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基本介紹

舌(she)(she)戰(zhan)群(qun)儒出自明代羅貫中所(suo)著章回小(xiao)說(shuo)《三國演(yan)義》第43回：“諸葛(ge)亮舌(she)(she)戰(zhan)群(qun)儒，魯(lu)子(zi)敬力排眾議(yi)。”

故事講述(shu)諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮為聯盟(meng)孫權(quan)抵抗曹操(cao)的過程中遭到東(dong)吳諸(zhu)謀士(shi)的責難，最后都(dou)被(bei)諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮一一反駁，啞(ya)口無言。

角色介紹

孔明簡介

諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)(181—234年(nian)(nian))，三國時(shi)杰出(chu)政治(zhi)家、戰(zhan)略(lve)家、外(wai)交家。字孔明，號(hao)臥龍。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)于漢(han)(han)(han)(han)靈帝(di)光和四年(nian)(nian)(181年(nian)(nian))出(chu)生于瑯(lang)邪(xie)陽(yang)都(dou)(今(jin)山東(dong)沂(yi)南縣)的一個官(guan)吏之家。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)氏(shi)是瑯(lang)邪(xie)的望族，先祖諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)豐曾(ceng)在西漢(han)(han)(han)(han)元帝(di)時(shi)做(zuo)過司隸校(xiao)尉(衛戍京師的長官(guan))。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)父親諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)圭，字君貢，東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)末年(nian)(nian)做(zuo)過泰山郡(jun)丞。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)3歲母(mu)親章氏(shi)病逝,諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(liang)(liang)8歲喪(sang)父，與(yu)弟弟諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)均一起跟隨(sui)由袁術任(ren)命為豫(yu)章太守的叔父諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)到豫(yu)章赴任(ren)。東(dong)漢(han)(han)(han)(han)朝(chao)廷派朱皓(hao)取代了(le)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)職(zhi)務，諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄(xuan)就去投奔(ben)老(lao)朋(peng)友荊州(zhou)牧劉表(biao)。

內容介紹

有關資料

小說記載

《三國演義》是中國古代長篇章回小說的開山之作。

三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)故事在(zai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)民(min)(min)間(jian)頗為(wei)流行。宋(song)元(yuan)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)即被搬上舞(wu)臺，金、元(yuan)演出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)劇(ju)目達30多種。元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)至(zhi)治年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)新安虞氏所刊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《全(quan)相三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)話》。元(yuan)末明初(chu)羅(luo)貫中綜合(he)民(min)(min)間(jian)傳說和(he)戲曲、話本，結(jie)合(he)陳壽《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)》和(he)裴松(song)之(zhi)注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料，根(gen)據他個(ge)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)社會人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體悟(wu)，創(chuang)作(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)志(zhi)(zhi)通俗(su)演義》，現(xian)(xian)存最早(zao)刊本是明嘉靖年(nian)(nian)(nian)所刊刻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，俗(su)稱“嘉靖本”，本書24卷。清(qing)康熙年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)，毛綸毛宗(zong)崗父子辨正(zheng)史(shi)(shi)事、增刪文字，修改成今(jin)日通行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)120回(hui)本《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)演義》。《三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)演義》描(miao)寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是從(cong)東(dong)漢末年(nian)(nian)(nian)到西晉初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)之(zhi)間(jian)近一百年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)風(feng)(feng)云。全(quan)書反映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政治軍(jun)事斗爭，反映(ying)了(le)(le)(le)三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)各類(lei)社會矛盾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)滲透與轉化，概括了(le)(le)(le)這(zhe)一時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)巨變，塑造了(le)(le)(le)一批(pi)咤(zha)叱風(feng)(feng)云的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)英雄(xiong)人(ren)(ren)物。在(zai)對(dui)三(san)(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把握上，作(zuo)者表現(xian)(xian)出明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擁劉(liu)反曹傾(qing)向，以劉(liu)備集團(tuan)(tuan)作(zuo)為(wei)描(miao)寫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中心，對(dui)劉(liu)備集團(tuan)(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要人(ren)(ren)物加以歌頌，對(dui)曹操則極力揭露鞭撻。今(jin)天我們對(dui)于作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種擁劉(liu)反曹的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傾(qing)向應有辯(bian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。尊劉(liu)反曹是民(min)(min)間(jian)傳說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要傾(qing)向，在(zai)羅(luo)貫中生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)隱含著人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)對(dui)漢族(zu)復(fu)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)希望。

《三國(guo)演義》刻畫(hua)了近200個人(ren)物形象，其中最為(wei)成功的(de)(de)有(you)諸(zhu)葛亮、曹操、關羽(yu)、劉備等(deng)人(ren)。諸(zhu)葛亮是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)作(zuo)者(zhe)心目中的(de)(de)“賢相”的(de)(de)化(hua)身，他具(ju)有(you)“鞠躬盡瘁，死而(er)(er)后已(yi)”的(de)(de)高風(feng)(feng)亮節，具(ju)有(you)近世濟民再造太平盛世的(de)(de)雄(xiong)心壯志(zhi)，而(er)(er)且(qie)作(zuo)者(zhe)還賦(fu)予他呼(hu)風(feng)(feng)喚雨、神(shen)機妙算的(de)(de)奇異本領。曹操是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)位奸(jian)(jian)雄(xiong)，他生活的(de)(de)信條是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“寧(ning)教我(wo)負天(tian)下(xia)人(ren)，不教天(tian)下(xia)人(ren)負我(wo)”，既(ji)有(you)雄(xiong)才大略，又殘暴奸(jian)(jian)詐，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個政治野(ye)心家(jia)陰謀家(jia)這與(yu)歷史(shi)上的(de)(de)真曹操是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不可(ke)混同的(de)(de)。關羽(yu)“威猛剛毅”、“義重如山”。劉備被(bei)作(zuo)者(zhe)塑造成為(wei)仁(ren)民愛物、視賢下(xia)士、知人(ren)善任的(de)(de)仁(ren)君典型。

《三國演義》描寫了(le)大大小小的(de)戰(zhan)爭，構思宏偉，手(shou)法多樣(yang)，使(shi)我們清晰地看到了(le)一場場刀光血影的(de)戰(zhan)爭場面。其中“官渡之戰(zhan)”和“赤壁之戰(zhan)”等(deng)戰(zhan)爭的(de)描寫波瀾起伏(fu)、跌宕跳(tiao)躍，讀來驚心(xin)動魄(po)。

全書的文不甚(shen)深，言不甚(shen)俗，簡潔明快，氣(qi)勢充沛，生動活潑。

《三國演義》帶(dai)來(lai)我(wo)國歷史小說創作的熱(re)潮，它所(suo)塑造(zao)的一系列人(ren)物(wu)形象在我(wo)國已家喻戶(hu)曉(xiao)，婦孺皆知。

《三(san)國(guo)(guo)演(yan)義(yi)(yi)》的版(ban)(ban)(ban)本(ben)很(hen)多(duo)，主要有：明弘治刻(ke)本(ben)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)通俗演(yan)義(yi)(yi)》，文(wen)字粗樸，內容平易(yi)；《三(san)國(guo)(guo)志(zhi)演(yan)義(yi)(yi)》，清毛(mao)宗崗增刪評(ping)點本(ben)，約成書于康熙(xi)初年(nian)，該(gai)本(ben)在社(she)會上流傳最為廣(guang)泛。人民文(wen)學出版(ban)(ban)(ban)社(she)多(duo)次重印出版(ban)(ban)(ban)。

《三(san)國演(yan)義》第四十三(san)回寫諸葛(ge)亮只身隨魯肅(su)過(guo)江(jiang)、游(you)說東(dong)吳(wu)(wu)群臣。時(shi)值(zhi)劉(liu)備新(xin)敗，退守夏口，曹操大軍壓境，東(dong)吳(wu)(wu)上下主降之風日盛。在(zai)此情(qing)勢下，諸葛(ge)亮以其(qi)超人的膽識同東(dong)吳(wu)(wu)群儒展(zhan)開舌戰，并以其(qi)滔(tao)滔(tao)辯才使(shi)對手一個(ge)個(ge)皆成(cheng)“口”下敗將，并最終說服了(le)孫(sun)(sun)權，使(shi)孫(sun)(sun)劉(liu)聯盟共抗曹操的局面得以形成(cheng)。

史書記載

只記(ji)載諸葛(ge)亮面(mian)見孫權(quan)，東吳主(zhu)戰派(pai)、主(zhu)和派(pai)相爭(zheng)日(ri)盛。諸葛(ge)亮只是節使(shi)。

