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舌戰群儒
0 票數:0 #故事#
舌戰群儒是出自《三國演義》中的故事,講述了劉備欲與孫吳結盟抗曹,但孫吳謀士見劉備兵寡,曹操又強,不敢答應。諸葛亮一人前往孫吳,在大堂上一人駁倒張昭,陸績,虞翻等謀士,說的他們啞口無言,為孫劉結盟打下基礎。從現代的角度看來,“舌戰群儒”涉及到辯論的智慧與技巧,不管從哪方面看,都證實了諸葛亮才能。
  • 中文名: 舌(she)戰群儒
  • 類型: 故(gu)事
  • 作者: 羅(luo)貫(guan)中
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基本介紹

舌戰群(qun)儒出(chu)自明(ming)代(dai)羅貫中所(suo)著章回(hui)小說《三國演義》第(di)43回(hui):“諸葛(ge)亮舌戰群(qun)儒,魯子敬力排眾(zhong)議。”

故事講述諸葛亮為聯盟(meng)孫(sun)權抵抗(kang)曹操的(de)過程中(zhong)遭到東(dong)吳諸謀(mou)士的(de)責難(nan),最后都被諸葛亮一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)反駁,啞口無言。

角色介紹

孔明簡介

諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)(181—234年(nian)),三國時(shi)杰(jie)出(chu)政治(zhi)家(jia)、戰(zhan)略家(jia)、外交家(jia)。字孔明,號臥龍。諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)于漢(han)靈帝光和四(si)年(nian)(181年(nian))出(chu)生于瑯邪陽都(今山東沂南縣)的(de)(de)一個官吏(li)之家(jia)。諸(zhu)葛氏(shi)是瑯邪的(de)(de)望族,先祖(zu)諸(zhu)葛豐曾在西(xi)漢(han)元帝時(shi)做(zuo)過(guo)司隸校尉(衛戍京師(shi)的(de)(de)長官)。諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)父親(qin)諸(zhu)葛圭(gui),字君貢,東漢(han)末年(nian)做(zuo)過(guo)泰山郡丞。諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)3歲(sui)母親(qin)章(zhang)氏(shi)病逝,諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)8歲(sui)喪父,與弟弟諸(zhu)葛均一起(qi)跟隨(sui)由袁術任(ren)命為豫(yu)章(zhang)太守(shou)的(de)(de)叔父諸(zhu)葛玄(xuan)到豫(yu)章(zhang)赴任(ren)。東漢(han)朝廷派朱(zhu)皓取代了(le)諸(zhu)葛玄(xuan)職務,諸(zhu)葛玄(xuan)就去(qu)投(tou)奔老朋友荊(jing)州(zhou)牧(mu)劉表。

內容介紹

有關資料

小說記載

《三國演義》是中(zhong)國古代長篇章回小(xiao)說的開山(shan)之(zhi)作。

三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)故(gu)事在我國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)民(min)間(jian)頗為(wei)流行。宋元時代(dai)(dai)(dai)即被搬上舞(wu)臺,金、元演(yan)出(chu)的(de)(de)三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)劇目達(da)30多種。元代(dai)(dai)(dai)至治年(nian)間(jian)出(chu)現了(le)(le)新安虞氏所刊的(de)(de)《全相三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)志(zhi)平話》。元末明初羅貫中(zhong)綜(zong)合民(min)間(jian)傳說和戲曲(qu)、話本(ben),結合陳壽《三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)志(zhi)》和裴松之(zhi)注的(de)(de)史(shi)(shi)料,根據他個人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)(dui)社會人(ren)(ren)(ren)生的(de)(de)體悟,創作了(le)(le)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)志(zhi)通(tong)俗演(yan)義》,現存最早刊本(ben)是(shi)明嘉靖年(nian)所刊刻的(de)(de),俗稱(cheng)“嘉靖本(ben)”,本(ben)書24卷。清康熙年(nian)間(jian),毛綸(lun)毛宗崗父子辨(bian)正史(shi)(shi)事、增刪(shan)文字(zi),修改成今日通(tong)行的(de)(de)120回本(ben)《三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)演(yan)義》。《三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)演(yan)義》描寫的(de)(de)是(shi)從東漢末年(nian)到西晉初年(nian)之(zhi)間(jian)近一百年(nian)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)風(feng)云(yun)。全書反(fan)(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)政治軍事斗爭,反(fan)(fan)映(ying)了(le)(le)三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)各類(lei)社會矛盾的(de)(de)滲透與轉化,概括了(le)(le)這一時代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)巨變,塑造了(le)(le)一批(pi)咤叱風(feng)云(yun)的(de)(de)英雄(xiong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)。在對(dui)(dui)(dui)三(san)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)把握上,作者表現出(chu)明顯的(de)(de)擁劉反(fan)(fan)曹(cao)傾向,以劉備集團(tuan)作為(wei)描寫的(de)(de)中(zhong)心,對(dui)(dui)(dui)劉備集團(tuan)的(de)(de)主要(yao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)物(wu)(wu)加(jia)以歌(ge)頌,對(dui)(dui)(dui)曹(cao)操則(ze)極力揭露鞭撻。今天我們(men)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于作者的(de)(de)這種擁劉反(fan)(fan)曹(cao)的(de)(de)傾向應有辯證的(de)(de)認識。尊(zun)劉反(fan)(fan)曹(cao)是(shi)民(min)間(jian)傳說的(de)(de)主要(yao)傾向,在羅貫中(zhong)生活(huo)的(de)(de)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)隱含著人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)對(dui)(dui)(dui)漢族復興的(de)(de)希望(wang)。

《三國演義》刻畫了(le)近200個人物(wu)形象,其中(zhong)最(zui)為成功的(de)(de)有(you)(you)諸葛亮(liang)、曹操(cao)(cao)、關羽、劉備(bei)等人。諸葛亮(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)作者(zhe)心(xin)(xin)目中(zhong)的(de)(de)“賢(xian)相”的(de)(de)化身,他具有(you)(you)“鞠(ju)躬(gong)盡瘁,死而后已”的(de)(de)高風亮(liang)節,具有(you)(you)近世濟民再造太平盛世的(de)(de)雄(xiong)(xiong)心(xin)(xin)壯志,而且作者(zhe)還賦予他呼風喚雨(yu)、神(shen)機妙(miao)算的(de)(de)奇異(yi)本(ben)領。曹操(cao)(cao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一位(wei)奸雄(xiong)(xiong),他生活(huo)的(de)(de)信條是(shi)(shi)(shi)“寧教(jiao)我負(fu)天(tian)下人,不教(jiao)天(tian)下人負(fu)我”,既有(you)(you)雄(xiong)(xiong)才(cai)大略,又殘暴奸詐,是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個政(zheng)治野心(xin)(xin)家陰謀家這與歷(li)史上的(de)(de)真(zhen)曹操(cao)(cao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不可混同的(de)(de)。關羽“威(wei)猛剛毅”、“義重如山”。劉備(bei)被作者(zhe)塑造成為仁(ren)民愛物(wu)、視(shi)賢(xian)下士、知(zhi)人善任的(de)(de)仁(ren)君典型。

《三國演義》描寫(xie)了(le)大(da)大(da)小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)戰爭(zheng),構思宏(hong)偉,手(shou)法多樣,使我們清晰地看(kan)到(dao)了(le)一場(chang)(chang)場(chang)(chang)刀光血(xue)影的(de)(de)戰爭(zheng)場(chang)(chang)面。其中(zhong)“官渡之(zhi)戰”和(he)“赤(chi)壁之(zhi)戰”等戰爭(zheng)的(de)(de)描寫(xie)波瀾起伏、跌宕跳躍,讀(du)來驚(jing)心(xin)動魄。

全(quan)書的(de)文不(bu)甚深,言不(bu)甚俗,簡潔明快(kuai),氣勢充(chong)沛,生動活潑。

《三(san)國(guo)(guo)演義》帶來(lai)我國(guo)(guo)歷(li)史小說創作的(de)熱潮(chao),它所塑造的(de)一系(xi)列人(ren)物形象(xiang)在我國(guo)(guo)已家喻(yu)戶曉,婦孺皆(jie)知。

《三國演(yan)(yan)義(yi)(yi)》的版本很(hen)多,主要有:明(ming)弘治刻(ke)本《三國志(zhi)通俗演(yan)(yan)義(yi)(yi)》,文字(zi)粗樸,內容(rong)平易;《三國志(zhi)演(yan)(yan)義(yi)(yi)》,清(qing)毛(mao)宗崗(gang)增(zeng)刪評點本,約成書(shu)于康熙初年,該本在社(she)(she)會上流傳最為廣泛。人(ren)民文學出(chu)版社(she)(she)多次重印出(chu)版。

《三國演(yan)義》第四十三回寫諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)只身隨魯肅過江、游說東(dong)吳(wu)群臣。時值劉(liu)備新(xin)敗,退守夏口,曹(cao)操大軍壓(ya)境,東(dong)吳(wu)上下主(zhu)降(jiang)之風日盛。在此情勢下,諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)以(yi)其超人的膽識同東(dong)吳(wu)群儒展開舌戰,并以(yi)其滔(tao)滔(tao)辯(bian)才使(shi)對手(shou)一個(ge)個(ge)皆(jie)成“口”下敗將(jiang),并最終說服了孫權,使(shi)孫劉(liu)聯盟共抗曹(cao)操的局面(mian)得以(yi)形成。

