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基本介紹

舌戰群(qun)儒出自明代(dai)羅貫中所著章(zhang)回小說(shuo)《三國演義》第43回：“諸(zhu)葛亮舌戰群(qun)儒，魯(lu)子敬力排眾議。”

故事(shi)講(jiang)述諸葛亮(liang)(liang)為聯盟孫權(quan)抵(di)抗曹操的過程(cheng)中(zhong)遭到(dao)東(dong)吳諸謀士的責(ze)難，最(zui)后都(dou)被諸葛亮(liang)(liang)一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)反駁，啞(ya)口(kou)無言(yan)。

角色介紹

孔明簡介

諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮(181—234年)，三國(guo)時杰出政治家、戰略(lve)家、外(wai)交家。字(zi)(zi)孔明，號(hao)臥龍。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮于漢靈帝(di)光和四年(181年)出生(sheng)于瑯邪陽都(今山東(dong)沂南縣)的一(yi)個官(guan)吏(li)之家。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)氏(shi)(shi)是(shi)瑯邪的望族，先祖諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)豐曾在(zai)西漢元帝(di)時做過司隸校尉(衛(wei)戍京師(shi)的長(chang)官(guan))。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮父(fu)親(qin)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)圭，字(zi)(zi)君貢，東(dong)漢末年做過泰(tai)山郡丞。諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮3歲(sui)母親(qin)章(zhang)(zhang)氏(shi)(shi)病逝,諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)亮8歲(sui)喪父(fu)，與弟(di)弟(di)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)均一(yi)起跟隨(sui)由(you)袁術任(ren)命(ming)為(wei)豫章(zhang)(zhang)太守的叔父(fu)諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄到(dao)豫章(zhang)(zhang)赴任(ren)。東(dong)漢朝廷派朱皓取代了諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄職務，諸(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)(ge)玄就去投(tou)奔(ben)老(lao)朋友荊(jing)州牧(mu)劉(liu)表。

內容介紹

有關資料

小說記載

《三(san)國演義》是中(zhong)國古代(dai)長篇章回小說的(de)開山(shan)之作。

三(san)國(guo)(guo)故事(shi)在我國(guo)(guo)古代民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)頗為流行。宋元(yuan)(yuan)時(shi)代即被搬(ban)上(shang)舞臺，金、元(yuan)(yuan)演(yan)(yan)(yan)出的(de)(de)(de)三(san)國(guo)(guo)劇目達30多種(zhong)。元(yuan)(yuan)代至(zhi)治年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)出現了(le)新(xin)安虞(yu)氏所刊(kan)的(de)(de)(de)《全相三(san)國(guo)(guo)志平話(hua)》。元(yuan)(yuan)末明(ming)初羅貫中綜合民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)傳說和戲曲、話(hua)本(ben)，結(jie)合陳壽(shou)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)志》和裴松(song)之(zhi)注的(de)(de)(de)史(shi)料，根據(ju)他個人對(dui)(dui)社會人生的(de)(de)(de)體悟，創作(zuo)了(le)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)志通俗演(yan)(yan)(yan)義(yi)》，現存最(zui)早刊(kan)本(ben)是明(ming)嘉(jia)靖(jing)年(nian)所刊(kan)刻的(de)(de)(de)，俗稱“嘉(jia)靖(jing)本(ben)”，本(ben)書(shu)24卷。清康熙年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，毛綸毛宗崗父子辨正史(shi)事(shi)、增刪文字，修(xiu)改成今(jin)日通行的(de)(de)(de)120回本(ben)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)演(yan)(yan)(yan)義(yi)》。《三(san)國(guo)(guo)演(yan)(yan)(yan)義(yi)》描(miao)寫的(de)(de)(de)是從東漢(han)末年(nian)到西(xi)晉初年(nian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)近一百年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)風(feng)(feng)云。全書(shu)反映了(le)三(san)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治軍事(shi)斗爭，反映了(le)三(san)國(guo)(guo)時(shi)代各(ge)類社會矛盾的(de)(de)(de)滲透(tou)與轉化(hua)，概括(kuo)了(le)這一時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)巨變，塑造了(le)一批咤叱風(feng)(feng)云的(de)(de)(de)英雄人物。在對(dui)(dui)三(san)國(guo)(guo)歷(li)史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)把(ba)握(wo)上(shang)，作(zuo)者表現出明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)擁劉反曹傾(qing)向(xiang)，以(yi)劉備集(ji)團作(zuo)為描(miao)寫的(de)(de)(de)中心，對(dui)(dui)劉備集(ji)團的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)人物加以(yi)歌頌，對(dui)(dui)曹操則(ze)極(ji)力揭露鞭撻(ta)。今(jin)天我們(men)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)這種(zhong)擁劉反曹的(de)(de)(de)傾(qing)向(xiang)應(ying)有辯(bian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。尊劉反曹是民(min)(min)間(jian)(jian)(jian)傳說的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)傾(qing)向(xiang)，在羅貫中生活的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代隱(yin)含著人民(min)(min)對(dui)(dui)漢(han)族復興的(de)(de)(de)希望。

《三國(guo)演義(yi)》刻(ke)畫了近200個人物形象，其中(zhong)最為成功的(de)(de)有諸葛亮(liang)、曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)、關羽(yu)、劉(liu)備(bei)等人。諸葛亮(liang)是(shi)(shi)作者心(xin)目中(zhong)的(de)(de)“賢相”的(de)(de)化身(shen)，他(ta)具有“鞠(ju)躬盡(jin)瘁，死而后(hou)已”的(de)(de)高(gao)風(feng)亮(liang)節(jie)，具有近世(shi)濟民再造太平盛世(shi)的(de)(de)雄心(xin)壯志，而且作者還賦予(yu)他(ta)呼風(feng)喚雨、神機妙算的(de)(de)奇異本(ben)領。曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)位奸雄，他(ta)生活(huo)的(de)(de)信條是(shi)(shi)“寧教我(wo)負(fu)(fu)天下(xia)人，不(bu)教天下(xia)人負(fu)(fu)我(wo)”，既有雄才大略，又殘(can)暴奸詐，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個政(zheng)治野心(xin)家陰謀家這與歷(li)史上的(de)(de)真曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)可混(hun)同的(de)(de)。關羽(yu)“威猛剛毅”、“義(yi)重如山”。劉(liu)備(bei)被作者塑造成為仁民愛物、視(shi)賢下(xia)士、知人善任的(de)(de)仁君典型(xing)。

《三國演(yan)義》描(miao)寫了大(da)大(da)小小的(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)，構思宏偉，手法多樣(yang)，使我們清晰地看到了一場(chang)場(chang)刀光血影的(de)戰(zhan)爭(zheng)場(chang)面(mian)。其中“官渡(du)之(zhi)戰(zhan)”和“赤壁之(zhi)戰(zhan)”等戰(zhan)爭(zheng)的(de)描(miao)寫波瀾起伏、跌宕跳躍，讀來驚心(xin)動魄。

全書的(de)文不甚深，言(yan)不甚俗，簡(jian)潔明快(kuai)，氣勢充(chong)沛，生動活(huo)潑。

《三國(guo)演義》帶(dai)來我國(guo)歷史小說創作的(de)熱潮，它(ta)所塑造(zao)的(de)一系列人物(wu)形(xing)象在我國(guo)已家(jia)喻戶曉，婦孺皆知。

《三國(guo)演義》的(de)版本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)很多，主要有：明弘治刻本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)《三國(guo)志通俗演義》，文(wen)字粗樸，內容平易；《三國(guo)志演義》，清毛宗崗(gang)增刪評點本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，約成書于康熙初(chu)年，該本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)在社(she)會(hui)上流傳最為廣泛。人民文(wen)學出(chu)版社(she)多次(ci)重印出(chu)版。

《三國演義》第四十三回寫(xie)諸葛亮只身(shen)隨(sui)魯肅過(guo)江、游(you)說東吳群臣。時值劉備新敗，退守夏口，曹(cao)操(cao)大(da)軍壓境，東吳上下主降之風日盛。在此(ci)情勢(shi)下，諸葛亮以(yi)其超人(ren)的(de)膽識同東吳群儒展開(kai)舌戰，并(bing)以(yi)其滔滔辯(bian)才(cai)使對手一個個皆成“口”下敗將，并(bing)最終說服(fu)了孫權，使孫劉聯盟(meng)共(gong)抗曹(cao)操(cao)的(de)局面得(de)以(yi)形成。

史書記載

只(zhi)記載諸(zhu)葛亮面見(jian)孫(sun)權，東吳主戰派(pai)、主和(he)派(pai)相爭日(ri)盛。諸(zhu)葛亮只(zhi)是節使。