經典片段

原文

肅乃引(yin)孔明(ming)至幕下(xia)(xia)(xia)。早(zao)見(jian)(jian)(jian)張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)、顧雍(yong)等(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)班文武(wu)二十余(yu)人，峨(e)冠博帶，整衣端坐。孔明(ming)逐一(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)，各問姓名。施禮已畢，坐于(yu)客位(wei)。張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)等(deng)(deng)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孔明(ming)豐神飄(piao)灑，器宇軒昂，料道(dao)此(ci)人必(bi)來游(you)說(shuo)。張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)挑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰(yue)：“昭(zhao)乃江東微末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士，久(jiu)聞先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)高(gao)臥隆中，自(zi)比(bi)(bi)管(guan)、樂(le)。此(ci)語(yu)果有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎？”孔明(ming)曰(yue)：“此(ci)亮(liang)平(ping)生(sheng)小可之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)(bi)也(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)：“近聞劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)三(san)(san)顧先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)于(yu)草(cao)廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，幸得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為‘如(ru)魚得(de)水(shui)’，思欲席卷荊襄(xiang)。今一(yi)(yi)旦(dan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屬曹操，未審是(shi)(shi)何主見(jian)(jian)(jian)？”孔明(ming)自(zi)思張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)乃孫(sun)權手下(xia)(xia)(xia)第(di)一(yi)(yi)個謀(mou)(mou)士，若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他，如(ru)何說(shuo)得(de)孫(sun)權，遂答曰(yue)：“吾觀(guan)取漢上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易如(ru)反掌(zhang)。我主劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)躬(gong)行(xing)仁(ren)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)(ren)奪同宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基業(ye)(ye)，故力辭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)琮孺(ru)子(zi)，聽信(xin)佞言(yan)，暗自(zi)投降，致使(shi)曹操得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猖獗。今我主屯兵(bing)江夏，別有(you)良圖，非(fei)等(deng)(deng)閑可知也(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰(yue)：“若此(ci)，是(shi)(shi)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)言(yan)行(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)違也(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)自(zi)比(bi)(bi)管(guan)、樂(le)——管(guan)仲相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)桓公，霸諸侯，一(yi)(yi)匡(kuang)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)扶持微弱(ruo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕，下(xia)(xia)(xia)齊(qi)七十余(yu)城：此(ci)二人者，真濟(ji)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)也(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)在(zai)草(cao)廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，但笑(xiao)傲風月，抱膝危坐。今既(ji)從事劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，當為生(sheng)靈興利(li)除害，剿滅(mie)(mie)亂賊。且(qie)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)未得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚(shang)且(qie)縱橫寰(huan)宇，割(ge)據(ju)城池(chi)；今得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)，人皆仰望(wang)。雖(sui)三(san)(san)尺童蒙，亦(yi)謂(wei)彪虎生(sheng)翼，將見(jian)(jian)(jian)漢室復興，曹氏即滅(mie)(mie)矣。朝廷舊臣，山林隱士，無不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目而(er)(er)待：以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為拂(fu)高(gao)天(tian)(tian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云翳(yi)，仰日月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光(guang)輝，拯民于(yu)水(shui)火之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，措天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)于(yu)衽席之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，在(zai)此(ci)時也(ye)。何先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)自(zi)歸豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，曹兵(bing)一(yi)(yi)出，棄甲(jia)拋戈(ge)，望(wang)風而(er)(er)竄；上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)報劉(liu)(liu)(liu)表以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)庶(shu)民，下(xia)(xia)(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)輔孤子(zi)而(er)(er)據(ju)疆(jiang)土；乃棄新(xin)野，走(zou)樊城，敗當陽，奔(ben)夏口(kou)，無容身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是(shi)(shi)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)既(ji)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，反不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)其(qi)初也(ye)。管(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)，果如(ru)是(shi)(shi)乎？愚直(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，幸勿見(jian)(jian)(jian)怪！”孔明(ming)聽罷(ba)，啞然而(er)(er)笑(xiao)曰(yue)：“鵬飛萬(wan)里，其(qi)志豈群鳥能(neng)識哉？譬(pi)如(ru)人染沉(chen)疴，當先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用糜(mi)粥(zhou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和藥(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待其(qi)腑臟調和，形體(ti)漸安(an)，然后用肉食以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)補之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛(meng)藥(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：則病根(gen)盡去，人得(de)全生(sheng)也(ye)。若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)待氣脈和緩，便(bian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猛(meng)藥(yao)厚味(wei)，欲求安(an)保(bao)，誠(cheng)為難矣。吾主劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，向日軍敗于(yu)汝南，寄跡劉(liu)(liu)(liu)表，兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)千，將止關、張(zhang)(zhang)、趙云而(er)(er)已：此(ci)正如(ru)病勢尫羸已極之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)，新(xin)野山僻小縣，人民稀少，糧食鮮薄，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過暫借以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容身(shen)，豈真將坐守于(yu)此(ci)耶(ye)？夫(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甲(jia)兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完，城郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經練，糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日，然而(er)(er)博望(wang)燒(shao)屯，白河用水(shui)，使(shi)夏侯惇，曹仁(ren)輩心驚膽(dan)裂(lie)：竊謂(wei)管(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用兵(bing)，未必(bi)過此(ci)。至于(yu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)琮降操，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)實出不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知；且(qie)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)(ren)乘亂奪同宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基業(ye)(ye)，此(ci)真大(da)仁(ren)大(da)義也(ye)。當陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)見(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)數(shu)十萬(wan)赴(fu)義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民，扶老攜(xie)幼相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)隨，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)(ren)棄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日行(xing)十里，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)思進取江陵，甘與同敗，此(ci)亦(yi)大(da)仁(ren)大(da)義也(ye)。寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾，勝(sheng)負乃其(qi)常事。昔高(gao)皇(huang)數(shu)敗于(yu)項羽，而(er)(er)垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)戰(zhan)成功，此(ci)非(fei)韓信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀(mou)(mou)乎？夫(fu)信(xin)久(jiu)事高(gao)皇(huang)，未嘗累勝(sheng)。蓋(gai)國家大(da)計，社稷安(an)危，是(shi)(shi)有(you)主謀(mou)(mou)。非(fei)比(bi)(bi)夸辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛(xu)譽欺人：坐議立(li)談，無人可及(ji)；臨機應變(bian)，百無一(yi)(yi)能(neng)。——誠(cheng)為天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)笑(xiao)耳！”這一(yi)(yi)篇言(yan)語(yu)，說(shuo)得(de)張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)并(bing)無一(yi)(yi)言(yan)回答。

座上忽一人抗(kang)聲問曰(yue)：“今(jin)曹(cao)公兵(bing)屯百萬，將列(lie)千(qian)員，龍驤(xiang)虎視，平吞江夏，公以(yi)為何如(ru)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)視之(zhi)(zhi)，乃虞(yu)翻(fan)也。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)曰(yue)：“曹(cao)操收袁紹蟻聚之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)，劫劉(liu)表烏(wu)合之(zhi)(zhi)眾，雖(sui)數百萬不足懼(ju)也。”虞(yu)翻(fan)冷笑曰(yue)：“軍敗于當陽(yang)，計窮(qiong)于夏口(kou)，區區求(qiu)教于人，而猶(you)言(yan)‘不懼(ju)’，此(ci)真大(da)言(yan)欺人也！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)曰(yue)：“劉(liu)豫州以(yi)數千(qian)仁義之(zhi)(zhi)師，安能敵百萬殘暴(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)眾？退守夏口(kou)，所以(yi)待時也。今(jin)江東(dong)兵(bing)精(jing)糧(liang)足，且(qie)有長(chang)江之(zhi)(zhi)險，猶(you)欲使其主屈膝降賊，不顧天下恥笑。——由(you)此(ci)論之(zhi)(zhi)，劉(liu)豫州真不懼(ju)操賊者矣！”虞(yu)翻(fan)不能對。

座間又一人問曰：“孔(kong)明欲(yu)效儀(yi)、秦(qin)之(zhi)舌，游(you)說東吳耶(ye)？”孔(kong)明視之(zhi)，乃(nai)步(bu)騭也(ye)。孔(kong)明曰：“步(bu)子山以蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)張(zhang)儀(yi)為(wei)辯(bian)士，不知蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)、張(zhang)儀(yi)亦豪杰也(ye)：蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)佩六(liu)國相印，張(zhang)儀(yi)兩次(ci)相秦(qin)，皆有匡扶人國之(zhi)謀(mou)，非比畏(wei)強凌弱，懼刀(dao)避劍(jian)之(zhi)人也(ye)。君等聞曹操虛(xu)發詐偽(wei)之(zhi)詞，便(bian)畏(wei)懼請降(jiang)，敢(gan)笑蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)、張(zhang)儀(yi)乎？”步(bu)騭默然(ran)無語。

忽一人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)問曰(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)明(ming)以(yi)曹(cao)(cao)操何如(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也？”孔(kong)明(ming)視其人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)(nai)薛(xue)綜(zong)也。孔(kong)明(ming)答曰(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)操乃(nai)(nai)漢(han)賊(zei)也，又何必問？”綜(zong)曰(yue)(yue)：“公(gong)言差矣。漢(han)傳(chuan)世至今(jin)，天(tian)(tian)數將終。今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)公(gong)已有(you)天(tian)(tian)下三分之(zhi)二，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)皆歸(gui)心(xin)。劉豫(yu)州(zhou)不(bu)識(shi)天(tian)(tian)時，強欲與爭，正(zheng)如(ru)以(yi)卵(luan)擊(ji)石(shi)，安得不(bu)敗乎(hu)(hu)？”孔(kong)明(ming)厲聲曰(yue)(yue)：“薛(xue)敬文安得出此無(wu)(wu)(wu)父無(wu)(wu)(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)言乎(hu)(hu)！夫人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生天(tian)(tian)地間，以(yi)忠孝為立身之(zhi)本(ben)。公(gong)既(ji)為漢(han)臣(chen)，則見有(you)不(bu)臣(chen)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，當誓共戮之(zhi)：臣(chen)之(zhi)道也。今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)操祖宗叨(tao)食漢(han)祿(lu)，不(bu)思報效，反(fan)懷篡逆之(zhi)心(xin)，天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)所共憤；公(gong)乃(nai)(nai)以(yi)天(tian)(tian)數歸(gui)之(zhi)，真(zhen)無(wu)(wu)(wu)父無(wu)(wu)(wu)君(jun)之(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也！不(bu)足與語！請(qing)勿復言！”薛(xue)綜(zong)滿(man)面羞慚，不(bu)能對(dui)答。

座上(shang)又(you)一人應聲(sheng)問(wen)曰(yue)：“曹(cao)操雖(sui)挾天子以令諸侯，猶(you)是相國曹(cao)參之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)。劉豫(yu)州(zhou)雖(sui)云(yun)中(zhong)山靖王苗裔，卻無(wu)可稽考(kao)，眼見(jian)只(zhi)是織(zhi)席販屨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夫耳，何(he)足(zu)與曹(cao)操抗衡哉！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，乃陸績(ji)也。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)笑曰(yue)：“公非袁(yuan)術座間懷(huai)橘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陸郎(lang)乎(hu)？請安(an)坐(zuo)，聽吾一言(yan)：曹(cao)操既為曹(cao)相國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，則世為漢臣矣；今乃專(zhuan)權(quan)肆橫(heng)，欺凌君父，是不惟無(wu)君，亦(yi)且(qie)蔑祖(zu)，不惟漢室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)亂臣，亦(yi)曹(cao)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賊子也。劉豫(yu)州(zhou)堂(tang)堂(tang)帝胄(zhou)，當今皇帝，按譜賜(si)爵(jue)，何(he)云(yun)‘無(wu)可稽考(kao)’？且(qie)高祖(zu)起身亭長(chang)，而終有天下(xia)；織(zhi)席販屨，又(you)何(he)足(zu)為辱乎(hu)？公小兒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)，不足(zu)與高士共語！”陸績(ji)語塞。

座上一人忽曰：“孔明(ming)(ming)所言，皆強詞奪理，均非正論，不(bu)必再(zai)言。且請問(wen)孔明(ming)(ming)治何經(jing)(jing)典(dian)？”孔明(ming)(ming)視(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)，乃(nai)嚴畯也。孔明(ming)(ming)曰：“尋章(zhang)摘(zhai)句，世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒(ru)也，何能(neng)興邦立事？且古耕莘伊尹，釣渭子牙，張良、陳平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)。鄧禹、耿弇之(zhi)(zhi)輩，皆有匡(kuang)扶(fu)宇宙(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)才，未審其生平(ping)治何經(jing)(jing)典(dian)。——豈亦效書(shu)生，區區于筆硯之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)，數黑(hei)論黃，舞(wu)文弄墨而(er)已(yi)乎？”嚴畯低頭喪氣而(er)不(bu)能(neng)對(dui)。

