子孫球原產于南美(mei)洲阿根延(yan)北部網庫曼省安第斯(si)山的東坡,約海拔2000米左右。原產地灌術(shu)雜(za)草(cao)叢(cong)(cong)生(sheng)(sheng),該種常生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)在草(cao)叢(cong)(cong)中(zhong),土壤(rang)中(zhong)的水分和肥力都較好,夏季(ji)有雜(za)草(cao)遮陰(yin)。性(xing)喜溫暖和陽光照(zhao)射的生(sheng)(sheng)態環境,也能(neng)(neng)耐(nai)半(ban)陰(yin)。對土壤(rang)要求不(bu)嚴,一般中(zhong)性(xing)的砂質上壤(rang)就能(neng)(neng)旺(wang)盛生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)。
子(zi)孫球(qiu)(qiu)植株小(xiao),球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)至圓筒(tong)(tong)狀,基部易生出仔球(qiu)(qiu)而叢(cong)生,大大小(xiao)小(xiao),疊(die)壘成(cheng)(cheng)群(qun)。球(qiu)(qiu)體鮮(xian)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se)或墨綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se),棱(leng)(leng)角由螺旋狀的疣瘤組成(cheng)(cheng),棱(leng)(leng)16-20,疣粒(li)頂端(duan)為(wei)刺座,生有灰白(bai)色(se)(se)的彎刺,刺25-30,白(bai)色(se)(se)或淡黃色(se)(se),長(chang)0.2-0.3厘米。花著(zhu)生在(zai)球(qiu)(qiu)下部刺座上(shang),花小(xiao),紅色(se)(se),花筒(tong)(tong)長(chang)而細,自花受精。花期3-5月(yue)。盛開時(shi),花朵(duo)(duo)數十朵(duo)(duo),呈現倒鐘形(xing)(xing)。花后坐果,小(xiao)漿果圓形(xing)(xing),漿果幼時(shi)綠(lv)(lv)色(se)(se),6-7月(yue),果實(shi)成(cheng)(cheng)熟,成(cheng)(cheng)熟的果實(shi)為(wei)橘紅色(se)(se)。種子(zi)黑色(se)(se)。
子孫(sun)球(qiu)(qiu)最(zui)宜盆栽(zai)。要經常轉(zhuan)動花(hua)盆,調節其長勢。子孫(sun)球(qiu)(qiu)盆栽(zai),宜在4月中下旬進(jin)行。栽(zai)培前(qian),要選(xuan)大小適宜的土(tu)(tu)陶花(hua)盆。基(ji)質(zhi)可(ke)用(yong)粗河砂(sha)3份(fen)、砂(sha)質(zhi)園田土(tu)(tu)2份(fen)、森林腐葉土(tu)(tu)2份(fen)、堆積(ji)的腐殖土(tu)(tu)5份(fen)、老墻石灰土(tu)(tu)1.5份(fen)配(pei)制,配(pei)合(he)時(shi)再加少量的過磷酸鈣(gai)、骨粉、蛋殼粉,充分混(hun)合(he),曝曬數日,進(jin)行高溫和紫外線消毒,便可(ke)上(shang)盆使(shi)用(yong)。操作時(shi),盆底(di)要用(yong)碎盆片(pian)覆蓋,木炭塊作排水(shui)層,上(shang)面再填培養土(tu)(tu)。栽(zai)培時(shi),挑選(xuan)生長健(jian)壯(zhuang)的種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)(qiu),帶土(tu)(tu)團撬起。基(ji)質(zhi)要刮平(ping)落(luo)實,用(yong)竹筷打孔,將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)(qiu)端正(zheng)地栽(zai)培在花(hua)盆中央,周(zhou)圍壅土(tu)(tu)扎緊,使(shi)之(zhi)不(bu)偏不(bu)歪(wai),穩(wen)(wen)定在盆土(tu)(tu)表面,澆一次(ci)定根水(shui)。同(tong)時(shi),澆水(shui)后(hou)還(huan)要檢査,種(zhong)(zhong)球(qiu)(qiu)是否偏離(li),如(ru)出現歪(wai)倒(dao),還(huan)要扶(fu)正(zheng)加土(tu)(tu)緊扎,使(shi)之(zhi)穩(wen)(wen)固。最(zui)后(hou)把花(hua)盆置于半蔭蔽處,緩(huan)苗(miao)5-7天,待(dai)其恢復生機(ji)后(hou),便可(ke)進(jin)行正(zheng)常管理。
水份
子(zi)孫球有(you)較強的耐早能力,最(zui)怕花盆底部水(shui)(shui)漬(zi)。但是(shi)(shi),置于陽臺、窗臺上蒔養(yang)的植(zhi)株,也(ye)要(yao)(yao)隨(sui)時補(bu)充水(shui)(shui)分(fen),滿(man)足(zu)植(zhi)株生長(chang)對水(shui)(shui)分(fen)的要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。因此,澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)是(shi)(shi)養(yang)好植(zhi)株的重要(yao)(yao)一(yi)環。如(ru)果土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中長(chang)期缺(que)水(shui)(shui),植(zhi)株的吸(xi)收受阻,球體(ti)生長(chang)停(ting)滯而發育不良;如(ru)果水(shui)(shui)分(fen)過(guo)多,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)通透性(xing)差,植(zhi)株長(chang)期進(jin)行(xing)無氧(yang)吸(xi)收,也(ye)會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)根系腐(fu)爛(lan),嚴重時全(quan)株死亡;水(shui)(shui)量適度,則生長(chang)繁(fan)茂。