經典片段

原文

肅乃引(yin)孔(kong)明(ming)至幕下(xia)。早見張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)、顧雍等(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)班(ban)文武(wu)二十(shi)(shi)余人(ren)(ren)(ren)，峨冠博帶，整衣端(duan)坐。孔(kong)明(ming)逐一(yi)(yi)相(xiang)見，各問姓(xing)名(ming)。施禮已(yi)畢，坐于(yu)客位(wei)。張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)等(deng)(deng)見孔(kong)明(ming)豐(feng)神(shen)飄(piao)灑，器宇軒(xuan)昂，料道此(ci)(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)必來游說。張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)先(xian)(xian)以(yi)言(yan)挑(tiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曰：“昭(zhao)(zhao)乃江東微末之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)，久(jiu)聞先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高臥(wo)隆中，自(zi)比(bi)管(guan)、樂。此(ci)(ci)語果有之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)？”孔(kong)明(ming)曰：“此(ci)(ci)亮平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小(xiao)可之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)曰：“近聞劉(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)三(san)顧先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，幸(xing)得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，以(yi)為(wei)‘如魚得水(shui)’，思(si)(si)欲席(xi)卷荊襄。今(jin)一(yi)(yi)旦以(yi)屬曹(cao)操(cao)，未(wei)審是何(he)主(zhu)見？”孔(kong)明(ming)自(zi)思(si)(si)張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)乃孫(sun)權(quan)手下(xia)第一(yi)(yi)個謀士(shi)，若不(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)難(nan)倒他，如何(he)說得孫(sun)權(quan)，遂答曰：“吾觀(guan)取漢上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，易(yi)如反(fan)掌(zhang)。我主(zhu)劉(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)躬行仁(ren)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍奪同宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)業，故(gu)力辭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。劉(liu)琮(cong)孺(ru)子，聽(ting)(ting)信(xin)佞言(yan)，暗自(zi)投(tou)降，致使曹(cao)操(cao)得以(yi)猖(chang)獗。今(jin)我主(zhu)屯兵(bing)(bing)江夏(xia)，別有良圖(tu)，非(fei)等(deng)(deng)閑可知也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)(zhao)曰：“若此(ci)(ci)，是先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)言(yan)行相(xiang)違也(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比(bi)管(guan)、樂——管(guan)仲相(xiang)桓(huan)公，霸諸侯，一(yi)(yi)匡天下(xia)；樂毅扶(fu)持微弱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)燕，下(xia)齊七十(shi)(shi)余城：此(ci)(ci)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)者，真濟世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，但笑傲風月，抱膝危坐。今(jin)既從事劉(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，當(dang)為(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)靈興利(li)除害，剿滅亂(luan)賊(zei)。且劉(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)未(wei)得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前，尚(shang)且縱橫寰宇，割據(ju)城池；今(jin)得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆仰(yang)望(wang)。雖三(san)尺童蒙，亦謂彪虎生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)翼，將見漢室復興，曹(cao)氏即(ji)滅矣。朝廷舊臣，山林隱士(shi)，無(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目而(er)待(dai)(dai)：以(yi)為(wei)拂(fu)高天之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)云(yun)翳，仰(yang)日(ri)(ri)月之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)光輝，拯民(min)于(yu)水(shui)火(huo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，措天下(xia)于(yu)衽席(xi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，在此(ci)(ci)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)。何(he)先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)歸豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，曹(cao)兵(bing)(bing)一(yi)(yi)出，棄(qi)(qi)甲拋戈，望(wang)風而(er)竄；上不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)報劉(liu)表(biao)以(yi)安庶民(min)，下(xia)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)輔孤子而(er)據(ju)疆(jiang)土(tu)；乃棄(qi)(qi)新(xin)野，走(zou)樊城，敗(bai)當(dang)陽，奔夏(xia)口，無(wu)(wu)容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：是豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)既得先(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，反(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如其(qi)(qi)初也(ye)(ye)(ye)。管(guan)仲、樂毅，果如是乎(hu)？愚直之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，幸(xing)勿見怪(guai)！”孔(kong)明(ming)聽(ting)(ting)罷，啞然而(er)笑曰：“鵬飛萬(wan)里，其(qi)(qi)志豈群(qun)鳥能(neng)識哉？譬(pi)如人(ren)(ren)(ren)染(ran)沉疴(ke)，當(dang)先(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)糜粥以(yi)飲之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，和藥(yao)以(yi)服之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；待(dai)(dai)其(qi)(qi)腑臟調和，形體漸安，然后用(yong)(yong)肉食(shi)以(yi)補之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，猛藥(yao)以(yi)治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：則病(bing)根盡去，人(ren)(ren)(ren)得全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若不(bu)(bu)(bu)待(dai)(dai)氣(qi)脈(mo)和緩，便以(yi)猛藥(yao)厚味(wei)，欲求安保，誠為(wei)難(nan)矣。吾主(zhu)劉(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)，向(xiang)日(ri)(ri)軍敗(bai)于(yu)汝南(nan)，寄跡劉(liu)表(biao)，兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿(man)千，將止關、張(zhang)、趙云(yun)而(er)已(yi)：此(ci)(ci)正如病(bing)勢尫(wang)羸已(yi)極之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)，新(xin)野山僻小(xiao)縣，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)稀少，糧食(shi)鮮薄，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)過暫(zan)借以(yi)容身，豈真將坐守于(yu)此(ci)(ci)耶(ye)？夫(fu)(fu)以(yi)甲兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)完，城郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)經練，糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)繼(ji)日(ri)(ri)，然而(er)博望(wang)燒屯，白河用(yong)(yong)水(shui)，使夏(xia)侯惇(dun)，曹(cao)仁(ren)輩心驚膽(dan)裂：竊謂管(guan)仲、樂毅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)(yong)兵(bing)(bing)，未(wei)必過此(ci)(ci)。至于(yu)劉(liu)琮(cong)降操(cao)，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)實出不(bu)(bu)(bu)知；且又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍乘亂(luan)奪同宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)業，此(ci)(ci)真大仁(ren)大義也(ye)(ye)(ye)。當(dang)陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)，豫(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)見有數(shu)十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)赴義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民(min)，扶(fu)老攜幼(you)相(xiang)隨，不(bu)(bu)(bu)忍棄(qi)(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，日(ri)(ri)行十(shi)(shi)里，不(bu)(bu)(bu)思(si)(si)進取江陵，甘與同敗(bai)，此(ci)(ci)亦大仁(ren)大義也(ye)(ye)(ye)。寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾，勝負乃其(qi)(qi)常(chang)事。昔(xi)高皇數(shu)敗(bai)于(yu)項羽，而(er)垓下(xia)一(yi)(yi)戰成功，此(ci)(ci)非(fei)韓信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀乎(hu)？夫(fu)(fu)信(xin)久(jiu)事高皇，未(wei)嘗累勝。蓋國(guo)家大計，社稷安危，是有主(zhu)謀。非(fei)比(bi)夸辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛譽欺人(ren)(ren)(ren)：坐議(yi)立談，無(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)可及；臨機應(ying)變，百無(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)能(neng)。——誠為(wei)天下(xia)笑耳！”這一(yi)(yi)篇言(yan)語，說得張(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)并(bing)無(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)回答。

座上忽(hu)一人(ren)抗聲問曰：“今曹(cao)公(gong)兵(bing)屯百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)，將列千員，龍(long)驤虎視，平吞江(jiang)夏，公(gong)以為何如(ru)？”孔(kong)明視之(zhi)，乃虞翻也(ye)。孔(kong)明曰：“曹(cao)操收(shou)袁紹(shao)蟻(yi)聚之(zhi)兵(bing)，劫劉表烏合之(zhi)眾，雖數百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)不(bu)足(zu)(zu)懼也(ye)。”虞翻冷(leng)笑(xiao)曰：“軍敗于當陽，計窮于夏口(kou)，區(qu)區(qu)求教(jiao)于人(ren)，而猶(you)言‘不(bu)懼’，此(ci)真大言欺人(ren)也(ye)！”孔(kong)明曰：“劉豫(yu)州以數千仁義之(zhi)師，安能敵百(bai)萬(wan)(wan)殘暴之(zhi)眾？退守(shou)夏口(kou)，所(suo)以待時也(ye)。今江(jiang)東兵(bing)精(jing)糧足(zu)(zu)，且有長江(jiang)之(zhi)險(xian)，猶(you)欲使(shi)其主屈(qu)膝降(jiang)賊，不(bu)顧天下恥笑(xiao)。——由此(ci)論之(zhi)，劉豫(yu)州真不(bu)懼操賊者(zhe)矣(yi)！”虞翻不(bu)能對。

座間又一人問曰：“孔(kong)明欲效儀、秦(qin)之舌(she)，游說(shuo)東吳耶？”孔(kong)明視(shi)之，乃步騭也(ye)。孔(kong)明曰：“步子山以蘇秦(qin)張(zhang)儀為(wei)辯士，不(bu)知(zhi)蘇秦(qin)、張(zhang)儀亦豪杰也(ye)：蘇秦(qin)佩(pei)六國相印，張(zhang)儀兩次(ci)相秦(qin)，皆有匡扶人國之謀(mou)，非比畏強(qiang)凌弱，懼刀避(bi)劍(jian)之人也(ye)。君(jun)等聞曹操虛發詐(zha)偽之詞，便(bian)畏懼請降，敢笑蘇秦(qin)、張(zhang)儀乎？”步騭默然無語。

忽一人(ren)(ren)問曰：“孔明以(yi)曹(cao)操(cao)何如人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)？”孔明視(shi)其人(ren)(ren)，乃(nai)薛綜也(ye)(ye)。孔明答曰：“曹(cao)操(cao)乃(nai)漢賊也(ye)(ye)，又何必問？”綜曰：“公(gong)言差矣(yi)。漢傳世至今，天數(shu)將終(zhong)。今曹(cao)公(gong)已有(you)天下三分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)二，人(ren)(ren)皆歸心。劉豫州不(bu)識天時，強欲(yu)與爭，正如以(yi)卵擊(ji)石，安得不(bu)敗乎？”孔明厲聲曰：“薛敬文安得出(chu)此(ci)無(wu)父(fu)(fu)無(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)言乎！夫人(ren)(ren)生天地間，以(yi)忠孝為立身之(zhi)(zhi)本。公(gong)既為漢臣，則見有(you)不(bu)臣之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，當誓(shi)共戮(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)：臣之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。今曹(cao)操(cao)祖宗叨食漢祿，不(bu)思(si)報效，反懷篡(cuan)逆之(zhi)(zhi)心，天下之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)共憤；公(gong)乃(nai)以(yi)天數(shu)歸之(zhi)(zhi)，真無(wu)父(fu)(fu)無(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)！不(bu)足與語！請勿復言！”薛綜滿面羞慚，不(bu)能對答。

座(zuo)上又一人(ren)應聲問曰(yue)：“曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)雖(sui)挾(xie)天子以令諸(zhu)侯，猶是(shi)相(xiang)國曹(cao)參(can)之(zhi)后(hou)。劉豫(yu)州(zhou)雖(sui)云中山靖(jing)王苗裔，卻無(wu)(wu)可稽(ji)考，眼見只是(shi)織席販(fan)屨之(zhi)夫耳，何(he)足(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)抗衡(heng)哉(zai)！”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)視之(zhi)，乃陸績(ji)也。孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)笑曰(yue)：“公(gong)非袁術座(zuo)間懷橘之(zhi)陸郎乎(hu)？請安坐，聽(ting)吾一言：曹(cao)操(cao)(cao)既為曹(cao)相(xiang)國之(zhi)后(hou)，則世為漢臣(chen)矣；今乃專權肆橫，欺凌君父(fu)，是(shi)不(bu)(bu)惟(wei)無(wu)(wu)君，亦(yi)且(qie)蔑祖，不(bu)(bu)惟(wei)漢室(shi)之(zhi)亂臣(chen)，亦(yi)曹(cao)氏(shi)之(zhi)賊子也。劉豫(yu)州(zhou)堂(tang)堂(tang)帝(di)胄，當今皇帝(di)，按譜賜爵，何(he)云‘無(wu)(wu)可稽(ji)考’？且(qie)高祖起身亭長，而終(zhong)有(you)天下；織席販(fan)屨，又何(he)足(zu)(zu)(zu)為辱乎(hu)？公(gong)小兒之(zhi)見，不(bu)(bu)足(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)高士共語(yu)！”陸績(ji)語(yu)塞(sai)。