忽又一人大聲曰：“公好為大言(yan)，未(wei)必真(zhen)有實學，恐適為儒者所笑耳。”孔明(ming)視其人，乃汝陽程德樞也(ye)。孔明(ming)答(da)曰：“儒有小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)人君子(zi)之(zhi)別。君子(zi)之(zhi)儒，忠君愛國，守正惡邪(xie)，務使澤(ze)及(ji)當時(shi)，名留后世。——若夫小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)人之(zhi)儒，惟務雕蟲，專工翰墨(mo)，青(qing)春(chun)作賦(fu)，皓首(shou)窮經(jing)；筆下(xia)雖(sui)有千言(yan)，胸中實無一策。且如揚雄以文章名世，而屈身事莽，不(bu)(bu)免投閣而死，此所謂小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)人之(zhi)儒也(ye)；雖(sui)日賦(fu)萬(wan)言(yan)，亦(yi)何取哉！”程德樞不(bu)(bu)能(neng)對(dui)。眾人見孔明(ming)對(dui)答(da)如流，盡皆失色。

同坐上(shang)張溫(wen)、駱統(tong)二人(ren)，又(you)欲問難(nan)(nan)。忽一人(ren)自(zi)外而(er)入，厲聲(sheng)言曰：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)乃(nai)當(dang)世奇才，君等以唇(chun)舌相(xiang)難(nan)(nan)，非敬客之(zhi)禮也。曹操大(da)兵臨境(jing)，不(bu)(bu)思退敵(di)之(zhi)策，乃(nai)徒斗口耶(ye)！”眾視其人(ren)，乃(nai)零陵人(ren)，姓黃(huang)，名(ming)蓋(gai)，字公覆(fu)，現(xian)為東吳糧官。當(dang)時黃(huang)蓋(gai)謂(wei)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰：“愚聞多言獲利，不(bu)(bu)如(ru)默(mo)而(er)無言。何不(bu)(bu)將金石之(zhi)論為我主言之(zhi)，乃(nai)與眾人(ren)辯(bian)論也？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰：“諸君不(bu)(bu)知世務(wu)，互相(xiang)問難(nan)(nan)，不(bu)(bu)容不(bu)(bu)答耳。”于是(shi)黃(huang)蓋(gai)與魯(lu)肅引(yin)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)入。至(zhi)中(zhong)門(men)，正遇諸葛(ge)瑾，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)施禮。瑾曰：“賢(xian)弟既到(dao)江東，如(ru)何不(bu)(bu)來(lai)見(jian)我？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰：“弟既事劉豫州(zhou)，理宜(yi)先(xian)公后私(si)。公事未(wei)畢，不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)及私(si)。望兄見(jian)諒。”瑾曰：“賢(xian)弟見(jian)過(guo)吳侯，卻來(lai)敘話。”說罷自(zi)去(qu)。

魯肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適(shi)間所囑，不(bu)可(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)誤(wu)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)點(dian)頭(tou)應諾。引至(zhi)堂(tang)上，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)降(jiang)階(jie)而(er)(er)迎，優禮相待。施禮畢，賜孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)坐。眾(zhong)(zhong)文武分兩行而(er)(er)立(li)。魯肅(su)(su)(su)立(li)于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)側，只看他(ta)(ta)講(jiang)話(hua)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)致玄德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)畢，偷(tou)眼看孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)：碧眼紫髯，堂(tang)堂(tang)一(yi)(yi)表。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)暗(an)思：“此(ci)人相貌非常，只可(ke)激，不(bu)可(ke)說。等他(ta)(ta)問(wen)時，用言(yan)(yan)激之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便了(le)。”獻茶已(yi)(yi)畢，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“多(duo)(duo)聞魯子敬(jing)談(tan)足下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)，今(jin)(jin)幸(xing)得(de)(de)相見(jian)，敢求(qiu)(qiu)教益。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“不(bu)才(cai)無(wu)學，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)辱明(ming)(ming)(ming)問(wen)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足下(xia)近在新(xin)野，佐劉(liu)豫(yu)州與(yu)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)決戰(zhan)(zhan)，必(bi)深知彼軍(jun)虛實。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“劉(liu)豫(yu)州兵微將寡(gua)，更兼新(xin)野城小無(wu)糧，安(an)能與(yu)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)相持。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)兵共有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“馬步水軍(jun)，約有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)百余(yu)萬(wan)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“莫(mo)非詐乎(hu)(hu)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“非詐也。曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)就兗州已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)青州軍(jun)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)；平(ping)了(le)袁紹，又(you)得(de)(de)五六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)；中原(yuan)新(xin)招之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵三四十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)；今(jin)(jin)又(you)得(de)(de)荊(jing)(jing)(jing)州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)二三十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)：以(yi)此(ci)計之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)百五十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬(wan)。亮以(yi)百萬(wan)言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，恐驚江東(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)也。”魯肅(su)(su)(su)在旁，聞言(yan)(yan)失色，以(yi)目視(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)；孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)只做不(bu)見(jian)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)部下(xia)戰(zhan)(zhan)將，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足智多(duo)(duo)謀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)，能征慣戰(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將，何(he)(he)(he)止一(yi)(yi)二千人。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今(jin)(jin)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)平(ping)了(le)荊(jing)(jing)(jing)、楚，復有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)遠圖乎(hu)(hu)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“即今(jin)(jin)沿江下(xia)寨，準備(bei)戰(zhan)(zhan)船，不(bu)欲圖江東(dong)(dong)，待取何(he)(he)(he)地(di)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“若(ruo)彼有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)吞并(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)，戰(zhan)(zhan)與(yu)不(bu)戰(zhan)(zhan)，請(qing)足下(xia)為(wei)我(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)決。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)，但(dan)恐將軍(jun)不(bu)肯(ken)聽從(cong)(cong)(cong)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愿聞高論(lun)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“向者宇(yu)內大(da)(da)亂，故(gu)將軍(jun)起(qi)江東(dong)(dong)，劉(liu)豫(yu)州收(shou)眾(zhong)(zhong)漢(han)南，與(yu)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)并(bing)爭(zheng)天(tian)下(xia)。今(jin)(jin)操(cao)(cao)芟除大(da)(da)難(nan)，略已(yi)(yi)平(ping)矣；近又(you)新(xin)破(po)荊(jing)(jing)(jing)州，威震(zhen)海內；縱有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)英雄(xiong)，無(wu)用武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)：故(gu)豫(yu)州遁逃至(zhi)此(ci)。愿將軍(jun)量力而(er)(er)處(chu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：若(ruo)能以(yi)吳、越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)(zhong)，與(yu)中國(guo)抗衡，不(bu)如(ru)早與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)；若(ruo)其不(bu)能，何(he)(he)(he)不(bu)從(cong)(cong)(cong)眾(zhong)(zhong)謀士(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)，按(an)兵束甲，北面而(er)(er)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)未(wei)及答。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)又(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“將軍(jun)外托服從(cong)(cong)(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名，內懷(huai)疑貳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)，事(shi)急而(er)(er)不(bu)斷(duan)，禍至(zhi)無(wu)日矣！”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“誠如(ru)君言(yan)(yan)，劉(liu)豫(yu)州何(he)(he)(he)不(bu)降(jiang)操(cao)(cao)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“昔田橫(heng)，齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯士(shi)耳，猶守義不(bu)辱。況劉(liu)豫(yu)州王室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄(zhou)，英才(cai)蓋世，眾(zhong)(zhong)士(shi)仰慕。事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)濟，此(ci)乃(nai)天(tian)也。又(you)安(an)能屈處(chu)人下(xia)乎(hu)(hu)！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)聽了(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)此(ci)言(yan)(yan)，不(bu)覺勃然(ran)變色，拂衣而(er)(er)起(qi)，退入后(hou)堂(tang)。眾(zhong)(zhong)皆哂笑(xiao)(xiao)而(er)(er)散，魯肅(su)(su)(su)責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“先生何(he)(he)(he)故(gu)出此(ci)言(yan)(yan)？幸(xing)是吾(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)寬洪(hong)大(da)(da)度(du)，不(bu)即面責。先生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)，藐視(shi)吾(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)甚矣。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面笑(xiao)(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“何(he)(he)(he)如(ru)此(ci)不(bu)能容(rong)物(wu)耶！我(wo)(wo)自有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)破(po)曹(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，彼不(bu)問(wen)我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)故(gu)不(bu)言(yan)(yan)。”肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“果有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)良策，肅(su)(su)(su)當請(qing)主(zhu)(zhu)公求(qiu)(qiu)教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)視(shi)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)百萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)(zhong)，如(ru)群蟻耳！但(dan)我(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)舉手，則(ze)皆為(wei)齏粉矣！”肅(su)(su)(su)聞言(yan)(yan)，便入后(hou)堂(tang)見(jian)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)怒氣未(wei)息，顧謂肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)欺吾(wu)太甚！”肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣(chen)亦以(yi)此(ci)責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)反笑(xiao)(xiao)主(zhu)(zhu)公不(bu)能容(rong)物(wu)。破(po)曹(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)肯(ken)輕言(yan)(yan)，主(zhu)(zhu)公何(he)(he)(he)不(bu)求(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)回嗔作喜曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“原(yuan)來孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)良謀，故(gu)以(yi)言(yan)(yan)詞激我(wo)(wo)。我(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)時淺見(jian)，幾(ji)誤(wu)大(da)(da)事(shi)。”便同魯肅(su)(su)(su)重復出堂(tang)，再(zai)請(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)敘話(hua)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)見(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)，謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適(shi)來冒瀆威嚴，幸(xing)勿見(jian)罪(zui)(zui)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)亦謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮言(yan)(yan)語冒犯，望乞恕罪(zui)(zui)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)邀孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)入后(hou)堂(tang)，置酒相待。

數巡之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，權曰(yue)：“曹(cao)操(cao)平生所(suo)(suo)惡者(zhe)(zhe)：呂布、劉表、袁紹、袁術、豫(yu)州與孤耳。今(jin)(jin)數雄已滅，獨(du)豫(yu)州與孤尚存。孤不能(neng)(neng)以全(quan)吳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)，受制(zhi)于人(ren)。吾計決矣(yi)。非(fei)劉豫(yu)州莫(mo)與當(dang)曹(cao)操(cao)者(zhe)(zhe)；然豫(yu)州新敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，安能(neng)(neng)抗此難乎？”孔(kong)明曰(yue)：“豫(yu)州雖新敗，然關(guan)云長猶(you)率精兵萬人(ren)；劉琦領江夏戰士，亦不下萬人(ren)。曹(cao)操(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)，遠來(lai)疲憊(bei)；近(jin)追豫(yu)州，輕騎一日夜行三百(bai)里，此所(suo)(suo)謂(wei)強(qiang)弩之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)末(mo)，勢(shi)(shi)不能(neng)(neng)穿魯縞(gao)者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)。且北(bei)方之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)，不習水戰。荊(jing)州士民附(fu)操(cao)者(zhe)(zhe)，迫于勢(shi)(shi)耳，非(fei)本心也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)將軍(jun)(jun)誠能(neng)(neng)與豫(yu)州協力同心，破曹(cao)軍(jun)(jun)必(bi)矣(yi)。操(cao)軍(jun)(jun)破，必(bi)北(bei)還，則(ze)荊(jing)、吳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勢(shi)(shi)強(qiang)，而鼎(ding)足之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形成矣(yi)。成敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機，在于今(jin)(jin)日。惟將軍(jun)(jun)裁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”