子(zi)孫球澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)第一(yi)原則是(shi)(shi)“見濕見干,干透澆(jiao)透”。也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)說,澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)比一(yi)般花卉要(yao)(yao)少一(yi)些。洗水(shui)(shui)的第二原則是(shi)(shi)“兩多兩少”,即生長(chang)季節(jie)澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)多,夏季半(ban)休眠(mian)時澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)少;噴水(shui)(shui)次數要(yao)(yao)多,冬季體(ti)眠(mian)期澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)要(yao)(yao)少,保持(chi)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)干潤即可。從長(chang)期蒔養(yang)的實際情(qing)況(kuang)來看,澆(jiao)水(shui)(shui)過(guo)多時,則出現爛(lan)根。癥狀是(shi)(shi):球體(ti)生長(chang)點停(ting)止(zhi)生長(chang),體(ti)表皮色失去光澤。若遇(yu)這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang),要(yao)(yao)立即倒(dao)盆栽,切除腐(fu)爛(lan)根系,切口(kou)涂(tu)抹少量硫(liu)磺(huang)粉消毒(du),待傷口(kou)干縮后重新進(jin)行(xing)栽培,否則腐(fu)爛(lan)蔓延,還會(hui)造成整(zheng)株死亡。
施肥
子(zi)孫(sun)球也喜肥(fei)(fei),但不喜濃肥(fei)(fei),對肥(fei)(fei)料的(de)需求,要(yao)少于一般花卉。子(zi)孫(sun)球性喜固體肥(fei)(fei)料,每年翻盆換土一次,加足禽類(lei)干(gan)糞、過磷酸(suan)鈣、骨粉等固體肥(fei)(fei)料,土和(he)肥(fei)(fei)的(de)比例,一般為(wei)10:1。同(tong)時(shi),栽培前要(yao)充(chong)分(fen)混合(he),栽培時(shi),根系接觸(chu)處最好填上(shang)沒有加入肥(fei)(fei)料的(de)培養(yang)土,以免損傷根系。放(fang)置(zhi)在窗臺和(he)室內蒔養(yang)的(de)植株,可用(yong)市(shi)場上(shang)出售(shou)的(de)育花肥(fei)(fei)片或營(ying)養(yang)液,有效地進(jin)行澆灌,滿足植株在生(sheng)長(chang)期對養(yang)分(fen)的(de)需要(yao)。
一(yi)般家(jia)庭春季(ji)(ji)可把花盆(pen)置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)東西(xi)向(xiang)的陽臺(tai)或窗臺(tai)上(shang)蔚(yu)養(yang),使(shi)之(zhi)接(jie)受充(chong)足的陽光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)射(she),促進植株(zhu)的營養(yang)生長,花多果多,提高(gao)觀(guan)賞(shang)價值。夏季(ji)(ji)可把盆(pen)花放在光(guang)(guang)線較強的室內蒔養(yang),早晚(wan)置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)東西(xi)向(xiang)的陽臺(tai),進行(xing)朝陽和晚(wan)霞的照(zhao)射(she),這(zhe)樣(yang)就能滿足它夏季(ji)(ji)的光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)。秋(qiu)冬兩季(ji)(ji),可把花盆(pen)放在南向(xiang)的窗臺(tai)上(shang)或窗臺(tai)內蒔養(yang),以(yi)接(jie)受充(chong)足的陽光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)射(she),并經常用10-15℃的溫水沖洗球體,這(zhe)樣(yang)更(geng)有(you)利于(yu)植株(zhu)采(cai)光(guang)(guang),提高(gao)光(guang)(guang)合效應,使(shi)其株(zhu)體更(geng)加鮮(xian)艷美(mei)觀(guan)。
子孫(sun)球(qiu)最適宜的(de)生長(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)為15-25℃,在(zai)(zai)這樣的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)條件下,水分、養(yang)分、光照(zhao)都比較充(chong)足(zu),植(zhi)株便繁茂地進行(xing)(xing)生長(chang)(chang),孕(yun)蕾開花(hua)。當(dang)氣溫(wen)(wen)上(shang)(shang)升(sheng)到35℃以上(shang)(shang)時,生長(chang)(chang)速度(du)(du)減緩。如(ru)果夏季(ji)氣溫(wen)(wen)繼續上(shang)(shang)升(sheng),氣溫(wen)(wen)高達38℃以上(shang)(shang)時,植(zhi)株便進入夏季(ji)休眠,這時要進行(xing)(xing)遮(zhe)蔭降溫(wen)(wen)。秋(qiu)季(ji)是子孫(sun)球(qiu)的(de)第(di)二次(ci)旺盛(sheng)生長(chang)(chang)期,如(ru)果氣溫(wen)(wen)在(zai)(zai)25℃左右時,可將植(zhi)株置(zhi)于陽光下,保(bao)持土(tu)壤濕潤(run),以利植(zhi)株生長(chang)(chang)。冬季(ji)把花(hua)盆移(yi)入室內,室溫(wen)(wen)保(bao)持在(zai)(zai)5-8℃,土(tu)壤保(bao)持干潤(run),子孫(sun)球(qiu)就能安全越冬。
