(you)英雄，無(wu)(wu)用武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：故(gu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)遁逃至(zhi)(zhi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)。愿(yuan)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)量力(li)而(er)(er)(er)處之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：若(ruo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)吳、越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾，與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)抗衡(heng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)早(zao)與(yu)(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕；若(ruo)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，何(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)從(cong)眾謀(mou)士(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論，按兵(bing)束甲，北面而(er)(er)(er)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)未及(ji)答。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)外托(tuo)服從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，內懷疑貳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，事急而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷，禍(huo)至(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)(wu)日矣！”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“誠如(ru)君(jun)言(yan)，劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)何(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)降操(cao)(cao)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“昔(xi)田橫，齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯士(shi)耳(er)，猶(you)守義不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辱。況(kuang)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，英才(cai)(cai)蓋(gai)世，眾士(shi)仰慕。事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟，此(ci)(ci)(ci)乃天也。又(you)安能(neng)(neng)(neng)屈處人(ren)(ren)下(xia)(xia)乎！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)聽(ting)了(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺勃然變色(se)，拂衣而(er)(er)(er)起，退(tui)入(ru)(ru)后堂(tang)(tang)(tang)。眾皆(jie)哂笑而(er)(er)(er)散，魯(lu)肅責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“先生何(he)(he)(he)故(gu)出此(ci)(ci)(ci)言(yan)？幸(xing)是(shi)吾(wu)(wu)主(zhu)寬洪大(da)度，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即(ji)面責。先生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，藐視(shi)吾(wu)(wu)主(zhu)甚矣。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面笑曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“何(he)(he)(he)如(ru)此(ci)(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)容物耶！我(wo)(wo)自有(you)(you)(you)(you)破(po)曹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，彼(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)。”肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“果有(you)(you)(you)(you)良(liang)策(ce)，肅當(dang)請主(zhu)公求教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)(wu)視(shi)曹操(cao)(cao)百(bai)萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾，如(ru)群蟻耳(er)！但我(wo)(wo)一舉手，則(ze)皆(jie)為齏粉矣！”肅聞言(yan)，便(bian)入(ru)(ru)后堂(tang)(tang)(tang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)怒氣(qi)未息，顧(gu)謂肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)欺吾(wu)(wu)太甚！”肅曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣亦以(yi)此(ci)(ci)(ci)責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)反(fan)笑主(zhu)公不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)容物。破(po)曹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯輕言(yan)，主(zhu)公何(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)回嗔作喜曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“原來孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)(you)(you)良(liang)謀(mou)，故(gu)以(yi)言(yan)詞激我(wo)(wo)。我(wo)(wo)一時淺見(jian)(jian)(jian)，幾誤大(da)事。”便(bian)同魯(lu)肅重復(fu)出堂(tang)(tang)(tang)，再請孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)敘話。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適來冒瀆威嚴，幸(xing)勿見(jian)(jian)(jian)罪。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)亦謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮(liang)言(yan)語(yu)冒犯，望(wang)乞恕(shu)罪。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)邀孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)入(ru)(ru)后堂(tang)(tang)(tang)，置(zhi)酒相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)待。

數巡之(zhi)(zhi)后，權(quan)曰：“曹(cao)操平生所(suo)惡者：呂(lv)布、劉表、袁(yuan)紹、袁(yuan)術、豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)(yu)孤(gu)(gu)耳(er)。今數雄(xiong)已(yi)滅，獨豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)(yu)孤(gu)(gu)尚(shang)存。孤(gu)(gu)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以全吳之(zhi)(zhi)地，受制于(yu)人(ren)(ren)。吾計(ji)決矣(yi)。非(fei)(fei)劉豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)莫與(yu)(yu)當曹(cao)操者；然豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)新敗(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)后，安能(neng)(neng)(neng)抗(kang)此難乎？”孔明曰：“豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)雖新敗(bai)，然關云長猶率精兵萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)；劉琦(qi)領(ling)江(jiang)夏戰士，亦不(bu)下萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)。曹(cao)操之(zhi)(zhi)眾，遠來疲憊；近追(zhui)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)，輕(qing)騎一(yi)日(ri)夜行三百里，此所(suo)謂強弩之(zhi)(zhi)末，勢(shi)(shi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)穿(chuan)魯(lu)縞者也。且北方之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，不(bu)習(xi)水戰。荊州(zhou)(zhou)士民附操者，迫(po)于(yu)勢(shi)(shi)耳(er)，非(fei)(fei)本心也。今將軍誠能(neng)(neng)(neng)與(yu)(yu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)協力同心，破曹(cao)軍必矣(yi)。操軍破，必北還，則荊、吳之(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)(shi)強，而鼎足(zu)之(zhi)(zhi)形成(cheng)矣(yi)。成(cheng)敗(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)機，在(zai)于(yu)今日(ri)。惟將軍裁之(zhi)(zhi)。”