座上一(yi)人忽曰(yue)：“孔明(ming)所(suo)言，皆強詞奪(duo)理，均非(fei)正論(lun)，不必(bi)再言。且(qie)(qie)請問孔明(ming)治何經典(dian)(dian)？”孔明(ming)視之，乃嚴畯也(ye)。孔明(ming)曰(yue)：“尋章摘句，世(shi)之腐儒也(ye)，何能(neng)興邦立事？且(qie)(qie)古耕莘伊(yi)尹，釣(diao)渭子牙，張良、陳(chen)平(ping)之流。鄧禹、耿(geng)弇之輩，皆有匡扶宇宙之才，未審其(qi)生平(ping)治何經典(dian)(dian)。——豈亦(yi)效書生，區(qu)區(qu)于筆硯(yan)之間，數(shu)黑論(lun)黃，舞文弄墨而已乎(hu)？”嚴畯低頭喪氣而不能(neng)對。

忽又(you)一人(ren)(ren)(ren)大聲曰(yue)：“公好為(wei)大言，未必真(zhen)有(you)(you)實(shi)學，恐適為(wei)儒者所(suo)笑耳。”孔明視(shi)其人(ren)(ren)(ren)，乃汝陽(yang)程德(de)樞也。孔明答曰(yue)：“儒有(you)(you)小人(ren)(ren)(ren)君(jun)(jun)子之別。君(jun)(jun)子之儒，忠君(jun)(jun)愛國，守正惡邪(xie)，務使澤(ze)及當時，名(ming)(ming)留后世。——若(ruo)夫小人(ren)(ren)(ren)之儒，惟務雕(diao)蟲，專工翰墨，青春作賦(fu)，皓首(shou)窮經；筆(bi)下雖有(you)(you)千(qian)言，胸中實(shi)無(wu)一策(ce)。且如(ru)揚雄(xiong)以文(wen)章名(ming)(ming)世，而屈身(shen)事莽，不免(mian)投閣(ge)而死，此(ci)所(suo)謂小人(ren)(ren)(ren)之儒也；雖日賦(fu)萬言，亦何取哉！”程德(de)樞不能對。眾人(ren)(ren)(ren)見孔明對答如(ru)流(liu)，盡皆(jie)失色。

同坐上(shang)張(zhang)溫、駱統二人(ren)，又欲(yu)問(wen)難(nan)。忽(hu)一人(ren)自(zi)外而(er)(er)入，厲聲(sheng)言曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)乃(nai)當(dang)世奇才，君等(deng)以唇舌(she)相(xiang)難(nan)，非(fei)敬客之禮也(ye)。曹操大兵臨境(jing)，不(bu)思退敵之策，乃(nai)徒斗(dou)口耶(ye)！”眾視(shi)其人(ren)，乃(nai)零(ling)陵人(ren)，姓黃，名蓋(gai)，字公覆，現為東吳糧官(guan)。當(dang)時黃蓋(gai)謂孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愚(yu)聞多言獲利，不(bu)如默而(er)(er)無言。何不(bu)將(jiang)金石(shi)之論(lun)為我(wo)主(zhu)言之，乃(nai)與(yu)眾人(ren)辯論(lun)也(ye)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“諸(zhu)君不(bu)知世務(wu)，互相(xiang)問(wen)難(nan)，不(bu)容不(bu)答耳。”于(yu)是(shi)黃蓋(gai)與(yu)魯肅引孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)入。至(zhi)中門，正遇諸(zhu)葛(ge)瑾(jin)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)施禮。瑾(jin)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“賢弟既到(dao)江(jiang)東，如何不(bu)來見我(wo)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“弟既事(shi)劉(liu)豫州，理宜先公后私(si)。公事(shi)未畢，不(bu)敢及私(si)。望(wang)兄見諒(liang)。”瑾(jin)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)：“賢弟見過吳侯，卻來敘話(hua)。”說罷自(zi)去(qu)。

魯肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適(shi)間所囑，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)有(you)(you)誤(wu)(wu)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)點頭(tou)應諾。引至堂(tang)(tang)上，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)降階而(er)迎(ying)，優禮相待(dai)。施禮畢(bi)，賜(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐。眾(zhong)(zhong)文(wen)武分兩行而(er)立(li)。魯肅(su)(su)(su)立(li)于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)側(ce)，只(zhi)(zhi)看他講話(hua)(hua)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)致玄德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)畢(bi)，偷眼(yan)看孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)：碧眼(yan)紫髯(ran)，堂(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)一(yi)(yi)表。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)暗(an)思：“此(ci)(ci)人相貌非常，只(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)激，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)說。等(deng)他問(wen)(wen)時(shi)，用(yong)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)激之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)。”獻(xian)茶已畢(bi)，孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“多(duo)聞魯子敬(jing)談足下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)，今(jin)(jin)(jin)幸得相見(jian)(jian)，敢求教(jiao)益。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)無學，有(you)(you)辱明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)問(wen)(wen)。”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足下(xia)近在新野(ye)，佐劉豫(yu)州與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)決戰(zhan)，必深知彼(bi)軍虛實。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“劉豫(yu)州兵微將(jiang)寡，更(geng)兼新野(ye)城小無糧，安(an)能(neng)與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)相持。”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)兵共有(you)(you)多(duo)少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“馬步水軍，約有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)百余萬(wan)。”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“莫非詐乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“非詐也(ye)(ye)。曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)就(jiu)兗(yan)州已有(you)(you)青州軍二(er)十(shi)萬(wan)；平(ping)(ping)了(le)(le)(le)(le)袁紹(shao)，又得五六(liu)十(shi)萬(wan)；中(zhong)原新招之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵三四十(shi)萬(wan)；今(jin)(jin)(jin)又得荊(jing)州之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍二(er)三十(shi)萬(wan)：以(yi)此(ci)(ci)計之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)百五十(shi)萬(wan)。亮(liang)以(yi)百萬(wan)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，恐(kong)驚江(jiang)東(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。”魯肅(su)(su)(su)在旁，聞言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)失(shi)色，以(yi)目視(shi)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)；孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)只(zhi)(zhi)做不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)。權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)部下(xia)戰(zhan)將(jiang)，還(huan)有(you)(you)多(duo)少？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“足智多(duo)謀(mou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)，能(neng)征(zheng)慣戰(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)，何(he)止一(yi)(yi)二(er)千(qian)人。”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“今(jin)(jin)(jin)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)平(ping)(ping)了(le)(le)(le)(le)荊(jing)、楚，復有(you)(you)遠圖乎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“即(ji)(ji)今(jin)(jin)(jin)沿江(jiang)下(xia)寨，準(zhun)備戰(zhan)船，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲圖江(jiang)東(dong)，待(dai)取(qu)何(he)地？”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“若(ruo)彼(bi)有(you)(you)吞(tun)并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)，戰(zhan)與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰(zhan)，請足下(xia)為(wei)我一(yi)(yi)決。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮(liang)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，但恐(kong)將(jiang)軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)從。”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“愿聞高論。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“向(xiang)者宇內(nei)(nei)大(da)亂(luan)，故(gu)將(jiang)軍起(qi)江(jiang)東(dong)，劉豫(yu)州收(shou)眾(zhong)(zhong)漢南，與(yu)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)并爭(zheng)天下(xia)。今(jin)(jin)(jin)操(cao)芟(shan)除大(da)難，略已平(ping)(ping)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)；近又新破荊(jing)州，威(wei)震(zhen)海(hai)內(nei)(nei)；縱有(you)(you)英雄，無用(yong)武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地：故(gu)豫(yu)州遁逃(tao)至此(ci)(ci)。愿將(jiang)軍量力而(er)處之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)：若(ruo)能(neng)以(yi)吳、越之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)(zhong)，與(yu)中(zhong)國抗衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如早與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕；若(ruo)其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)，何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)從眾(zhong)(zhong)謀(mou)士(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論，按兵束甲，北面(mian)而(er)事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)未及答。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)又曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“將(jiang)軍外托服從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)，內(nei)(nei)懷(huai)疑貳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)(jian)，事(shi)(shi)急而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)，禍至無日矣(yi)(yi)(yi)！”權(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“誠如君言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，劉豫(yu)州何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)降操(cao)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“昔田(tian)橫，齊之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯士(shi)(shi)耳(er)，猶守義不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辱。況劉豫(yu)州王室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，英才(cai)蓋世，眾(zhong)(zhong)士(shi)(shi)仰慕。事(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟，此(ci)(ci)乃天也(ye)(ye)。又安(an)能(neng)屈處人下(xia)乎！”孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)聽(ting)了(le)(le)(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺勃然(ran)變色，拂衣而(er)起(qi)，退入后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)。眾(zhong)(zhong)皆哂笑(xiao)而(er)散，魯肅(su)(su)(su)責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“先生何(he)故(gu)出此(ci)(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)？幸是(shi)吾(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)寬洪大(da)度(du)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即(ji)(ji)面(mian)責。先生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，藐視(shi)吾(wu)(wu)主(zhu)(zhu)甚(shen)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面(mian)笑(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“何(he)如此(ci)(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)容物耶！我自有(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，彼(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)(wen)我，我故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。”肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“果有(you)(you)良策(ce)，肅(su)(su)(su)當請主(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)求教(jiao)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“吾(wu)(wu)視(shi)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)百萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)(zhong)，如群蟻耳(er)！但我一(yi)(yi)舉手(shou)，則皆為(wei)齏(ji)粉矣(yi)(yi)(yi)！”肅(su)(su)(su)聞言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，便(bian)入后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)見(jian)(jian)孫(sun)權(quan)(quan)。權(quan)(quan)怒氣未息，顧謂肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)欺吾(wu)(wu)太甚(shen)！”肅(su)(su)(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“臣亦(yi)以(yi)此(ci)(ci)責孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)反笑(xiao)主(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)容物。破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策(ce)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯輕言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，主(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？”權(quan)(quan)回嗔作喜(xi)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“原來孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)有(you)(you)良謀(mou)，故(gu)以(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)詞激我。我一(yi)(yi)時(shi)淺見(jian)(jian)，幾誤(wu)(wu)大(da)事(shi)(shi)。”便(bian)同魯肅(su)(su)(su)重(zhong)復出堂(tang)(tang)，再請孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)敘話(hua)(hua)。權(quan)(quan)見(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)，謝(xie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“適(shi)來冒瀆(du)威(wei)嚴，幸勿(wu)見(jian)(jian)罪。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)亦(yi)謝(xie)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)：“亮(liang)言(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)語冒犯，望乞(qi)恕(shu)罪。”權(quan)(quan)邀(yao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)入后(hou)堂(tang)(tang)，置酒相待(dai)。