史書記載

只記載諸葛亮面見孫權,東吳主戰派、主和派相爭日(ri)盛。諸葛亮只是節使。

經典片段

原文

肅乃(nai)引孔(kong)明至(zhi)幕下。早見(jian)張昭(zhao)、顧雍等(deng)一(yi)(yi)班文武二十(shi)(shi)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren),峨冠博帶,整衣端坐。孔(kong)明逐一(yi)(yi)相見(jian),各問姓名。施禮已(yi)畢,坐于(yu)客(ke)位。張昭(zhao)等(deng)見(jian)孔(kong)明豐(feng)神(shen)飄灑,器宇軒昂,料道此(ci)人(ren)(ren)(ren)必來游說。張昭(zhao)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)挑之(zhi)曰:“昭(zhao)乃(nai)江東微末之(zhi)士(shi),久聞先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高臥隆中(zhong),自(zi)(zi)比管(guan)(guan)、樂(le)。此(ci)語(yu)果有(you)(you)之(zhi)乎(hu)?”孔(kong)明曰:“此(ci)亮平生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)小可(ke)之(zhi)比也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰:“近聞劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)三顧先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)草廬之(zhi)中(zhong),幸(xing)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)‘如(ru)(ru)魚得(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)’,思(si)欲席卷(juan)荊襄。今(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)旦以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)屬曹操,未審是何主(zhu)見(jian)?”孔(kong)明自(zi)(zi)思(si)張昭(zhao)乃(nai)孫權手下第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)謀(mou)士(shi),若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)難倒(dao)他,如(ru)(ru)何說得(de)孫權,遂答(da)曰:“吾觀(guan)取漢上之(zhi)地,易如(ru)(ru)反掌(zhang)。我(wo)主(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)躬行(xing)仁義(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)奪同宗(zong)之(zhi)基業,故力辭之(zhi)。劉(liu)(liu)琮孺子,聽信(xin)(xin)佞言(yan)(yan),暗(an)自(zi)(zi)投降(jiang),致使(shi)曹操得(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猖獗。今(jin)(jin)我(wo)主(zhu)屯兵(bing)(bing)江夏,別有(you)(you)良(liang)圖,非(fei)(fei)等(deng)閑可(ke)知(zhi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。”昭(zhao)曰:“若(ruo)此(ci),是先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)言(yan)(yan)行(xing)相違(wei)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)比管(guan)(guan)、樂(le)——管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)相桓公,霸諸侯(hou),一(yi)(yi)匡天(tian)下;樂(le)毅扶(fu)持微弱之(zhi)燕,下齊七十(shi)(shi)余(yu)城:此(ci)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)者,真濟(ji)世之(zhi)才也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在草廬之(zhi)中(zhong),但笑傲風(feng)月,抱膝危坐。今(jin)(jin)既從(cong)事(shi)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou),當(dang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)靈興利(li)除害(hai),剿滅亂賊(zei)。且(qie)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)未得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)前,尚且(qie)縱橫寰宇,割據(ju)城池;今(jin)(jin)得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),人(ren)(ren)(ren)皆仰望。雖三尺童蒙,亦謂(wei)(wei)彪虎(hu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)翼,將見(jian)漢室復興,曹氏即滅矣。朝廷(ting)舊臣,山林隱士(shi),無不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目而(er)待(dai):以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)拂(fu)高天(tian)之(zhi)云翳,仰日(ri)月之(zhi)光輝,拯民(min)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)火之(zhi)中(zhong),措(cuo)天(tian)下于(yu)衽(ren)席之(zhi)上,在此(ci)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。何先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)(zi)歸豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou),曹兵(bing)(bing)一(yi)(yi)出,棄甲(jia)拋戈,望風(feng)而(er)竄;上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)報(bao)劉(liu)(liu)表以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)庶(shu)民(min),下不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)輔孤子而(er)據(ju)疆(jiang)土;乃(nai)棄新野(ye),走樊(fan)城,敗(bai)當(dang)陽,奔夏口,無容身(shen)之(zhi)地:是豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)既得(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)后,反不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)其(qi)初也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅,果如(ru)(ru)是乎(hu)?愚直(zhi)之(zhi)言(yan)(yan),幸(xing)勿見(jian)怪!”孔(kong)明聽罷(ba),啞(ya)然而(er)笑曰:“鵬(peng)飛萬(wan)里(li),其(qi)志豈(qi)群鳥能(neng)識哉?譬如(ru)(ru)人(ren)(ren)(ren)染沉(chen)疴,當(dang)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)糜粥以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)飲(yin)之(zhi),和藥(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)服之(zhi);待(dai)其(qi)腑臟調(diao)和,形體漸安(an),然后用(yong)肉食以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)補之(zhi),猛藥(yao)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)之(zhi):則病根(gen)盡去,人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)全生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)待(dai)氣脈和緩,便以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)猛藥(yao)厚味,欲求(qiu)安(an)保,誠為(wei)(wei)(wei)難矣。吾主(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou),向(xiang)日(ri)軍敗(bai)于(yu)汝南,寄(ji)跡劉(liu)(liu)表,兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿千,將止關、張、趙云而(er)已(yi):此(ci)正如(ru)(ru)病勢尫羸已(yi)極之(zhi)時也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),新野(ye)山僻小縣(xian),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)稀少,糧食鮮薄,豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過暫借以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)容身(shen),豈(qi)真將坐守于(yu)此(ci)耶?夫(fu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)甲(jia)兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完,城郭不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固(gu),軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經練,糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日(ri),然而(er)博望燒屯,白(bai)河用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui),使(shi)夏侯(hou)惇(dun),曹仁輩心(xin)驚膽(dan)裂:竊謂(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)、樂(le)毅之(zhi)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing),未必過此(ci)。至(zhi)于(yu)劉(liu)(liu)琮降(jiang)操,豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)實出不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi);且(qie)又不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)乘亂奪同宗(zong)之(zhi)基業,此(ci)真大(da)(da)仁大(da)(da)義(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。當(dang)陽之(zhi)敗(bai),豫(yu)(yu)(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)見(jian)有(you)(you)數十(shi)(shi)萬(wan)赴義(yi)之(zhi)民(min),扶(fu)老攜幼相隨,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)棄之(zhi),日(ri)行(xing)十(shi)(shi)里(li),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)思(si)進(jin)取江陵,甘與同敗(bai),此(ci)亦大(da)(da)仁大(da)(da)義(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾(zhong),勝(sheng)負乃(nai)其(qi)常事(shi)。昔(xi)高皇數敗(bai)于(yu)項羽(yu),而(er)垓(gai)下一(yi)(yi)戰成功,此(ci)非(fei)(fei)韓(han)信(xin)(xin)之(zhi)良(liang)謀(mou)乎(hu)?夫(fu)信(xin)(xin)久事(shi)高皇,未嘗累勝(sheng)。蓋國家大(da)(da)計,社稷安(an)危,是有(you)(you)主(zhu)謀(mou)。非(fei)(fei)比夸辯之(zhi)徒,虛(xu)譽欺(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren):坐議(yi)立談,無人(ren)(ren)(ren)可(ke)及;臨機(ji)應(ying)變,百無一(yi)(yi)能(neng)。——誠為(wei)(wei)(wei)天(tian)下笑耳!”這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)篇言(yan)(yan)語(yu),說得(de)張昭(zhao)并(bing)無一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)回答(da)。

座上忽一(yi)人(ren)(ren)抗聲問(wen)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“今曹(cao)公兵(bing)屯百(bai)萬(wan),將列千員,龍驤虎視,平吞江(jiang)夏,公以(yi)為何如?”孔明視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃虞(yu)翻(fan)也(ye)。孔明曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“曹(cao)操收袁(yuan)紹蟻(yi)聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing),劫(jie)劉表烏合之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong),雖數(shu)百(bai)萬(wan)不(bu)足(zu)懼也(ye)。”虞(yu)翻(fan)冷笑(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“軍敗(bai)于當(dang)陽,計窮于夏口,區區求教于人(ren)(ren),而猶言‘不(bu)懼’,此真大言欺(qi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)!”孔明曰(yue)(yue)(yue):“劉豫州以(yi)數(shu)千仁義(yi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)師,安能(neng)敵百(bai)萬(wan)殘暴(bao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾(zhong)?退守夏口,所以(yi)待時也(ye)。今江(jiang)東(dong)兵(bing)精糧足(zu),且(qie)有長江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,猶欲使其主屈膝降(jiang)賊,不(bu)顧(gu)天(tian)下恥笑(xiao)。——由此論之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),劉豫州真不(bu)懼操賊者矣!”虞(yu)翻(fan)不(bu)能(neng)對。

座間(jian)又一人(ren)問曰(yue)(yue):“孔明欲(yu)效(xiao)儀(yi)(yi)、秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)舌,游說東吳耶?”孔明視之(zhi),乃(nai)步騭也。孔明曰(yue)(yue):“步子山以蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)(qin)張(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)為辯士,不知蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)(qin)、張(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)亦豪(hao)杰也:蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)(qin)佩六(liu)國(guo)相(xiang)印(yin),張(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)兩次相(xiang)秦(qin)(qin),皆有匡扶(fu)人(ren)國(guo)之(zhi)謀,非(fei)比(bi)畏強凌弱,懼刀(dao)避劍(jian)之(zhi)人(ren)也。君等聞曹操虛(xu)發詐偽之(zhi)詞(ci),便(bian)畏懼請降,敢笑蘇(su)(su)秦(qin)(qin)、張(zhang)(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)乎?”步騭默然無語。

忽一人(ren)(ren)問(wen)曰:“孔明以(yi)曹操何(he)如人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)?”孔明視其(qi)人(ren)(ren),乃(nai)薛綜也(ye)(ye)。孔明答曰:“曹操乃(nai)漢(han)(han)賊也(ye)(ye),又何(he)必問(wen)?”綜曰:“公言(yan)(yan)差(cha)矣。漢(han)(han)傳世至今(jin),天(tian)(tian)數將終。今(jin)曹公已有天(tian)(tian)下三分之(zhi)(zhi)二(er),人(ren)(ren)皆歸心。劉豫州不識(shi)天(tian)(tian)時,強欲與爭,正如以(yi)卵(luan)擊石,安得(de)(de)不敗乎?”孔明厲聲曰:“薛敬(jing)文(wen)安得(de)(de)出此(ci)無(wu)父無(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)乎!夫人(ren)(ren)生天(tian)(tian)地間,以(yi)忠孝(xiao)為(wei)立身之(zhi)(zhi)本。公既為(wei)漢(han)(han)臣,則(ze)見有不臣之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren),當誓(shi)共戮(lu)之(zhi)(zhi):臣之(zhi)(zhi)道也(ye)(ye)。今(jin)曹操祖(zu)宗叨食(shi)漢(han)(han)祿(lu),不思報效(xiao),反(fan)懷篡逆之(zhi)(zhi)心,天(tian)(tian)下之(zhi)(zhi)所共憤;公乃(nai)以(yi)天(tian)(tian)數歸之(zhi)(zhi),真無(wu)父無(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)!不足與語!請勿復言(yan)(yan)!”薛綜滿(man)面羞(xiu)慚,不能(neng)對答。

座上又一(yi)人應聲(sheng)問曰:“曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)雖挾天(tian)子以(yi)令諸(zhu)侯,猶是相國(guo)曹(cao)(cao)參(can)之(zhi)后。劉(liu)(liu)豫州(zhou)(zhou)雖云中山靖王苗(miao)裔,卻(que)無(wu)可稽考,眼見只(zhi)是織席販(fan)屨之(zhi)夫耳,何足(zu)與曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)抗衡哉!”孔(kong)明視之(zhi),乃陸(lu)績(ji)也。孔(kong)明笑(xiao)曰:“公非袁(yuan)術座間懷橘之(zhi)陸(lu)郎(lang)乎?請(qing)安坐,聽(ting)吾一(yi)言(yan):曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)既為(wei)曹(cao)(cao)相國(guo)之(zhi)后,則世為(wei)漢臣(chen)矣(yi);今乃專(zhuan)權肆橫,欺凌(ling)君父,是不(bu)惟無(wu)君,亦(yi)(yi)且蔑祖,不(bu)惟漢室之(zhi)亂臣(chen),亦(yi)(yi)曹(cao)(cao)氏之(zhi)賊子也。劉(liu)(liu)豫州(zhou)(zhou)堂(tang)(tang)堂(tang)(tang)帝胄,當(dang)今皇帝,按譜賜爵,何云‘無(wu)可稽考’?且高祖起(qi)身亭長,而終有(you)天(tian)下;織席販(fan)屨,又何足(zu)為(wei)辱乎?公小(xiao)兒(er)之(zhi)見,不(bu)足(zu)與高士共語!”陸(lu)績(ji)語塞(sai)。