譯文

魯肅回(hui)報孫(sun)權，孫(sun)權安(an)排第(di)二天(tian)召集文(wen)武(wu)于帳(zhang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，請臥(wo)龍(long)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)來，升堂議事(shi)。第(di)二天(tian)，魯肅到(dao)(dao)驛館接孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)同(tong)(tong)往孫(sun)權大(da)(da)帳(zhang)中(zhong)(zhong)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)只見(jian)張(zhang)昭(zhao)、顧(gu)雍(yong)等(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)班二十多(duo)位文(wen)武(wu)官(guan)員(yuan)，峨(e)冠博(bo)帶，整衣(yi)端(duan)坐。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見(jian)禮，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)客位上落坐。張(zhang)昭(zhao)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)看(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)諸葛孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)豐神(shen)飄灑，器宇軒昂，料他(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來游說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。張(zhang)昭(zhao)便率先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)開口試問孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)：“我(wo)(wo)張(zhang)昭(zhao)乃(nai)(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)東的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小人(ren)(ren)物，早(zao)就(jiu)聽(ting)說(shuo)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高臥(wo)隆中(zhong)(zhong)，自(zi)比管(guan)仲、樂毅，有這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)嗎(ma)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)回(hui)答道(dao)(dao)：“這(zhe)(zhe)只不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亮平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個小可(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比。”張(zhang)昭(zhao)道(dao)(dao)：“新近聽(ting)說(shuo)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)劉(liu)(liu)豫州(zhou)三顧(gu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于草(cao)廬(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，幸得(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)為‘如(ru)(ru)魚(yu)得(de)(de)水’因(yin)而(er)欲想席(xi)卷荊襄(xiang)。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)荊襄(xiang)卻(que)(que)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)歸(gui)屬了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)曹操(cao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知你們(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)何(he)用意啊？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)暗想：張(zhang)昭(zhao)乃(nai)(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孫(sun)權手下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)謀(mou)士，若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他(ta)(ta)(ta)，如(ru)(ru)何(he)說(shuo)服得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)孫(sun)權？于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)答道(dao)(dao)：“在(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)看(kan)(kan)來，我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)取漢上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地易(yi)如(ru)(ru)反(fan)掌。我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)謙卑仁義(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)去奪同(tong)(tong)宗兄弟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基業，因(yin)此(ci)(ci)將荊州(zhou)推(tui)讓掉了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。劉(liu)(liu)琮是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個小孩子(zi)，聽(ting)任(ren)佞言，私自(zi)投(tou)降，致使(shi)曹操(cao)很(hen)猖獗。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)屯兵江(jiang)夏，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)另有良(liang)圖，這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)閑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輩所(suo)能理(li)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”張(zhang)昭(zhao)道(dao)(dao)：“如(ru)(ru)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣，先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)自(zi)相矛盾了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比管(guan)仲、樂毅，管(guan)仲輔(fu)佐桓公稱霸(ba)諸侯，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)統天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂毅扶(fu)持微弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)，拿下(xia)(xia)(xia)齊國(guo)七十多(duo)個城池。這(zhe)(zhe)兩個人(ren)(ren)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濟世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)(cai)啊！而(er)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)只會(hui)在(zai)(zai)(zai)草(cao)廬(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)笑(xiao)傲(ao)風月、抱(bao)膝危(wei)坐。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)既(ji)然(ran)事(shi)從(cong)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，就(jiu)該為百(bai)姓牟利益，除害滅賊。然(ran)而(er)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)未得(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，尚能夠(gou)(gou)縱橫天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，割據城地；如(ru)(ru)今(jin)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)們(men)更(geng)加仰望(wang)，就(jiu)連三歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼童(tong)都說(shuo)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)虎添翼，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)漢室興旺(wang)，曹操(cao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)滅了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。朝野上下(xia)(xia)(xia)無不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目以(yi)待，對(dui)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抱(bao)著(zhu)極大(da)(da)希望(wang)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)為何(he)自(zi)從(cong)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跟了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，曹兵一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來，你們(men)就(jiu)丟盔卸(xie)甲(jia)，望(wang)風而(er)竄，棄新野，走樊城，敗(bai)(bai)當(dang)陽，奔夏口，無容身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)辜(gu)負了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)表遺愿，令(ling)(ling)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓大(da)(da)失所(suo)望(wang)。那(nei)(nei)劉(liu)(liu)豫州(zhou)自(zi)從(cong)有了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，為何(he)反(fan)倒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)當(dang)初了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)呢？管(guan)仲、樂毅難道(dao)(dao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)？我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話愚魯直率，請先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)見(jian)怪！”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)聽(ting)罷，無聲地笑(xiao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)笑(xiao)，說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)：“大(da)(da)鵬(peng)展翅飛(fei)萬里(li)(li)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志(zhi)向難道(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)(nei)些(xie)(xie)(xie)小燕(yan)(yan)雀能認(ren)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)？比如(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個人(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痼疾，應(ying)當(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)給他(ta)(ta)(ta)喝點稀粥(zhou)，同(tong)(tong)藥一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起服下(xia)(xia)(xia)。等(deng)到(dao)(dao)他(ta)(ta)(ta)肺腹調和、形體慢慢養(yang)得(de)(de)安(an)穩些(xie)(xie)(xie)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，再用肉(rou)食補養(yang)，加上效力強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥治療，這(zhe)(zhe)樣病(bing)根才(cai)(cai)能除盡，人(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)以(yi)全面(mian)康復(fu)。如(ru)(ru)果不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)病(bing)人(ren)(ren)氣脈緩(huan)和，就(jiu)給他(ta)(ta)(ta)吃烈藥和味道(dao)(dao)厚(hou)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食物，想要(yao)(yao)求得(de)(de)平(ping)安(an)，實在(zai)(zai)(zai)就(jiu)難了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，以(yi)前兵敗(bai)(bai)于汝南，寄靠在(zai)(zai)(zai)劉(liu)(liu)表門下(xia)(xia)(xia)，兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千，將只關、張(zhang)、趙云，正像是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)病(bing)重危(wei)急的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時刻(ke)。新野小縣地僻人(ren)(ren)稀糧又少，他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)暫時借以(yi)安(an)身(shen)，怎可(ke)(ke)(ke)能長久(jiu)坐守(shou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)那(nei)(nei)里(li)(li)呢？但就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處境(jing)條件下(xia)(xia)(xia)，卻(que)(que)能夠(gou)(gou)火燒博(bo)望(wang)，水淹曹軍(jun)，令(ling)(ling)夏侯惇等(deng)心驚(jing)膽寒。依我(wo)(wo)看(kan)(kan)來，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)仲、樂毅用兵，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)如(ru)(ru)此(ci)(ci)吧(ba)。至于劉(liu)(liu)琮投(tou)降曹操(cao)，豫州(zhou)當(dang)時根本不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知，且(qie)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)心乘亂奪取同(tong)(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業；當(dang)陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)(bai)，豫州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)丟下(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓，幾十萬人(ren)(ren)扶(fu)老攜(xie)幼相隨(sui)渡江(jiang)，每日與民一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)顛簸(bo)十余里(li)(li)路而(er)放棄去取江(jiang)陵，真是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)仁大(da)(da)義(yi)啊！寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾，勝負乃(nai)(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兵家常事(shi)。昔日漢高祖劉(liu)(liu)邦(bang)多(duo)次敗(bai)(bai)給項羽(yu)，然(ran)而(er)垓(gai)下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)卻(que)(que)取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)決定性勝利，難道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為韓(han)信(xin)為他(ta)(ta)(ta)出了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)良(liang)謀(mou)嗎(ma)？可(ke)(ke)(ke)韓(han)信(xin)扶(fu)佐劉(liu)(liu)邦(bang)那(nei)(nei)么久(jiu)，也沒得(de)(de)幾次勝利啊。因(yin)此(ci)(ci)說(shuo)，國(guo)家大(da)(da)事(shi)，天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)安(an)危(wei)，要(yao)(yao)靠謀(mou)劃。那(nei)(nei)些(xie)(xie)(xie)夸夸其(qi)談、善于巧辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，靠虛榮(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣壓(ya)人(ren)(ren)；盡管(guan)能夠(gou)(gou)坐著(zhu)議論、站著(zhu)高談，可(ke)(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)關鍵(jian)時刻(ke)應(ying)付各種形勢變(bian)化(hua)，卻(que)(que)什(shen)么都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。——這(zhe)(zhe)才(cai)(cai)真正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叫天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)恥笑(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呀！”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番話，說(shuo)得(de)(de)張(zhang)昭(zhao)沒有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)對(dui)答。