譯文

魯(lu)(lu)肅回報(bao)孫權(quan)，孫權(quan)安(an)排第(di)二天(tian)召(zhao)集(ji)文武(wu)于(yu)帳下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，請臥龍先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)來(lai)，升(sheng)堂議事(shi)。第(di)二天(tian)，魯(lu)(lu)肅到(dao)驛(yi)館(guan)接孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)同往孫權(quan)大(da)帳中(zhong)。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)只(zhi)見張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)、顧(gu)(gu)雍等(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)班二十(shi)多位(wei)文武(wu)官員(yuan)，峨(e)冠博帶(dai)，整衣端(duan)坐。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見禮，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)客位(wei)上落坐。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)等(deng)(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)看(kan)(kan)到(dao)諸葛孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)豐神飄灑，器宇軒昂，料(liao)他(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來(lai)游說(shuo)的(de)(de)。張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)便率(lv)先(xian)(xian)(xian)開口(kou)試(shi)問(wen)孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“我(wo)(wo)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)東的(de)(de)小人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)，早(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)聽(ting)(ting)說(shuo)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)臥隆中(zhong)，自(zi)(zi)(zi)比管(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅，有這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)事(shi)嗎(ma)(ma)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)回答(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“這(zhe)(zhe)只(zhi)不(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亮(liang)平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)小可(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“新(xin)近聽(ting)(ting)說(shuo)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)三(san)顧(gu)(gu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)草(cao)廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，幸(xing)得(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以為(wei)(wei)‘如(ru)(ru)魚得(de)(de)(de)(de)水’因(yin)而(er)(er)欲(yu)想席卷荊(jing)襄。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)荊(jing)襄卻(que)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)歸屬了(le)(le)曹(cao)操(cao)，不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)你(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)何用(yong)(yong)(yong)意(yi)啊(a)？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)暗想：張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孫權(quan)手下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)謀(mou)(mou)士，若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他(ta)(ta)，如(ru)(ru)何說(shuo)服得(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)孫權(quan)？于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)答(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)看(kan)(kan)來(lai)，我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)取漢上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)易如(ru)(ru)反掌(zhang)。我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)謙卑仁義，不(bu)(bu)忍去(qu)奪同宗兄(xiong)弟的(de)(de)基(ji)業，因(yin)此將荊(jing)州(zhou)推讓掉了(le)(le)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)(ge)小孩子(zi)，聽(ting)(ting)任佞言，私(si)自(zi)(zi)(zi)投降，致使曹(cao)操(cao)很猖獗。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)屯兵江(jiang)夏，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)另(ling)有良(liang)圖(tu)，這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)閑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輩所能(neng)理解的(de)(de)。”張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“如(ru)(ru)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)相(xiang)矛盾了(le)(le)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)(zi)比管(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅，管(guan)仲(zhong)輔佐桓公稱霸諸侯(hou)(hou)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)統天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂(le)毅扶(fu)持微弱的(de)(de)燕國，拿(na)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)齊國七十(shi)多個(ge)(ge)城池。這(zhe)(zhe)兩個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，可(ke)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濟(ji)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)啊(a)！而(er)(er)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)只(zhi)會在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)草(cao)廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)笑(xiao)傲風(feng)月(yue)、抱膝危坐。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)既然(ran)事(shi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)該為(wei)(wei)百(bai)姓(xing)牟利益，除害(hai)滅(mie)賊。然(ran)而(er)(er)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未得(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時，尚能(neng)夠縱橫(heng)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，割據城地(di)；如(ru)(ru)今(jin)得(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)更加仰(yang)望(wang)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)連(lian)三(san)歲(sui)的(de)(de)幼童都說(shuo)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)虎添翼，不(bu)(bu)久(jiu)漢室興旺(wang)，曹(cao)操(cao)可(ke)滅(mie)了(le)(le)。朝野上下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)拭目以待，對先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抱著極(ji)大(da)希望(wang)。可(ke)為(wei)(wei)何自(zi)(zi)(zi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跟了(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)，曹(cao)兵一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)，你(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)丟(diu)盔卸甲，望(wang)風(feng)而(er)(er)竄，棄新(xin)野，走樊(fan)城，敗(bai)(bai)當(dang)(dang)陽，奔夏口(kou)，無(wu)容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。如(ru)(ru)此辜(gu)負了(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表遺(yi)愿，令天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓(xing)大(da)失所望(wang)。那(nei)(nei)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)自(zi)(zi)(zi)從(cong)(cong)(cong)有了(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，為(wei)(wei)何反倒不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)當(dang)(dang)初了(le)(le)呢(ni)？管(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)？我(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)話愚魯(lu)(lu)直率(lv)，請先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)要(yao)(yao)見怪！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)聽(ting)(ting)罷，無(wu)聲地(di)笑(xiao)了(le)(le)笑(xiao)，說(shuo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“大(da)鵬展(zhan)翅(chi)飛萬(wan)里(li)，它的(de)(de)志向難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)(nei)些(xie)小燕雀能(neng)認識的(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)？比如(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)多年的(de)(de)痼疾，應當(dang)(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)給他(ta)(ta)喝點(dian)稀粥，同藥(yao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起服下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)。等(deng)(deng)到(dao)他(ta)(ta)肺腹調和、形體(ti)慢(man)慢(man)養得(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)穩些(xie)了(le)(le)，再用(yong)(yong)(yong)肉食補養，加上效(xiao)力強的(de)(de)藥(yao)治(zhi)療，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)病根(gen)才(cai)能(neng)除盡，人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)(de)(de)以全面(mian)康復。如(ru)(ru)果不(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)病人(ren)(ren)(ren)氣脈緩和，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)給他(ta)(ta)吃烈藥(yao)和味道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)厚(hou)重的(de)(de)食物(wu)，想要(yao)(yao)求得(de)(de)(de)(de)平安(an)，實在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)難了(le)(le)。我(wo)(wo)主(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)，以前(qian)兵敗(bai)(bai)于(yu)汝(ru)南，寄靠(kao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表門(men)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，兵不(bu)(bu)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千，將只(zhi)關、張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)、趙云(yun)，正(zheng)像是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)病重危急的(de)(de)時刻(ke)。新(xin)野小縣地(di)僻人(ren)(ren)(ren)稀糧(liang)又少，他(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)暫時借以安(an)身，怎可(ke)能(neng)長久(jiu)坐守在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)那(nei)(nei)里(li)呢(ni)？但就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)處境(jing)條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)，卻(que)能(neng)夠火燒博望(wang)，水淹曹(cao)軍，令夏侯(hou)(hou)惇等(deng)(deng)心(xin)驚膽寒(han)。依(yi)我(wo)(wo)看(kan)(kan)來(lai)，就(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅用(yong)(yong)(yong)兵，也不(bu)(bu)過(guo)如(ru)(ru)此吧。至于(yu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)投降曹(cao)操(cao)，豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)當(dang)(dang)時根(gen)本不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)，且又不(bu)(bu)忍心(xin)乘亂奪取同宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業；當(dang)(dang)陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)(bai)，豫(yu)(yu)州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)忍丟(diu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)百(bai)姓(xing)，幾十(shi)萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)扶(fu)老攜幼相(xiang)隨渡江(jiang)，每日(ri)與民一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同顛(dian)簸十(shi)余里(li)路而(er)(er)放棄去(qu)取江(jiang)陵，真是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)仁大(da)義啊(a)！寡不(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾，勝(sheng)(sheng)負乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兵家(jia)(jia)常(chang)事(shi)。昔日(ri)漢高(gao)祖劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)邦多次敗(bai)(bai)給項羽，然(ran)而(er)(er)垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)戰卻(que)取得(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)決(jue)定性勝(sheng)(sheng)利，難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)韓(han)信(xin)(xin)為(wei)(wei)他(ta)(ta)出了(le)(le)良(liang)謀(mou)(mou)嗎(ma)(ma)？可(ke)韓(han)信(xin)(xin)扶(fu)佐劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)邦那(nei)(nei)么久(jiu)，也沒(mei)得(de)(de)(de)(de)幾次勝(sheng)(sheng)利啊(a)。因(yin)此說(shuo)，國家(jia)(jia)大(da)事(shi)，天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)安(an)危，要(yao)(yao)靠(kao)謀(mou)(mou)劃。那(nei)(nei)些(xie)夸(kua)夸(kua)其談、善于(yu)巧(qiao)辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，靠(kao)虛(xu)榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣壓人(ren)(ren)(ren)；盡管(guan)能(neng)夠坐著議論(lun)、站著高(gao)談，可(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)關鍵時刻(ke)應付各種形勢變(bian)化(hua)，卻(que)什么都不(bu)(bu)行了(le)(le)。——這(zhe)(zhe)才(cai)真正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叫天(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)恥笑(xiao)的(de)(de)呀！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番話，說(shuo)得(de)(de)(de)(de)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)沒(mei)有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句可(ke)以對答(da)(da)。

這(zhe)時(shi)座中(zhong)一人(ren)忽然高聲問道：“如(ru)今(jin)曹(cao)公屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)百(bai)(bai)萬，列將千名，虎視眈眈要(yao)(yao)踏(ta)平(ping)、吞食(shi)江夏，先生(sheng)認為該怎么辦呢？”孔(kong)明望(wang)去(qu)，乃是(shi)虞翻。孔(kong)明道：“曹(cao)操收(shou)并(bing)了(le)(le)袁紹蟻聚之(zhi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，劫劉表烏合之(zhi)眾(zhong)，雖然百(bai)(bai)萬之(zhi)軍(jun)，也沒什么可(ke)怕。”虞翻一聽冷笑(xiao)道：“你們軍(jun)敗于當(dang)陽(yang)，計窮于夏口(kou)，區區求(qiu)救于人(ren)，還說‘不(bu)怕’，這(zhe)可(ke)真是(shi)大言不(bu)慚啊！”孔(kong)明道：“劉備不(bu)是(shi)只(zhi)靠幾千仁義之(zhi)師，就能(neng)抵抗百(bai)(bai)萬殘暴之(zhi)眾(zhong)的嗎？退守夏口(kou)是(shi)為了(le)(le)等待(dai)更好(hao)的時(shi)機。而如(ru)今(jin)，你們江東兵(bing)(bing)(bing)精糧足，且憑借有(you)長江之(zhi)天險(xian)，有(you)的人(ren)卻(que)還想(xiang)要(yao)(yao)主公孫權(quan)屈(qu)膝投降曹(cao)賊，而竟不(bu)顧天下(xia)人(ren)的恥笑(xiao)。——從這(zhe)一點來看，劉備難道是(shi)怕曹(cao)操的嗎？”虞翻被說得啞(ya)口(kou)無言了(le)(le)。