數巡之(zhi)后，權曰(yue)：“曹操(cao)平(ping)生(sheng)所惡(e)者：呂布、劉表、袁(yuan)紹(shao)、袁(yuan)術、豫州(zhou)與(yu)孤耳。今數雄已滅，獨豫州(zhou)與(yu)孤尚存。孤不能(neng)以全吳之(zhi)地，受制于(yu)人。吾計決矣(yi)。非(fei)(fei)劉豫州(zhou)莫與(yu)當曹操(cao)者；然豫州(zhou)新敗(bai)之(zhi)后，安能(neng)抗此(ci)難(nan)乎？”孔明曰(yue)：“豫州(zhou)雖新敗(bai)，然關云長(chang)猶率精兵(bing)萬(wan)人；劉琦領江(jiang)夏戰(zhan)士，亦不下萬(wan)人。曹操(cao)之(zhi)眾(zhong)，遠來疲(pi)憊(bei)；近(jin)追豫州(zhou)，輕騎一日(ri)夜行三百里，此(ci)所謂強弩之(zhi)末(mo)，勢(shi)不能(neng)穿魯縞者也。且(qie)北方之(zhi)人，不習水戰(zhan)。荊(jing)州(zhou)士民附操(cao)者，迫(po)于(yu)勢(shi)耳，非(fei)(fei)本心(xin)也。今將(jiang)軍(jun)誠(cheng)能(neng)與(yu)豫州(zhou)協力(li)同心(xin)，破(po)曹軍(jun)必(bi)矣(yi)。操(cao)軍(jun)破(po)，必(bi)北還，則荊(jing)、吳之(zhi)勢(shi)強，而鼎足之(zhi)形成(cheng)矣(yi)。成(cheng)敗(bai)之(zhi)機，在(zai)于(yu)今日(ri)。惟將(jiang)軍(jun)裁之(zhi)。”

譯文

魯肅(su)回報孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)，孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)安(an)排第二(er)天(tian)(tian)召集文武于(yu)(yu)帳下(xia)(xia)(xia)，請臥(wo)龍先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)來，升堂議事(shi)。第二(er)天(tian)(tian)，魯肅(su)到(dao)驛館接孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)同(tong)(tong)(tong)往孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)大(da)帳中(zhong)。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)只見張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)、顧雍等(deng)(deng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)班二(er)十(shi)多(duo)(duo)位(wei)文武官(guan)員，峨冠博帶(dai)，整衣端坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見禮，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后在(zai)(zai)客位(wei)上(shang)落坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)等(deng)(deng)人(ren)看到(dao)諸(zhu)葛孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)豐神(shen)飄灑，器宇(yu)軒昂，料他(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)來游說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)便率(lv)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)開口試問孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)江(jiang)東的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小人(ren)物(wu)，早就(jiu)聽(ting)說先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)高臥(wo)隆中(zhong)，自(zi)比(bi)管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)，有(you)(you)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)嗎(ma)？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)回答(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“這(zhe)(zhe)只不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)亮平生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)小可(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)。”張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“新近聽(ting)說劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫州(zhou)(zhou)三(san)顧先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)草廬(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，幸得(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)，以為‘如(ru)(ru)(ru)魚得(de)(de)水(shui)’因(yin)而(er)(er)欲(yu)想(xiang)席(xi)卷荊襄。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今荊襄卻(que)(que)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)歸屬了(le)(le)(le)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知你們(men)(men)是(shi)(shi)(shi)何用(yong)意啊(a)？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)暗想(xiang)：張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)手下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)謀(mou)(mou)士，若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒他(ta)，如(ru)(ru)(ru)何說服得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)？于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)答(da)(da)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“在(zai)(zai)我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)看來，我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)取漢(han)上(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地易如(ru)(ru)(ru)反掌。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)謙卑仁(ren)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)去奪同(tong)(tong)(tong)宗兄弟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基業，因(yin)此將(jiang)荊州(zhou)(zhou)推讓(rang)掉了(le)(le)(le)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)小孩子(zi)，聽(ting)任佞言，私自(zi)投(tou)降，致使曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)很猖獗。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)屯(tun)兵(bing)江(jiang)夏，是(shi)(shi)(shi)另有(you)(you)良圖，這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)閑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輩所能(neng)理解的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。”張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)，先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)就(jiu)自(zi)相矛盾(dun)了(le)(le)(le)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比(bi)管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)，管(guan)(guan)仲輔佐桓公稱霸諸(zhu)侯，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)統天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)；樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)扶持微弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)燕國(guo)，拿下(xia)(xia)(xia)齊國(guo)七十(shi)多(duo)(duo)個(ge)城(cheng)池。這(zhe)(zhe)兩個(ge)人(ren)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)濟(ji)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)啊(a)！而(er)(er)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)只會在(zai)(zai)草廬(lu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)笑傲風月、抱(bao)(bao)膝危(wei)(wei)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今既然(ran)事(shi)從劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)，就(jiu)該為百姓(xing)牟利(li)益(yi)，除(chu)害滅賊。然(ran)而(er)(er)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)在(zai)(zai)未得(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，尚能(neng)夠縱橫天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，割據城(cheng)地；如(ru)(ru)(ru)今得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)，人(ren)們(men)(men)更加仰望(wang)(wang)(wang)，就(jiu)連三(san)歲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼童都說劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)虎添翼(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)(jiu)漢(han)室(shi)興旺(wang)，曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)可(ke)(ke)(ke)滅了(le)(le)(le)。朝野上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)無不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目以待(dai)，對(dui)(dui)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)抱(bao)(bao)著極大(da)希望(wang)(wang)(wang)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)為何自(zi)從先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)跟了(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)，曹(cao)(cao)兵(bing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)來，你們(men)(men)就(jiu)丟(diu)盔卸甲，望(wang)(wang)(wang)風而(er)(er)竄，棄新野，走樊(fan)城(cheng)，敗(bai)當(dang)陽(yang)(yang)，奔夏口，無容身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。如(ru)(ru)(ru)此辜負(fu)了(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)表遺愿，令(ling)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)百姓(xing)大(da)失所望(wang)(wang)(wang)。那劉(liu)(liu)(liu)豫州(zhou)(zhou)自(zi)從有(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)，為何反倒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)當(dang)初了(le)(le)(le)呢？管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)？我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話愚魯直(zhi)率(lv)，請先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)見怪！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)聽(ting)罷，無聲地笑了(le)(le)(le)笑，說道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)：“大(da)鵬展翅飛萬里(li)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)志向難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)那些(xie)小燕雀(que)能(neng)認識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嗎(ma)？比(bi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)人(ren)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痼疾，應當(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)給(gei)他(ta)喝點稀粥，同(tong)(tong)(tong)藥一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起服下(xia)(xia)(xia)。等(deng)(deng)到(dao)他(ta)肺腹調和(he)、形體慢慢養得(de)(de)安(an)穩些(xie)了(le)(le)(le)，再用(yong)肉(rou)食補養，加上(shang)效(xiao)力強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥治療，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)病(bing)根才(cai)能(neng)除(chu)盡(jin)，人(ren)得(de)(de)以全面康復。如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等(deng)(deng)病(bing)人(ren)氣脈緩和(he)，就(jiu)給(gei)他(ta)吃烈(lie)藥和(he)味道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)厚(hou)重(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)食物(wu)，想(xiang)要(yao)求得(de)(de)平安(an)，實(shi)在(zai)(zai)就(jiu)難了(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)，以前兵(bing)敗(bai)于(yu)(yu)汝(ru)南，寄靠在(zai)(zai)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)表門下(xia)(xia)(xia)，兵(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到(dao)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)千(qian)，將(jiang)只關(guan)、張(zhang)(zhang)、趙云(yun)，正像是(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)病(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)危(wei)(wei)急(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)刻(ke)。新野小縣地僻(pi)人(ren)稀糧又(you)少，他(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)暫時(shi)借以安(an)身，怎可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)長久(jiu)(jiu)坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)守在(zai)(zai)那里(li)呢？但(dan)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)處境條件(jian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，卻(que)(que)能(neng)夠火燒博望(wang)(wang)(wang)，水(shui)淹曹(cao)(cao)軍，令(ling)夏侯惇等(deng)(deng)心驚膽(dan)寒。依我(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)看來，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)(yi)用(yong)兵(bing)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)此吧。至于(yu)(yu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)投(tou)降曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)，豫州(zhou)(zhou)當(dang)時(shi)根本(ben)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知，且(qie)又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)心乘亂奪取同(tong)(tong)(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業；當(dang)陽(yang)(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)，豫州(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)丟(diu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)百姓(xing)，幾十(shi)萬人(ren)扶老攜幼相隨渡(du)江(jiang)，每日與民(min)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)顛簸十(shi)余里(li)路而(er)(er)放棄去取江(jiang)陵，真是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)仁(ren)大(da)義啊(a)！寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾，勝負(fu)乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)兵(bing)家常(chang)事(shi)。昔日漢(han)高祖劉(liu)(liu)(liu)邦多(duo)(duo)次敗(bai)給(gei)項羽(yu)，然(ran)而(er)(er)垓下(xia)(xia)(xia)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)戰卻(que)(que)取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)決(jue)定(ding)性勝利(li)，難道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)為韓(han)信(xin)為他(ta)出了(le)(le)(le)良謀(mou)(mou)嗎(ma)？可(ke)(ke)(ke)韓(han)信(xin)扶佐劉(liu)(liu)(liu)邦那么(me)久(jiu)(jiu)，也沒(mei)得(de)(de)幾次勝利(li)啊(a)。因(yin)此說，國(guo)家大(da)事(shi)，天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)安(an)危(wei)(wei)，要(yao)靠謀(mou)(mou)劃。那些(xie)夸(kua)夸(kua)其談(tan)(tan)、善于(yu)(yu)巧辯(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，靠虛榮(rong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣壓人(ren)；盡(jin)管(guan)(guan)能(neng)夠坐(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)著議論(lun)、站著高談(tan)(tan)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)關(guan)鍵時(shi)刻(ke)應付各種(zhong)形勢變化(hua)，卻(que)(que)什么(me)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行了(le)(le)(le)。——這(zhe)(zhe)才(cai)真正是(shi)(shi)(shi)叫天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)恥笑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呀(ya)！”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番話，說得(de)(de)張(zhang)(zhang)昭(zhao)(zhao)沒(mei)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句可(ke)(ke)(ke)以對(dui)(dui)答(da)(da)。

