大狐姓(xing)氏作為中國為數(shu)不多(duo)的(de)稀(xi)有姓(xing)氏之一,它的(de)淵源、遷徙(xi)、分布都是有史可循,有據可查的(de)!
單(dan)一(yi)淵源:源于姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing),出(chu)自春秋時期晉(jin)國大夫狐突,屬于以先(xian)祖(zu)名(ming)字(zi)(zi)為氏(shi)。大狐氏(shi),為春秋時期晉(jin)國很早(zao)即出(chu)現(xian)的(de)姓(xing)氏(shi)。宋朝(chao)時期著名(ming)學者鄧名(ming)世在(zai)《古今姓(xing)氏(shi)書辯證·去·十四泰》中(zhong)(zhong)記載(zai):“大狐,出(chu)自姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)。晉(jin)大夫狐突,字(zi)(zi)伯行,文公重耳外祖(zu)父(fu)也,生(sheng)毛(mao)及偃,毛(mao)生(sheng)溱,皆為晉(jin)卿(qing),別為大狐氏(shi)。”姓(xing)氏(shi)學界(jie)一(yi)般(ban)認為,大狐氏(shi)本姓(xing)姬(ji)(ji)(ji),因(yin)其(qi)先(xian)祖(zu)被(bei)分封在(zai)狐氏(shi)大戎(rong)(rong)(今山(shan)西(xi)交城一(yi)帶),故(gu)改(gai)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)為大狐氏(shi)。在(zai)史籍《左傳》中(zhong)(zhong)記載(zai),后(hou)來晉(jin)獻公姬(ji)(ji)(ji)佹(gui)諸(公元前676~前651年在(zai)位)“又娶二女于戎(rong)(rong),大戎(rong)(rong)狐姬(ji)(ji)(ji)生(sheng)重耳,小戎(rong)(rong)子生(sheng)夷吾(wu)”。漢朝(chao)著名(ming)的(de)史學家司馬遷也認為,“重耳母,翟(zhai)之狐氏(shi)女也”。不過(guo),當時也有其(qi)他民族(zu)是(shi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)的(de),那(nei)么狐突的(de)祖(zu)上是(shi)姓(xing)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)還(huan)是(shi)姓(xing)狐,是(shi)土著民族(zu)還(huan)是(shi)宗周后(hou)裔?如果是(shi)出(chu)自土著民族(zu),那(nei)么到底(di)是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)還(huan)是(shi)翟(zhai)?均已渺茫難考了。山(shan)西(xi),為上古唐“帝堯初(chu)都”之地(di),又是(shi)夏(xia)王朝(chao)統治時期的(de)根(gen)據地(di),但是(shi)到了商(shang)末西(xi)周初(chu),該地(di)區已經基本上是(shi)戎(rong)(rong)、翟(zhai)(狄(di))、氐、羌諸民族(zu)出(chu)沒(mei)游牧的(de)地(di)方了。
據(ju)史(shi)籍《左傳·定公四年(nian)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)記載,周(zhou)成王(wang)姬誦“分唐(tang)叔(shu)(叔(shu)虞)以大(da)路,密須之(zhi)鼓,闕鞏,沽洗,懷姓(xing)九宗(zong)(zong),職(zhi)官五正(zheng)。命以《唐(tang)誥》,而封(feng)(feng)于夏(xia)虛(xu),啟以夏(xia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),疆以戎(rong)(rong)索。”這(zhe)里的(de)(de)“啟以夏(xia)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),疆以戎(rong)(rong)索”,實際上是(shi)(shi)就(jiu)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期的(de)(de)根(gen)本治(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方略(lve),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)權的(de)(de)建(jian)設上,堅(jian)持(chi)周(zhou)王(wang)朝比較(jiao)先進的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)制度,但是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)地(di)域管理方面又(you)遵循和順應當地(di)各個(ge)游牧民族(zu)的(de)(de)風俗(su)。在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)立初期,真正(zheng)的(de)(de)宗(zong)(zong)周(zhou)貴族(zu)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)多的(de)(de),姬叔(shu)虞當時只帶去了(le)“懷姓(xing)九宗(zong)(zong),職(zhi)官五正(zheng)”等(deng)少量(liang)姬姓(xing)族(zu)人(ren)以及一(yi)(yi)軍之(zhi)卒(凡制軍,萬有二(er)千五百人(ren)為一(yi)(yi)軍),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)大(da)部(bu)分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)還是(shi)(shi)當地(di)土著居民。事實上,在(zai)(zai)整個(ge)春秋時期,各諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“胡”風一(yi)(yi)直是(shi)(shi)很濃厚的(de)(de),從西(xi)周(zhou)初期受封(feng)(feng)于唐(tang)邑,后改唐(tang)為晉(jin)(jin),建(jian)立晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)與(yu)周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)各個(ge)民族(zu)通商、通婚的(de)(de)現象(xiang)一(yi)(yi)直就(jiu)十(shi)分普遍(bian),就(jiu)連國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君也不(bu)例外(wai),這(zhe)與(yu)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)情況大(da)體相同。
大狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi),歷(li)代(dai)皆為晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國重(zhong)臣(chen),傳到歷(li)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)姬(ji)(ji)重(zhong)耳(公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)636~前(qian)628年(nian)在位(wei)(wei))、晉(jin)(jin)(jin)襄公(gong)(gong)姬(ji)(ji)歡(姬(ji)(ji)環,公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)627~前(qian)621年(nian)在位(wei)(wei))、晉(jin)(jin)(jin)靈(ling)公(gong)(gong)姬(ji)(ji)夷(yi)皋(gao)(公(gong)(gong)元前(qian)620~前(qian)607年(nian)在位(wei)(wei))三(san)朝(chao)、史稱(cheng)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國“股肱”的大狐(hu)(hu)射姑以后,因其封地(di)在賈(今山(shan)西臨汾),其后裔(yi)子孫大多省文(wen)簡改(gai)為單姓狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)、賈氏(shi),大狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)復(fu)姓就此在歷(li)史上基本消失了(le)。如今,僅(jin)在浙江省西南(nan)部(bu)麗水地(di)區還有極(ji)其稀少的復(fu)姓大狐(hu)(hu)氏(shi)族人(ren),仍以平陽(今山(shan)西臨汾)為郡望。