座中又一人發問道(dao)(dao)：“孔(kong)明先(xian)(xian)生難道(dao)(dao)想(xiang)(xiang)效法張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)和蘇(su)秦(qin)來游說(shuo)我們東吳嗎(ma)(ma)？”孔(kong)明一看，是(shi)(shi)(shi)步騭，回(hui)敬道(dao)(dao)：“步子山先(xian)(xian)生以為(wei)(wei)張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)、蘇(su)秦(qin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)辯士(shi)，卻大概還不知道(dao)(dao)他二人也是(shi)(shi)(shi)豪杰吧(ba)；蘇(su)秦(qin)佩掛(gua)六國(guo)相(xiang)印，張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)兩次為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)國(guo)宰相(xiang)，都是(shi)(shi)(shi)匡扶國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)謀士(shi)，可不是(shi)(shi)(shi)那些畏強欺弱、怕刀(dao)怕槍的(de)(de)人所能比的(de)(de)。君等只(zhi)聽曹(cao)操虛發的(de)(de)假詐之詞，就嚇得想(xiang)(xiang)去投降，還竟好意思(si)在這里笑話(hua)蘇(su)秦(qin)和張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)嗎(ma)(ma)？”步騭也被問得說(shuo)不出話(hua)了。

忽(hu)然，又有(you)人(ren)(ren)問道(dao)：“孔明認為曹操(cao)是(shi)(shi)個什么(me)人(ren)(ren)呢(ni)？”孔明看那(nei)人(ren)(ren)，乃是(shi)(shi)薛(xue)綜，答(da)道(dao)：“曹操(cao)乃是(shi)(shi)漢賊(zei)，這還用問嗎？”薛(xue)綜道(dao)：“先(xian)生(sheng)說(shuo)(shuo)得不(bu)對。漢朝(chao)歷代至今，天(tian)數眼看就(jiu)要(yao)完了(le)(le)。如(ru)今曹公(gong)擁有(you)三分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二天(tian)下，人(ren)(ren)都歸(gui)心與他。劉備不(bu)識天(tian)時(shi)，強要(yao)與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)爭(zheng)，正是(shi)(shi)好(hao)比以卵擊石，怎能不(bu)敗呢(ni)？”孔明這時(shi)厲聲說(shuo)(shuo)道(dao)：“薛(xue)敬文怎么(me)能出此沒有(you)君臣父(fu)子、沒有(you)高低倫理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言呢(ni)？人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)在(zai)天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間，應以忠孝作為立(li)身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本。薛(xue)公(gong)既然是(shi)(shi)漢臣，卻有(you)不(bu)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，應當打消(xiao)這些(xie)思(si)想，才是(shi)(shi)為臣的正道(dao)。曹操(cao)的祖(zu)宗食漢祿，卻不(bu)思(si)報孝漢室，反懷有(you)篡權叛逆(ni)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，讓天(tian)下人(ren)(ren)憎忿，薛(xue)公(gong)卻說(shuo)(shuo)天(tian)數歸(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曹操(cao)，真是(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)父(fu)無(wu)(wu)君、沒有(you)綱常的人(ren)(ren)呀！我沒有(you)必(bi)(bi)要(yao)同你講話(hua)，請不(bu)必(bi)(bi)多言了(le)(le)！”薛(xue)綜滿(man)面羞慚，無(wu)(wu)話(hua)對答(da)。

座上(shang)又(you)有(you)(you)一(yi)人應(ying)聲(sheng)問道：“曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)挾天子以令諸侯，可(ke)畢竟也是(shi)(shi)(shi)相國曹(cao)(cao)(cao)參的(de)后(hou)(hou)代。劉備(bei)雖(sui)自說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)所(suo)謂中(zhong)山靖王(wang)的(de)苗裔，卻(que)沒有(you)(you)考證，人們親眼(yan)所(suo)見(jian)的(de)，他只不(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)編草席(xi)(xi)賣草鞋的(de)俗夫(fu)罷(ba)了，有(you)(you)什么資格來和曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)抗衡呢(ni)(ni)！”孔(kong)明(ming)看(kan)去，原來是(shi)(shi)(shi)陸績(ji)。孔(kong)明(ming)笑起(qi)來，道：“曹(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)既然(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)相國的(de)后(hou)(hou)代，就(jiu)(jiu)更證明(ming)他世代都為(wei)(wei)漢(han)臣，而如今他卻(que)手握王(wang)權(quan)，肆意橫行，欺(qi)君妄上(shang)，不(bu)(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)目無君主，而且是(shi)(shi)(shi)蔑視祖(zu)宗，不(bu)(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢(han)室之(zhi)亂臣，而且是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)氏(shi)之(zhi)賊子。劉備(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)堂堂正正的(de)漢(han)室之(zhi)胄，當今皇帝依據(ju)世宗祖(zu)譜賜與他官爵(jue)，你(ni)憑什么說(shuo)‘無可(ke)查考’呢(ni)(ni)？況且高祖(zu)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從區(qu)區(qu)亭長開始(shi)建業(ye)起(qi)身(shen)的(de)，織席(xi)(xi)賣鞋又(you)有(you)(you)什么可(ke)以為(wei)(wei)恥(chi)辱的(de)呢(ni)(ni)？我看(kan)你(ni)真是(shi)(shi)(shi)小兒(er)之(zhi)見(jian)，怎(zen)能和高士一(yi)起(qi)理論！”陸績(ji)不(bu)(bu)禁(jin)閉口(kou)塞舌。

席中又一(yi)人說(shuo)道(dao)：“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)所言，都是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)詞奪理，全不是(shi)(shi)正(zheng)經(jing)之談，不必再(zai)說(shuo)了(le)。只(zhi)請問孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)著有(you)(you)什(shen)么經(jing)典(dian)之論嗎？”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)看(kan)他，是(shi)(shi)嚴峻(jun)，說(shuo)道(dao)：“尋章摘句(ju)，是(shi)(shi)世上那些迂腐(fu)儒士(shi)的所為，哪能(neng)夠(gou)依此興國立事。古時候躬耕的莘伊尹(yin)，垂(chui)釣于渭水(shui)的姜子(zi)牙，還(huan)有(you)(you)張(zhang)良、鄧禹等(deng)名士(shi)高(gao)人都沒(mei)見他們有(you)(you)什(shen)么經(jing)典(dian)論著。——難道(dao)說(shuo)你整(zheng)天就(jiu)光只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)效仿(fang)那些酸腐(fu)的書(shu)生(sheng)，區(qu)區(qu)于筆硯(yan)之間，數黑(hei)論黃、舞(wu)文弄墨而已嗎？”嚴峻(jun)垂(chui)頭喪氣地無以作答。

忽然(ran)一(yi)個人(ren)(ren)大聲說(shuo)道：“諸葛公好說(shuo)大話(hua)，未(wei)必有(you)真才(cai)實(shi)學(xue)(xue)，恐怕(pa)到時(shi)恰(qia)恰(qia)要被文人(ren)(ren)學(xue)(xue)者所笑呢。”孔明看那(nei)人(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)是程德(de)樞(shu)，便(bian)回答道：“文人(ren)(ren)學(xue)(xue)者有(you)君(jun)子與小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)分。作(zuo)為君(jun)子的(de)文人(ren)(ren)，忠君(jun)愛國，堅守正義，憎惡邪佞，盡力為時(shi)代做出(chu)自己(ji)的(de)貢(gong)獻(xian)，美名傳于后世。而作(zuo)為小人(ren)(ren)的(de)學(xue)(xue)者，只鉆營(ying)雕(diao)蟲小技，用心于文墨，年輕時(shi)作(zuo)賦，人(ren)(ren)老(lao)了把經都(dou)念完。筆下即便(bian)有(you)千言，胸(xiong)中卻沒(mei)有(you)一(yi)點實(shi)實(shi)在在的(de)計策。就像楊雄(xiong)那(nei)樣，雖然(ran)以文章著稱于世，卻屈身于草莽強盜之(zhi)手，走投無路最后跳樓而死。這就是所謂的(de)小人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒。即使他(ta)每天吟詩作(zuo)賦上萬言，可又有(you)什么(me)用呢！”程德(de)樞(shu)也不能應對了。

眾人(ren)見孔明(ming)對答如流，全都已驚(jing)慌失(shi)色。此時座中還有人(ren)想要問難(nan)孔明(ming)，忽然有個人(ren)從外面走進來，厲(li)聲說(shuo)道(dao)：“孔明(ming)乃是當(dang)世奇才(cai)，諸(zhu)位以唇舌相難(nan)，可不(bu)是敬客之禮。曹操大軍壓境，你們不(bu)商討退兵(bing)之策，光在這里斗嘴！”眾人(ren)一看(kan)，是督糧官黃蓋黃公覆。黃蓋對孔明(ming)道(dao)：“先生何不(bu)將(jiang)金(jin)石(shi)之論(lun)對我主(zhu)說(shuo)去(qu)？”孔明(ming)道(dao)：“諸(zhu)君不(bu)識時務(wu)，互相問難(nan)，容不(bu)得我不(bu)答。”

于是(shi)黃蓋和魯肅(su)帶孔明(ming)進(jin)入中門，正巧遇到(dao)諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾，孔明(ming)給(gei)他兄(xiong)長施禮。諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾說：“賢弟(di)既(ji)然已來到(dao)江東，為何不來見(jian)我呢？”孔明(ming)說：“弟(di)已輔(fu)佐劉(liu)備，理當先公(gong)后私(si)。公(gong)事沒辦完，不敢旁及私(si)事。請(qing)哥哥見(jian)諒(liang)。”諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾道(dao)：“賢弟(di)拜(bai)見(jian)過吳侯，就到(dao)我那(nei)里敘(xu)話。”說完便(bian)走了。

