龍(long)是中國(guo)(guo)古代傳說中的神(shen)異(yi)動物。龍(long)是中華民族的象(xiang)征,中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)都以自己是“龍(long)的傳人(ren)”而驕傲。亞洲其他(ta)國(guo)(guo)家和民族亦有受中華龍(long)文(wen)化影響。
傳說多為其(qi)能(neng)顯能(neng)隱,能(neng)細能(neng)巨,能(neng)短能(neng)長。春分登(deng)天(tian),秋(qiu)分潛淵,呼風喚雨(yu),而這些已經是晚期發展而來的(de)(de)龍的(de)(de)形象,相比最初(chu)的(de)(de)龍而言更加復雜(za)。
《張果(guo)星經》云:“又有(you)(you)輔翼,則為(wei)(wei)真龍(long)(long)(long)”,認為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)翼方是真龍(long)(long)(long)。如(ru)西周有(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)身負羽(yu)翼龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)器皿,乃至青龍(long)(long)(long)在先秦紋(wen)飾中也有(you)(you)羽(yu)翼,一說應(ying)龍(long)(long)(long)、青龍(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)祖龍(long)(long)(long)。封建(jian)時代,龍(long)(long)(long)是皇權的象(xiang)征(zheng),皇宮使用(yong)器物也以(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)裝(zhuang)飾,但(dan)與廣(guang)為(wei)(wei)流傳(chuan)的“五爪金龍(long)(long)(long)為(wei)(wei)天(tian)子象(xiang)征(zheng)”之說不同,古籍中記(ji)載(zai)有(you)(you)翼飛龍(long)(long)(long),方為(wei)(wei)天(tian)子之像。
龍在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)傳統(tong)的(de)十二(er)生肖(xiao)中(zhong)排第(di)五,在(zai)《禮記(ji)·禮運第(di)九(jiu)》中(zhong)與鳳、龜、麟一起并(bing)稱“四靈(ling)”。而西方神話中(zhong)的(de)Dragon,也翻譯成龍,但二(er)者并(bing)不相(xiang)同。
與西(xi)方龍(long)一(yi)樣(yang),大眾眼(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)神圣的中(zhong)(zhong)國龍(long),也(ye)會有邪惡的一(yi)面出現,詳細可見(jian)于本條目“中(zhong)(zhong)外差別”一(yi)欄。
中(zhong)國古(gu)代民間神話傳說中(zhong)可見(jian)于中(zhong)國經典中(zhong)的(de)生物,在現(xian)實(shi)中(zhong)無法找到(dao)實(shi)體,但其形(xing)象(xiang)的(de)組成(cheng)物源于現(xian)實(shi),起到(dao)祛邪、避(bi)災(zai)、祈福的(de)作用。
青(qing)(qing)龍(long):為(wei)“四圣”、“四象”(青(qing)(qing)龍(long)、白虎(hu)、朱雀、玄武)與“天(tian)之四靈”之一(yi),又稱為(wei)蒼龍(long),代表東方(fang),青(qing)(qing)色,因此稱為(wei)“東方(fang)青(qing)(qing)龍(long)”。
應(ying)龍(long)(long):又名飛龍(long)(long),亦作黃(huang)龍(long)(long)、老龍(long)(long),是(shi)神話中(zhong)的祖龍(long)(long)、真(zhen)龍(long)(long)。背生雙翼的龍(long)(long),關于應(ying)龍(long)(long)的文獻記載見于《山(shan)海經》,《山(shan)海經》中(zhong)說,應(ying)龍(long)(long)殺蚩尤(you)、夸父,甚(shen)至開天(tian)辟地,創造了(le)世界。在部分盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)神話中(zhong),還說她撫育了(le)盤(pan)古(gu)(gu)。據說當年東皇太(tai)一之妃就是(shi)應(ying)龍(long)(long),生鳳凰、麒麟,而(er)燭龍(long)(long)之子鼓被戮殺于鐘山(shan)之崖。據《山(shan)海經》、《荊州占》記載:“應(ying)龍(long)(long)為(wei)黃(huang)龍(long)(long),黃(huang)龍(long)(long)為(wei)軒轅星之神,為(wei)天(tian)之后妃”。
虺(huǐ):《述異(yi)記(ji)》載:“虺五百年化為(wei)蛟,蛟千年化為(wei)龍。”是龍的(de)幼年期。
虬(qiu)(qiú):虬(qiu)龍是古(gu)代傳說中(zhong)有角(jiao)(jiao)的小龍,一說是無(wu)角(jiao)(jiao)的幼龍。《說文解字(zi)》:龍無(wu)角(jiao)(jiao)者。各本作(zuo)龍子有角(jiao)(jiao)者。今依(yi)韻會所據正(zheng)。然韻會尚(shang)誤多子字(zi)。李善注(zhu)《甘(gan)泉賦》引(yin)《說文》虬(qiu),龍無(wu)角(jiao)(jiao)者。
螭(chī):龍屬的蛇狀神怪之物,是一種沒有角的類龍生(sheng)物。螭若龍而黃北方謂之地(di)螻。
蛟(jiāo):一般泛指能發洪水的有鱗(lin)的龍。
角(jiao)龍(long):指有(you)角(jiao)的(de)龍(long)。據《述異記》記述:“蛟千年化(hua)為龍(long),龍(long)五百年為角(jiao)龍(long)”。
火龍(long):《清史稿》載(zai):“浮山有龍(long)飛入民間樓舍,須臾煙(yan)起,樓盡焚”、“二十(shi)六年五月(yue)二十(shi)七日,葭州赤龍(long)見(jian)于(yu)張體(ti)兩(liang)川圍(wei)中。六月(yue)初七日,高平火龍(long)見(jian)于(yu)石末(mo)村”、“五十(shi)六年六月(yue),莒州赤龍(long)見(jian)于(yu)龍(long)王峪,先大后小(xiao),長數丈,所過(guo)草木如(ru)焚”。