這時座中一(yi)人忽然(ran)高(gao)聲問(wen)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“如今曹(cao)(cao)公(gong)屯兵(bing)百萬，列將千(qian)名，虎(hu)視眈眈要踏(ta)平、吞(tun)食(shi)江夏，先生認為該怎么辦呢？”孔明(ming)望去，乃是(shi)(shi)虞翻(fan)。孔明(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)收并了袁紹蟻聚(ju)之(zhi)兵(bing)，劫劉(liu)表烏(wu)合之(zhi)眾，雖然(ran)百萬之(zhi)軍，也沒什么可(ke)怕(pa)。”虞翻(fan)一(yi)聽冷笑(xiao)(xiao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“你們軍敗(bai)于(yu)(yu)當(dang)陽(yang)，計窮(qiong)于(yu)(yu)夏口，區區求救(jiu)于(yu)(yu)人，還說‘不(bu)怕(pa)’，這可(ke)真是(shi)(shi)大言(yan)不(bu)慚啊！”孔明(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“劉(liu)備(bei)(bei)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)只靠(kao)幾千(qian)仁義之(zhi)師，就能(neng)抵(di)抗百萬殘暴之(zhi)眾的嗎？退守夏口是(shi)(shi)為了等待更好的時機。而如今，你們江東兵(bing)精糧足，且憑借有長江之(zhi)天險，有的人卻還想要主公(gong)孫權屈膝投降曹(cao)(cao)賊，而竟(jing)不(bu)顧天下人的恥笑(xiao)(xiao)。——從這一(yi)點來看(kan)，劉(liu)備(bei)(bei)難(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)怕(pa)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)的嗎？”虞翻(fan)被說得啞口無言(yan)了。

座中又(you)一人(ren)發問道(dao)：“孔明(ming)先生(sheng)(sheng)難道(dao)想(xiang)效法張(zhang)儀和蘇秦(qin)來游說我們東吳嗎？”孔明(ming)一看，是步(bu)騭(zhi)(zhi)，回(hui)敬道(dao)：“步(bu)子山先生(sheng)(sheng)以(yi)為(wei)張(zhang)儀、蘇秦(qin)是辯士(shi)，卻大概(gai)還(huan)不(bu)知道(dao)他二人(ren)也是豪杰吧；蘇秦(qin)佩掛(gua)六國(guo)相(xiang)印(yin)，張(zhang)儀兩次為(wei)秦(qin)國(guo)宰相(xiang)，都是匡(kuang)扶國(guo)家的(de)(de)謀士(shi)，可不(bu)是那些畏強欺弱、怕(pa)刀怕(pa)槍(qiang)的(de)(de)人(ren)所能比的(de)(de)。君等只聽曹操虛發的(de)(de)假(jia)詐之詞，就嚇(xia)得想(xiang)去投降，還(huan)竟好意思在這里笑話(hua)蘇秦(qin)和張(zhang)儀嗎？”步(bu)騭(zhi)(zhi)也被問得說不(bu)出話(hua)了(le)。

忽然(ran)，又有(you)人問(wen)道(dao)：“孔明認為曹操是(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)什么人呢？”孔明看那人，乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)薛(xue)綜(zong)，答道(dao)：“曹操乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)賊，這還用問(wen)嗎？”薛(xue)綜(zong)道(dao)：“先生說得不對。漢(han)(han)朝歷代至今(jin)，天數眼看就(jiu)要完(wan)了。如(ru)今(jin)曹公(gong)擁有(you)三(san)分(fen)之(zhi)二天下(xia)，人都歸(gui)心與他(ta)。劉備不識天時(shi)，強要與之(zhi)分(fen)爭，正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)好比以卵(luan)擊石，怎能不敗(bai)呢？”孔明這時(shi)厲聲說道(dao)：“薛(xue)敬文怎么能出此沒(mei)有(you)君臣父(fu)子、沒(mei)有(you)高低倫理(li)之(zhi)言呢？人生在天地之(zhi)間，應以忠(zhong)孝作為立身之(zhi)本。薛(xue)公(gong)既然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)(han)臣，卻有(you)不臣之(zhi)心，應當(dang)打消這些思想，才是(shi)(shi)(shi)為臣的(de)(de)正(zheng)道(dao)。曹操的(de)(de)祖宗食(shi)漢(han)(han)祿，卻不思報(bao)孝漢(han)(han)室，反(fan)懷有(you)篡權叛(pan)逆之(zhi)心，讓天下(xia)人憎忿，薛(xue)公(gong)卻說天數歸(gui)之(zhi)曹操，真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)無父(fu)無君、沒(mei)有(you)綱(gang)常的(de)(de)人呀！我(wo)沒(mei)有(you)必(bi)要同你講話，請(qing)不必(bi)多言了！”薛(xue)綜(zong)滿面羞(xiu)慚，無話對答。

座上又有(you)一人應聲問道：“曹(cao)操雖然挾天(tian)子(zi)以令(ling)諸侯(hou)，可畢(bi)竟也是(shi)相國(guo)曹(cao)參的后(hou)代(dai)。劉(liu)備(bei)雖自說是(shi)所謂中(zhong)山靖王(wang)(wang)的苗裔，卻(que)沒(mei)有(you)考證(zheng)，人們親眼所見(jian)的，他(ta)只(zhi)不過是(shi)一個編草席賣(mai)草鞋(xie)的俗夫罷了，有(you)什(shen)么資格來(lai)和曹(cao)操抗衡呢(ni)！”孔明(ming)看去，原來(lai)是(shi)陸績(ji)。孔明(ming)笑起來(lai)，道：“曹(cao)操既然是(shi)曹(cao)相國(guo)的后(hou)代(dai)，就更證(zheng)明(ming)他(ta)世(shi)代(dai)都(dou)為漢(han)(han)臣(chen)，而(er)如今(jin)他(ta)卻(que)手握(wo)王(wang)(wang)權，肆意橫(heng)行，欺君(jun)(jun)妄上，不僅是(shi)目無(wu)君(jun)(jun)主，而(er)且(qie)是(shi)蔑視祖(zu)(zu)宗，不僅是(shi)漢(han)(han)室之(zhi)亂臣(chen)，而(er)且(qie)是(shi)曹(cao)氏之(zhi)賊子(zi)。劉(liu)備(bei)是(shi)堂堂正(zheng)(zheng)正(zheng)(zheng)的漢(han)(han)室之(zhi)胄(zhou)，當今(jin)皇帝依據世(shi)宗祖(zu)(zu)譜賜與他(ta)官(guan)爵，你憑什(shen)么說‘無(wu)可查考’呢(ni)？況且(qie)高(gao)祖(zu)(zu)就是(shi)從區區亭(ting)長開始建(jian)業起身的，織(zhi)席賣(mai)鞋(xie)又有(you)什(shen)么可以為恥辱的呢(ni)？我看你真(zhen)是(shi)小兒之(zhi)見(jian)，怎能(neng)和高(gao)士一起理論！”陸績(ji)不禁閉口塞舌。

席中又(you)一人說道(dao)：“孔(kong)明(ming)所(suo)言，都(dou)是(shi)強(qiang)詞奪理，全不(bu)是(shi)正經(jing)(jing)之談，不(bu)必(bi)再(zai)說了。只請(qing)問孔(kong)明(ming)著(zhu)有什么(me)經(jing)(jing)典之論(lun)嗎？”孔(kong)明(ming)看他(ta)(ta)，是(shi)嚴峻，說道(dao)：“尋章摘(zhai)句，是(shi)世上(shang)那些迂腐(fu)(fu)儒士(shi)的(de)所(suo)為，哪(na)能夠(gou)依此興國立事。古時候躬(gong)耕的(de)莘伊尹，垂(chui)釣于渭水(shui)的(de)姜(jiang)子牙，還有張(zhang)良(liang)、鄧(deng)禹等名士(shi)高人都(dou)沒見他(ta)(ta)們有什么(me)經(jing)(jing)典論(lun)著(zhu)。——難道(dao)說你整天就光只是(shi)效(xiao)仿那些酸腐(fu)(fu)的(de)書生(sheng)，區區于筆(bi)硯(yan)之間，數黑論(lun)黃(huang)、舞文弄墨(mo)而已嗎？”嚴峻垂(chui)頭喪氣地無以作答。