座上一人忽(hu)曰:“孔明(ming)所(suo)言,皆強詞奪理,均非正論(lun),不必(bi)再言。且請問孔明(ming)治何經典(dian)?”孔明(ming)視之(zhi)(zhi),乃(nai)嚴(yan)畯也。孔明(ming)曰:“尋章摘句,世之(zhi)(zhi)腐儒也,何能(neng)興邦立事?且古耕(geng)莘伊尹,釣渭子牙,張(zhang)良、陳(chen)平之(zhi)(zhi)流。鄧禹、耿弇之(zhi)(zhi)輩,皆有匡扶(fu)宇宙之(zhi)(zhi)才,未審其生平治何經典(dian)。——豈亦(yi)效(xiao)書生,區區于筆硯(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)間,數黑論(lun)黃,舞文(wen)弄墨(mo)而(er)已乎?”嚴(yan)畯低頭喪氣而(er)不能(neng)對(dui)。

忽(hu)又(you)一人(ren)(ren)大聲曰(yue):“公好為大言(yan),未必真有實學,恐適為儒(ru)者所(suo)笑(xiao)耳。”孔(kong)明視(shi)其人(ren)(ren),乃汝陽(yang)程德樞也。孔(kong)明答曰(yue):“儒(ru)有小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)君子(zi)之(zhi)別(bie)。君子(zi)之(zhi)儒(ru),忠君愛國,守正(zheng)惡(e)邪,務使澤及當(dang)時,名留后世。——若夫(fu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru),惟(wei)務雕蟲,專工翰(han)墨,青春作賦(fu),皓首窮經(jing);筆下雖有千言(yan),胸中(zhong)實無一策。且如揚雄以文(wen)章名世,而(er)(er)屈身事莽,不免投閣而(er)(er)死,此所(suo)謂小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)儒(ru)也;雖日賦(fu)萬(wan)言(yan),亦何取哉(zai)!”程德樞不能對。眾人(ren)(ren)見孔(kong)明對答如流,盡皆失色。

同坐上張溫、駱統(tong)二人,又欲問(wen)難(nan)(nan)。忽一人自外而入(ru)(ru),厲聲(sheng)言曰(yue)(yue):“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)乃當世(shi)奇(qi)才,君等以唇舌相難(nan)(nan),非敬客之(zhi)(zhi)禮也(ye)。曹操(cao)大兵臨境,不(bu)思退敵之(zhi)(zhi)策,乃徒(tu)斗口耶(ye)!”眾視其人,乃零陵(ling)人,姓黃,名蓋(gai),字公(gong)覆,現為東吳糧官。當時(shi)黃蓋(gai)謂孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue):“愚(yu)聞多言獲利(li),不(bu)如默而無言。何不(bu)將(jiang)金石之(zhi)(zhi)論為我(wo)主(zhu)言之(zhi)(zhi),乃與(yu)眾人辯論也(ye)?”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue):“諸君不(bu)知(zhi)世(shi)務,互相問(wen)難(nan)(nan),不(bu)容(rong)不(bu)答耳。”于是黃蓋(gai)與(yu)魯肅(su)引孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)入(ru)(ru)。至中門,正(zheng)遇(yu)諸葛(ge)瑾(jin),孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)施禮。瑾(jin)曰(yue)(yue):“賢弟既(ji)到(dao)江(jiang)東,如何不(bu)來見(jian)(jian)我(wo)?”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue):“弟既(ji)事(shi)劉(liu)豫州,理宜先公(gong)后私。公(gong)事(shi)未畢,不(bu)敢及私。望兄見(jian)(jian)諒。”瑾(jin)曰(yue)(yue):“賢弟見(jian)(jian)過(guo)吳侯,卻來敘話。”說罷自去。

魯(lu)(lu)(lu)肅(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“適(shi)間所囑,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)有誤。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)點(dian)頭應諾(nuo)。引至堂(tang)上(shang),孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)降階而(er)(er)迎(ying),優(you)禮相(xiang)(xiang)待(dai)。施禮畢,賜(si)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)坐。眾文武分(fen)兩行(xing)而(er)(er)立。魯(lu)(lu)(lu)肅(su)立于孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)側,只看他講話。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)致玄德之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意畢,偷眼(yan)看孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan):碧眼(yan)紫(zi)髯(ran),堂(tang)堂(tang)一(yi)(yi)表。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)暗(an)思:“此(ci)人相(xiang)(xiang)貌非(fei)(fei)常,只可(ke)激,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)說。等他問(wen)時,用言(yan)(yan)(yan)激之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)了(le)(le)。”獻茶已畢,孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“多聞魯(lu)(lu)(lu)子敬談(tan)足下之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai),今(jin)(jin)(jin)幸得相(xiang)(xiang)見(jian)(jian)(jian),敢(gan)求(qiu)(qiu)教益。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)才(cai)無(wu)學(xue),有辱明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)問(wen)。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“足下近在新野(ye),佐劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與(yu)曹操(cao)(cao)決(jue)戰(zhan),必深知彼(bi)軍(jun)虛實。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)兵微將(jiang)(jiang)寡,更兼新野(ye)城小無(wu)糧,安能與(yu)曹操(cao)(cao)相(xiang)(xiang)持。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“曹兵共有多少?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“馬步水軍(jun),約(yue)有一(yi)(yi)百余萬。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“莫(mo)非(fei)(fei)詐(zha)乎(hu)?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“非(fei)(fei)詐(zha)也。曹操(cao)(cao)就兗(yan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)已有青(qing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)軍(jun)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬;平了(le)(le)袁紹,又(you)(you)得五六十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬;中(zhong)原新招之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兵三四十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬;今(jin)(jin)(jin)又(you)(you)得荊(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軍(jun)二三十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬:以此(ci)計之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下一(yi)(yi)百五十(shi)(shi)(shi)萬。亮以百萬言(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),恐驚(jing)江東(dong)(dong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士也。”魯(lu)(lu)(lu)肅(su)在旁,聞言(yan)(yan)(yan)失色(se),以目視孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming);孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)只做不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“曹操(cao)(cao)部(bu)下戰(zhan)將(jiang)(jiang),還有多少?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“足智多謀(mou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士,能征(zheng)慣戰(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將(jiang)(jiang),何(he)止一(yi)(yi)二千人。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“今(jin)(jin)(jin)曹操(cao)(cao)平了(le)(le)荊(jing)、楚(chu),復(fu)有遠(yuan)圖(tu)乎(hu)?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“即(ji)今(jin)(jin)(jin)沿江下寨,準備戰(zhan)船(chuan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)欲圖(tu)江東(dong)(dong),待(dai)取何(he)地?”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“若彼(bi)有吞并之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,戰(zhan)與(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)戰(zhan),請足下為我(wo)一(yi)(yi)決(jue)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“亮有一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)(yan),但恐將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯聽(ting)從。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“愿(yuan)聞高(gao)論(lun)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“向者宇內大亂,故(gu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)起江東(dong)(dong),劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)收(shou)眾漢(han)南,與(yu)曹操(cao)(cao)并爭(zheng)天(tian)(tian)下。今(jin)(jin)(jin)操(cao)(cao)芟除大難,略已平矣(yi)(yi)(yi);近又(you)(you)新破荊(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),威震海(hai)內;縱有英雄(xiong),無(wu)用武之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地:故(gu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)遁(dun)逃(tao)至此(ci)。愿(yuan)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)量力而(er)(er)處之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):若能以吳、越(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾,與(yu)中(zhong)國抗衡,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)早與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)絕;若其不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能,何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)從眾謀(mou)士之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun),按兵束甲(jia),北面而(er)(er)事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”權(quan)(quan)(quan)未(wei)及答。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)又(you)(you)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)外托服從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)名,內懷疑貳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)(jian)(jian),事急而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷,禍至無(wu)日(ri)矣(yi)(yi)(yi)!”權(quan)(quan)(quan)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“誠(cheng)如(ru)君言(yan)(yan)(yan),劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)降操(cao)(cao)?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“昔田橫,齊(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯士耳,猶守義(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)辱。況(kuang)劉(liu)豫(yu)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄,英才(cai)蓋世,眾士仰(yang)慕。事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)濟(ji),此(ci)乃天(tian)(tian)也。又(you)(you)安能屈處人下乎(hu)!”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)聽(ting)了(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)此(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)覺勃然變色(se),拂衣而(er)(er)起,退入(ru)后(hou)(hou)堂(tang)。眾皆哂(shen)笑(xiao)而(er)(er)散,魯(lu)(lu)(lu)肅(su)責(ze)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“先生何(he)故(gu)出此(ci)言(yan)(yan)(yan)?幸是(shi)吾主(zhu)(zhu)寬洪大度,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)即(ji)面責(ze)。先生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)(yan)(yan),藐視吾主(zhu)(zhu)甚矣(yi)(yi)(yi)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)仰(yang)面笑(xiao)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“何(he)如(ru)此(ci)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能容物(wu)耶!我(wo)自有破曹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計,彼(bi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)問(wen)我(wo),我(wo)故(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)(yan)。”肅(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“果(guo)有良策,肅(su)當請主(zhu)(zhu)公求(qiu)(qiu)教。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“吾視曹操(cao)(cao)百萬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)眾,如(ru)群蟻耳!但我(wo)一(yi)(yi)舉手,則(ze)皆為齏粉矣(yi)(yi)(yi)!”肅(su)聞言(yan)(yan)(yan),便(bian)入(ru)后(hou)(hou)堂(tang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。權(quan)(quan)(quan)怒氣未(wei)息,顧(gu)謂肅(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)欺吾太甚!”肅(su)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“臣亦以此(ci)責(ze)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)反笑(xiao)主(zhu)(zhu)公不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能容物(wu)。破曹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)策,孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)肯輕言(yan)(yan)(yan),主(zhu)(zhu)公何(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)求(qiu)(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?”權(quan)(quan)(quan)回嗔作喜曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“原來(lai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)有良謀(mou),故(gu)以言(yan)(yan)(yan)詞激我(wo)。我(wo)一(yi)(yi)時淺見(jian)(jian)(jian),幾誤大事。”便(bian)同魯(lu)(lu)(lu)肅(su)重(zhong)復(fu)出堂(tang),再請孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)敘話。權(quan)(quan)(quan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming),謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“適(shi)來(lai)冒(mao)瀆(du)威嚴,幸勿見(jian)(jian)(jian)罪。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)亦謝曰(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue):“亮言(yan)(yan)(yan)語冒(mao)犯,望乞(qi)恕罪。”權(quan)(quan)(quan)邀孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)入(ru)后(hou)(hou)堂(tang),置(zhi)酒相(xiang)(xiang)待(dai)。