蟠龍(long)(long):指蟄伏(fu)在(zai)(zai)地而未升天(tian)(tian)之龍(long)(long),龍(long)(long)的(de)形狀作盤曲環繞(rao)。在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)國古代(dai)建筑中(zhong),一(yi)般把(ba)盤繞(rao)在(zai)(zai)柱上的(de)龍(long)(long)和(he)裝飾莊梁(liang)上、天(tian)(tian)花(hua)板上的(de)龍(long)(long)均習(xi)慣地稱為蟠龍(long)(long)。在(zai)(zai)《太平御(yu)覽》中(zhong),對蟠龍(long)(long)又有另(ling)一(yi)番(fan)解釋:“蟠龍(long)(long),身長四丈,青(qing)黑色,赤(chi)帶如(ru)錦文,常隨水而下,入于海。有毒,傷人即死。”把(ba)蟠龍(long)(long)和(he)蛟、蛇之類(lei)混在(zai)(zai)一(yi)起(qi)了。
云龍:云霧纏繞的(de)龍。
望(wang)龍(long):頭部呈(cheng)側面(mian)的龍(long)。
行龍:傳說鯉化(hua)蛟(jiao)(jiao),蛟(jiao)(jiao)化(hua)龍,而當龍達到一定境界時(shi),會(hui)化(hua)為行龍。
魚(yu)(yu)化龍(long)(long):魚(yu)(yu)化龍(long)(long)是(shi)一種(zhong)龍(long)(long)頭魚(yu)(yu)身的(de)龍(long)(long),亦是(shi)一種(zhong)“龍(long)(long)魚(yu)(yu)互變”的(de)形(xing)式(shi),這(zhe)種(zhong)形(xing)式(shi)古代早已有之。《說苑》中就有“昔日白龍(long)(long)下清冷之淵化為魚(yu)(yu)”的(de)記載,民間流傳的(de)鯉魚(yu)(yu)跳龍(long)(long)門,講述的(de)就是(shi)龍(long)(long)魚(yu)(yu)互變的(de)關系。
蜃龍(long):蜃棲(qi)息(xi)在海岸或大河的(de)(de)河口,模樣很像蛟,也有可能是(shi)其中的(de)(de)一種(zhong)。蜃具有不可思議(yi)的(de)(de)能力,就(jiu)是(shi)從(cong)口中吐出的(de)(de)氣可以看(kan)到(dao)(dao)各(ge)種(zhong)各(ge)樣的(de)(de)幻影。這些幻影大多數(shu)是(shi)亭臺樓閣(ge),是(shi)誰都沒見到(dao)(dao)過的(de)(de)豪(hao)華,從(cong)窗口里可以看(kan)到(dao)(dao)穿戴華麗的(de)(de)人們在活(huo)動。這就(jiu)是(shi)常說的(de)(de)海市蜃樓。
除此之外(wai),在一些典籍里還(huan)記(ji)載了龍(long)的“衍(yan)生物”,如《五(wu)雜俎(zu)》:龍(long)性(xing)最淫,故與牛交,則(ze)生麟;與豕(shi)交,則(ze)生象;與馬交,則(ze)生龍(long)馬……
《荀子·賦(fu)》:“天下幽(you)險,恐失(shi)世英。螭龍為蝘蜓,鴟梟(xiao)為鳳凰。”
東(dong)漢(han)王充(chong)《論(lun)衡》曰:“世(shi)俗畫(hua)龍之象,馬首蛇尾。”
東漢班(ban)固(gu)《漢書》:“臣以為龍(long)又無角,謂(wei)之為蛇又有足,跂(qi)跂(qi)脈(mo)脈(mo)善緣壁,是非守宮即蜥蜴。”
東漢許慎《說文解(jie)字》載:“龍(long),鱗蟲之長(chang),能幽能明,能細(xi)能巨(ju),能短(duan)能長(chang),春分而登天,秋(qiu)分而潛淵。”
辭書(shu)之祖(zu)《爾雅(ya)》提(ti)(ti)到了鳳凰(huang)的形象,關于龍的形象卻未提(ti)(ti)及(ji)。宋(song)人(ren)羅愿為(wei)爾雅(ya)所作的補充(chong)《爾雅(ya)翼》中,卻有(you)“釋龍”:“角似(si)鹿、頭似(si)駝、眼似(si)兔(tu)、項(xiang)似(si)蛇、腹(fu)似(si)蜃(shen)、鱗似(si)魚、爪似(si)鷹(ying)、掌似(si)虎、耳似(si)牛”。同為(wei)宋(song)人(ren)的書(shu)畫鑒賞家郭若虛(xu)在《圖(tu)畫見聞志》中也表(biao)達了類似(si)的觀點。
到了明(ming)代(dai),龍(long)的(de)形象更加具體豐滿起來,《本草(cao)綱目(mu)·翼》云:“龍(long)者鱗(lin)蟲(chong)之長。王符言其(qi)形有(you)九(jiu)似(si)(si):頭似(si)(si)駝,角似(si)(si)鹿,眼似(si)(si)兔,耳(er)似(si)(si)牛,項似(si)(si)蛇,腹似(si)(si)蜃,鱗(lin)似(si)(si)鯉(li),爪似(si)(si)鷹,掌似(si)(si)虎(hu),是也。其(qi)背有(you)八(ba)十一鱗(lin),具九(jiu)九(jiu)陽數。其(qi)聲(sheng)如戛銅盤(pan)。口旁(pang)有(you)須(xu)髯(ran),頷下有(you)明(ming)珠,喉下有(you)逆鱗(lin)。頭上(shang)有(you)博山,又(you)名尺木,龍(long)無尺木不能升天。呵(he)氣成云,既能變(bian)水,又(you)能變(bian)火(huo)。”
在《三國演(yan)義》中,羅(luo)貫中通過曹(cao)操之(zhi)口,概(gai)述(shu)了(le)龍的(de)特點(dian):“龍能(neng)大能(neng)小,能(neng)升(sheng)能(neng)隱(yin);大則興(xing)云(yun)吐霧(wu),小則隱(yin)介(jie)藏(zang)形;升(sheng)則飛騰于宇宙(zhou)之(zhi)間(jian),隱(yin)則潛伏于波濤之(zhi)內。方今(jin)春深,龍乘時變”。
清(qing)代(dai)袁枚則在《子不(bu)語》中寫到“雷(lei)雨晦冥,龍來哀號,聲若牛吼。”
而宋(song)代畫(hua)家(jia)董羽(yu)則(ze)認(ren)為龍(long)“角(jiao)似(si)(si)鹿、頭似(si)(si)牛、眼似(si)(si)蝦、嘴似(si)(si)驢、腹(fu)似(si)(si)蛇、鱗似(si)(si)魚(yu)、足(zu)似(si)(si)鳳、須似(si)(si)人、耳(er)似(si)(si)象。”這(zhe)是(shi)21世紀得到認(ren)可較(jiao)多(duo)的(de)說法。
早期社(she)會生產力(li)低下,人(ren)們在(zai)嚴(yan)酷的(de)自(zi)然環境里(li)生存,還不(bu)能獨立(li)的(de)支配自(zi)然力(li),也不(bu)能解釋自(zi)身來源,對自(zi)然界(jie)充滿幻想、憧憬(jing)乃至畏懼,崇拜(bai)各種比人(ren)類(lei)更強大的(de)自(zi)然或超自(zi)然力(li)量,這就(jiu)是圖騰和鬼(gui)神產生的(de)社(she)會基礎。