忽然(ran)一(yi)個(ge)人大聲說道(dao)：“諸葛公好說大話，未必有(you)(you)(you)真才實學，恐怕到時恰恰要被文(wen)(wen)人學者(zhe)(zhe)所(suo)(suo)笑(xiao)呢。”孔(kong)明看那(nei)人，乃是程(cheng)德樞，便回答道(dao)：“文(wen)(wen)人學者(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)(you)君(jun)子與小人之(zhi)分。作為君(jun)子的(de)文(wen)(wen)人，忠(zhong)君(jun)愛國(guo)，堅守正義，憎惡(e)邪佞(ning)，盡(jin)力為時代做出自己的(de)貢獻，美名傳于(yu)后(hou)世。而作為小人的(de)學者(zhe)(zhe)，只鉆營雕蟲小技(ji)，用心于(yu)文(wen)(wen)墨，年輕時作賦，人老了把經都念完。筆(bi)下即便有(you)(you)(you)千言，胸中卻(que)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)點實實在(zai)(zai)在(zai)(zai)的(de)計策。就像楊雄那(nei)樣，雖然(ran)以文(wen)(wen)章著稱于(yu)世，卻(que)屈身于(yu)草莽強(qiang)盜之(zhi)手，走投無路(lu)最后(hou)跳樓而死。這就是所(suo)(suo)謂的(de)小人之(zhi)儒。即使他每天吟(yin)詩作賦上萬言，可(ke)又(you)有(you)(you)(you)什么(me)用呢！”程(cheng)德樞也不能(neng)應對(dui)了。

眾人(ren)見孔明(ming)(ming)(ming)對(dui)答(da)如流(liu)，全都已驚慌失色。此時座中還有(you)人(ren)想要問難(nan)(nan)孔明(ming)(ming)(ming)，忽然有(you)個(ge)人(ren)從外面走(zou)進來(lai)，厲(li)聲說道：“孔明(ming)(ming)(ming)乃是(shi)當世奇才，諸位以唇舌相難(nan)(nan)，可不(bu)是(shi)敬客之禮。曹(cao)操(cao)大軍壓境，你們不(bu)商討退兵之策(ce)，光在這(zhe)里斗(dou)嘴！”眾人(ren)一看，是(shi)督(du)糧(liang)官(guan)黃蓋(gai)黃公(gong)覆(fu)。黃蓋(gai)對(dui)孔明(ming)(ming)(ming)道：“先生何不(bu)將金石之論對(dui)我主說去？”孔明(ming)(ming)(ming)道：“諸君不(bu)識時務，互相問難(nan)(nan)，容不(bu)得我不(bu)答(da)。”

于是(shi)黃蓋和魯肅帶孔(kong)明進入中門，正巧(qiao)遇到諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾，孔(kong)明給他兄(xiong)長施禮。諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾說(shuo)(shuo)：“賢弟既然(ran)已(yi)來到江東，為何不來見(jian)我呢？”孔(kong)明說(shuo)(shuo)：“弟已(yi)輔佐劉備，理(li)當先(xian)公后(hou)私。公事沒辦完(wan)，不敢旁(pang)及私事。請哥(ge)哥(ge)見(jian)諒(liang)。”諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾道：“賢弟拜(bai)見(jian)過吳侯，就到我那里敘話。”說(shuo)(shuo)完(wan)便(bian)走了。

魯肅(su)(su)對(dui)(dui)孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)囑咐道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“今天見(jian)(jian)到我(wo)(wo)家(jia)主(zhu)公(gong)，千萬別說曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)多。”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)笑說：“亮自(zi)會隨(sui)機應變。”他(ta)們來(lai)到大堂(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)上，孫權(quan)(quan)下(xia)(xia)階而(er)迎，厚禮相侍，請孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)坐，眾(zhong)文武(wu)分列兩旁，魯肅(su)(su)站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)邊(bian)上。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)見(jian)(jian)孫權(quan)(quan)碧眼紫發，儀表堂(tang)堂(tang)，暗想，此人相貌不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)般(ban)，只能用話(hua)激(ji)(ji)他(ta)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能光講道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理。于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，等(deng)孫權(quan)(quan)問(wen)(wen)起曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)多少(shao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)馬時，孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)說有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)百多萬。孫權(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“怕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)詐我(wo)(wo)們吧？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)便將(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力(li)，加上從(cong)袁(yuan)紹、中(zhong)原(yuan)和荊(jing)州(zhou)那里新增(zeng)的(de)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)力(li)算(suan)在(zai)一(yi)起，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)百五(wu)十多萬。他(ta)方(fang)才說一(yi)百萬，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕嚇(xia)著江東之(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)；且曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)手下(xia)(xia)戰將(jiang)謀士(shi)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)二(er)千。魯肅(su)(su)在(zai)旁一(yi)聽(ting)(ting)，驚慌失(shi)色(se)，連忙向孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)使眼色(se)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)讓他(ta)再(zai)說了(le)，孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)卻只裝作沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)看見(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)(zhe)時孫權(quan)(quan)又問(wen)(wen)：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)平了(le)荊(jing)楚(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)地，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)其他(ta)圖謀嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“他(ta)如(ru)今已(yi)沿江邊(bian)安營扎寨，準備(bei)(bei)戰船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)圖你(ni)們江東，又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想取哪里呢(ni)？”孫權(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“若(ruo)他(ta)真有(you)(you)(you)(you)吞并之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)，請先(xian)生(sheng)替我(wo)(wo)想想該怎(zen)(zen)么辦。”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“亮有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)句話(hua)，只怕將(jiang)軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)(ting)從(cong)。如(ru)今曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)勢力(li)極大，威(wei)震海(hai)內，即便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英雄，也無用武(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)地，奈他(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可。將(jiang)軍要(yao)量力(li)而(er)行，若(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)能力(li)與曹(cao)(cao)抗衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)趁早(zao)消滅(mie)他(ta)；若(ruo)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)能力(li)對(dui)(dui)抗，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)聽(ting)(ting)從(cong)眾(zhong)謀士(shi)的(de)建(jian)議，投(tou)降(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)算(suan)了(le)。如(ru)今，將(jiang)軍嘴上說要(yao)降(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)，心里又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)想降(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)，形勢危(wei)急(ji)，卻總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拿不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)定主(zhu)意(yi)，大禍可就(jiu)要(yao)臨(lin)頭(tou)了(le)！”孫權(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“若(ruo)像先(xian)生(sheng)說的(de)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)，劉備(bei)(bei)為什(shen)么不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)投(tou)降(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)呢(ni)？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“過(guo)(guo)去(qu)，像齊國的(de)田橫那樣(yang)(yang)的(de)壯士(shi)都(dou)(dou)能堅守大義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)容屈辱，何(he)況(kuang)劉備(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢室宗親——事之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)成乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天意(yi)，怎(zen)(zen)么能自(zi)己就(jiu)先(xian)屈服于他(ta)人之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)(xia)呢(ni)！”孫權(quan)(quan)聽(ting)(ting)了(le)孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)這(zhe)(zhe)番話(hua)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺臉色(se)頓(dun)變，站(zhan)(zhan)起身來(lai)拂(fu)袖而(er)去(qu)，眾(zhong)人一(yi)見(jian)(jian)，也都(dou)(dou)一(yi)笑而(er)散了(le)。魯肅(su)(su)責(ze)怪孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“先(xian)生(sheng)為何(he)說出這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)話(hua)來(lai)？幸虧我(wo)(wo)們主(zhu)公(gong)寬洪大度(du)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)當面(mian)責(ze)怪你(ni)，你(ni)的(de)話(hua)過(guo)(guo)于藐(miao)視他(ta)了(le)。”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)仰面(mian)笑道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“何(he)必這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能容人呢(ni)！我(wo)(wo)自(zi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)破(po)曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)，他(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)(wen)我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)怎(zen)(zen)敢說呢(ni)？”魯肅(su)(su)忙道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“原(yuan)來(lai)先(xian)生(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)良(liang)策的(de)，我(wo)(wo)這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)去(qu)請主(zhu)公(gong)來(lai)向你(ni)求教(jiao)。”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)說：“我(wo)(wo)看曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)的(de)百萬大軍，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)群小螞蟻罷了(le)，只要(yao)我(wo)(wo)一(yi)抬手，它們就(jiu)都(dou)(dou)成了(le)粉末。”魯肅(su)(su)經這(zhe)(zhe)么一(yi)說，便立(li)即到后堂(tang)去(qu)見(jian)(jian)孫權(quan)(quan)。孫權(quan)(quan)一(yi)聽(ting)(ting)，轉怒(nu)為喜，道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“原(yuan)來(lai)他(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用話(hua)在(zai)激(ji)(ji)我(wo)(wo)。”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又出來(lai)與孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)互(hu)致(zhi)歉意(yi)，討教(jiao)良(liang)策。