數巡之(zhi)后(hou),權曰:“曹(cao)操(cao)平生所惡者(zhe)(zhe):呂布、劉表、袁(yuan)紹、袁(yuan)術、豫(yu)州與孤(gu)(gu)耳。今數雄已滅(mie),獨豫(yu)州與孤(gu)(gu)尚存(cun)。孤(gu)(gu)不(bu)能以(yi)全吳(wu)之(zhi)地,受(shou)制于人。吾計決矣(yi)(yi)。非(fei)劉豫(yu)州莫(mo)與當曹(cao)操(cao)者(zhe)(zhe);然豫(yu)州新(xin)敗(bai)之(zhi)后(hou),安能抗(kang)此(ci)難乎?”孔(kong)明曰:“豫(yu)州雖新(xin)敗(bai),然關云(yun)長猶率精兵(bing)萬人;劉琦領江夏(xia)戰士,亦不(bu)下萬人。曹(cao)操(cao)之(zhi)眾,遠來疲憊;近追豫(yu)州,輕(qing)騎一日(ri)夜行三百里(li),此(ci)所謂(wei)強弩之(zhi)末,勢(shi)不(bu)能穿(chuan)魯縞(gao)者(zhe)(zhe)也。且北(bei)方之(zhi)人,不(bu)習(xi)水(shui)戰。荊(jing)州士民附操(cao)者(zhe)(zhe),迫于勢(shi)耳,非(fei)本心(xin)(xin)也。今將(jiang)軍(jun)誠能與豫(yu)州協力同心(xin)(xin),破曹(cao)軍(jun)必矣(yi)(yi)。操(cao)軍(jun)破,必北(bei)還,則荊(jing)、吳(wu)之(zhi)勢(shi)強,而(er)鼎(ding)足之(zhi)形成矣(yi)(yi)。成敗(bai)之(zhi)機,在于今日(ri)。惟(wei)將(jiang)軍(jun)裁(cai)之(zhi)。”

譯文

魯肅回(hui)報孫(sun)(sun)權(quan),孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)安排第(di)二天(tian)召(zhao)集文(wen)武(wu)于帳(zhang)下(xia)(xia),請(qing)臥(wo)龍先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)來,升堂議(yi)事(shi)。第(di)二天(tian),魯肅到驛館接(jie)孔(kong)明(ming)同(tong)(tong)往孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)大(da)帳(zhang)中(zhong)。孔(kong)明(ming)只(zhi)(zhi)見(jian)張(zhang)昭、顧雍等一班二十(shi)(shi)多位文(wen)武(wu)官員,峨冠博帶,整(zheng)衣端坐(zuo)(zuo)。孔(kong)明(ming)一一見(jian)禮(li),之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)客位上落(luo)坐(zuo)(zuo)。張(zhang)昭等人(ren)(ren)(ren)看到諸葛孔(kong)明(ming)豐神飄灑(sa),器(qi)宇軒(xuan)昂,料他(ta)一定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來游說的(de)(de)(de)。張(zhang)昭便率先(xian)(xian)(xian)開口(kou)試問孔(kong)明(ming)道(dao)(dao):“我(wo)張(zhang)昭乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)江東(dong)的(de)(de)(de)小人(ren)(ren)(ren)物,早就聽說先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)臥(wo)隆(long)中(zhong),自(zi)比(bi)(bi)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、樂(le)毅,有(you)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)嗎?”孔(kong)明(ming)回(hui)答(da)道(dao)(dao):“這(zhe)(zhe)只(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)亮平(ping)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)一個小可(ke)(ke)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)(bi)。”張(zhang)昭道(dao)(dao):“新近聽說劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)州三(san)顧先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),幸得(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),以(yi)為(wei)‘如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)魚得(de)(de)水(shui)’因而欲(yu)想(xiang)席卷荊(jing)(jing)襄。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)今荊(jing)(jing)襄卻一下(xia)(xia)歸屬了(le)(le)(le)曹(cao)(cao)操,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)你們是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)何(he)(he)(he)用意啊?”孔(kong)明(ming)暗想(xiang):張(zhang)昭乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)手下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一謀(mou)士,若不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)先(xian)(xian)(xian)難(nan)倒他(ta),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)(he)(he)說服得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)?于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)答(da)道(dao)(dao):“在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)看來,我(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)取漢(han)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地易如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)反(fan)掌。我(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)謙卑仁義,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)去奪同(tong)(tong)宗兄弟的(de)(de)(de)基業,因此將(jiang)荊(jing)(jing)州推讓掉(diao)了(le)(le)(le)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個小孩子,聽任佞言,私自(zi)投降,致使曹(cao)(cao)操很猖獗。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)今我(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)屯兵(bing)(bing)(bing)江夏(xia),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)另有(you)良圖,這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等閑(xian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輩所能(neng)(neng)理解的(de)(de)(de)。”張(zhang)昭道(dao)(dao):“如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣,先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)可(ke)(ke)就自(zi)相矛盾(dun)了(le)(le)(le)。先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)自(zi)比(bi)(bi)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、樂(le)毅,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輔佐桓公(gong)稱霸諸侯,一統天(tian)下(xia)(xia);樂(le)毅扶持微弱的(de)(de)(de)燕(yan)(yan)國,拿(na)下(xia)(xia)齊國七(qi)十(shi)(shi)多個城(cheng)池。這(zhe)(zhe)兩個人(ren)(ren)(ren),可(ke)(ke)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)濟世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才(cai)(cai)啊!而先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)只(zhi)(zhi)會在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)草廬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)笑傲風(feng)(feng)月、抱膝危(wei)坐(zuo)(zuo)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)今既然(ran)(ran)事(shi)從劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei),就該為(wei)百姓(xing)牟利(li)益,除害滅賊(zei)。然(ran)(ran)而劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未得(de)(de)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi),尚能(neng)(neng)夠縱橫天(tian)下(xia)(xia),割據城(cheng)地;如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)今得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),人(ren)(ren)(ren)們更加仰望(wang),就連三(san)歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)幼(you)童都說劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)虎添(tian)翼(yi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久漢(han)室(shi)興旺,曹(cao)(cao)操可(ke)(ke)滅了(le)(le)(le)。朝野上下(xia)(xia)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)拭目以(yi)待,對(dui)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)抱著極大(da)希望(wang)。可(ke)(ke)為(wei)何(he)(he)(he)自(zi)從先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)跟了(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei),曹(cao)(cao)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)一來,你們就丟盔(kui)卸甲,望(wang)風(feng)(feng)而竄,棄新野,走樊城(cheng),敗當陽(yang),奔(ben)夏(xia)口(kou),無(wu)容(rong)身之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)此辜(gu)負(fu)了(le)(le)(le)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)遺(yi)愿,令天(tian)下(xia)(xia)百姓(xing)大(da)失所望(wang)。那(nei)(nei)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)豫(yu)州自(zi)從有(you)了(le)(le)(le)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),為(wei)何(he)(he)(he)反(fan)倒不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)當初了(le)(le)(le)呢(ni)?管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、樂(le)毅難(nan)道(dao)(dao)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)嗎?我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)話愚魯直(zhi)率,請(qing)先(xian)(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)見(jian)怪!”孔(kong)明(ming)聽罷,無(wu)聲地笑了(le)(le)(le)笑,說道(dao)(dao):“大(da)鵬展(zhan)翅飛萬里(li),它的(de)(de)(de)志向難(nan)道(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)那(nei)(nei)些(xie)(xie)小燕(yan)(yan)雀能(neng)(neng)認識的(de)(de)(de)嗎?比(bi)(bi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)一個人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)多年的(de)(de)(de)痼疾,應(ying)當先(xian)(xian)(xian)給(gei)他(ta)喝(he)點(dian)稀粥(zhou),同(tong)(tong)藥(yao)一起(qi)服下(xia)(xia)。等到他(ta)肺腹(fu)調和(he)、形(xing)體(ti)慢慢養(yang)得(de)(de)安穩些(xie)(xie)了(le)(le)(le),再用肉食(shi)補養(yang),加上效力強的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)治療(liao),這(zhe)(zhe)樣病根才(cai)(cai)能(neng)(neng)除盡,人(ren)(ren)(ren)得(de)(de)以(yi)全面康(kang)復(fu)。如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)果不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)等病人(ren)(ren)(ren)氣(qi)脈緩和(he),就給(gei)他(ta)吃(chi)烈藥(yao)和(he)味道(dao)(dao)厚重的(de)(de)(de)食(shi)物,想(xiang)要(yao)求得(de)(de)平(ping)安,實(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)就難(nan)了(le)(le)(le)。我(wo)主(zhu)(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)(bei),以(yi)前兵(bing)(bing)(bing)敗于汝(ru)南(nan),寄靠(kao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)表(biao)門下(xia)(xia),兵(bing)(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到一千,將(jiang)只(zhi)(zhi)關(guan)、張(zhang)、趙云,正像是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到了(le)(le)(le)病重危(wei)急的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)刻。新野小縣地僻人(ren)(ren)(ren)稀糧又(you)少,他(ta)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)暫時(shi)借以(yi)安身,怎(zen)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)長(chang)久坐(zuo)(zuo)守在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)那(nei)(nei)里(li)呢(ni)?但就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)處境條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)(xia),卻能(neng)(neng)夠火燒(shao)博望(wang),水(shui)淹(yan)曹(cao)(cao)軍,令夏(xia)侯惇(dun)等心(xin)驚膽寒。依我(wo)看來,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、樂(le)毅用兵(bing)(bing)(bing),也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)此吧。至(zhi)于劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)琮(cong)投降曹(cao)(cao)操,豫(yu)州當時(shi)根本不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi),且又(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)心(xin)乘亂奪取同(tong)(tong)宗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)業;當陽(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗,豫(yu)州不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍(ren)丟下(xia)(xia)百姓(xing),幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)萬人(ren)(ren)(ren)扶老攜幼(you)相隨渡江,每日與民一同(tong)(tong)顛簸十(shi)(shi)余里(li)路而放棄去取江陵,真是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)仁大(da)義啊!寡不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵眾,勝負(fu)乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)家常事(shi)。昔(xi)日漢(han)高(gao)(gao)祖(zu)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)邦(bang)多次敗給(gei)項羽,然(ran)(ran)而垓(gai)下(xia)(xia)一戰(zhan)卻取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)(le)決定(ding)性勝利(li),難(nan)道(dao)(dao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)韓(han)信為(wei)他(ta)出了(le)(le)(le)良謀(mou)嗎?可(ke)(ke)韓(han)信扶佐劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)邦(bang)那(nei)(nei)么久,也(ye)沒得(de)(de)幾(ji)次勝利(li)啊。因此說,國家大(da)事(shi),天(tian)下(xia)(xia)安危(wei),要(yao)靠(kao)謀(mou)劃。那(nei)(nei)些(xie)(xie)夸夸其(qi)談(tan)、善于巧辯之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒,靠(kao)虛榮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)壓人(ren)(ren)(ren);盡管(guan)能(neng)(neng)夠坐(zuo)(zuo)著議(yi)論、站(zhan)著高(gao)(gao)談(tan),可(ke)(ke)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到了(le)(le)(le)關(guan)鍵時(shi)刻應(ying)付各種(zhong)形(xing)勢變化,卻什么都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)。——這(zhe)(zhe)才(cai)(cai)真正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)叫(jiao)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)恥笑的(de)(de)(de)呀(ya)!”孔(kong)明(ming)一番(fan)話,說得(de)(de)張(zhang)昭沒有(you)一句可(ke)(ke)以(yi)對(dui)答(da)。