龍(long)圖騰(teng)形(xing)成的時間,可以(yi)上溯到上古伏(fu)羲(xi)時代,伏(fu)羲(xi)氏以(yi)蛇為圖騰(teng)。古書中(zhong)記載,伏(fu)羲(xi)氏生(sheng)于(yu)成紀,徒治陳(chen)倉,都(dou)于(yu)陳(chen),在位一(yi)百(bai)五十(shi)年,傳十(shi)五世。伏(fu)羲(xi)氏發源于(yu)成紀,發展壯大(da)后,沿著渭河谷地進入關中(zhong),出(chu)潼關,傍崤山、王屋(wu)山、太行山東遷,而后折(zhe)向東南,最后都(dou)于(yu)陳(chen)。這一(yi)活(huo)動區(qu)大(da)體(ti)與(yu)仰韶文(wen)化古遺址的分布區(qu)相(xiang)吻合。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰(teng)的(de)形成(cheng)源于伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲,除了(le)聞一(yi)(yi)多先(xian)生(sheng)論述外,還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)其它(ta)證據(ju)。司馬(ma)貞《補三(san)皇本(ben)紀》前(qian)面雖說伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲蛇(she)身人首,但在(zai)最后卻言伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲氏“有(you)(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)瑞(rui),以(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)紀官,號(hao)曰龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)師(shi)”。這種記(ji)載(zai)暗(an)示了(le)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲氏在(zai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰(teng)形成(cheng)中(zhong)所起的(de)主(zhu)導作用。又蛇(she)在(zai)生(sheng)肖中(zhong)叫小龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。蛇(she)如果有(you)(you)(you)了(le)靈性,就變成(cheng)了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。漢代緯書中(zhong)講,伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲氏首德于木(mu),為(wei)(wei)百王(wang)之先(xian)。伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲氏即是(shi)青龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),青帝(di)。炎帝(di)神農(nong)氏以(yi)(yi)火德為(wei)(wei)王(wang),為(wei)(wei)赤龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long);黃(huang)帝(di)軒轅氏以(yi)(yi)土(tu)德為(wei)(wei)王(wang),為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。按照五行始(shi)(shi)(shi)終說,最先(xian)出現的(de)是(shi)木(mu),而非火、土(tu)。同理(li),青帝(di)也(ye)應該是(shi)遠古第一(yi)(yi)帝(di),青龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)也(ye)是(shi)中(zhong)華民(min)族第一(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲氏自然(ran)也(ye)就是(shi)當之無愧(kui)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)圖騰(teng)的(de)創(chuang)(chuang)始(shi)(shi)(shi)者,開(kai)創(chuang)(chuang)了(le)華夏民(min)族的(de)文(wen)明。在(zai)敦煌遺書中(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)題為(wei)(wei)《天地開(kai)辟(pi)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)帝(di)王(wang)紀》的(de)問(wen)答體殘卷四(si)件(jian),伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲、女媧之所以(yi)(yi)能在(zai)洪災中(zhong)存(cun)活,是(shi)由于他們(men)“衣(依?)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)上天”(穿龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)衣或攀龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身上天)的(de)緣故。伏(fu)(fu)(fu)羲女媧為(wei)(wei)洪水后各民(min)族的(de)新一(yi)(yi)代共同始(shi)(shi)(shi)祖,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)如來(lai)麾下的(de)菩(pu)薩(sa)。
近代流行一種說法(fa),認為源(yuan)自黃帝(di)的(de)(de)釜(fu)山合符(fu)(fu)。《史記·五帝(di)本紀》記載:黃帝(di)在打敗炎帝(di)和(he)蚩尤后,巡閱四(si)方,“合符(fu)(fu)釜(fu)山”。這次“合符(fu)(fu)”,不(bu)僅統(tong)一了(le)各部(bu)(bu)軍令的(de)(de)符(fu)(fu)信,確立了(le)政治上的(de)(de)結盟(meng),還(huan)從原來(lai)各部(bu)(bu)落的(de)(de)圖騰身上各取(qu)一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)元素組(zu)合起來(lai),創造了(le)新的(de)(de)動物(wu)形象-龍。