這(zhe)時座中一(yi)人忽(hu)然高聲問道(dao)(dao)：“如今(jin)(jin)曹(cao)公屯兵百萬(wan)，列將千名，虎(hu)視眈眈要(yao)踏平、吞食江夏，先(xian)生認為該怎么辦呢(ni)？”孔(kong)明望去，乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)虞(yu)翻。孔(kong)明道(dao)(dao)：“曹(cao)操收并了袁(yuan)紹蟻聚之(zhi)(zhi)兵，劫劉表(biao)烏合(he)之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)，雖然百萬(wan)之(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)，也沒什(shen)么可(ke)怕。”虞(yu)翻一(yi)聽冷笑(xiao)(xiao)道(dao)(dao)：“你們軍(jun)敗于(yu)(yu)當陽(yang)，計窮于(yu)(yu)夏口(kou)，區(qu)區(qu)求救于(yu)(yu)人，還(huan)說‘不怕’，這(zhe)可(ke)真是(shi)(shi)(shi)大言不慚啊！”孔(kong)明道(dao)(dao)：“劉備不是(shi)(shi)(shi)只靠(kao)幾千仁義之(zhi)(zhi)師，就能抵抗(kang)百萬(wan)殘(can)暴之(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)的(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)？退(tui)守夏口(kou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為了等待更好的(de)(de)時機。而如今(jin)(jin)，你們江東兵精糧足，且憑(ping)借有長江之(zhi)(zhi)天險，有的(de)(de)人卻(que)還(huan)想要(yao)主公孫權(quan)屈膝投降曹(cao)賊，而竟不顧天下人的(de)(de)恥笑(xiao)(xiao)。——從這(zhe)一(yi)點來看(kan)，劉備難道(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)怕曹(cao)操的(de)(de)嗎(ma)(ma)？”虞(yu)翻被說得啞口(kou)無言了。

座中又一人發問(wen)(wen)道(dao)：“孔明(ming)先生難(nan)道(dao)想(xiang)效法(fa)張(zhang)儀(yi)和(he)蘇秦來游說(shuo)我們(men)東吳嗎？”孔明(ming)一看，是(shi)步(bu)騭(zhi)，回敬(jing)道(dao)：“步(bu)子山先生以為(wei)張(zhang)儀(yi)、蘇秦是(shi)辯士，卻大概還不知(zhi)道(dao)他二人也是(shi)豪杰吧(ba)；蘇秦佩(pei)掛六國相印，張(zhang)儀(yi)兩次為(wei)秦國宰相，都(dou)是(shi)匡扶(fu)國家的(de)謀(mou)士，可不是(shi)那些畏(wei)強欺弱、怕(pa)刀怕(pa)槍(qiang)的(de)人所(suo)能比的(de)。君等(deng)只聽曹操虛發的(de)假(jia)詐(zha)之詞，就嚇得(de)想(xiang)去投降，還竟(jing)好(hao)意思在(zai)這里(li)笑話蘇秦和(he)張(zhang)儀(yi)嗎？”步(bu)騭(zhi)也被(bei)問(wen)(wen)得(de)說(shuo)不出話了。

忽(hu)然(ran)，又有(you)(you)(you)(you)人(ren)問(wen)道：“孔明認為(wei)(wei)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)是(shi)個什(shen)么人(ren)呢？”孔明看(kan)那(nei)人(ren)，乃是(shi)薛(xue)綜，答道：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)乃是(shi)漢(han)(han)賊，這(zhe)還用(yong)問(wen)嗎？”薛(xue)綜道：“先生(sheng)說得不(bu)對。漢(han)(han)朝歷(li)代至今(jin)，天(tian)(tian)數眼(yan)看(kan)就要完了。如今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)公(gong)擁有(you)(you)(you)(you)三分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)二天(tian)(tian)下，人(ren)都歸(gui)(gui)心與他。劉備不(bu)識天(tian)(tian)時，強要與之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)爭，正是(shi)好比以卵擊(ji)石，怎能(neng)不(bu)敗呢？”孔明這(zhe)時厲聲說道：“薛(xue)敬文(wen)怎么能(neng)出此沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)君臣父子(zi)、沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)高低倫理之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言呢？人(ren)生(sheng)在天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)，應以忠(zhong)孝作為(wei)(wei)立身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本。薛(xue)公(gong)既然(ran)是(shi)漢(han)(han)臣，卻有(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，應當打(da)消(xiao)這(zhe)些思想，才是(shi)為(wei)(wei)臣的正道。曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)的祖宗食(shi)漢(han)(han)祿，卻不(bu)思報孝漢(han)(han)室(shi)，反懷有(you)(you)(you)(you)篡權叛逆之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)心，讓天(tian)(tian)下人(ren)憎(zeng)忿(fen)，薛(xue)公(gong)卻說天(tian)(tian)數歸(gui)(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)，真是(shi)無(wu)父無(wu)君、沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)綱常(chang)的人(ren)呀！我沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)必要同你講話，請不(bu)必多言了！”薛(xue)綜滿面羞(xiu)慚，無(wu)話對答。

座上(shang)又有一(yi)(yi)人應聲問道：“曹(cao)(cao)操雖(sui)然(ran)挾天子(zi)以(yi)令諸(zhu)侯，可(ke)畢竟也是(shi)(shi)(shi)相國曹(cao)(cao)參的(de)(de)后代(dai)。劉備雖(sui)自說是(shi)(shi)(shi)所謂(wei)中(zhong)山(shan)靖(jing)王的(de)(de)苗裔，卻(que)沒有考證(zheng)，人們親眼所見的(de)(de)，他只不(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個編(bian)草(cao)席(xi)(xi)賣草(cao)鞋的(de)(de)俗夫罷(ba)了(le)，有什(shen)么(me)資格來(lai)和曹(cao)(cao)操抗衡呢(ni)！”孔明(ming)看去，原(yuan)來(lai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)陸(lu)績。孔明(ming)笑起(qi)來(lai)，道：“曹(cao)(cao)操既然(ran)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹(cao)(cao)相國的(de)(de)后代(dai)，就(jiu)更(geng)證(zheng)明(ming)他世(shi)代(dai)都為(wei)漢臣(chen)，而(er)如今他卻(que)手握王權，肆(si)意橫行(xing)，欺君妄(wang)上(shang)，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)目無君主，而(er)且(qie)(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)蔑視祖(zu)宗(zong)，不(bu)僅(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢室之(zhi)亂臣(chen)，而(er)且(qie)(qie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹(cao)(cao)氏之(zhi)賊子(zi)。劉備是(shi)(shi)(shi)堂(tang)堂(tang)正(zheng)正(zheng)的(de)(de)漢室之(zhi)胄，當今皇(huang)帝依(yi)據世(shi)宗(zong)祖(zu)譜(pu)賜與他官爵，你憑什(shen)么(me)說‘無可(ke)查(cha)考’呢(ni)？況且(qie)(qie)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從區區亭(ting)長開始建業起(qi)身的(de)(de)，織席(xi)(xi)賣鞋又有什(shen)么(me)可(ke)以(yi)為(wei)恥辱的(de)(de)呢(ni)？我看你真是(shi)(shi)(shi)小兒之(zhi)見，怎能和高(gao)(gao)士一(yi)(yi)起(qi)理論(lun)！”陸(lu)績不(bu)禁閉(bi)口塞舌。

席(xi)中又一人(ren)說道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)所(suo)言，都是強詞奪理，全不(bu)是正經(jing)之(zhi)談，不(bu)必(bi)再說了。只請問孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)著(zhu)有什么經(jing)典(dian)之(zhi)論(lun)嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)看他(ta)，是嚴峻，說道(dao)(dao)(dao)：“尋章摘句，是世上那些迂腐儒(ru)士(shi)的(de)所(suo)為，哪能夠依此興(xing)國立事(shi)。古時候躬耕(geng)的(de)莘伊尹，垂(chui)釣于渭水(shui)的(de)姜子牙，還有張良、鄧禹等(deng)名士(shi)高(gao)人(ren)都沒見(jian)他(ta)們(men)有什么經(jing)典(dian)論(lun)著(zhu)。——難道(dao)(dao)(dao)說你整天就光只是效仿那些酸腐的(de)書生(sheng)，區區于筆(bi)硯之(zhi)間，數黑(hei)論(lun)黃、舞文弄(nong)墨而已嗎？”嚴峻垂(chui)頭喪氣地無以作(zuo)答。

忽然(ran)一個人大(da)聲說道(dao)：“諸葛公(gong)好(hao)說大(da)話，未必有(you)真才實(shi)學，恐怕到(dao)時(shi)恰恰要被文人學者所笑呢(ni)。”孔明看那人，乃(nai)是程(cheng)德(de)樞，便回答(da)道(dao)：“文人學者有(you)君(jun)子(zi)與小人之分。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為君(jun)子(zi)的(de)文人，忠君(jun)愛國，堅(jian)守正義(yi)，憎惡(e)邪佞，盡力(li)為時(shi)代做(zuo)出自己的(de)貢獻，美名(ming)傳于(yu)后世(shi)。而作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為小人的(de)學者，只鉆營雕蟲(chong)小技(ji)，用(yong)心于(yu)文墨，年輕(qing)時(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)賦，人老了(le)把經都(dou)念完。筆下(xia)即(ji)便有(you)千言(yan)(yan)，胸中卻沒有(you)一點實(shi)實(shi)在在的(de)計(ji)策。就像楊雄那樣，雖然(ran)以文章著稱于(yu)世(shi)，卻屈身于(yu)草莽強(qiang)盜之手，走(zou)投(tou)無路最(zui)后跳(tiao)樓(lou)而死。這就是所謂的(de)小人之儒(ru)。即(ji)使(shi)他(ta)每天吟(yin)詩作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)賦上萬言(yan)(yan)，可(ke)又有(you)什么用(yong)呢(ni)！”程(cheng)德(de)樞也不能應對了(le)。

眾人(ren)見(jian)孔(kong)明對答如(ru)流(liu)，全(quan)都(dou)已(yi)驚慌(huang)失色。此(ci)時(shi)座中還有人(ren)想要問(wen)難孔(kong)明，忽然有個人(ren)從外面走進來，厲聲說道：“孔(kong)明乃是(shi)當世奇才，諸位以(yi)唇舌相難，可(ke)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)敬客之(zhi)(zhi)禮。曹操大軍(jun)壓境，你們不(bu)(bu)商(shang)討退兵之(zhi)(zhi)策，光在這(zhe)里(li)斗嘴！”眾人(ren)一看，是(shi)督糧官黃(huang)蓋黃(huang)公覆。黃(huang)蓋對孔(kong)明道：“先生(sheng)何不(bu)(bu)將金石之(zhi)(zhi)論對我(wo)主說去？”孔(kong)明道：“諸君(jun)不(bu)(bu)識時(shi)務(wu)，互相問(wen)難，容不(bu)(bu)得我(wo)不(bu)(bu)答。”