大狐突(姬狐突)。
平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun):亦(yi)稱臨(lin)(lin)(lin)汾(fen)郡(jun)(jun)。歷史上(shang)的平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)有二:①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省臨(lin)(lin)(lin)汾(fen)市。西(xi)漢初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(己亥,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前202年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))置(zhi)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),治(zhi)所在(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)汾(fen))。三國時期曹(cao)魏國正始(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(丁(ding)卯,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)247年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),將河東(dong)郡(jun)(jun)分出一部分與(yu)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合并,設(she)(she)置(zhi)為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),治(zhi)所亦(yi)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)汾(fen)),其時轄(xia)(xia)地在(zai)今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)藿縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)以南(nan)(nan)的汾(fen)河流域及(ji)其以西(xi)地區,境內為(wei)(wei)司州平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),轄(xia)(xia)十縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。西(xi)晉時期仍為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun),轄(xia)(xia)十二縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。西(xi)晉永嘉三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(己巳,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)309年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))初,匈奴人(ren)劉(liu)淵自蒲子城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(隰縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian))遷都平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang),稱帝(di)建漢,境內屬之。東(dong)晉時先后屬并州、雍(yong)州和冀州;北魏時境內為(wei)(wei)東(dong)雍(yong)州,轄(xia)(xia)七郡(jun)(jun)二十縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);北魏神(shen)鹿元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊辰,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)428年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))始(shi)筑白馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)汾(fen)),因魏刑白馬祭祀天地神(shen)靈筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)而名。孝昌(chang)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)改置(zhi)唐州,治(zhi)所在(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)故城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(劉(liu)村);北魏建義元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊申,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)528年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))改稱晉州,移治(zhi)自馬城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),與(yu)郡(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)同治(zhi),沿用(yong)至(zhi)今(jin)。②即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省鄒(zou)(zou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市。鄒(zou)(zou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)春秋戰國時期古稱平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang),是“鄒(zou)(zou)魯圣(sheng)地”,為(wei)(wei)中國儒學發(fa)源地。夏王朝(chao)(chao)時期屬九州徐州之域,秦朝(chao)(chao)時期開始(shi)設(she)(she)置(zhi)“騶縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”,歷漢、晉、南(nan)(nan)北朝(chao)(chao),及(ji)唐朝(chao)(chao)初期改“騶”為(wei)(wei)“鄒(zou)(zou)”,稱“鄒(zou)(zou)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)”,沿襲至(zhi)1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)10月,撤縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)設(she)(she)市,稱鄒(zou)(zou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市。大狐(hu)氏的郡(jun)(jun)望(wang)為(wei)(wei)①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)(lin)汾(fen)。
平陽(yang)堂:以(yi)望立堂。
大(da)(da)(da)狐氏(shi)復姓是一(yi)個非(fei)常古老的姓氏(shi),但在(zai)(zai)今中國大(da)(da)(da)陸(lu)的姓氏(shi)排行榜上未(wei)列入百家姓前一(yi)千(qian)位,在(zai)(zai)臺灣省則沒(mei)有。今浙(zhe)江省西南部的麗水地區,有零星大(da)(da)(da)狐氏(shi)族人分布(bu),以平陽為郡望。人口總數(shu)不及一(yi)百,大(da)(da)(da)概屬于(yu)人口最稀(xi)少的姓氏(shi)群體(ti)之一(yi)了。