龍(long)的(de)(de)形象的(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)有多種說(shuo)法,一說(shuo)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于鱷魚(yu),一說(shuo)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于蛇,也有人(ren)認為(wei)(wei)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于豬,甚(shen)至(zhi)有說(shuo)法稱最(zui)早的(de)(de)龍(long)就是下雨(yu)時天上的(de)(de)閃(shan)電。現(xian)在多數專家認為(wei)(wei)龍(long)是以蛇為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)圖騰綜合物。它有蛇的(de)(de)身(shen)、豬的(de)(de)頭、鹿(lu)的(de)(de)角、牛(niu)的(de)(de)耳(er)、羊的(de)(de)須、鷹的(de)(de)爪、魚(yu)的(de)(de)鱗,組合成龍(long)圖騰。
聞一多先生(sheng)在他的(de)(de)(de)三(san)篇作品《伏羲考》、《龍(long)(long)(long)鳳》、《端午考》中指出(chu),中國人被(bei)稱(cheng)為“龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)人”來(lai)(lai)源于黃(huang)帝時代的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)說。黃(huang)帝在戰敗蚩尤統一中原(yuan)后,它的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)兼取了(le)被(bei)吞并的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)它氏(shi)族的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)性圖(tu)案(an)。如鳥的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)圖(tu)案(an)、馬(ma)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)圖(tu)案(an)、鹿的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)圖(tu)案(an)、蛇(she)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)圖(tu)案(an)、牛的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)圖(tu)案(an)、魚的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)志(zhi)圖(tu)案(an)等。最后拼(pin)合(he)成了(le)“龍(long)(long)(long)”,一種虛擬的(de)(de)(de)綜合(he)性神靈。后來(lai)(lai),“龍(long)(long)(long)”的(de)(de)(de)形象開始出(chu)現于各種圖(tu)案(an)之中,并逐(zhu)漸成了(le)帝王的(de)(de)(de)符瑞。相傳(chuan)炎帝是(shi)(shi)一位叫(jiao)登(deng)的(de)(de)(de)女子(zi)感天(tian)上的(de)(de)(de)“神龍(long)(long)(long)”而生(sheng),黃(huang)帝是(shi)(shi)附寶感“北斗”而生(sheng),堯帝是(shi)(shi)慶都感“赤龍(long)(long)(long)”而生(sheng),始祖是(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)繁(fan)衍的(de)(de)(de)后代,因此,中華民族的(de)(de)(de)子(zi)孫便(bian)是(shi)(shi)“龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)人”了(le)。
古(gu)生(sheng)物學家曾(ceng)長(chang)期認為,長(chang)角的龍是(shi)上古(gu)先(xian)民虛構(gou)的形象,只存于(yu)神話傳說之中。1987年在位于(yu)河南省濮陽縣(xian)城(cheng)西水坡仰韶(shao)文化址發現(xian)”中華第一龍”,此次(ci)出土的蚌(bang)龍是(shi)迄今(jin)為止中國(guo)考(kao)古(gu)發現(xian)的最(zui)早的龍圖案(an),距今(jin)約(yue)6600多(duo)年。
龍作為一種(zhong)(zhong)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)和一般的(de)(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)不同,不是(shi)(shi)單一的(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)而是(shi)(shi)多種(zhong)(zhong)動物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)集合,這突出地反映了中華民(min)族(zu)偉大的(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)精神和思想。遠古神話(hua)最早的(de)(de)神不是(shi)(shi)人(ren),而是(shi)(shi)動物(wu)(wu)-圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)。原(yuan)始人(ren)分不清人(ren)與(yu)動物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)界限,認為某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)動物(wu)(wu)是(shi)(shi)自己的(de)(de)祖先和保(bao)護(hu)神,這就是(shi)(shi)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)。圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)作為氏族(zu)、部落的(de)(de)祖先和標(biao)志,一般是(shi)(shi)單一的(de)(de)某(mou)種(zhong)(zhong)動物(wu)(wu),氏族(zu)部落發生(sheng)兼并戰爭,勝利者在俘虜(lu)對方之后,往往同時消滅其圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng),新(xin)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)部族(zu)擁有的(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)單一的(de)(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)。