于是黃蓋和(he)魯肅(su)帶孔明進入中(zhong)門，正巧遇(yu)到(dao)諸葛瑾，孔明給(gei)他兄長(chang)施(shi)禮。諸葛瑾說(shuo)：“賢弟(di)(di)既(ji)然已來到(dao)江(jiang)東，為(wei)何不來見我呢？”孔明說(shuo)：“弟(di)(di)已輔佐劉備，理當先公后私(si)。公事沒辦完，不敢旁及(ji)私(si)事。請(qing)哥哥見諒。”諸葛瑾道(dao)：“賢弟(di)(di)拜見過吳侯(hou)，就(jiu)到(dao)我那里(li)敘話。”說(shuo)完便走了。

魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)對(dui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)囑咐道(dao)：“今(jin)天見(jian)到(dao)我(wo)(wo)家(jia)主(zhu)公，千萬別說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)兵(bing)多(duo)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)笑(xiao)(xiao)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“亮自(zi)會隨機應變。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們來到(dao)大(da)堂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上，孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)下階而(er)迎，厚(hou)禮(li)相侍，請(qing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)坐，眾文武分(fen)列兩旁，魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)站在孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)邊(bian)上。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)見(jian)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)碧眼紫發(fa)，儀(yi)表堂堂，暗想(xiang)(xiang)，此人相貌不(bu)(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般，只能(neng)(neng)用話(hua)(hua)(hua)激(ji)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)光講道(dao)理。于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，等孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)問起(qi)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)現有(you)(you)(you)多(duo)少(shao)兵(bing)馬(ma)時(shi)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)多(duo)萬。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)：“怕(pa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在詐我(wo)(wo)們吧？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)便(bian)將(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)原(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)的兵(bing)力(li)(li)，加上從袁紹、中(zhong)原(yuan)和荊(jing)州那里新(xin)增的兵(bing)力(li)(li)算在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起(qi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)五十多(duo)萬。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)方才說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)百(bai)萬，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)怕(pa)嚇著(zhu)江(jiang)東之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士(shi)(shi)(shi)；且曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)手下戰將(jiang)(jiang)謀士(shi)(shi)(shi)都不(bu)(bu)(bu)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)二千。魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)在旁一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽，驚慌失色(se)(se)，連忙向(xiang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)使(shi)眼色(se)(se)不(bu)(bu)(bu)讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)再說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le)，孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)卻只裝作沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)看(kan)見(jian)。這(zhe)時(shi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)又(you)問：“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)平了(le)(le)荊(jing)楚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，還有(you)(you)(you)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)圖(tu)謀嗎？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)已沿江(jiang)邊(bian)安營扎寨，準備戰船(chuan)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)圖(tu)你(ni)(ni)們江(jiang)東，又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)取哪里呢(ni)？”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)：“若他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)真有(you)(you)(you)吞(tun)并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，請(qing)先生替我(wo)(wo)想(xiang)(xiang)想(xiang)(xiang)該怎(zen)么辦。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“亮有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)句話(hua)(hua)(hua)，只怕(pa)將(jiang)(jiang)軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽從。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)勢力(li)(li)極大(da)，威震海(hai)內，即便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英雄，也(ye)無用武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地，奈他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)。將(jiang)(jiang)軍要量(liang)力(li)(li)而(er)行，若有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)與曹(cao)(cao)抗衡，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)趁早(zao)消滅他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)；若沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)對(dui)抗，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)聽從眾謀士(shi)(shi)(shi)的建議，投降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)算了(le)(le)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)今(jin)，將(jiang)(jiang)軍嘴上說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)要降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)，心(xin)里又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)想(xiang)(xiang)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)，形勢危急，卻總是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)拿不(bu)(bu)(bu)定主(zhu)意(yi)(yi)(yi)，大(da)禍可(ke)就要臨頭了(le)(le)！”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)：“若像先生說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的這(zhe)樣(yang)，劉備為(wei)什么不(bu)(bu)(bu)投降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)呢(ni)？”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“過去，像齊國的田橫那樣(yang)的壯士(shi)(shi)(shi)都能(neng)(neng)堅守大(da)義，不(bu)(bu)(bu)容屈(qu)辱，何況劉備是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢室宗親(qin)——事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天意(yi)(yi)(yi)，怎(zen)么能(neng)(neng)自(zi)己就先屈(qu)服于(yu)(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下呢(ni)！”孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)聽了(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)這(zhe)番話(hua)(hua)(hua)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)覺臉色(se)(se)頓變，站起(qi)身來拂袖(xiu)而(er)去，眾人一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見(jian)，也(ye)都一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)笑(xiao)(xiao)而(er)散了(le)(le)。魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)責怪(guai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)道(dao)：“先生為(wei)何說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)出(chu)這(zhe)樣(yang)的話(hua)(hua)(hua)來？幸虧我(wo)(wo)們主(zhu)公寬(kuan)洪(hong)大(da)度，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)當面(mian)責怪(guai)你(ni)(ni)，你(ni)(ni)的話(hua)(hua)(hua)過于(yu)(yu)藐視他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)了(le)(le)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)仰面(mian)笑(xiao)(xiao)道(dao)：“何必這(zhe)樣(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)容人呢(ni)！我(wo)(wo)自(zi)有(you)(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)問我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)怎(zen)敢說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)呢(ni)？”魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)忙道(dao)：“原(yuan)來先生是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)良策的，我(wo)(wo)這(zhe)就去請(qing)主(zhu)公來向(xiang)你(ni)(ni)求教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)(wo)看(kan)曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)的百(bai)萬大(da)軍，不(bu)(bu)(bu)過是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)群小螞蟻罷了(le)(le)，只要我(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)抬(tai)手，它們就都成(cheng)了(le)(le)粉末。”魯(lu)(lu)肅(su)經這(zhe)么一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)，便(bian)立即到(dao)后堂去見(jian)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。孫(sun)(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)聽，轉怒(nu)為(wei)喜，道(dao)：“原(yuan)來他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用話(hua)(hua)(hua)在激(ji)我(wo)(wo)。”于(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)出(chu)來與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)互致歉意(yi)(yi)(yi)，討教良策。

孔(kong)明(ming)說：“劉備雖(sui)新敗，但(dan)關(guan)云長仍(reng)帶有(you)(you)精(jing)兵(bing)萬人(ren)；劉琦在江夏也有(you)(you)萬人(ren)。曹兵(bing)雖(sui)多(duo)，卻是(shi)遠道而來(lai)，征戰疲憊(bei)，正所謂‘強弩之末，勢(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能穿(chuan)魯縞’。并且北(bei)方人(ren)不(bu)(bu)習慣(guan)于(yu)水戰。荊(jing)州之民依附(fu)于(yu)曹操，是(shi)迫于(yu)當時的形勢(shi)(shi)，而并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)出于(yu)本心所愿。將(jiang)軍如(ru)果現(xian)在能誠心誠意(yi)地和劉備結成聯盟，破曹之事必成。曹軍敗了，自(zi)然退回北(bei)方，那么荊(jing)州和東吳的勢(shi)(shi)力(li)也就加強了，三(san)足鼎立的局(ju)面也得以成形。成敗的關(guan)鍵即(ji)在眼下，就看將(jiang)軍怎樣決斷了。”

作者介紹

羅(luo)貫(guan)中，1330—1400之(zhi)間，名(ming)本，號湖海散人，元(yuan)末明初(chu)通俗小說(shuo)(shuo)家。他的(de)籍貫(guan)一說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)太原(yuan)今山西，一說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)錢塘今浙江(jiang)杭(hang)州，不可(ke)確考(kao)。據傳說(shuo)(shuo)，羅(luo)貫(guan)中曾充任過(guo)元(yuan)末農(nong)民起(qi)義軍張(zhang)士(shi)誠的(de)幕客。

元(yuan)末(mo)明初著名小(xiao)說家、戲曲家，是(shi)中國(guo)章(zhang)回小(xiao)說的(de)鼻(bi)祖。生于元(yuan)末(mo)明初的(de)封(feng)建王朝時代。作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)與(yu)“倡優”、“妓藝”為(wei)伍(wu)的(de)戲曲平話作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)家，當時被(bei)視為(wei)勾欄瓦舍的(de)下九流，正史不(bu)可能為(wei)他(ta)寫經作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)傳。唯(wei)一可看到(dao)的(de)是(shi)一位明代無名氏編(bian)著的(de)不(bu)可靠的(de)一本小(xiao)冊子《錄(lu)鬼簿續編(bian)》，上寫：“羅貫中，太原(yuan)人(ren)，號湖海散(san)人(ren)。與(yu)人(ren)寡合，樂府隱語，極為(wei)清新。與(yu)余(yu)為(wei)忘年(nian)(nian)交，遭(zao)時多故，天各一方(fang)。至正甲辰復會(hui)，別(bie)來又六(liu)十(shi)余(yu)年(nian)(nian)，竟不(bu)知其所(suo)終(zhong)。”

羅貫中(zhong)一生著作頗豐，主要作品有(you)：劇本《趙太祖龍虎風云會》、《忠正孝子連環諫》、《三(san)平(ping)章死哭蜚虎子》；小說《隋唐兩朝志傳》、《殘唐五代(dai)史演義(yi)》、《三(san)遂平(ping)妖傳》、《粉(fen)妝樓》、和(he)施耐庵合著的《水滸傳》，代(dai)表作有(you)《三(san)國演義(yi)》（全名《三(san)國志通俗(su)演義(yi)》）等(deng)。

鑒賞評價

論辯藝術

先守后攻

面對(dui)諸(zhu)儒的詰(jie)難，諸(zhu)葛亮神態自(zi)若(ruo)，一(yi)一(yi)作答(da)，是為守，然(ran)而他又不甘于只是作答(da)，每(mei)于答(da)后發起攻勢。