魯(lu)肅(su)對孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)囑(zhu)咐道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“今(jin)(jin)天(tian)見到(dao)(dao)我(wo)家主(zhu)(zhu)公，千萬(wan)(wan)別(bie)說(shuo)(shuo)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)兵(bing)多。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)笑說(shuo)(shuo)：“亮自會隨機應變(bian)(bian)。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)們來(lai)到(dao)(dao)大(da)(da)堂(tang)之(zhi)上(shang)，孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)階而迎，厚禮相(xiang)侍，請(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐，眾文武分列兩旁，魯(lu)肅(su)站在(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)邊上(shang)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)見孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)碧眼紫發，儀(yi)表堂(tang)堂(tang)，暗想，此人相(xiang)貌不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般，只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)用話(hua)(hua)激他(ta)(ta)(ta)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)光講道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)理。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，等孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)問起(qi)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)現有(you)(you)(you)多少(shao)兵(bing)馬時(shi)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)說(shuo)(shuo)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百多萬(wan)(wan)。孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“怕不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)詐我(wo)們吧？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)便將(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)(li)(li)，加上(shang)從(cong)袁紹、中原(yuan)和荊(jing)州那里(li)新增的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)力(li)(li)(li)算(suan)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百五(wu)十(shi)多萬(wan)(wan)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)方才說(shuo)(shuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百萬(wan)(wan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕嚇著江(jiang)東(dong)之(zhi)士(shi)(shi)；且曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)手(shou)下(xia)(xia)(xia)戰將(jiang)謀士(shi)(shi)都(dou)(dou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)二千。魯(lu)肅(su)在(zai)旁一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting)，驚慌失色，連(lian)忙(mang)向孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)使眼色不(bu)(bu)(bu)讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)再說(shuo)(shuo)了，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)卻(que)(que)只(zhi)裝作沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)看(kan)見。這(zhe)時(shi)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)又(you)問：“曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)平了荊(jing)楚之(zhi)地(di)，還有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)圖(tu)謀嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“他(ta)(ta)(ta)如今(jin)(jin)已沿江(jiang)邊安營扎(zha)寨，準(zhun)備戰船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)圖(tu)你們江(jiang)東(dong)，又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想取哪里(li)呢(ni)？”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“若(ruo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)真有(you)(you)(you)吞并之(zhi)意(yi)，請(qing)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)替我(wo)想想該怎么辦。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“亮有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句話(hua)(hua)，只(zhi)怕將(jiang)軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)(ting)從(cong)。如今(jin)(jin)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)勢力(li)(li)(li)極大(da)(da)，威震海內，即(ji)便是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英雄，也無用武之(zhi)地(di)，奈他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)。將(jiang)軍(jun)要(yao)(yao)量力(li)(li)(li)而行(xing)，若(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)抗衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如趁早消滅他(ta)(ta)(ta)；若(ruo)沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)對抗，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如聽(ting)(ting)從(cong)眾謀士(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)建議，投降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)算(suan)了。如今(jin)(jin)，將(jiang)軍(jun)嘴上(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)要(yao)(yao)降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，心里(li)又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)想降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)，形(xing)勢危(wei)急，卻(que)(que)總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拿不(bu)(bu)(bu)定(ding)主(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)，大(da)(da)禍(huo)可(ke)就要(yao)(yao)臨頭了！”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“若(ruo)像先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)說(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)，劉(liu)備為(wei)什么不(bu)(bu)(bu)投降曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)呢(ni)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“過(guo)去(qu)(qu)，像齊國的(de)(de)(de)田橫那樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)壯(zhuang)士(shi)(shi)都(dou)(dou)能(neng)(neng)堅守大(da)(da)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)容(rong)屈辱(ru)，何(he)(he)況劉(liu)備是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢室宗親——事(shi)之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)成乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)意(yi)，怎么能(neng)(neng)自己(ji)就先(xian)(xian)(xian)屈服于(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)人之(zhi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)呢(ni)！”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)聽(ting)(ting)了孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)番話(hua)(hua)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)覺臉(lian)色頓(dun)變(bian)(bian)，站起(qi)身來(lai)拂(fu)袖而去(qu)(qu)，眾人一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見，也都(dou)(dou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)笑而散(san)了。魯(lu)肅(su)責怪孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)為(wei)何(he)(he)說(shuo)(shuo)出(chu)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)話(hua)(hua)來(lai)？幸虧(kui)我(wo)們主(zhu)(zhu)公寬洪大(da)(da)度，沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)(you)當面責怪你，你的(de)(de)(de)話(hua)(hua)過(guo)于(yu)藐視他(ta)(ta)(ta)了。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰(yang)面笑道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“何(he)(he)必這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)容(rong)人呢(ni)！我(wo)自有(you)(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)之(zhi)計，他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)問我(wo)，我(wo)怎敢說(shuo)(shuo)呢(ni)？”魯(lu)肅(su)忙(mang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“原(yuan)來(lai)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)良(liang)策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)，我(wo)這(zhe)就去(qu)(qu)請(qing)主(zhu)(zhu)公來(lai)向你求教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)說(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)看(kan)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)的(de)(de)(de)百萬(wan)(wan)大(da)(da)軍(jun)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群(qun)小螞蟻(yi)罷了，只(zhi)要(yao)(yao)我(wo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抬手(shou)，它們就都(dou)(dou)成了粉末(mo)。”魯(lu)肅(su)經(jing)這(zhe)么一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)，便立即(ji)到(dao)(dao)后堂(tang)去(qu)(qu)見孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting)，轉怒為(wei)喜，道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“原(yuan)來(lai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用話(hua)(hua)在(zai)激我(wo)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)出(chu)來(lai)與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)互致歉意(yi)，討教良(liang)策(ce)。

孔(kong)明說：“劉(liu)備雖新敗，但關(guan)云長仍(reng)帶有精兵萬人(ren)；劉(liu)琦在江(jiang)夏也(ye)有萬人(ren)。曹(cao)兵雖多，卻是遠道而來，征戰疲(pi)憊，正所謂‘強(qiang)弩之末，勢(shi)不能穿魯縞’。并且北方(fang)人(ren)不習慣于水(shui)戰。荊州(zhou)之民依附(fu)于曹(cao)操，是迫于當時的(de)形勢(shi)，而并不是出于本(ben)心所愿(yuan)。將(jiang)軍(jun)如(ru)果現在能誠心誠意地和(he)劉(liu)備結成(cheng)聯盟(meng)，破曹(cao)之事必成(cheng)。曹(cao)軍(jun)敗了(le)，自(zi)然退回北方(fang)，那么荊州(zhou)和(he)東吳(wu)的(de)勢(shi)力也(ye)就(jiu)加強(qiang)了(le)，三足鼎立的(de)局面也(ye)得(de)以成(cheng)形。成(cheng)敗的(de)關(guan)鍵即在眼下，就(jiu)看將(jiang)軍(jun)怎樣決斷(duan)了(le)。”

作者介紹

羅貫中(zhong)，1330—1400之間，名本，號湖海散(san)人(ren)，元末明初通(tong)俗小說(shuo)家。他的籍貫一(yi)說(shuo)是太原(yuan)今(jin)山西(xi)，一(yi)說(shuo)是錢塘今(jin)浙江杭州，不可確考。據傳說(shuo)，羅貫中(zhong)曾充(chong)任過元末農民起(qi)義軍張(zhang)士誠的幕(mu)客。

元末明(ming)初著(zhu)名(ming)小說(shuo)家(jia)(jia)、戲曲(qu)家(jia)(jia)，是中(zhong)國章回小說(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)鼻祖(zu)。生(sheng)于元末明(ming)初的(de)(de)(de)封建王朝時(shi)代。作為(wei)(wei)與“倡優”、“妓藝”為(wei)(wei)伍的(de)(de)(de)戲曲(qu)平話作家(jia)(jia)，當時(shi)被視為(wei)(wei)勾欄瓦舍的(de)(de)(de)下九流(liu)，正史不(bu)可(ke)能為(wei)(wei)他寫經作傳(chuan)。唯一(yi)(yi)可(ke)看到的(de)(de)(de)是一(yi)(yi)位(wei)明(ming)代無名(ming)氏編著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)本(ben)小冊子《錄鬼簿續編》，上寫：“羅貫中(zhong)，太(tai)原人(ren)，號湖海散人(ren)。與人(ren)寡合，樂府隱語，極(ji)為(wei)(wei)清新。與余為(wei)(wei)忘(wang)年(nian)交(jiao)，遭時(shi)多故，天各一(yi)(yi)方(fang)。至正甲(jia)辰復會，別來又六十余年(nian)，竟不(bu)知其所終。”

羅(luo)貫中一生著作頗(po)豐，主要作品有：劇本《趙太祖龍虎風云會(hui)》、《忠正孝子(zi)連環(huan)諫》、《三(san)(san)平章(zhang)死哭蜚虎子(zi)》；小說《隋唐兩(liang)朝志傳(chuan)》、《殘唐五代史(shi)演(yan)義》、《三(san)(san)遂平妖傳(chuan)》、《粉妝樓(lou)》、和施耐(nai)庵合著的《水滸傳(chuan)》，代表作有《三(san)(san)國演(yan)義》（全名《三(san)(san)國志通俗演(yan)義》）等。

鑒賞評價

論辯藝術

先守后攻

面(mian)對諸儒的詰(jie)難，諸葛(ge)亮神態(tai)自若，一(yi)一(yi)作答(da)，是(shi)為守，然而他(ta)又不甘于(yu)只是(shi)作答(da)，每于(yu)答(da)后發起攻(gong)勢。