這時座(zuo)中一(yi)人忽(hu)然高聲問道(dao):“如今曹公(gong)屯兵(bing)(bing)百萬,列將(jiang)千名,虎視眈(dan)眈(dan)要踏平、吞食江夏,先生認為(wei)該(gai)怎么(me)(me)辦呢?”孔明(ming)望去,乃(nai)是(shi)虞(yu)翻。孔明(ming)道(dao):“曹操收(shou)并了袁紹蟻聚之(zhi)兵(bing)(bing),劫劉(liu)表烏合(he)之(zhi)眾(zhong),雖然百萬之(zhi)軍(jun),也沒什么(me)(me)可(ke)怕(pa)(pa)。”虞(yu)翻一(yi)聽冷(leng)笑道(dao):“你們(men)軍(jun)敗于當(dang)陽,計窮(qiong)于夏口(kou)(kou),區區求救于人,還說‘不怕(pa)(pa)’,這可(ke)真是(shi)大(da)言(yan)不慚啊!”孔明(ming)道(dao):“劉(liu)備不是(shi)只靠幾(ji)千仁義之(zhi)師,就能抵(di)抗(kang)百萬殘暴之(zhi)眾(zhong)的嗎?退守夏口(kou)(kou)是(shi)為(wei)了等待更(geng)好的時機。而如今,你們(men)江東(dong)兵(bing)(bing)精糧足,且憑借有長江之(zhi)天(tian)險(xian),有的人卻(que)還想要主(zhu)公(gong)孫權屈膝投(tou)降曹賊,而竟不顧天(tian)下人的恥笑。——從這一(yi)點來(lai)看,劉(liu)備難道(dao)是(shi)怕(pa)(pa)曹操的嗎?”虞(yu)翻被(bei)說得啞口(kou)(kou)無(wu)言(yan)了。

座(zuo)中又一人(ren)發(fa)問道:“孔(kong)(kong)明先(xian)(xian)生難道想效法張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)和蘇秦來游說我們(men)東吳嗎?”孔(kong)(kong)明一看,是步騭(zhi),回敬道:“步子(zi)山先(xian)(xian)生以為張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)、蘇秦是辯士(shi),卻大概(gai)還不知道他二(er)人(ren)也是豪杰吧;蘇秦佩掛六國相印,張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)兩次為秦國宰相,都是匡扶(fu)國家的(de)謀(mou)士(shi),可不是那些畏強欺弱(ruo)、怕刀怕槍的(de)人(ren)所能比(bi)的(de)。君等只聽曹(cao)操虛發(fa)的(de)假(jia)詐(zha)之詞,就嚇得想去投降,還竟好(hao)意思在這里笑話蘇秦和張(zhang)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)嗎?”步騭(zhi)也被問得說不出話了。

忽然,又有(you)人(ren)問(wen)道(dao):“孔明認為(wei)(wei)曹(cao)(cao)操是(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)什么人(ren)呢?”孔明看那(nei)人(ren),乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)薛(xue)綜(zong),答道(dao):“曹(cao)(cao)操乃(nai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢賊,這還用問(wen)嗎?”薛(xue)綜(zong)道(dao):“先生(sheng)說得不對(dui)(dui)。漢朝(chao)歷(li)代至今(jin),天數眼看就(jiu)要完了。如今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)公(gong)擁有(you)三分之(zhi)二天下,人(ren)都(dou)歸心(xin)與他。劉備(bei)不識天時,強要與之(zhi)分爭,正(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)好比以卵擊(ji)石,怎(zen)能不敗呢?”孔明這時厲聲說道(dao):“薛(xue)敬文怎(zen)么能出此沒(mei)有(you)君(jun)臣(chen)父(fu)子、沒(mei)有(you)高低倫理(li)之(zhi)言呢?人(ren)生(sheng)在天地之(zhi)間,應(ying)以忠孝作為(wei)(wei)立身之(zhi)本(ben)。薛(xue)公(gong)既然是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢臣(chen),卻(que)(que)有(you)不臣(chen)之(zhi)心(xin),應(ying)當(dang)打消(xiao)這些思(si)想,才是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)臣(chen)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)。曹(cao)(cao)操的(de)祖宗(zong)食(shi)漢祿,卻(que)(que)不思(si)報孝漢室,反懷有(you)篡權叛逆之(zhi)心(xin),讓(rang)天下人(ren)憎忿,薛(xue)公(gong)卻(que)(que)說天數歸之(zhi)曹(cao)(cao)操,真(zhen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)(wu)父(fu)無(wu)(wu)君(jun)、沒(mei)有(you)綱常的(de)人(ren)呀!我沒(mei)有(you)必要同你講話(hua)(hua),請不必多言了!”薛(xue)綜(zong)滿(man)面羞慚(can),無(wu)(wu)話(hua)(hua)對(dui)(dui)答。

座上又有(you)一(yi)人應(ying)聲問(wen)道:“曹(cao)操(cao)雖(sui)然挾天子以令諸侯(hou),可(ke)畢竟也是相國(guo)曹(cao)參的(de)后代(dai)。劉備雖(sui)自說是所(suo)謂中山靖王的(de)苗裔,卻沒有(you)考(kao)證(zheng),人們親(qin)眼所(suo)見的(de),他(ta)(ta)只不(bu)過是一(yi)個編草席賣草鞋的(de)俗夫罷了,有(you)什么(me)資格來和(he)曹(cao)操(cao)抗衡呢!”孔明(ming)看(kan)去,原來是陸績。孔明(ming)笑起來,道:“曹(cao)操(cao)既(ji)然是曹(cao)相國(guo)的(de)后代(dai),就更證(zheng)明(ming)他(ta)(ta)世代(dai)都(dou)為(wei)漢(han)臣,而如今他(ta)(ta)卻手握王權(quan),肆(si)意橫(heng)行(xing),欺君(jun)妄(wang)上,不(bu)僅是目無(wu)君(jun)主,而且(qie)(qie)是蔑視祖宗,不(bu)僅是漢(han)室之亂臣,而且(qie)(qie)是曹(cao)氏之賊子。劉備是堂堂正正的(de)漢(han)室之胄(zhou),當今皇(huang)帝依據世宗祖譜賜與他(ta)(ta)官爵,你憑什么(me)說‘無(wu)可(ke)查考(kao)’呢?況且(qie)(qie)高祖就是從(cong)區(qu)(qu)區(qu)(qu)亭長開(kai)始建業(ye)起身的(de),織席賣鞋又有(you)什么(me)可(ke)以為(wei)恥辱的(de)呢?我看(kan)你真是小兒之見,怎(zen)能和(he)高士一(yi)起理論!”陸績不(bu)禁(jin)閉口塞(sai)舌。

席中又一人說道:“孔明(ming)所言(yan),都(dou)是強詞奪理,全不是正經之談,不必再說了。只請(qing)問孔明(ming)著有什么經典之論(lun)(lun)嗎?”孔明(ming)看他,是嚴(yan)峻(jun),說道:“尋章(zhang)摘句,是世上那些(xie)迂腐(fu)(fu)儒士的所為,哪能(neng)夠依此興國立事。古(gu)時(shi)候躬耕的莘(xin)伊(yi)尹,垂釣于渭(wei)水的姜(jiang)子牙(ya),還有張(zhang)良、鄧(deng)禹等名士高人都(dou)沒見他們(men)有什么經典論(lun)(lun)著。——難道說你整(zheng)天就(jiu)光只是效仿那些(xie)酸腐(fu)(fu)的書生,區區于筆(bi)硯之間,數(shu)黑論(lun)(lun)黃、舞(wu)文弄墨而已嗎?”嚴(yan)峻(jun)垂頭喪(sang)氣地無以(yi)作答。

忽然一個(ge)人(ren)大聲說道:“諸葛(ge)公好說大話(hua),未(wei)必有(you)(you)真才實學(xue),恐怕到時恰恰要被文人(ren)學(xue)者所(suo)笑(xiao)呢(ni)(ni)。”孔(kong)明看那人(ren),乃(nai)是程(cheng)德(de)樞(shu),便(bian)回答道:“文人(ren)學(xue)者有(you)(you)君(jun)子與小人(ren)之(zhi)分。作(zuo)為(wei)君(jun)子的(de)(de)文人(ren),忠君(jun)愛國(guo),堅(jian)守(shou)正義,憎惡邪佞,盡力為(wei)時代做出自己的(de)(de)貢獻,美名傳于(yu)(yu)后世(shi)(shi)。而作(zuo)為(wei)小人(ren)的(de)(de)學(xue)者,只鉆(zhan)營雕蟲小技(ji),用心于(yu)(yu)文墨,年輕時作(zuo)賦,人(ren)老了把經都(dou)念完。筆下即便(bian)有(you)(you)千言(yan),胸中卻沒有(you)(you)一點(dian)實實在在的(de)(de)計(ji)策。就像楊雄那樣(yang),雖然以(yi)文章(zhang)著稱(cheng)于(yu)(yu)世(shi)(shi),卻屈身于(yu)(yu)草莽強盜(dao)之(zhi)手,走投(tou)無路最后跳樓而死(si)。這就是所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)小人(ren)之(zhi)儒。即使他每天(tian)吟詩作(zuo)賦上萬言(yan),可又有(you)(you)什(shen)么用呢(ni)(ni)!”程(cheng)德(de)樞(shu)也不能應對了。

眾人(ren)(ren)見孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)對答如(ru)流,全都已(yi)驚慌失色。此(ci)時(shi)座中還有(you)人(ren)(ren)想要(yao)問(wen)難孔(kong)明(ming)(ming),忽(hu)然(ran)有(you)個人(ren)(ren)從(cong)外面走進來,厲聲說道:“孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)乃是(shi)當世(shi)奇才,諸(zhu)位(wei)以唇舌相(xiang)難,可不(bu)是(shi)敬客之(zhi)禮(li)。曹操大軍壓境(jing),你們(men)不(bu)商討退兵之(zhi)策(ce),光在(zai)這(zhe)里斗(dou)嘴!”眾人(ren)(ren)一看,是(shi)督(du)糧官(guan)黃蓋(gai)黃公覆(fu)。黃蓋(gai)對孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)道:“先(xian)生何(he)不(bu)將金(jin)石之(zhi)論對我(wo)主說去?”孔(kong)明(ming)(ming)道:“諸(zhu)君不(bu)識時(shi)務(wu),互(hu)相(xiang)問(wen)難,容不(bu)得我(wo)不(bu)答。”