孔明說：“劉(liu)備雖新敗，但關云長仍帶有精兵萬(wan)人；劉(liu)琦在江夏也有萬(wan)人。曹兵雖多，卻是遠道(dao)而來(lai)，征(zheng)戰疲憊，正(zheng)所謂‘強弩(nu)之末，勢不(bu)能穿(chuan)魯縞’。并(bing)且(qie)北方(fang)人不(bu)習(xi)慣(guan)于水(shui)戰。荊(jing)州(zhou)之民依附于曹操，是迫于當時的(de)形勢，而并(bing)不(bu)是出于本心(xin)(xin)所愿。將軍(jun)如(ru)果現在能誠心(xin)(xin)誠意地和劉(liu)備結成(cheng)聯盟，破曹之事必成(cheng)。曹軍(jun)敗了(le)，自然退回(hui)北方(fang)，那么荊(jing)州(zhou)和東吳的(de)勢力也就(jiu)加強了(le)，三足(zu)鼎立的(de)局面也得以成(cheng)形。成(cheng)敗的(de)關鍵即在眼下，就(jiu)看將軍(jun)怎樣決斷了(le)。”

作者介紹

羅(luo)貫中，1330—1400之間，名本，號湖海散人(ren)，元(yuan)末(mo)明(ming)初通俗小說(shuo)家。他(ta)的(de)籍貫一說(shuo)是(shi)太原今(jin)山(shan)西，一說(shuo)是(shi)錢塘今(jin)浙江杭州，不可確考。據傳說(shuo)，羅(luo)貫中曾充任過元(yuan)末(mo)農民起義軍張士誠的(de)幕客。

元末明(ming)初著(zhu)名小(xiao)說家、戲(xi)曲(qu)家，是中國章回(hui)小(xiao)說的(de)(de)鼻祖(zu)。生于元末明(ming)初的(de)(de)封(feng)建(jian)王朝時代。作為(wei)(wei)與(yu)“倡優”、“妓藝”為(wei)(wei)伍的(de)(de)戲(xi)曲(qu)平話作家，當(dang)時被視為(wei)(wei)勾(gou)欄瓦舍的(de)(de)下(xia)九(jiu)流，正史不可能為(wei)(wei)他寫經作傳(chuan)。唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)可看到的(de)(de)是一(yi)(yi)位明(ming)代無名氏編著(zhu)的(de)(de)不可靠的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)本小(xiao)冊(ce)子《錄(lu)鬼簿續編》，上寫：“羅貫中，太原人，號湖海散人。與(yu)人寡(gua)合(he)，樂(le)府(fu)隱語，極為(wei)(wei)清(qing)新。與(yu)余(yu)為(wei)(wei)忘年交(jiao)，遭時多故，天各一(yi)(yi)方(fang)。至正甲辰復(fu)會(hui)，別(bie)來(lai)又六十(shi)余(yu)年，竟(jing)不知(zhi)其所終。”

羅貫中一(yi)生著作(zuo)頗豐，主要作(zuo)品有(you)：劇(ju)本《趙(zhao)太祖龍虎(hu)風云會》、《忠正孝子連環諫》、《三(san)(san)平章死哭(ku)蜚虎(hu)子》；小說《隋(sui)唐兩朝志傳》、《殘唐五代史(shi)演義》、《三(san)(san)遂平妖傳》、《粉妝樓》、和(he)施(shi)耐(nai)庵合著的《水滸傳》，代表作(zuo)有(you)《三(san)(san)國(guo)演義》（全名《三(san)(san)國(guo)志通俗演義》）等。

鑒賞評價

論辯藝術

先守后攻

面對(dui)諸(zhu)儒的詰難，諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)神態自若，一一作答(da)(da)，是為守(shou)，然而他又不甘于只是作答(da)(da)，每于答(da)(da)后發起攻勢。