子孫(sun)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)萌(meng)(meng)發力強(qiang),生長(chang)2-3年的(de)(de)(de)(de)植株,球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)莖的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)部和中(zhong)部,都(dou)能萌(meng)(meng)發很多的(de)(de)(de)(de)子球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。這些子球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),經(jing)過一(yi)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養(yang)生長(chang),一(yi)般球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)體直徑大都(dou)在1.5-2厘米之間,它們都(dou)具備了扦(qian)插(cha)繁殖(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。蒔養(yang)者可根(gen)據(ju)(ju)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要,在4-5月(yue),切下子球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),進(jin)行扦(qian)插(cha)繁殖(zhi)。子孫(sun)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)打(da)插(cha)以前,可根(gen)據(ju)(ju)種球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多少(shao),制(zhi)作木(mu)箱苗(miao)(miao)床,規格為長(chang)約(yue)50-60厘米,寬約(yue)30-35厘米,高約(yue)20-25厘米。基(ji)質(zhi)可用(yong)(yong)純河砂(sha)4份(fen)、砂(sha)質(zhi)園土4份(fen)、森林腐(fu)葉(xie)士2份(fen)配制(zhi)。配好后再經(jing)曝昞消毒,便可上床使用(yong)(yong)。扦(qian)插(cha)時,挑(tiao)選生長(chang)強(qiang)健、球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)體端(duan)莊(zhuang)、色澤(ze)鮮綠的(de)(de)(de)(de)子球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),用(yong)(yong)鋒利快刀切離母體,切口(kou)涂抹潔凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)草木(mu)灰或少(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫磺粉、進(jin)行傷口(kou)消毒,再把種球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)置(zhi)陰涼(liang)通風的(de)(de)(de)(de)干燥(zao)處,存放1-2天(tian),待傷口(kou)干縮(suo)后便可進(jin)行抒插(cha)。扦(qian)插(cha)時,土壤要刮平壓實,手(shou)指(zhi)插(cha)穴(xue),再把子球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)植于(yu)穴(xue)上,栽培(pei)要淺,周圍壅土筑緊使種球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)穩(wen)立土壤表面。扦(qian)插(cha)后用(yong)(yong)細孔噴(pen)壺噴(pen)一(yi)次(ci)表面水(shui),將泥土表面濕(shi)潤即可。苗(miao)(miao)床上覆蓋(gai)玻璃(li),置(zhi)于(yu)溫暖的(de)(de)(de)(de)散射光照處,每天(tian)2-3次(ci)進(jin)行霧狀噴(pen)水(shui),減少(shao)插(cha)穗水(shui)分蒸發,一(yi)星期(qi)后可把水(shui)澆透(tou),早晚(wan)進(jin)行弱陽(yang)光照射,苗(miao)(miao)床溫度控制(zhi)在20-25℃,一(yi)般15-20天(tian),就有根(gen)原體出(chu)現,30天(tian)左右(you)就能長(chang)出(chu)新根(gen)。