于是(shi)黃蓋和魯(lu)肅(su)帶孔明進入中門,正巧(qiao)遇(yu)到(dao)諸葛瑾(jin),孔明給他兄長施禮。諸葛瑾(jin)說:“賢弟(di)既然已來到(dao)江東,為何不(bu)來見(jian)我呢?”孔明說:“弟(di)已輔佐劉(liu)備,理當(dang)先公后(hou)私。公事(shi)沒辦完,不(bu)敢旁(pang)及私事(shi)。請哥哥見(jian)諒。”諸葛瑾(jin)道:“賢弟(di)拜見(jian)過吳侯,就到(dao)我那里敘話。”說完便走了(le)。

魯(lu)肅(su)對(dui)(dui)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)囑咐道(dao)(dao):“今(jin)天見(jian)(jian)到(dao)我(wo)家主(zhu)公,千萬(wan)別說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)兵多。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)笑說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“亮自(zi)(zi)會隨機應變。”他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)到(dao)大(da)堂之上(shang),孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)下(xia)階而(er)迎,厚禮相侍,請孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)坐,眾文武(wu)分列(lie)兩旁,魯(lu)肅(su)站在(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)邊上(shang)。孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)見(jian)(jian)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)碧眼紫(zi)發(fa),儀表堂堂,暗想(xiang)(xiang),此(ci)人相貌不一(yi)(yi)般,只能用(yong)話(hua)激他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),不能光講(jiang)道(dao)(dao)理(li)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi),等孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)問起曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)現有(you)(you)(you)多少兵馬時(shi),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)多萬(wan)。孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao):“怕不是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)詐我(wo)們(men)吧?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)便(bian)將(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)原有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)兵力,加上(shang)從袁(yuan)紹、中原和(he)荊州那(nei)里(li)新(xin)增的(de)(de)兵力算(suan)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起,不下(xia)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)五十多萬(wan)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)方才說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)一(yi)(yi)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan),是(shi)(shi)(shi)怕嚇著(zhu)江(jiang)東之士;且曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)手下(xia)戰(zhan)將(jiang)謀(mou)士都不下(xia)一(yi)(yi)二千。魯(lu)肅(su)在(zai)(zai)旁一(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting),驚慌失色,連忙向(xiang)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)使眼色不讓他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)再說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)了(le)(le),孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)卻只裝作沒有(you)(you)(you)看見(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)時(shi)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)又(you)問:“曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)平了(le)(le)荊楚之地,還有(you)(you)(you)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)圖(tu)謀(mou)嗎?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao):“他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)如(ru)(ru)今(jin)已沿(yan)江(jiang)邊安營扎寨,準備(bei)戰(zhan)船,不圖(tu)你(ni)(ni)們(men)江(jiang)東,又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)取哪里(li)呢(ni)?”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao):“若(ruo)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)真有(you)(you)(you)吞(tun)并(bing)之意,請先生替我(wo)想(xiang)(xiang)想(xiang)(xiang)該怎么辦。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao):“亮有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)句(ju)話(hua),只怕將(jiang)軍(jun)不肯聽(ting)(ting)從。如(ru)(ru)今(jin)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)勢力極大(da),威震海內(nei),即便(bian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)英雄,也(ye)無用(yong)武(wu)之地,奈他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)不可。將(jiang)軍(jun)要(yao)(yao)(yao)量力而(er)行,若(ruo)有(you)(you)(you)能力與曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)抗衡,不如(ru)(ru)趁早消滅(mie)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta);若(ruo)沒有(you)(you)(you)能力對(dui)(dui)抗,不如(ru)(ru)聽(ting)(ting)從眾謀(mou)士的(de)(de)建議,投(tou)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)算(suan)了(le)(le)。如(ru)(ru)今(jin),將(jiang)軍(jun)嘴(zui)上(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)要(yao)(yao)(yao)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),心里(li)又(you)不想(xiang)(xiang)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao),形勢危急,卻總(zong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)拿不定主(zhu)意,大(da)禍可就要(yao)(yao)(yao)臨頭了(le)(le)!”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)道(dao)(dao):“若(ruo)像先生說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)的(de)(de)這(zhe)樣(yang),劉(liu)備(bei)為什么不投(tou)降(jiang)(jiang)曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)呢(ni)?”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao):“過(guo)去(qu)(qu),像齊(qi)國的(de)(de)田橫(heng)那(nei)樣(yang)的(de)(de)壯士都能堅守(shou)大(da)義,不容屈(qu)(qu)辱(ru),何(he)況(kuang)劉(liu)備(bei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)漢室宗親——事之不成乃是(shi)(shi)(shi)天意,怎么能自(zi)(zi)己就先屈(qu)(qu)服于(yu)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)人之下(xia)呢(ni)!”孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)聽(ting)(ting)了(le)(le)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)這(zhe)番話(hua),不覺臉(lian)色頓變,站起身(shen)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)拂袖而(er)去(qu)(qu),眾人一(yi)(yi)見(jian)(jian),也(ye)都一(yi)(yi)笑而(er)散了(le)(le)。魯(lu)肅(su)責怪孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)道(dao)(dao):“先生為何(he)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)出這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)話(hua)來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)?幸虧我(wo)們(men)主(zhu)公寬洪大(da)度,沒有(you)(you)(you)當面(mian)責怪你(ni)(ni),你(ni)(ni)的(de)(de)話(hua)過(guo)于(yu)藐視他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)了(le)(le)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)仰面(mian)笑道(dao)(dao):“何(he)必這(zhe)樣(yang)不能容人呢(ni)!我(wo)自(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)破曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)之計,他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)不問我(wo),我(wo)怎敢說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)呢(ni)?”魯(lu)肅(su)忙道(dao)(dao):“原來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)先生是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)(you)良(liang)策的(de)(de),我(wo)這(zhe)就去(qu)(qu)請主(zhu)公來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)向(xiang)你(ni)(ni)求(qiu)教(jiao)。”孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)看曹(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)操(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)大(da)軍(jun),不過(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)群小螞蟻罷(ba)了(le)(le),只要(yao)(yao)(yao)我(wo)一(yi)(yi)抬手,它(ta)們(men)就都成了(le)(le)粉末(mo)。”魯(lu)肅(su)經這(zhe)么一(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo),便(bian)立(li)即到(dao)后(hou)堂去(qu)(qu)見(jian)(jian)孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。孫(sun)(sun)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)一(yi)(yi)聽(ting)(ting),轉怒為喜(xi),道(dao)(dao):“原來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)他(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)話(hua)在(zai)(zai)激我(wo)。”于(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)出來(lai)(lai)(lai)(lai)與孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)明(ming)(ming)互致(zhi)歉(qian)意,討教(jiao)良(liang)策。

孔明說:“劉備雖新敗(bai),但關(guan)(guan)云長仍帶有(you)精兵(bing)萬人(ren);劉琦(qi)在(zai)(zai)江夏也(ye)有(you)萬人(ren)。曹兵(bing)雖多,卻是(shi)遠道而來,征戰疲憊,正所謂‘強(qiang)弩之(zhi)末(mo),勢(shi)不能(neng)穿(chuan)魯縞’。并(bing)且(qie)北(bei)方人(ren)不習慣于(yu)(yu)水戰。荊州(zhou)之(zhi)民依(yi)附于(yu)(yu)曹操,是(shi)迫于(yu)(yu)當時的形勢(shi),而并(bing)不是(shi)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)本(ben)心所愿。將軍(jun)如果現在(zai)(zai)能(neng)誠心誠意地(di)和劉備結成(cheng)聯(lian)盟,破曹之(zhi)事必成(cheng)。曹軍(jun)敗(bai)了,自然退回北(bei)方,那么荊州(zhou)和東吳的勢(shi)力也(ye)就加強(qiang)了,三足(zu)鼎(ding)立的局面(mian)也(ye)得(de)以成(cheng)形。成(cheng)敗(bai)的關(guan)(guan)鍵即在(zai)(zai)眼下,就看將軍(jun)怎(zen)樣決斷(duan)了。”

作者介紹

羅貫(guan)中,1330—1400之間,名本,號湖(hu)海散人,元末明初通俗(su)小說家。他的籍(ji)貫(guan)一說是太原今山西,一說是錢(qian)塘今浙(zhe)江杭州(zhou),不(bu)可確考(kao)。據傳(chuan)說,羅貫(guan)中曾充任過元末農民起義軍張士誠的幕客。

元末明初著名(ming)小說家、戲曲家,是(shi)(shi)中國章回小說的(de)(de)(de)(de)鼻祖。生(sheng)于元末明初的(de)(de)(de)(de)封(feng)建王朝時代。作(zuo)為(wei)與(yu)“倡優(you)”、“妓藝”為(wei)伍(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)戲曲平話作(zuo)家,當時被視為(wei)勾欄瓦舍的(de)(de)(de)(de)下九流,正史不(bu)可(ke)能為(wei)他寫經作(zuo)傳。唯一(yi)可(ke)看到的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)位明代無名(ming)氏編著的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)本小冊子《錄鬼簿續編》,上寫:“羅貫中,太原人(ren),號湖海(hai)散人(ren)。與(yu)人(ren)寡(gua)合,樂(le)府隱語,極為(wei)清(qing)新。與(yu)余為(wei)忘年交,遭時多故,天(tian)各一(yi)方。至正甲辰復(fu)會,別來又(you)六十余年,竟不(bu)知其所(suo)終。”

羅(luo)貫中一生著作(zuo)(zuo)頗豐,主要作(zuo)(zuo)品有:劇本《趙太祖龍虎風云會》、《忠正孝(xiao)子(zi)連環諫》、《三平(ping)章死哭蜚虎子(zi)》;小(xiao)說(shuo)《隋唐兩朝志(zhi)傳》、《殘(can)唐五代(dai)史演(yan)義》、《三遂(sui)平(ping)妖(yao)傳》、《粉(fen)妝樓》、和施耐庵(an)合(he)著的《水滸(hu)傳》,代(dai)表作(zuo)(zuo)有《三國演(yan)義》(全名(ming)《三國志(zhi)通(tong)俗(su)演(yan)義》)等(deng)。