東(dong)吳第一(yi)謀士張昭(zhao)(zhao)詰問(wen)諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)自(zi)(zi)比(bi)管(guan)仲樂(le)毅(yi)，而最(zui)終(zhong)卻使(shi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)“棄新(xin)野，走(zou)樊(fan)城，敗當(dang)陽，奔夏口，無(wu)(wu)容(rong)身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地”，“是豫州即得先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，反(fan)(fan)不(bu)如其初也(ye)。”張昭(zhao)(zhao)此(ci)問(wen)著(zhu)實厲害(hai)，李贄(zhi)評此(ci)句曰：“下(xia)得好(hao)毒(du)手”。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)笑(xiao)著(zhu)回(hui)(hui)答：“鵬飛萬(wan)(wan)里，其志豈群鳥能(neng)識哉？”以(yi)大(da)鵬自(zi)(zi)況，志在(zai)萬(wan)(wan)里；將群儒比(bi)作群鳥，胸無(wu)(wu)大(da)志。接(jie)下(xia)去(qu)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)喻論(lun)(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法，人染沉疴，當(dang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和藥糜粥。而不(bu)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)猛藥厚(hou)味，說(shuo)明劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)取勝(sheng)尚(shang)需時日(ri).又(you)進一(yi)步用(yong)(yong)(yong)事(shi)(shi)實論(lun)(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)說(shuo)明自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點(dian)；“夫以(yi)甲兵(bing)不(bu)完(wan)，城郭不(bu)固(gu)，軍(jun)不(bu)經練，糧(liang)不(bu)繼日(ri)，然而博望燒屯(tun)，白河用(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)，使(shi)夏侯(hou)惇、曹仁(ren)輩(bei)心(xin)驚(jing)膽裂：竊謂管(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)兵(bing)，未必過此(ci)。”此(ci)段諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)以(yi)充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)實為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)論(lun)(lun)據，對(dui)(dui)(dui)“自(zi)(zi)比(bi)管(guan)仲樂(le)毅(yi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)予以(yi)論(lun)(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)，在(zai)鑿鑿事(shi)(shi)實面前張昭(zhao)(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)難不(bu)攻自(zi)(zi)破。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)將劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)暫時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗歸于(yu)三(san)個(ge)原因：一(yi)是劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)仁(ren)義(yi)，不(bu)忍奪同(tong)宗基(ji)業，不(bu)忍舍棄赴(fu)義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民，甘與同(tong)敗；二(er)是劉(liu)(liu)琮孱(chan)弱，聽信(xin)妄言(yan)(yan)，暗自(zi)(zi)投(tou)降(jiang)；三(san)是劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)向(xiang)日(ri)兵(bing)不(bu)滿千(qian)，將止關、張、趙云(yun)，“寡不(bu)敵(di)眾，勝(sheng)負乃其常事(shi)(shi)”，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)引(yin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)漢(han)高(gao)祖(zu)數(shu)敗于(yu)項羽而垓下(xia)一(yi)戰成功作類比(bi)論(lun)(lun)證(zheng)(zheng)說(shuo)明劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)失利是暫時的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而取得最(zui)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)勝(sheng)利是必然的(de)(de)(de)(de)。進而歸納出漢(han)高(gao)祖(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)終(zhong)勝(sheng)利靠(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是韓信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀，突(tu)出自(zi)(zi)己在(zai)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)興復漢(han)室大(da)業中的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)。此(ci)段答張昭(zhao)(zhao)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)得先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)反(fan)(fan)不(bu)如初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)，水(shui)(shui)來(lai)土掩，滴水(shui)(shui)不(bu)漏。以(yi)上皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)防守(shou)(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。接(jie)著(zhu)話鋒一(yi)轉，將矛頭直指東(dong)吳群儒：“非(fei)比(bi)夸(kua)辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛譽欺(qi)人；坐議立談，無(wu)(wu)人可(ke)(ke)及；臨機(ji)應(ying)變，百(bai)無(wu)(wu)一(yi)能(neng)。——誠為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)天下(xia)笑(xiao)耳！”李贄(zhi)評諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)駁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“說(shuo)盡(jin)今(jin)日(ri)秀才病痛”。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)此(ci)舉攻勢(shi)凌(ling)厲，使(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)方(fang)“并無(wu)(wu)一(yi)言(yan)(yan)回(hui)(hui)答”。此(ci)乃先(xian)(xian)(xian)守(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)攻、攻守(shou)(shou)(shou)有度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辯論(lun)(lun)策略。對(dui)(dui)(dui)虞翻(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)大(da)敗猶言(yan)(yan)不(bu)懼曹實為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)言(yan)(yan)欺(qi)人”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)只(zhi)以(yi)劉(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)寡不(bu)敵(di)眾，退守(shou)(shou)(shou)夏口，以(yi)待天時相應(ying)，是為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)防守(shou)(shou)(shou)，隨(sui)即便有“江東(dong)兵(bing)精糧(liang)足，且有長江之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險，猶欲(yu)使(shi)其主(zhu)屈膝(xi)降(jiang)賊(zei)，不(bu)顧天下(xia)恥(chi)笑(xiao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語來(lai)反(fan)(fan)攻，使(shi)虞翻(fan)不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)。后(hou)對(dui)(dui)(dui)步騭、薛綜等人的(de)(de)(de)(de)發難，孔(kong)明莫不(bu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)此(ci)先(xian)(xian)(xian)守(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法對(dui)(dui)(dui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)東(dong)吳的(de)(de)(de)(de)儒者一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)敗下(xia)陣來(lai)。

此法妙極。因有(you)(you)群(qun)儒詰(jie)問在先(xian)，不容(rong)不答，故宜先(xian)守，且守得從(cong)容(rong)，既曲(qu)盡事理，又(you)詳陳(chen)事實，將(jiang)對手的(de)詰(jie)問一一化(hua)解；又(you)因群(qun)儒來者不善，多(duo)有(you)(you)惡意，便于(yu)守住陣地后(hou)發起反攻(gong)(gong)，使論(lun)辯進退(tui)有(you)(you)致，引人入勝。設若只(zhi)守不攻(gong)(gong)，則必陷(xian)被(bei)動境地；若只(zhi)攻(gong)(gong)不守，失去了(le)據理陳(chen)詞(ci)的(de)部分(fen)(fen)，使論(lun)辯僅(jin)僅(jin)停留在口舌(she)之(zhi)爭，則缺(que)乏以理服(fu)人的(de)成分(fen)(fen)。

語帶雙機

諸葛亮以其高超的語言(yan)技巧使整(zheng)個論辯過(guo)程精彩紛呈，于(yu)有限的語句(ju)中(zhong)蘊含(han)極深的意味(wei)，嚼之(zhi)余香滿口。在談到劉備新敗(bai)之(zhi)因時，諸葛亮說劉琮“暗自投降”，意在嘲諷東吳(wu)主降之(zhi)士，“非等閑(xian)可(ke)知也”，示張昭等皆(jie)等閑(xian)無(wu)能之(zhi)輩(bei)；又云“社稷安危(wei)，是有主謀”，寓昭等無(wu)定國安邦之(zhi)策，反以妖言(yan)惑主，實(shi)禍國殃民之(zhi)人。

步(bu)騭(zhi)指出諸葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)欲效張儀、蘇秦的(de)游(you)說之舉，諸葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)卻淡(dan)化張儀蘇秦二(er)人(ren)(ren)的(de)辯(bian)士身份，而突出其豪杰的(de)本色，強調二(er)人(ren)(ren)“皆有匡扶人(ren)(ren)國(guo)之謀”，點出儒者們無(wu)(wu)勇無(wu)(wu)謀，只知巧言論辯(bian)，實則貪(tan)生怕死的(de)本質。諸葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)避開某些辯(bian)士為一(yi)已之利(li)益而游(you)說的(de)特點，在突出其“匡扶人(ren)(ren)國(guo)”大(da)志的(de)同(tong)時，也為自(zi)己張目，我為匡扶人(ren)(ren)國(guo)而來，你們卻為葬送人(ren)(ren)國(guo)而辯(bian)，孰高孰低，一(yi)目了然。