東(dong)吳第一謀士(shi)張昭(zhao)詰問諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)自(zi)(zi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)樂毅，而最終卻使(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)“棄新野，走樊(fan)城，敗當(dang)陽(yang)，奔夏(xia)口，無(wu)(wu)容身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地”，“是(shi)(shi)豫州即得(de)先(xian)(xian)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，反(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如其(qi)(qi)初也。”張昭(zhao)此(ci)問著(zhu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)厲(li)害，李贄評(ping)此(ci)句曰：“下(xia)得(de)好毒手(shou)”。諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)笑(xiao)著(zhu)回答：“鵬飛萬(wan)里(li)，其(qi)(qi)志豈群(qun)(qun)鳥能(neng)識(shi)哉？”以(yi)(yi)大鵬自(zi)(zi)況(kuang)，志在萬(wan)里(li)；將(jiang)群(qun)(qun)儒(ru)比(bi)(bi)(bi)作(zuo)(zuo)群(qun)(qun)鳥，胸無(wu)(wu)大志。接下(xia)去運用(yong)比(bi)(bi)(bi)喻論(lun)(lun)證的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，人染(ran)沉(chen)疴，當(dang)用(yong)和藥(yao)糜粥。而不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可用(yong)猛(meng)藥(yao)厚味，說(shuo)明(ming)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)取勝尚(shang)需時日(ri).又進一步用(yong)事實(shi)(shi)(shi)論(lun)(lun)證說(shuo)明(ming)自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)觀點；“夫以(yi)(yi)甲兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完，城郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固，軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經練，糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日(ri)，然(ran)而博望燒屯(tun)，白(bai)河用(yong)水，使(shi)(shi)夏(xia)侯(hou)惇(dun)、曹仁輩心驚膽裂：竊謂(wei)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)、樂毅用(yong)兵，未必過此(ci)。”此(ci)段諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)以(yi)(yi)充分的(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)(shi)(shi)為論(lun)(lun)據，對“自(zi)(zi)比(bi)(bi)(bi)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)樂毅”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說(shuo)予以(yi)(yi)論(lun)(lun)證，在鑿鑿事實(shi)(shi)(shi)面(mian)前(qian)張昭(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)非難不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)攻自(zi)(zi)破(po)。諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)將(jiang)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)暫時之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗歸于三個(ge)原因：一是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)仁義(yi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍奪同宗基業，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍舍棄赴義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民，甘與同敗；二是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)琮孱弱，聽信妄言，暗自(zi)(zi)投降；三是(shi)(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)向日(ri)兵不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿千，將(jiang)止關、張、趙云，“寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾(zhong)，勝負乃(nai)其(qi)(qi)常事”，之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后引(yin)用(yong)漢高(gao)(gao)祖數敗于項羽而垓(gai)下(xia)一戰成功(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)類比(bi)(bi)(bi)論(lun)(lun)證說(shuo)明(ming)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)失(shi)利(li)是(shi)(shi)暫時的(de)(de)(de)，而取得(de)最后的(de)(de)(de)勝利(li)是(shi)(shi)必然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)。進而歸納出漢高(gao)(gao)祖的(de)(de)(de)最終勝利(li)靠的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)韓信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀，突出自(zi)(zi)己在劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)興復漢室大業中的(de)(de)(de)重要作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。此(ci)段答張昭(zhao)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)得(de)先(xian)(xian)生反(fan)(fan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問，水來土掩(yan)，滴水不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)漏。以(yi)(yi)上皆為防(fang)守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。接著(zhu)話鋒(feng)一轉，將(jiang)矛頭直指東(dong)吳群(qun)(qun)儒(ru)：“非比(bi)(bi)(bi)夸辯(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，虛譽(yu)欺人；坐(zuo)議立談，無(wu)(wu)人可及(ji)；臨機應(ying)變(bian)，百無(wu)(wu)一能(neng)。——誠為天下(xia)笑(xiao)耳！”李贄評(ping)諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)駁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)為“說(shuo)盡今日(ri)秀才(cai)病痛”。諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)此(ci)舉攻勢凌厲(li)，使(shi)(shi)對方(fang)“并無(wu)(wu)一言回答”。此(ci)乃(nai)先(xian)(xian)守后攻、攻守有度(du)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辯(bian)論(lun)(lun)策略。對虞翻的(de)(de)(de)“劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)大敗猶言不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)懼曹實(shi)(shi)(shi)為大言欺人”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語，諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)只以(yi)(yi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾(zhong)，退守夏(xia)口，以(yi)(yi)待(dai)天時相應(ying)，是(shi)(shi)為防(fang)守，隨(sui)即便(bian)有“江(jiang)東(dong)兵精(jing)糧足，且有長江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險，猶欲使(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)主屈膝降賊(zei)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧(gu)天下(xia)恥笑(xiao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語來反(fan)(fan)攻，使(shi)(shi)虞翻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)對。后對步騭、薛(xue)綜等人的(de)(de)(de)發難，孔明(ming)莫(mo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)此(ci)先(xian)(xian)守后攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)對之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)(shi)東(dong)吳的(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)者一個(ge)個(ge)敗下(xia)陣來。

此法妙(miao)極。因(yin)有群儒詰(jie)問(wen)在(zai)先，不(bu)(bu)容不(bu)(bu)答，故宜先守(shou)(shou)，且守(shou)(shou)得從容，既曲盡事(shi)理(li)，又(you)詳陳事(shi)實，將(jiang)對手(shou)的(de)詰(jie)問(wen)一一化(hua)解(jie)；又(you)因(yin)群儒來者不(bu)(bu)善(shan)，多有惡意，便于守(shou)(shou)住陣(zhen)地后發(fa)起反攻(gong)，使論辯進退有致，引人(ren)(ren)入勝。設若只守(shou)(shou)不(bu)(bu)攻(gong)，則(ze)必(bi)陷被動境(jing)地；若只攻(gong)不(bu)(bu)守(shou)(shou)，失去(qu)了據理(li)陳詞(ci)的(de)部分(fen)，使論辯僅僅停留在(zai)口(kou)舌之爭(zheng)，則(ze)缺乏以(yi)理(li)服人(ren)(ren)的(de)成分(fen)。

語帶雙機

諸(zhu)葛亮以(yi)其(qi)高超的(de)語言技巧使整個論(lun)辯過程精彩紛(fen)呈，于有限的(de)語句中蘊含極深(shen)的(de)意(yi)味，嚼之(zhi)余香滿口。在談到劉(liu)備新敗(bai)之(zhi)因時，諸(zhu)葛亮說劉(liu)琮(cong)“暗自(zi)投降(jiang)”，意(yi)在嘲(chao)諷東吳主降(jiang)之(zhi)士(shi)，“非等(deng)(deng)閑可知也(ye)”，示張昭等(deng)(deng)皆等(deng)(deng)閑無(wu)能之(zhi)輩；又云“社稷(ji)安(an)危，是有主謀”，寓昭等(deng)(deng)無(wu)定國(guo)安(an)邦之(zhi)策，反以(yi)妖言惑主，實(shi)禍國(guo)殃民之(zhi)人。

步騭指出(chu)諸葛(ge)亮欲效張(zhang)儀、蘇秦的(de)游說之舉，諸葛(ge)亮卻淡化張(zhang)儀蘇秦二人(ren)(ren)的(de)辯(bian)士身份，而突出(chu)其(qi)豪杰的(de)本(ben)色，強調二人(ren)(ren)“皆有匡扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國(guo)之謀”，點出(chu)儒者們(men)無勇無謀，只知巧言論辯(bian)，實則貪生怕(pa)死的(de)本(ben)質(zhi)。諸葛(ge)亮避開某些辯(bian)士為一(yi)(yi)已之利益而游說的(de)特點，在突出(chu)其(qi)“匡扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國(guo)”大志(zhi)的(de)同時，也為自(zi)己張(zhang)目(mu)，我為匡扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國(guo)而來(lai)，你(ni)們(men)卻為葬送人(ren)(ren)國(guo)而辯(bian)，孰高孰低(di)，一(yi)(yi)目(mu)了(le)然。

陸績(ji)以曹操(cao)(cao)是相(xiang)國(guo)曹參(can)之(zhi)后，劉備出身無可稽考(kao)相(xiang)詰，“眼見只是織席販屨之(zhi)夫耳，何足與曹操(cao)(cao)抗衡(heng)哉！”諸(zhu)葛亮先(xian)不直接(jie)回答(da)問題，而是輕蔑地一笑，“公非袁術座間懷(huai)桔之(zhi)陸郎乎？”諸(zhu)葛亮此處提(ti)及此事(shi)，表面看來似屬閑筆，實則頗有深意。懷(huai)桔之(zhi)事(shi)本為(wei)盡心事(shi)孝之(zhi)典范(fan)，然(ran)而畢(bi)竟是小兒所為(wei)，懷(huai)桔小兒之(zhi)論必是小兒之(zhi)見，自然(ran)“不足與高士共語”。

諸葛(ge)亮(liang)答程德樞之語(yu)可分(fen)為(wei)兩層內容(rong)。一是論君(jun)子之儒(ru)的(de)風采，“忠君(jun)愛國，守正(zheng)惡邪(xie)，務使澤及當時，名留(liu)(liu)后世，”表面上為(wei)君(jun)子之儒(ru)正(zheng)名，實為(wei)夫子自道也；二是畫小人(ren)(ren)之儒(ru)的(de)嘴臉，“筆下雖有千(qian)言，胸中實無(wu)一策，”對(dui)大(da)敵當前而群儒(ru)一籌(chou)莫展予(yu)以辛(xin)辣的(de)諷刺，且以揚雄屈身事莽(mang)下場可悲(bei)昭示東吳(wu)小人(ren)(ren)之儒(ru)不(bu)顧氣節屈膝投降必將留(liu)(liu)下千(qian)古罵名。

語(yu)帶雙機(ji)之辯(bian)術充分顯示了諸葛亮的論辯(bian)技巧，一石二鳥，弦外有音(yin)，以極精(jing)煉的語(yu)句(ju)表(biao)達極豐富的內容(rong)，頗具戰(zhan)斗力(li)。似不經(jing)意中顯出智慧，信手拈來時愈(yu)見功力(li)。給人留下(xia)充分的想象(xiang)余地。

各個擊破

對不(bu)同的人(ren)采取不(bu)同的方法(fa)擊敗對方，是諸葛亮(liang)舌戰(zhan)群儒的又一大(da)特色(se)。

對張昭，由于他是東吳重臣，第一謀士(shi)，諸葛亮采(cai)取擒(qin)賊先擒(qin)王(wang)的策略，娓(wei)娓(wei)道來，嚴密防守之(zhi)后(hou)大舉(ju)進攻，使張昭無一言可對。對張昭的反(fan)駁洋洋灑灑，周密細致，絲絲入扣，而對以下(xia)諸儒(ru)則多以簡潔明(ming)快(kuai)的對答(da)迅(xun)速結束戰(zhan)斗，不與多做糾纏(chan)。