中(zhong)國古(gu)人(ren)最早體悟到人(ren)性,舍(she)棄弱肉(rou)強(qiang)食的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)念,在(zai)(zai)龍圖(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成過程中(zhong)突出地表現了(le)這種(zhong)(zhong)人(ren)性。這就是:為了(le)團結、親近那些被吞并了(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氏族(zu)、部落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),在(zai)(zai)消滅了(le)這個氏族(zu)、部落之后,并沒有完全(quan)消滅他(ta)們精(jing)神(shen)崇拜和文化寄托的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng),而是將失敗者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圖(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一部分加在(zai)(zai)了(le)自己圖(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)身上。所以龍的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)就是一種(zhong)(zhong)和合(he)團結的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)征(zheng),表現了(le)中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)遠古(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)極其寶貴的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和合(he)精(jing)神(shen),是中(zhong)華民(min)族(zu)精(jing)神(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個源頭(tou)。
龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象包含著多(duo)(duo)種動物元(yuan)素,不少(shao)人(ren)僅依據某一(yi)特(te)征論述其(qi)起源,所以產(chan)生了多(duo)(duo)種關于龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)說法(fa)。其(qi)中最有(you)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)型為蛇說。著名學者聞一(yi)多(duo)(duo)在20世紀(ji)40年代便(bian)探討了龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)型,據其(qi)考證,龍(long)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最初原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)型是(shi)(shi)蛇圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng),在消滅了牛圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)、鹿圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氏族(zu)之后(hou)(hou),就(jiu)把牛角(jiao)或鹿角(jiao)加(jia)在了蛇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭上(shang),后(hou)(hou)來又加(jia)上(shang)了豬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭或馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頭,加(jia)上(shang)了虎或鱷魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腿、鷹(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爪子、魚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鱗、花的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾巴,經過長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展,眾多(duo)(duo)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集合(he)就(jiu)形(xing)成了中華龍(long)圖(tu)(tu)(tu)騰(teng)(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象。聞一(yi)多(duo)(duo)之后(hou)(hou),不少(shao)學者也(ye)都認為龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)型是(shi)(shi)蛇。
還有認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)原型是(shi)(shi)(shi)鱷(e)(e)魚(yu)的(de)(de)說法(fa),最(zui)早提出龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)原型為(wei)(wei)(wei)鱷(e)(e)魚(yu)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中國(guo)古史專家衛聚賢。他在1934年出版的(de)(de)著作(zuo)中便說“龍(long)(long)即鱷(e)(e)魚(yu)”,一些外(wai)國(guo)學(xue)者(zhe)也認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鱷(e)(e)魚(yu)。此外(wai),還有人認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)主干的(de)(de)基本(ben)形態是(shi)(shi)(shi)蛇(she)、蜥蜴和馬,有的(de)(de)則認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)龍(long)(long)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從閃電(dian)或(huo)彩虹演化而來(lai)的(de)(de)等。