陸績以曹操是(shi)(shi)相國曹參(can)之(zhi)(zhi)后，劉備(bei)出身無可(ke)稽考相詰，“眼見只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)織席販屨(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)夫耳，何足與曹操抗衡(heng)哉！”諸葛亮(liang)(liang)先不(bu)直接回答問題，而是(shi)(shi)輕蔑地一(yi)笑，“公非(fei)袁術座間懷(huai)桔之(zhi)(zhi)陸郎乎？”諸葛亮(liang)(liang)此處(chu)提及此事(shi)，表面(mian)看來似屬閑筆，實則頗(po)有深意(yi)。懷(huai)桔之(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)本為(wei)盡心事(shi)孝之(zhi)(zhi)典范，然而畢竟是(shi)(shi)小兒(er)所為(wei)，懷(huai)桔小兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)論必(bi)是(shi)(shi)小兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)見，自(zi)然“不(bu)足與高士共語”。

諸葛亮答程德樞之(zhi)(zhi)語(yu)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)兩層內(nei)容。一(yi)(yi)是(shi)論君子之(zhi)(zhi)儒的(de)風采(cai)，“忠君愛國，守(shou)正惡邪，務(wu)使澤及當時，名留(liu)后世，”表面上(shang)為(wei)(wei)君子之(zhi)(zhi)儒正名，實為(wei)(wei)夫子自道也(ye)；二是(shi)畫小(xiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)儒的(de)嘴(zui)臉，“筆下雖有千言，胸中(zhong)實無(wu)一(yi)(yi)策，”對大敵當前而群儒一(yi)(yi)籌莫展(zhan)予以辛辣的(de)諷刺，且以揚雄屈身事(shi)莽下場可(ke)悲昭示東吳小(xiao)人之(zhi)(zhi)儒不顧氣節屈膝(xi)投降必將留(liu)下千古罵名。

語帶雙(shuang)機(ji)之辯術充分顯(xian)示了諸(zhu)葛亮的(de)(de)論辯技巧，一石(shi)二鳥，弦外有音，以極精煉的(de)(de)語句表(biao)達極豐富的(de)(de)內容，頗(po)具戰斗力。似不經意中顯(xian)出(chu)智慧(hui)，信手拈(nian)來時(shi)愈見功力。給(gei)人(ren)留(liu)下(xia)充分的(de)(de)想象余地。

各個擊破

對(dui)不同的人采(cai)取(qu)不同的方法擊(ji)敗(bai)對(dui)方，是諸葛亮舌戰群儒(ru)的又一大特(te)色。

對(dui)張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)，由于他(ta)是東(dong)吳重(zhong)臣，第(di)一(yi)謀(mou)士(shi)，諸葛(ge)亮(liang)采取擒賊(zei)先擒王的策略，娓娓道來，嚴密防守之(zhi)后大舉進攻，使(shi)張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)無一(yi)言可對(dui)。對(dui)張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)的反駁洋(yang)(yang)洋(yang)(yang)灑(sa)灑(sa)，周密細致，絲(si)絲(si)入扣，而對(dui)以下諸儒則多(duo)以簡潔明快的對(dui)答迅速結(jie)束(shu)戰(zhan)斗，不(bu)與(yu)多(duo)做糾纏。

在(zai)整個過程(cheng)中，諸(zhu)葛亮的(de)(de)(de)論辨(bian)藝術發揮得酣(han)暢淋(lin)漓(li)，他(ta)面對(dui)(dui)(dui)群儒(ru)潮水般涌來的(de)(de)(de)詰難(nan)，沉(chen)著(zhu)應(ying)戰，或引經(jing)(jing)(jing)據(ju)典(dian)，或轉換(huan)論題，或厲聲責(ze)問，或反(fan)唇(chun)相譏(ji)，可謂得心應(ying)手(shou)，游(you)刃有(you)(you)余。如以韓信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)，揚(yang)雄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)來作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)論據(ju)幫助申明觀點(dian)；對(dui)(dui)(dui)步騭的(de)(de)(de)“孔明欲效儀(yi)、秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舌，游(you)說東(dong)吳耶？”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)理，而從(cong)蘇、張(zhang)二人豪杰本(ben)(ben)色入手(shou)，轉守為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)攻；對(dui)(dui)(dui)薛綜則厲聲責(ze)問：“薛敬文(wen)安得出(chu)此(ci)無(wu)父無(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言乎！”諸(zhu)葛亮抓(zhua)住(zhu)儒(ru)者(zhe)鼓(gu)吹忠孝為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，以“君父”兩(liang)個正(zheng)大堂皇(huang)的(de)(de)(de)字(zi)眼(yan)喝倒薛綜，實(shi)在(zai)是(shi)擊(ji)到(dao)了對(dui)(dui)(dui)手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)致命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)，薛綜自然“滿面羞慚”；對(dui)(dui)(dui)陸績，諸(zhu)葛亮以不(bu)溫不(bu)火(huo)的(de)(de)(de)語(yu)調(diao)反(fan)唇(chun)相譏(ji)，指出(chu)其以出(chu)身論英雄的(de)(de)(de)荒誕不(bu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)，使陸績語(yu)塞。而對(dui)(dui)(dui)嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)“治(zhi)何經(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法，諸(zhu)葛亮只以三句(ju)話(hua)回應(ying)，首先認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“尋(xun)章摘句(ju)”者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腐儒(ru)”，并不(bu)能“興邦立(li)事”；既而舉(ju)(ju)例，伊尹、姜子牙(ya)、張(zhang)良、陳平、鄧、“皆有(you)(you)匡扶宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才”，而并未死(si)(si)鉆書(shu)本(ben)(ben)；最后總括為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“舞(wu)文(wen)弄墨”只是(shi)書(shu)生所為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。短短數(shu)語(yu)，有(you)(you)理有(you)(you)據(ju)，在(zai)一(yi)連(lian)串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)古圣今賢的(de)(de)(de)列舉(ju)(ju)中反(fan)襯出(chu)書(shu)生的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)用，從(cong)而使以治(zhi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)典(dian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)榮(rong)的(de)(de)(de)嚴畯低頭喪氣。

詳(xiang)略(lve)的(de)不同(tong)、論(lun)辯方法的(de)不同(tong)顯示(shi)出諸葛亮的(de)機動靈(ling)活，詳(xiang)答老辣者，略(lve)對(dui)淺(qian)薄者，揮揮灑灑，左右(you)逢(feng)源，嘻(xi)笑怒罵，皆成文章，著實令人嘆服。