用(yong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)方法繁殖子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)球,簡便易行,同時(shi),一次(ci)就能培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)出大量的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。用(yong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)球,長(chang)勢(shi)旺盛,壽命最長(chang)。如(ru)果(guo)進(jin)行人(ren)工(gong)授粉,變(bian)異后還能培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)出優良的(de)新品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。但是,要(yao)使播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)功,則必須按照操(cao)作程(cheng)序,運用(yong)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技術(shu),精(jing)心播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。精(jing)心管理,才(cai)能獲(huo)得成(cheng)(cheng)功。子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)球有(you)較(jiao)強的(de)自(zi)生能力,在(zai)(zai)曠野山區(qu),它能自(zi)生自(zi)長(chang),成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)群體。園林部門進(jin)行人(ren)工(gong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu),方法也很簡單。一般溫室可(ke)隨(sui)(sui)采隨(sui)(sui)播(bo)(bo)(bo),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)可(ke)用(yong)大口淺盆(pen),基質(zhi)可(ke)用(yong)蛭石和珍(zhen)珍(zhen)巖,如(ru)果(guo)沒有(you)這兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)材料,也可(ke)用(yong)純河砂(sha)5份、砂(sha)質(zhi)菜園土(tu)3份、森林腐葉土(tu)2份配制。但是,播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以前(qian),對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)、花盆(pen)和土(tu)壤(rang),要(yao)嚴(yan)格進(jin)行消(xiao)毒處理,防止幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)發(fa)生軟腐病、猝(cu)倒病。操(cao)作時(shi),土(tu)壤(rang)要(yao)整細過篩,上床(chuang)刮平(ping)壓實,再(zai)把種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均勻地播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)內,覆(fu)土(tu)厚度一般為(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)直徑的(de)2倍。再(zai)用(yong)噴霧器把水噴透,苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)上覆(fu)蓋玻璃,置于蔭蔽溫暖處。子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)球播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后的(de)管理,主要(yao)是保持基質(zhi)濕潤(run),苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)床(chuang)溫度控制在(zai)(zai)20-25℃。子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)球種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)胚芽(ya)出土(tu)2個月后,就可(ke)進(jin)行間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。為(wei)了使幼(you)(you)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)健(jian)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang),最好60-80天(tian)就進(jin)行一次(ci)翻栽,以培(pei)(pei)(pei)育(yu)(yu)健(jian)壯(zhuang)(zhuang)、發(fa)達(da)的(de)根(gen)系,這對子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)球今后定植生長(chang)特別有(you)利。
子孫(sun)球(qiu)是仙人掌(zhang)科植物(wu)中(zhong)生性極為(wei)強健(jian)的(de)(de)觀(guan)賞球(qiu)。株體(ti)鮮綠色(se),花蕾呈現鮮紅色(se),最美好的(de)(de)形(xing)態是它欲放未放的(de)(de)身影,晶瑩(ying)剔透,置(zhi)于陽臺、窗(chuang)臺蒔(shi)養(yang),是裝飾幾案(an)、書桌的(de)(de)佳品。
一般生(sheng)長2-3年的(de)球(qiu)體(ti)上,都有(you)聚(ju)集簇生(sheng)的(de)子球(qiu),疊壘成(cheng)群,故(gu)而獲得(de)“子孫(sun)球(qiu)”的(de)美名。鮮艷奪目的(de)花朵,綴滿球(qiu)頂,形成(cheng)壯麗的(de)花冠,因而又稱(cheng)為“王冠球(qiu)”。