東(dong)吳第一(yi)(yi)謀(mou)士(shi)張(zhang)昭(zhao)詰問諸葛亮(liang)自(zi)(zi)比管(guan)仲樂(le)毅(yi)，而(er)最終卻使(shi)劉備(bei)“棄新野，走樊城，敗(bai)(bai)當陽，奔(ben)夏(xia)口，無(wu)容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地”，“是豫州即得(de)先(xian)(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，反(fan)不(bu)(bu)如其(qi)(qi)初也。”張(zhang)昭(zhao)此(ci)問著實(shi)厲(li)害，李贄(zhi)評(ping)此(ci)句曰：“下(xia)得(de)好毒手”。諸葛亮(liang)笑著回答(da)：“鵬飛萬里，其(qi)(qi)志豈群鳥能(neng)識哉？”以(yi)大鵬自(zi)(zi)況(kuang)，志在(zai)萬里；將群儒(ru)比作群鳥，胸(xiong)無(wu)大志。接下(xia)去運用(yong)(yong)比喻論證(zheng)的(de)(de)方法(fa)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)染沉(chen)疴，當用(yong)(yong)和藥(yao)糜(mi)粥(zhou)。而(er)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)猛藥(yao)厚(hou)味，說(shuo)(shuo)明劉備(bei)取勝(sheng)尚(shang)需(xu)時(shi)日(ri).又進(jin)一(yi)(yi)步用(yong)(yong)事實(shi)論證(zheng)說(shuo)(shuo)明自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)觀點(dian)；“夫(fu)以(yi)甲兵不(bu)(bu)完，城郭(guo)不(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)經練，糧不(bu)(bu)繼日(ri)，然而(er)博望燒屯，白河(he)用(yong)(yong)水，使(shi)夏(xia)侯(hou)惇、曹(cao)仁輩心驚膽裂：竊謂管(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)用(yong)(yong)兵，未必過(guo)此(ci)。”此(ci)段諸葛亮(liang)以(yi)充分的(de)(de)事實(shi)為(wei)(wei)論據(ju)，對(dui)“自(zi)(zi)比管(guan)仲樂(le)毅(yi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)(shuo)予以(yi)論證(zheng)，在(zai)鑿鑿事實(shi)面前張(zhang)昭(zhao)的(de)(de)非難(nan)不(bu)(bu)攻(gong)自(zi)(zi)破。諸葛亮(liang)將劉備(bei)的(de)(de)暫(zan)時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)(bai)歸于(yu)三個原因：一(yi)(yi)是劉備(bei)仁義，不(bu)(bu)忍奪同(tong)宗(zong)基業，不(bu)(bu)忍舍棄赴義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民，甘與同(tong)敗(bai)(bai)；二是劉琮孱(chan)弱，聽(ting)信妄言(yan)，暗自(zi)(zi)投降；三是劉備(bei)向日(ri)兵不(bu)(bu)滿(man)千，將止(zhi)關、張(zhang)、趙云(yun)，“寡不(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾，勝(sheng)負(fu)乃(nai)其(qi)(qi)常事”，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)引用(yong)(yong)漢高祖數(shu)敗(bai)(bai)于(yu)項(xiang)羽而(er)垓下(xia)一(yi)(yi)戰成功作類比論證(zheng)說(shuo)(shuo)明劉備(bei)失利是暫(zan)時(shi)的(de)(de)，而(er)取得(de)最后(hou)的(de)(de)勝(sheng)利是必然的(de)(de)。進(jin)而(er)歸納出(chu)漢高祖的(de)(de)最終勝(sheng)利靠的(de)(de)是韓信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀(mou)，突出(chu)自(zi)(zi)己在(zai)劉備(bei)興復漢室大業中(zhong)的(de)(de)重要作用(yong)(yong)。此(ci)段答(da)張(zhang)昭(zhao)劉備(bei)得(de)先(xian)(xian)生反(fan)不(bu)(bu)如初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問，水來土掩，滴水不(bu)(bu)漏。以(yi)上皆為(wei)(wei)防守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。接著話(hua)鋒一(yi)(yi)轉(zhuan)，將矛頭(tou)直指(zhi)東(dong)吳群儒(ru)：“非比夸辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒(tu)，虛譽欺人(ren)(ren)(ren)；坐議立談，無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)(ke)及；臨機應(ying)變，百無(wu)一(yi)(yi)能(neng)。——誠為(wei)(wei)天下(xia)笑耳(er)！”李贄(zhi)評(ping)諸葛亮(liang)的(de)(de)反(fan)駁(bo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論為(wei)(wei)“說(shuo)(shuo)盡(jin)今日(ri)秀才病痛”。諸葛亮(liang)此(ci)舉攻(gong)勢凌厲(li)，使(shi)對(dui)方“并無(wu)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)回答(da)”。此(ci)乃(nai)先(xian)(xian)守(shou)(shou)后(hou)攻(gong)、攻(gong)守(shou)(shou)有(you)度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辯論策略(lve)。對(dui)虞翻的(de)(de)“劉備(bei)大敗(bai)(bai)猶言(yan)不(bu)(bu)懼曹(cao)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)大言(yan)欺人(ren)(ren)(ren)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語，諸葛亮(liang)只以(yi)劉備(bei)寡不(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾，退守(shou)(shou)夏(xia)口，以(yi)待天時(shi)相應(ying)，是為(wei)(wei)防守(shou)(shou)，隨(sui)即便有(you)“江東(dong)兵精糧足，且有(you)長江之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險(xian)，猶欲使(shi)其(qi)(qi)主屈膝降賊，不(bu)(bu)顧天下(xia)恥笑”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語來反(fan)攻(gong)，使(shi)虞翻不(bu)(bu)能(neng)對(dui)。后(hou)對(dui)步騭、薛綜等人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)發難(nan)，孔明莫不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)先(xian)(xian)守(shou)(shou)后(hou)攻(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)對(dui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)東(dong)吳的(de)(de)儒(ru)者一(yi)(yi)個個敗(bai)(bai)下(xia)陣(zhen)來。

此法妙極。因有(you)群儒詰(jie)問在先(xian)(xian)，不(bu)(bu)容(rong)不(bu)(bu)答，故(gu)宜先(xian)(xian)守(shou)，且守(shou)得從(cong)容(rong)，既曲盡事理，又詳陳事實，將(jiang)對手的(de)詰(jie)問一(yi)一(yi)化解；又因群儒來(lai)者不(bu)(bu)善，多有(you)惡意(yi)，便于守(shou)住陣地后發起反攻(gong)(gong)，使論辯(bian)進(jin)退有(you)致(zhi)，引人(ren)入勝。設若只(zhi)守(shou)不(bu)(bu)攻(gong)(gong)，則必陷被動境地；若只(zhi)攻(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)守(shou)，失去(qu)了據理陳詞的(de)部分(fen)，使論辯(bian)僅(jin)僅(jin)停留(liu)在口舌之爭，則缺乏以理服人(ren)的(de)成(cheng)分(fen)。

語帶雙機

諸葛亮(liang)以(yi)其高超的語(yu)言(yan)(yan)技巧(qiao)使(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)論辯過程精彩紛(fen)呈(cheng)，于有限的語(yu)句中蘊(yun)含極(ji)深的意(yi)味，嚼之(zhi)(zhi)余香(xiang)滿口。在談到劉(liu)備新敗(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)因時，諸葛亮(liang)說劉(liu)琮“暗自投降”，意(yi)在嘲諷東吳主(zhu)降之(zhi)(zhi)士，“非等(deng)閑可(ke)知也”，示張昭等(deng)皆等(deng)閑無能之(zhi)(zhi)輩；又云“社稷安危，是(shi)有主(zhu)謀”，寓(yu)昭等(deng)無定(ding)國安邦之(zhi)(zhi)策，反以(yi)妖言(yan)(yan)惑主(zhu)，實(shi)禍國殃(yang)民之(zhi)(zhi)人。

步騭指出諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)欲效張儀、蘇秦的(de)(de)(de)游說之舉，諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)卻淡化張儀蘇秦二(er)(er)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)辯(bian)士(shi)身份，而(er)突出其豪杰的(de)(de)(de)本色，強調二(er)(er)人(ren)“皆有匡扶人(ren)國(guo)之謀”，點出儒者們無勇無謀，只知巧言(yan)論辯(bian)，實則貪生怕(pa)死的(de)(de)(de)本質。諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)避(bi)開某些辯(bian)士(shi)為一已之利益而(er)游說的(de)(de)(de)特點，在突出其“匡扶人(ren)國(guo)”大志的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，也為自己(ji)張目(mu)，我為匡扶人(ren)國(guo)而(er)來，你們卻為葬(zang)送人(ren)國(guo)而(er)辯(bian)，孰高(gao)孰低，一目(mu)了然。

陸績(ji)以(yi)曹(cao)操(cao)是(shi)相(xiang)國(guo)曹(cao)參之后，劉(liu)備出身無(wu)可(ke)稽考相(xiang)詰，“眼見只(zhi)是(shi)織席(xi)販屨之夫耳(er)，何足與(yu)曹(cao)操(cao)抗衡哉！”諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮先不(bu)直接回答問題，而(er)是(shi)輕蔑地一笑，“公非袁術座間(jian)懷桔(jie)之陸郎乎？”諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮此(ci)處提及此(ci)事(shi)，表面看來似屬閑筆，實則頗有深意。懷桔(jie)之事(shi)本(ben)為(wei)(wei)盡(jin)心事(shi)孝之典范(fan)，然而(er)畢竟(jing)是(shi)小(xiao)兒(er)所為(wei)(wei)，懷桔(jie)小(xiao)兒(er)之論必(bi)是(shi)小(xiao)兒(er)之見，自然“不(bu)足與(yu)高士共語”。

諸(zhu)葛亮答程德樞之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語可分為兩層(ceng)內(nei)容。一是論君(jun)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)的風(feng)采，“忠君(jun)愛國，守正惡邪，務使澤及當時，名留(liu)后(hou)世，”表面(mian)上(shang)為君(jun)子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)正名，實為夫子自(zi)道也；二(er)是畫小人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)的嘴臉，“筆下(xia)雖有千(qian)言，胸中實無一策，”對大敵(di)當前而群儒(ru)(ru)(ru)一籌莫展(zhan)予(yu)以辛辣的諷刺，且以揚(yang)雄屈身事莽下(xia)場可悲昭(zhao)示東吳小人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)儒(ru)(ru)(ru)不顧氣節屈膝(xi)投降必將留(liu)下(xia)千(qian)古(gu)罵名。

語(yu)帶(dai)雙機之辯術充(chong)分顯(xian)示了(le)諸葛亮的論辯技(ji)巧，一(yi)石二鳥，弦外(wai)有音，以極(ji)精(jing)煉(lian)的語(yu)句表達極(ji)豐富的內容，頗具戰斗力(li)。似(si)不經意中顯(xian)出智慧(hui)，信手拈(nian)來(lai)時愈見功力(li)。給人留(liu)下充(chong)分的想象余(yu)地(di)。

各個擊破

對(dui)不同的(de)人采取不同的(de)方法擊敗(bai)對(dui)方，是諸(zhu)葛亮舌戰(zhan)群儒的(de)又一大特色(se)。

對(dui)張(zhang)昭(zhao)，由于他是東吳重臣，第一謀(mou)士，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮采取擒賊先擒王(wang)的策略，娓娓道(dao)來，嚴密防守之后大舉進攻，使(shi)張(zhang)昭(zhao)無一言可對(dui)。對(dui)張(zhang)昭(zhao)的反(fan)駁洋洋灑(sa)灑(sa)，周(zhou)密細致，絲絲入(ru)扣，而對(dui)以下諸(zhu)儒則多(duo)以簡潔明快的對(dui)答(da)迅速結束戰斗，不與多(duo)做(zuo)糾纏(chan)。