語勢磅礴

整個(ge)論(lun)辯過(guo)程中(zhong)，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)語勢(shi)磅礴，使(shi)對方懾服(fu)于(yu)他的語言威力，只有(you)招架(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)功，而(er)無反(fan)擊之(zhi)(zhi)力。這一(yi)點突出體現在(zai)他的反(fan)問(wen)(wen)語氣的運(yun)用上。如反(fan)詰張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)：“鵬飛萬里，其志豈(qi)群(qun)鳥能(neng)識(shi)哉？”“豫州(zhou)不過(guo)暫借以(yi)容身(shen)，豈(qi)真將坐守(shou)于(yu)此耶？”“昔高(gao)皇數敗于(yu)項羽，而(er)垓下(xia)一(yi)戰成功，此非韓(han)信之(zhi)(zhi)良謀(mou)乎？”反(fan)擊步騭：“君等聞曹操虛(xu)發詐偽(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)詞，便(bian)畏懼請降，敢笑蘇秦、張(zhang)(zhang)儀乎？”對陸(lu)績(ji)：“且高(gao)祖起(qi)身(shen)亭(ting)長，而(er)終有(you)天下(xia)；織(zhi)席販屨，又何足為(wei)辱乎？”對嚴：“豈(qi)亦效書生，區(qu)區(qu)于(yu)筆硯之(zhi)(zhi)間，數黑論(lun)黃，舞(wu)文(wen)弄(nong)墨而(er)已乎？”……一(yi)連串(chuan)的反(fan)問(wen)(wen)句(ju)，語勢(shi)強烈，咄咄逼人(ren)(ren)，我們可(ke)以(yi)說，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)舌戰群(qun)儒只所(suo)以(yi)耐(nai)人(ren)(ren)尋味(wei)百讀(du)不厭，在(zai)很大程度上得益(yi)于(yu)其論(lun)辯過(guo)程語勢(shi)的力量。在(zai)以(yi)理服(fu)人(ren)(ren)的基(ji)礎上，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)更(geng)以(yi)其語言的氣勢(shi)壓倒了對手。

就(jiu)語句(ju)而言，也(ye)突出顯示(shi)了諸葛亮語言的(de)(de)氣勢(shi)。善(shan)用(yong)短句(ju)、排(pai)(pai)比(bi)(bi)對(dui)偶句(ju)該是其突出的(de)(de)特(te)點。短句(ju)的(de)(de)使用(yong)簡(jian)潔明快，適于論辯；排(pai)(pai)比(bi)(bi)句(ju)對(dui)偶句(ju)更(geng)有“壯氣勢(shi)廣文義”的(de)(de)修辭特(te)征，如“甲(jia)兵不完，城郭(guo)不固，軍不經練，糧不繼日”極言劉備當時(shi)所處(chu)的(de)(de)劣(lie)勢(shi)地位；諷小(xiao)(xiao)人之儒，則有“惟務雕蟲，專工翰墨，青春作賦，皓首窮(qiong)經，”可謂數盡小(xiao)(xiao)人儒者之弊。非語言大家無此上乘之作。

語勢(shi)磅(bang)礴源(yuan)于理直氣(qi)(qi)壯，“理直”是因，“氣(qi)(qi)壯”是果。在(zai)諸葛(ge)亮的(de)意識(shi)中，此番東吳之行乃為正義而(er)來(lai)，故(gu)而(er)正氣(qi)(qi)浩(hao)然(ran)，處變不驚。瀟灑(sa)的(de)風度、廣博的(de)學識(shi)，使對(dui)手在(zai)氣(qi)(qi)勢(shi)上先(xian)輸了三分，加之諸葛(ge)亮一陣窮追猛打，遂有破竹之勢(shi)。

綜觀(guan)舌(she)戰群儒的(de)(de)整個(ge)過程，諸葛亮在東吳諸儒的(de)(de)詰問中從容做對(dui)，侃侃而(er)談，縱(zong)橫捭闔，游刃有余，終使“張昭并無一(yi)言(yan)回答(da)”，“虞翻不能對(dui)”，“步(bu)騭默然無語”，“薛綜滿(man)面(mian)羞慚，不能對(dui)答(da)”，“陸(lu)績語塞”，“嚴畯低(di)頭喪(sang)氣不能對(dui)”，“程德(de)樞不能對(dui)”，以至眾人“盡皆失色”。真可謂三寸之舌(she)能抵百萬之兵(bing)。

總之，諸葛亮舌戰群儒風頭出盡，其嫻熟的(de)論辯技巧令人(ren)折服，堪(kan)稱(cheng)經典(dian)，值得(de)當今(jin)習(xi)此道者深味。

辨析概括

東漢末期，曹(cao)操挾天子以令諸侯(hou)，較有(you)實力的軍閥大(da)都被他消(xiao)滅了，惟獨劉備和孫權(quan)還有(you)發展(zhan)壯大(da)的可能，曹(cao)操自知一下(xia)子吞并這(zhe)兩股(gu)勢(shi)力還比較難。于是，曹(cao)操就派人(ren)拿著(zhu)他的書信去東吳，想(xiang)和孫權(quan)聯(lian)手消(xiao)滅劉備。

孫(sun)權(quan)手下(xia)的謀士大都主(zhu)張降曹自保，只(zhi)有魯肅主(zhu)張聯劉抗(kang)曹。但(dan)魯肅自知難以說服孫(sun)權(quan)和東(dong)吳的文(wen)臣，特(te)意請諸葛(ge)亮(liang)來當(dang)說客。

魯肅(su)引諸(zhu)葛亮見了(le)東吳的一群謀士，這些人(ren)并(bing)非泛泛之輩(bei)，個個。都是有學問的人(ren)。東吳第一大(da)謀士張昭首先發(fa)難(nan)，說：聽說劉備到你家里三趟，才把你請出山(shan)，以為有了(le)你就如同魚得了(le)水，想奪(duo)取(qu)荊襄(xiang)九郡做根據地(di)。但荊襄(xiang)已被(bei)曹(cao)操得到，你還有什么主意呢？

諸葛(ge)亮心里想，如果不(bu)(bu)先(xian)難倒(dao)張(zhang)昭，就沒辦(ban)法(fa)說(shuo)服孫權聯劉抗曹了。諸葛(ge)亮說(shuo)：劉備(bei)取(qu)荊襄(xiang)這塊地(di)盤，易如反掌，只是不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)心奪(duo)取(qu)同宗的基業(ye)，才被(bei)曹操撿了便宜。現在屯(tun)兵江夏，另有宏圖大計(ji)，等閑之(zhi)輩哪懂得(de)這個(ge)。國家大事(shi)，社稷安危，都(dou)要有真才實學的人拿出好主意。而口(kou)舌之(zhi)徒，坐而論道(dao)，碰(peng)上事(shi)兒(er)，卻(que)拿不(bu)(bu)出一個(ge)辦(ban)法(fa)來，只能為天(tian)下(xia)人恥(chi)笑(xiao)。一番(fan)話，說(shuo)得(de)張(zhang)昭啞口(kou)無言。

之后，一個謀士問：曹操屯(tun)兵(bing)(bing)百萬，將列千員(yuan)，你說(shuo)不怕，吹牛(niu)吧(ba)你。諸葛亮答：劉備退守(shou)夏口，是等待時機，而東吳兵(bing)(bing)精糧足，還有長(chang)江(jiang)天險(xian)可守(shou)，卻(que)都勸孫權降(jiang)曹，丟(diu)人吧(ba)你。

東吳的謀士一個接一個地(di)向(xiang)諸葛亮發難，先后(hou)有七(qi)人之多，都被(bei)諸葛亮反駁得有口難辯。