鑒賞評價

論辯藝術

先守后攻

面對諸儒的詰難,諸葛亮神態自若,一一作答(da),是為守,然而(er)他又不甘于(yu)只是作答(da),每(mei)于(yu)答(da)后發起攻勢。

東(dong)吳(wu)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)謀士張昭(zhao)詰(jie)問諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)自比管(guan)(guan)仲樂(le)毅(yi),而(er)(er)(er)最終(zhong)卻使(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)“棄新野,走樊城,敗(bai)(bai)當陽,奔夏口,無容身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地”,“是(shi)豫州即得先生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou),反不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如其初也(ye)。”張昭(zhao)此(ci)(ci)問著實(shi)厲害(hai),李贄評此(ci)(ci)句曰(yue):“下得好(hao)毒手(shou)”。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)笑(xiao)(xiao)著回答(da):“鵬飛萬(wan)(wan)里(li),其志(zhi)豈群(qun)鳥(niao)能(neng)識哉?”以大(da)鵬自況(kuang),志(zhi)在萬(wan)(wan)里(li);將(jiang)群(qun)儒(ru)(ru)比作(zuo)(zuo)群(qun)鳥(niao),胸無大(da)志(zhi)。接(jie)下去運用(yong)比喻論(lun)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法,人(ren)(ren)染沉疴,當用(yong)和藥糜粥。而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)用(yong)猛(meng)藥厚味(wei),說明劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)取勝尚需時(shi)(shi)(shi)日(ri)(ri).又(you)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步用(yong)事(shi)實(shi)論(lun)證(zheng)說明自己的(de)(de)(de)觀點;“夫以甲兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完,城郭(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)固,軍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)經(jing)練,糧不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)繼日(ri)(ri),然(ran)而(er)(er)(er)博望燒屯(tun),白河用(yong)水,使(shi)夏侯惇、曹(cao)仁(ren)輩心驚膽(dan)裂(lie):竊謂管(guan)(guan)仲、樂(le)毅(yi)用(yong)兵(bing)(bing),未必過此(ci)(ci)。”此(ci)(ci)段諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)以充分的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)論(lun)據(ju),對(dui)(dui)“自比管(guan)(guan)仲樂(le)毅(yi)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說予以論(lun)證(zheng),在鑿鑿事(shi)實(shi)面前張昭(zhao)的(de)(de)(de)非難不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)攻自破。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)將(jiang)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)敗(bai)(bai)歸于三(san)個原(yuan)因:一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)仁(ren)義,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍奪同宗基業,不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)忍舍棄赴義之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)民,甘與同敗(bai)(bai);二是(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)琮孱弱(ruo),聽信(xin)妄言(yan),暗自投降(jiang);三(san)是(shi)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)向日(ri)(ri)兵(bing)(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)滿千(qian),將(jiang)止關、張、趙云,“寡(gua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾(zhong),勝負乃(nai)其常(chang)事(shi)”,之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)引用(yong)漢(han)高祖(zu)數(shu)敗(bai)(bai)于項羽而(er)(er)(er)垓下一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰成功作(zuo)(zuo)類比論(lun)證(zheng)說明劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)失利是(shi)暫時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)(er)取得最后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)勝利是(shi)必然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)。進(jin)(jin)而(er)(er)(er)歸納出漢(han)高祖(zu)的(de)(de)(de)最終(zhong)勝利靠的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)韓信(xin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)良謀,突出自己在劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)興復(fu)漢(han)室大(da)業中的(de)(de)(de)重要作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。此(ci)(ci)段答(da)張昭(zhao)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)得先生反不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如初之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問,水來(lai)(lai)土掩,滴水不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)漏(lou)。以上皆為(wei)(wei)防守(shou)(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。接(jie)著話鋒(feng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)轉(zhuan),將(jiang)矛頭(tou)直指東(dong)吳(wu)群(qun)儒(ru)(ru):“非比夸辯(bian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒,虛譽欺人(ren)(ren);坐議立談,無人(ren)(ren)可(ke)及;臨機應變,百無一(yi)(yi)(yi)能(neng)。——誠為(wei)(wei)天(tian)下笑(xiao)(xiao)耳!”李贄評諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)反駁之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)為(wei)(wei)“說盡今日(ri)(ri)秀才病痛”。諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)此(ci)(ci)舉攻勢(shi)凌(ling)厲,使(shi)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)“并(bing)無一(yi)(yi)(yi)言(yan)回答(da)”。此(ci)(ci)乃(nai)先守(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)攻、攻守(shou)(shou)有度之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)辯(bian)論(lun)策略。對(dui)(dui)虞翻的(de)(de)(de)“劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)大(da)敗(bai)(bai)猶言(yan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)懼曹(cao)實(shi)為(wei)(wei)大(da)言(yan)欺人(ren)(ren)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語,諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)只以劉(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)備(bei)(bei)寡(gua)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)敵(di)眾(zhong),退守(shou)(shou)夏口,以待天(tian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)相(xiang)應,是(shi)為(wei)(wei)防守(shou)(shou),隨即便有“江東(dong)兵(bing)(bing)精糧足,且有長江之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險,猶欲使(shi)其主屈膝(xi)降(jiang)賊(zei),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)顧天(tian)下恥笑(xiao)(xiao)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)語來(lai)(lai)反攻,使(shi)虞翻不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)。后(hou)(hou)對(dui)(dui)步騭、薛綜等人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)發難,孔明莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)用(yong)此(ci)(ci)先守(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)攻之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法對(dui)(dui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使(shi)東(dong)吳(wu)的(de)(de)(de)儒(ru)(ru)者一(yi)(yi)(yi)個個敗(bai)(bai)下陣來(lai)(lai)。

此法妙(miao)極。因(yin)有群(qun)儒詰(jie)問在先,不容不答,故(gu)宜先守,且守得從容,既曲盡(jin)事理(li)(li),又詳陳(chen)事實(shi),將對手的(de)(de)詰(jie)問一(yi)一(yi)化解(jie);又因(yin)群(qun)儒來者不善,多有惡意,便于守住陣地(di)后(hou)發起(qi)反攻(gong),使論辯進退(tui)有致,引(yin)人入勝。設若(ruo)只守不攻(gong),則必陷被(bei)動境地(di);若(ruo)只攻(gong)不守,失(shi)去了據理(li)(li)陳(chen)詞(ci)的(de)(de)部(bu)分,使論辯僅(jin)僅(jin)停留在口舌之爭,則缺乏(fa)以理(li)(li)服人的(de)(de)成分。

語帶雙機

諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮以其高(gao)超(chao)的語(yu)言技巧使整(zheng)個論辯過程精彩紛呈,于有(you)限的語(yu)句中蘊含極(ji)深(shen)的意味,嚼之(zhi)(zhi)余香滿口。在談到劉(liu)備新(xin)敗(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)因時,諸(zhu)(zhu)葛亮說劉(liu)琮“暗自投(tou)降”,意在嘲諷(feng)東吳主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)降之(zhi)(zhi)士,“非等(deng)(deng)閑(xian)可知也”,示張昭(zhao)等(deng)(deng)皆等(deng)(deng)閑(xian)無(wu)(wu)能之(zhi)(zhi)輩;又云“社稷安(an)危,是有(you)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)謀(mou)”,寓昭(zhao)等(deng)(deng)無(wu)(wu)定國安(an)邦之(zhi)(zhi)策,反以妖(yao)言惑主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),實(shi)禍國殃民之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)。

步(bu)騭指出(chu)(chu)諸葛亮欲效(xiao)張儀、蘇(su)秦(qin)的(de)游說(shuo)之舉(ju),諸葛亮卻淡化張儀蘇(su)秦(qin)二人(ren)(ren)的(de)辯(bian)士(shi)(shi)身份(fen),而突(tu)出(chu)(chu)其(qi)豪(hao)杰的(de)本色,強調(diao)二人(ren)(ren)“皆有匡(kuang)扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國之謀”,點出(chu)(chu)儒(ru)者們無勇無謀,只知(zhi)巧言論辯(bian),實則貪生怕死的(de)本質。諸葛亮避開某些辯(bian)士(shi)(shi)為一(yi)已之利益而游說(shuo)的(de)特點,在突(tu)出(chu)(chu)其(qi)“匡(kuang)扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國”大志的(de)同時(shi),也(ye)為自(zi)己(ji)張目,我為匡(kuang)扶(fu)人(ren)(ren)國而來,你們卻為葬送人(ren)(ren)國而辯(bian),孰高孰低,一(yi)目了(le)然。

陸(lu)績以曹操是相(xiang)國曹參之(zhi)后,劉(liu)備出身無(wu)可稽考相(xiang)詰(jie),“眼見只是織席販(fan)屨(ju)之(zhi)夫耳(er),何足(zu)與曹操抗衡哉!”諸(zhu)葛亮先不(bu)直接回答問題,而是輕蔑地一笑(xiao),“公非袁術座間(jian)懷桔之(zhi)陸(lu)郎乎?”諸(zhu)葛亮此(ci)處(chu)提及此(ci)事,表面看來似屬閑筆,實則頗有深意。懷桔之(zhi)事本為(wei)盡心(xin)事孝(xiao)之(zhi)典范,然(ran)而畢竟是小(xiao)(xiao)兒(er)所為(wei),懷桔小(xiao)(xiao)兒(er)之(zhi)論必是小(xiao)(xiao)兒(er)之(zhi)見,自(zi)然(ran)“不(bu)足(zu)與高士(shi)共語”。

諸葛(ge)亮答(da)程德樞之(zhi)語可(ke)分為兩層內容。一(yi)是論君(jun)子之(zhi)儒(ru)的(de)風(feng)采(cai),“忠君(jun)愛國,守正惡邪(xie),務(wu)使澤及(ji)當時,名留后(hou)世,”表面(mian)上為君(jun)子之(zhi)儒(ru)正名,實(shi)為夫子自道也;二(er)是畫(hua)小人之(zhi)儒(ru)的(de)嘴(zui)臉,“筆下雖(sui)有千(qian)言,胸中實(shi)無一(yi)策,”對大敵當前而(er)群(qun)儒(ru)一(yi)籌莫展予以辛辣(la)的(de)諷刺,且以揚雄屈身(shen)事莽下場可(ke)悲昭示東吳小人之(zhi)儒(ru)不顧氣節屈膝投降必(bi)將留下千(qian)古(gu)罵名。

語(yu)帶雙機之(zhi)辯術(shu)充分(fen)顯示了諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)的(de)論(lun)辯技巧,一石二鳥(niao),弦外有(you)音(yin),以極精煉的(de)語(yu)句表達極豐(feng)富的(de)內容,頗具戰斗(dou)力(li)。似不經意中顯出智慧,信(xin)手拈來時(shi)愈(yu)見功力(li)。給人留下充分(fen)的(de)想象余地。

各個擊破

對不同的人(ren)采取不同的方法擊敗對方,是諸葛亮舌(she)戰群儒(ru)的又一大特(te)色。

對(dui)(dui)張昭(zhao),由于(yu)他是東吳重臣,第一(yi)謀士,諸葛亮采取擒賊先擒王的(de)策略,娓娓道來(lai),嚴密防(fang)守之后(hou)大舉進攻,使張昭(zhao)無一(yi)言可(ke)對(dui)(dui)。對(dui)(dui)張昭(zhao)的(de)反駁洋(yang)洋(yang)灑(sa)(sa)灑(sa)(sa),周密細(xi)致,絲(si)絲(si)入扣(kou),而對(dui)(dui)以下諸儒則多(duo)以簡潔明快的(de)對(dui)(dui)答迅速結束戰斗,不與多(duo)做糾纏。