在整個(ge)過程中，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮的(de)(de)(de)(de)論辨藝術發(fa)揮得(de)(de)酣暢淋(lin)漓，他面(mian)對群儒潮水(shui)般(ban)涌(yong)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)詰難(nan)，沉(chen)著(zhu)應戰，或引經(jing)據典(dian)，或轉換(huan)論題，或厲聲責(ze)問，或反唇相(xiang)譏，可謂得(de)(de)心(xin)應手，游刃有余。如以韓信之(zhi)(zhi)謀，揚雄之(zhi)(zhi)死來作為(wei)(wei)論據幫助申明(ming)觀點；對步騭(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“孔明(ming)欲效儀、秦之(zhi)(zhi)舌，游說東(dong)吳耶(ye)？”之(zhi)(zhi)論棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)不理(li)，而(er)從(cong)蘇、張(zhang)二人豪杰本(ben)色入手，轉守為(wei)(wei)攻(gong)；對薛綜則厲聲責(ze)問：“薛敬文安(an)得(de)(de)出(chu)此無父無君之(zhi)(zhi)言乎！”諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮抓住儒者鼓(gu)吹忠孝為(wei)(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，以“君父”兩(liang)個(ge)正大堂皇的(de)(de)(de)(de)字眼喝(he)倒(dao)薛綜，實(shi)在是擊到了(le)對手的(de)(de)(de)(de)致命之(zhi)(zhi)處，薛綜自然“滿面(mian)羞(xiu)慚”；對陸績(ji)，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮以不溫(wen)不火的(de)(de)(de)(de)語調反唇相(xiang)譏，指出(chu)其以出(chu)身論英(ying)雄的(de)(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)誕(dan)不經(jing)，使(shi)陸績(ji)語塞。而(er)對嚴峻(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“治何經(jing)典(dian)”之(zhi)(zhi)法，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮只(zhi)以三句(ju)話回應，首先(xian)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)“尋章摘句(ju)”者為(wei)(wei)“世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒”，并(bing)不能“興(xing)邦立事”；既而(er)舉例，伊(yi)尹(yin)、姜(jiang)子牙、張(zhang)良、陳(chen)平、鄧、“皆有匡(kuang)扶宇(yu)宙之(zhi)(zhi)才”，而(er)并(bing)未死鉆書(shu)本(ben)；最后總括為(wei)(wei)“舞文弄墨”只(zhi)是書(shu)生所為(wei)(wei)。短(duan)短(duan)數語，有理(li)有據，在一(yi)連串(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)圣今賢的(de)(de)(de)(de)列(lie)舉中反襯(chen)出(chu)書(shu)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)無用，從(cong)而(er)使(shi)以治經(jing)典(dian)為(wei)(wei)榮的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴畯低頭喪氣(qi)。

詳(xiang)略的不(bu)同(tong)、論辯方法的不(bu)同(tong)顯示出(chu)諸葛(ge)亮(liang)的機(ji)動靈活，詳(xiang)答老辣(la)者，略對淺薄者，揮(hui)揮(hui)灑灑，左(zuo)右逢(feng)源，嘻笑(xiao)怒罵(ma)，皆成文(wen)章，著(zhu)實令人嘆服。

語勢磅礴

整個(ge)論辯過(guo)程中(zhong)，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)語勢磅(bang)礴(bo)，使對(dui)方懾服于(yu)他的語言(yan)威力(li)，只有招架之(zhi)(zhi)功，而(er)無(wu)反(fan)擊之(zhi)(zhi)力(li)。這一(yi)(yi)點(dian)突出體現在他的反(fan)問(wen)(wen)語氣(qi)的運用上。如反(fan)詰張(zhang)(zhang)昭：“鵬飛萬里，其志(zhi)豈(qi)群鳥能識哉？”“豫州不(bu)過(guo)暫借以容(rong)身(shen)，豈(qi)真將坐守于(yu)此耶？”“昔高皇數(shu)敗于(yu)項羽，而(er)垓下一(yi)(yi)戰成功，此非韓信之(zhi)(zhi)良謀乎(hu)？”反(fan)擊步騭：“君(jun)等聞(wen)曹操虛發詐偽(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)詞(ci)，便畏(wei)懼請降(jiang)，敢笑蘇秦、張(zhang)(zhang)儀乎(hu)？”對(dui)陸績：“且高祖(zu)起身(shen)亭(ting)長，而(er)終有天下；織席販屨，又何(he)足為辱乎(hu)？”對(dui)嚴：“豈(qi)亦效(xiao)書生，區區于(yu)筆硯之(zhi)(zhi)間，數(shu)黑論黃，舞文(wen)弄墨(mo)而(er)已(yi)乎(hu)？”……一(yi)(yi)連串的反(fan)問(wen)(wen)句，語勢強(qiang)烈，咄咄逼(bi)人，我們可以說，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)舌(she)戰群儒只所以耐(nai)人尋味(wei)百讀(du)不(bu)厭，在很大程度上得(de)益于(yu)其論辯過(guo)程語勢的力(li)量(liang)。在以理服人的基礎上，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)更以其語言(yan)的氣(qi)勢壓倒了對(dui)手。

就語(yu)句(ju)(ju)而言(yan)，也突(tu)出顯示了諸葛亮語(yu)言(yan)的氣勢(shi)。善用(yong)短(duan)(duan)句(ju)(ju)、排比對偶(ou)句(ju)(ju)該是其突(tu)出的特點。短(duan)(duan)句(ju)(ju)的使(shi)用(yong)簡潔明快，適于論辯(bian)；排比句(ju)(ju)對偶(ou)句(ju)(ju)更有“壯氣勢(shi)廣文義”的修辭特征，如(ru)“甲(jia)兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完，城郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經(jing)練，糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日”極言(yan)劉備(bei)當時所處的劣勢(shi)地位；諷小人之儒(ru)，則有“惟(wei)務雕蟲，專工(gong)翰墨，青春(chun)作(zuo)賦，皓首窮經(jing)，”可(ke)謂數(shu)盡小人儒(ru)者之弊(bi)。非(fei)語(yu)言(yan)大家無此(ci)上乘(cheng)之作(zuo)。

語勢磅礴源于理直氣(qi)壯，“理直”是(shi)(shi)因，“氣(qi)壯”是(shi)(shi)果。在諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮的(de)意(yi)識中，此番東吳之行(xing)乃(nai)為正義而來(lai)，故而正氣(qi)浩然，處(chu)變(bian)不驚。瀟灑的(de)風(feng)度、廣博的(de)學識，使對手(shou)在氣(qi)勢上先輸了三分，加之諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮一陣窮追(zhui)猛打，遂有(you)破(po)竹之勢。

綜觀舌戰(zhan)群儒(ru)的(de)整個(ge)過(guo)程，諸(zhu)葛亮在(zai)東吳(wu)諸(zhu)儒(ru)的(de)詰問中從(cong)容(rong)做對(dui)，侃侃而談，縱橫(heng)捭闔，游(you)刃(ren)有(you)余，終使“張昭并無(wu)一言回(hui)答”，“虞翻不(bu)能對(dui)”，“步騭(zhi)默然無(wu)語(yu)”，“薛綜滿面羞慚，不(bu)能對(dui)答”，“陸績(ji)語(yu)塞”，“嚴畯低頭(tou)喪(sang)氣(qi)不(bu)能對(dui)”，“程德樞不(bu)能對(dui)”，以至眾人(ren)“盡皆失色”。真可謂三寸之(zhi)(zhi)舌能抵百萬之(zhi)(zhi)兵。

總之，諸葛亮舌戰(zhan)群儒風頭(tou)出盡(jin)，其(qi)嫻熟(shu)的(de)論辯技巧(qiao)令人折服，堪稱(cheng)經典，值得當今習此(ci)道者深(shen)味。

辨析概括

東(dong)漢末期(qi)，曹(cao)操(cao)挾天子以(yi)令諸侯(hou)，較有實力(li)的軍閥大(da)都被他消(xiao)滅了，惟獨劉(liu)備(bei)和(he)孫權還有發展壯大(da)的可能(neng)，曹(cao)操(cao)自知一下子吞(tun)并這兩股(gu)勢力(li)還比較難。于是，曹(cao)操(cao)就派人拿(na)著(zhu)他的書信去東(dong)吳，想(xiang)和(he)孫權聯手消(xiao)滅劉(liu)備(bei)。

孫權手下的(de)(de)謀士大都主張(zhang)降曹自保，只有魯肅主張(zhang)聯劉(liu)抗曹。但(dan)魯肅自知難(nan)以說(shuo)服孫權和東吳的(de)(de)文臣，特意請(qing)諸葛亮來當說(shuo)客(ke)。

魯肅引諸葛亮(liang)見了東吳的一(yi)群謀士，這些人(ren)并非(fei)泛泛之輩，個個。都是有學問(wen)的人(ren)。東吳第一(yi)大謀士張昭首(shou)先(xian)發(fa)難，說：聽說劉備(bei)到你家里三趟，才把你請出山，以為有了你就如同魚得(de)了水(shui)，想(xiang)奪取荊襄九(jiu)郡做根據(ju)地。但荊襄已被曹(cao)操得(de)到，你還(huan)有什(shen)么主意呢？

諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮心里(li)想，如果不先難(nan)倒張昭(zhao)，就(jiu)沒辦法說(shuo)服孫權聯劉抗曹了。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮說(shuo)：劉備取(qu)荊襄這塊地盤，易(yi)如反掌，只是(shi)不忍心奪取(qu)同宗的基業，才被曹操(cao)撿(jian)了便宜(yi)。現(xian)在(zai)屯兵江夏，另有宏圖大計，等(deng)閑之輩哪(na)懂(dong)得(de)(de)這個。國家大事，社稷(ji)安(an)危，都要有真才實學的人拿出好主意。而口(kou)(kou)舌之徒(tu)，坐而論道(dao)，碰上事兒，卻拿不出一個辦法來，只能為天下(xia)人恥笑。一番話，說(shuo)得(de)(de)張昭(zhao)啞口(kou)(kou)無言。

之后，一個(ge)謀士(shi)問(wen)：曹操屯兵百萬，將列千員，你說(shuo)不怕，吹牛吧你。諸葛(ge)亮答：劉(liu)備退守(shou)夏口(kou)，是等(deng)待時機，而(er)東吳兵精糧足(zu)，還有長江天(tian)險可守(shou)，卻都勸(quan)孫(sun)權降(jiang)曹，丟人吧你。

東吳的謀士一個接一個地向(xiang)諸葛亮(liang)發難(nan)(nan)，先(xian)后有七人之多，都被(bei)諸葛亮(liang)反駁得(de)有口(kou)難(nan)(nan)辯。