在(zai)(zai)整個過程中，諸葛(ge)(ge)亮的(de)(de)論辨藝(yi)術發(fa)揮(hui)得(de)酣(han)暢淋漓，他面對(dui)(dui)群儒潮(chao)水(shui)般(ban)涌來的(de)(de)詰難，沉著應(ying)戰，或(huo)引經據典，或(huo)轉換(huan)論題，或(huo)厲聲(sheng)責問，或(huo)反唇(chun)相(xiang)譏(ji)，可謂得(de)心應(ying)手(shou)，游刃有(you)余(yu)。如以(yi)(yi)韓(han)信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)謀，揚雄(xiong)之(zhi)(zhi)死來作為(wei)(wei)(wei)論據幫助申明觀點；對(dui)(dui)步(bu)騭的(de)(de)“孔明欲效儀(yi)、秦之(zhi)(zhi)舌，游說東吳耶？”之(zhi)(zhi)論棄之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)理，而(er)(er)從蘇、張(zhang)二(er)人豪杰本(ben)色(se)入手(shou)，轉守為(wei)(wei)(wei)攻；對(dui)(dui)薛(xue)綜則厲聲(sheng)責問：“薛(xue)敬文(wen)安得(de)出(chu)此無父無君(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)言乎！”諸葛(ge)(ge)亮抓住儒者鼓吹忠孝為(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)特點，以(yi)(yi)“君(jun)父”兩(liang)個正大(da)堂(tang)皇的(de)(de)字眼喝倒(dao)薛(xue)綜，實(shi)在(zai)(zai)是(shi)擊到了對(dui)(dui)手(shou)的(de)(de)致命(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)處，薛(xue)綜自(zi)然“滿面羞慚”；對(dui)(dui)陸績，諸葛(ge)(ge)亮以(yi)(yi)不(bu)溫不(bu)火(huo)的(de)(de)語調反唇(chun)相(xiang)譏(ji)，指出(chu)其以(yi)(yi)出(chu)身論英雄(xiong)的(de)(de)荒誕(dan)不(bu)經，使陸績語塞。而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)嚴(yan)(yan)峻的(de)(de)“治何經典”之(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)，諸葛(ge)(ge)亮只以(yi)(yi)三句話(hua)回應(ying)，首先認為(wei)(wei)(wei)“尋章摘(zhai)句”者為(wei)(wei)(wei)“世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒”，并不(bu)能“興邦(bang)立(li)事”；既而(er)(er)舉例，伊尹、姜子牙、張(zhang)良、陳平、鄧、“皆有(you)匡扶(fu)宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)”，而(er)(er)并未死鉆書(shu)本(ben)；最后總括為(wei)(wei)(wei)“舞(wu)文(wen)弄墨”只是(shi)書(shu)生所為(wei)(wei)(wei)。短(duan)短(duan)數語，有(you)理有(you)據，在(zai)(zai)一連串的(de)(de)古(gu)圣今賢的(de)(de)列舉中反襯出(chu)書(shu)生的(de)(de)無用，從而(er)(er)使以(yi)(yi)治經典為(wei)(wei)(wei)榮的(de)(de)嚴(yan)(yan)畯低頭喪氣。

詳略(lve)的不(bu)同(tong)、論辯方法(fa)的不(bu)同(tong)顯示出(chu)諸葛亮的機動靈活，詳答老辣者，略(lve)對淺薄者，揮揮灑灑，左右逢源，嘻笑怒罵，皆(jie)成(cheng)文章，著實(shi)令人嘆服。

語勢磅礴

整(zheng)個論(lun)辯過程中(zhong)，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)(liang)語勢(shi)磅礴，使對方懾服于(yu)(yu)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)語言(yan)威力(li)，只(zhi)有招架之(zhi)功，而無反擊之(zhi)力(li)。這一(yi)點突出體現在(zai)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)反問語氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)運用(yong)上。如反詰(jie)張昭(zhao)：“鵬飛萬(wan)里，其(qi)志豈群鳥能識哉(zai)？”“豫(yu)州不(bu)過暫借以(yi)容身，豈真將坐(zuo)守于(yu)(yu)此耶？”“昔高(gao)皇(huang)數敗于(yu)(yu)項羽，而垓下一(yi)戰(zhan)成(cheng)功，此非韓信之(zhi)良謀乎(hu)？”反擊步騭：“君等聞(wen)曹(cao)操(cao)虛發詐(zha)偽之(zhi)詞，便畏(wei)懼(ju)請(qing)降(jiang)，敢笑蘇(su)秦、張儀(yi)乎(hu)？”對陸績：“且高(gao)祖起身亭長，而終(zhong)有天下；織席(xi)販屨(ju)，又(you)何足(zu)為辱(ru)乎(hu)？”對嚴：“豈亦效書(shu)生，區區于(yu)(yu)筆硯之(zhi)間，數黑論(lun)黃，舞文弄(nong)墨而已(yi)乎(hu)？”……一(yi)連串的(de)(de)(de)(de)反問句，語勢(shi)強烈，咄咄逼人，我(wo)們可以(yi)說，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)(liang)舌戰(zhan)群儒只(zhi)所以(yi)耐(nai)人尋味(wei)百讀不(bu)厭，在(zai)很大(da)程度(du)上得益(yi)于(yu)(yu)其(qi)論(lun)辯過程語勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)量。在(zai)以(yi)理服人的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，諸(zhu)(zhu)葛(ge)亮(liang)(liang)(liang)更以(yi)其(qi)語言(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣勢(shi)壓倒了(le)對手。

就(jiu)語句(ju)(ju)(ju)而言(yan)，也突出(chu)顯示(shi)了諸葛亮語言(yan)的氣(qi)勢(shi)。善用(yong)短句(ju)(ju)(ju)、排比對(dui)偶句(ju)(ju)(ju)該是其突出(chu)的特點。短句(ju)(ju)(ju)的使用(yong)簡潔明(ming)快，適于(yu)論(lun)辯；排比句(ju)(ju)(ju)對(dui)偶句(ju)(ju)(ju)更有“壯氣(qi)勢(shi)廣文義”的修辭特征(zheng)，如“甲(jia)兵不(bu)完，城郭不(bu)固，軍(jun)不(bu)經(jing)練，糧不(bu)繼日”極言(yan)劉備當時所處的劣勢(shi)地位(wei)；諷小(xiao)人(ren)之儒，則有“惟務(wu)雕蟲(chong)，專工翰(han)墨，青春作賦，皓(hao)首窮經(jing)，”可(ke)謂數盡小(xiao)人(ren)儒者之弊。非語言(yan)大家無此上乘之作。

語勢磅礴(bo)源于理直氣壯(zhuang)，“理直”是因，“氣壯(zhuang)”是果。在(zai)諸葛亮的(de)(de)意識中，此番東(dong)吳(wu)之(zhi)行乃(nai)為正義而(er)來，故(gu)而(er)正氣浩然，處(chu)變不驚。瀟(xiao)灑的(de)(de)風度(du)、廣(guang)博的(de)(de)學識，使對手在(zai)氣勢上先輸了三分，加之(zhi)諸葛亮一陣窮追猛打，遂有破竹之(zhi)勢。

綜觀舌戰(zhan)群儒(ru)的整個過程，諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)在(zai)東吳諸(zhu)儒(ru)的詰問中從容做對，侃侃而談(tan)，縱橫捭闔，游(you)刃有余，終使(shi)“張(zhang)昭(zhao)并無一(yi)言(yan)回答(da)”，“虞(yu)翻(fan)不能(neng)對”，“步騭(zhi)默然無語”，“薛(xue)綜滿面羞慚，不能(neng)對答(da)”，“陸績語塞”，“嚴畯低頭(tou)喪(sang)氣不能(neng)對”，“程德樞不能(neng)對”，以至眾人(ren)“盡皆失色”。真可謂(wei)三寸之(zhi)舌能(neng)抵百萬(wan)之(zhi)兵。

總之，諸葛亮舌戰(zhan)群儒風頭出盡，其嫻熟的(de)論辯(bian)技巧令人折(zhe)服，堪稱經典，值得(de)當今習(xi)此(ci)道者深味。

辨析概括

東漢末期(qi)，曹操挾天子以令諸侯，較有實力的(de)軍閥大都(dou)被他消滅了(le)，惟獨劉(liu)備(bei)和孫權(quan)還有發展壯大的(de)可能，曹操自知(zhi)一下子吞(tun)并這(zhe)兩股勢力還比較難。于是(shi)，曹操就派人拿著他的(de)書(shu)信去東吳，想和孫權(quan)聯手消滅劉(liu)備(bei)。

孫權手下的謀(mou)士大都主張降曹(cao)自保，只有魯肅(su)主張聯(lian)劉抗曹(cao)。但(dan)魯肅(su)自知難以說服孫權和東(dong)吳的文臣，特意請諸葛亮來當(dang)說客。

魯肅引(yin)諸葛亮見了(le)東吳的一(yi)群謀士，這些人(ren)并非泛泛之輩(bei)，個個。都是(shi)有學(xue)問的人(ren)。東吳第(di)一(yi)大謀士張昭(zhao)首先發難，說：聽說劉備到你家里三趟(tang)，才把(ba)你請出山(shan)，以為有了(le)你就如同魚得了(le)水，想奪取荊襄九郡做(zuo)根據地(di)。但荊襄已(yi)被(bei)曹(cao)操得到，你還有什么主意呢？

諸葛亮心里(li)想(xiang)，如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)先難(nan)倒張(zhang)昭(zhao)，就沒(mei)辦法說(shuo)服孫權聯劉(liu)抗曹了(le)。諸葛亮說(shuo)：劉(liu)備取荊襄這(zhe)(zhe)塊地盤，易如(ru)反掌，只是不(bu)(bu)忍心奪取同宗的基業，才(cai)被曹操撿了(le)便宜。現在(zai)屯兵江夏，另有宏圖大計，等閑之輩(bei)哪懂得(de)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)。國家(jia)大事，社稷安危(wei)，都要有真才(cai)實學的人拿出(chu)好主意。而(er)口舌之徒，坐而(er)論道，碰上事兒，卻拿不(bu)(bu)出(chu)一個(ge)辦法來，只能(neng)為天下人恥(chi)笑。一番話，說(shuo)得(de)張(zhang)昭(zhao)啞口無(wu)言。

之后，一個謀士問：曹操(cao)屯兵(bing)百萬(wan)，將(jiang)列千員，你(ni)說不怕(pa)，吹(chui)牛吧你(ni)。諸葛亮答：劉備退守(shou)夏口，是等待(dai)時機(ji)，而東(dong)吳兵(bing)精糧足，還有長江天險(xian)可守(shou)，卻都勸孫權降曹，丟人吧你(ni)。

東吳的謀士一個(ge)接一個(ge)地向諸(zhu)葛亮發難(nan)，先后(hou)有七人之(zhi)多，都被諸(zhu)葛亮反駁得有口難(nan)辯。