在整個過程中(zhong),諸葛(ge)亮的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)辨藝術發(fa)揮得酣暢淋漓(li),他面(mian)對(dui)群儒(ru)潮水般涌來的(de)(de)(de)詰難,沉(chen)著應戰,或引經(jing)據(ju)典,或轉(zhuan)換論(lun)題,或厲(li)聲(sheng)責(ze)(ze)問,或反(fan)(fan)唇相(xiang)譏,可謂得心(xin)應手,游刃有余。如(ru)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)韓信之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou),揚(yang)雄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)死來作為(wei)(wei)論(lun)據(ju)幫助申明(ming)觀點;對(dui)步(bu)騭的(de)(de)(de)“孔明(ming)欲效(xiao)儀、秦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舌,游說東(dong)吳(wu)耶?”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)棄(qi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)理(li),而從蘇、張二人豪杰本(ben)色入手,轉(zhuan)守為(wei)(wei)攻;對(dui)薛綜則厲(li)聲(sheng)責(ze)(ze)問:“薛敬文安得出(chu)此(ci)無(wu)父(fu)無(wu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言乎!”諸葛(ge)亮抓住(zhu)儒(ru)者(zhe)鼓(gu)吹(chui)忠孝為(wei)(wei)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)特點,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“君父(fu)”兩(liang)個正(zheng)大堂皇的(de)(de)(de)字眼喝倒薛綜,實(shi)在是(shi)擊到了對(dui)手的(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處(chu),薛綜自然“滿面(mian)羞(xiu)慚(can)”;對(dui)陸績,諸葛(ge)亮以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)溫不(bu)火的(de)(de)(de)語調反(fan)(fan)唇相(xiang)譏,指出(chu)其(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)出(chu)身(shen)論(lun)英雄的(de)(de)(de)荒誕不(bu)經(jing),使(shi)陸績語塞。而對(dui)嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)“治(zhi)何經(jing)典”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法,諸葛(ge)亮只以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)三句(ju)話回應,首(shou)先認為(wei)(wei)“尋(xun)章摘句(ju)”者(zhe)為(wei)(wei)“世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腐儒(ru)”,并(bing)不(bu)能“興邦立事”;既而舉(ju)例,伊尹(yin)、姜子(zi)牙(ya)、張良、陳平、鄧(deng)、“皆(jie)有匡扶宇宙(zhou)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才”,而并(bing)未死鉆書本(ben);最后總括為(wei)(wei)“舞文弄墨”只是(shi)書生(sheng)所(suo)為(wei)(wei)。短短數(shu)語,有理(li)有據(ju),在一連串的(de)(de)(de)古圣今賢的(de)(de)(de)列(lie)舉(ju)中(zhong)反(fan)(fan)襯出(chu)書生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)用(yong),從而使(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)治(zhi)經(jing)典為(wei)(wei)榮的(de)(de)(de)嚴畯低頭喪氣。

詳略的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同、論辯方法的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同顯示出諸葛亮的(de)(de)(de)機動靈活,詳答老(lao)辣(la)者,略對(dui)淺薄者,揮揮灑(sa)灑(sa),左右逢源(yuan),嘻(xi)笑(xiao)怒(nu)罵,皆成文章,著實(shi)令人嘆服。

語勢磅礴

整(zheng)個論(lun)辯過程(cheng)中(zhong),諸葛亮語(yu)(yu)勢(shi)磅礴,使對(dui)方懾服于他(ta)的(de)語(yu)(yu)言威力(li),只有招架(jia)之(zhi)功(gong),而無(wu)反(fan)(fan)擊之(zhi)力(li)。這一點(dian)突出體現在他(ta)的(de)反(fan)(fan)問語(yu)(yu)氣的(de)運用(yong)上。如反(fan)(fan)詰(jie)張昭:“鵬飛萬里,其(qi)志豈(qi)(qi)群(qun)鳥能識哉?”“豫(yu)州不過暫借以容身,豈(qi)(qi)真將坐守(shou)于此(ci)耶?”“昔高皇數敗于項羽,而垓下(xia)一戰(zhan)成功(gong),此(ci)非(fei)韓信之(zhi)良(liang)謀乎(hu)(hu)?”反(fan)(fan)擊步(bu)騭:“君等聞(wen)曹(cao)操虛發詐偽之(zhi)詞,便畏懼請降(jiang),敢笑蘇秦、張儀乎(hu)(hu)?”對(dui)陸績(ji):“且高祖(zu)起身亭長,而終有天下(xia);織(zhi)席販(fan)屨,又何足為辱(ru)乎(hu)(hu)?”對(dui)嚴:“豈(qi)(qi)亦(yi)效(xiao)書生(sheng),區(qu)區(qu)于筆硯之(zhi)間,數黑(hei)論(lun)黃,舞文弄墨而已乎(hu)(hu)?”……一連串的(de)反(fan)(fan)問句,語(yu)(yu)勢(shi)強烈,咄(duo)咄(duo)逼人,我們可以說,諸葛亮舌(she)戰(zhan)群(qun)儒只所(suo)以耐人尋味百讀(du)不厭,在很大(da)程(cheng)度上得益于其(qi)論(lun)辯過程(cheng)語(yu)(yu)勢(shi)的(de)力(li)量。在以理服人的(de)基礎上,諸葛亮更(geng)以其(qi)語(yu)(yu)言的(de)氣勢(shi)壓(ya)倒了(le)對(dui)手(shou)。

就(jiu)語句(ju)(ju)而言(yan),也(ye)突出(chu)顯示了諸葛亮語言(yan)的氣勢(shi)。善(shan)用(yong)短(duan)句(ju)(ju)、排比對偶句(ju)(ju)該是其突出(chu)的特點。短(duan)句(ju)(ju)的使用(yong)簡潔明快,適于論辯;排比句(ju)(ju)對偶句(ju)(ju)更(geng)有“壯氣勢(shi)廣文義”的修辭特征,如“甲(jia)兵不完(wan),城郭不固(gu),軍不經練,糧(liang)不繼日”極言(yan)劉備當時所(suo)處(chu)的劣勢(shi)地(di)位;諷小人之儒,則(ze)有“惟(wei)務雕蟲,專工翰墨,青春作(zuo)賦,皓首窮經,”可謂數盡小人儒者之弊(bi)。非語言(yan)大(da)家無此上(shang)乘之作(zuo)。

語勢磅礴源(yuan)于理(li)直氣壯,“理(li)直”是(shi)因,“氣壯”是(shi)果。在諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)的(de)意識(shi)(shi)中,此番東吳之(zhi)行乃為正(zheng)義而來,故而正(zheng)氣浩然,處變不(bu)驚。瀟灑(sa)的(de)風度、廣博的(de)學識(shi)(shi),使對手在氣勢上先輸了三分,加之(zhi)諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)一陣窮追猛打,遂(sui)有破竹之(zhi)勢。

綜觀(guan)舌(she)戰(zhan)群儒的整(zheng)個過程(cheng),諸葛亮(liang)在東吳諸儒的詰問中(zhong)從容做對(dui),侃(kan)侃(kan)而談,縱(zong)橫捭闔,游刃有余,終使“張昭并(bing)無一言回答”,“虞(yu)翻(fan)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)”,“步騭默然(ran)無語(yu)”,“薛(xue)綜滿面羞慚,不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)答”,“陸績語(yu)塞”,“嚴畯低(di)頭喪氣不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)”,“程(cheng)德樞不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)”,以至眾人“盡皆失色”。真可謂三寸之舌(she)能(neng)(neng)抵百(bai)萬之兵。

總之,諸葛亮舌戰群儒(ru)風頭出(chu)盡(jin),其嫻熟(shu)的論辯技巧(qiao)令人折服,堪稱經典,值得當(dang)今習此道者(zhe)深味。

辨析概括

東漢(han)末期,曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)挾天子以(yi)令(ling)諸侯,較有(you)實力的(de)(de)軍(jun)閥大都被他消滅了,惟獨劉備(bei)和(he)孫(sun)權還有(you)發展壯大的(de)(de)可能,曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)自知一下子吞并這兩股勢(shi)力還比(bi)較難。于是(shi),曹(cao)(cao)操(cao)就(jiu)派人拿著他的(de)(de)書信去東吳,想和(he)孫(sun)權聯手消滅劉備(bei)。

孫(sun)權(quan)手下的(de)謀士大都主(zhu)張降曹(cao)自(zi)保(bao),只有魯肅主(zhu)張聯劉(liu)抗曹(cao)。但(dan)魯肅自(zi)知難以說(shuo)服(fu)孫(sun)權(quan)和東吳的(de)文臣,特意請(qing)諸葛亮(liang)來當說(shuo)客。

魯肅引諸葛亮見了(le)東吳(wu)的一群謀(mou)士(shi)(shi),這些人(ren)并非泛(fan)泛(fan)之(zhi)輩,個個。都是(shi)有(you)學問的人(ren)。東吳(wu)第一大謀(mou)士(shi)(shi)張昭首先發(fa)難,說:聽說劉(liu)備(bei)到你(ni)(ni)家里(li)三趟,才(cai)把(ba)你(ni)(ni)請出山,以(yi)為有(you)了(le)你(ni)(ni)就如同魚得(de)了(le)水(shui),想奪(duo)取(qu)荊襄九郡做根(gen)據地(di)。但荊襄已被曹操得(de)到,你(ni)(ni)還有(you)什么主意呢?

諸(zhu)葛亮心里想,如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)先難倒張昭(zhao)(zhao),就沒辦(ban)法(fa)說(shuo)服孫權聯劉(liu)抗曹(cao)了(le)(le)。諸(zhu)葛亮說(shuo):劉(liu)備取(qu)荊(jing)襄這(zhe)塊地盤,易如(ru)反掌,只(zhi)是不(bu)(bu)忍心奪取(qu)同宗的基業,才被曹(cao)操撿了(le)(le)便(bian)宜(yi)。現在屯兵江夏,另(ling)有宏圖大(da)計,等閑之輩哪(na)懂(dong)得這(zhe)個。國家大(da)事,社稷安危(wei),都要(yao)有真才實學的人拿出好主意(yi)。而口舌之徒,坐(zuo)而論道,碰(peng)上事兒,卻(que)拿不(bu)(bu)出一個辦(ban)法(fa)來,只(zhi)能為(wei)天下(xia)人恥笑(xiao)。一番(fan)話,說(shuo)得張昭(zhao)(zhao)啞口無言。

之(zhi)后,一個謀士(shi)問:曹操屯兵百萬,將列千員,你(ni)說(shuo)不(bu)怕,吹牛吧你(ni)。諸葛亮(liang)答:劉備退守夏口,是等待(dai)時(shi)機,而東吳(wu)兵精糧足,還有長江(jiang)天險可守,卻都勸孫權降曹,丟人吧你(ni)。

東吳的謀士一個接一個地向諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮發難,先后有七(qi)人(ren)之多(duo),都被(bei)諸(zhu)葛(ge)亮反駁得有口難辯。

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