蘇州(zhou)大學(xue)徐山考(kao)釋了(le)甲骨(gu)文(wen)“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi),認(ren)為:龍(long)(long)(long),其甲骨(gu)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和“電、雷(lei)”兩字(zi)(zi)(zi)比較(jiao),龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)可(ke)視為“電、雷(lei)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變形(xing)(xing)(xing)。龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)保留了(le)閃電的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲(qu)狀,又(you)將表示(shi)雷(lei)聲的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)符號“口”狀移(yi)至彎(wan)曲(qu)處(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終端,表示(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口部。龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口開口朝下,表示(shi)雨從龍(long)(long)(long)口中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)傾瀉(xie)而下。龍(long)(long)(long)觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng),是(shi)(shi)(shi)原始先民對(dui)產生(sheng)(sheng)雷(lei)電的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種生(sheng)(sheng)物化解釋。在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),字(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)體上(shang)(shang)(shang)方加(jia)上(shang)(shang)(shang)“辛(xin)”。辛(xin),甲骨(gu)文(wen)字(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)為斧劈樹木狀。從這(zhe)個意義(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又(you)引申出刑具。在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),“辛(xin)”位(wei)于龍(long)(long)(long)形(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方,從辛(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)語義(yi)和造(zao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下結構中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)以看出,這(zhe)個“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)反映了(le)原始先民對(dui)龍(long)(long)(long)(雷(lei)神)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恐懼而又(you)企(qi)圖(tu)征服、控制它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理(li)狀態(tai)。《集韻》在“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)下收錄了(le)“竜”這(zhe)個異(yi)體字(zi)(zi)(zi)。該字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)方和“龍(long)(long)(long)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)左上(shang)(shang)(shang)方一(yi)樣,即(ji)甲骨(gu)文(wen)“辛(xin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隸定形(xing)(xing)(xing)式。“竜”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)義(yi)正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)雷(lei)電的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征服狀。此字(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)有力地證實了(le)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原型(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)雷(lei)電。從龍(long)(long)(long)字(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發音上(shang)(shang)(shang)看,“lóng”正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)記錄了(le)雷(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隆隆之聲。
龍之(zhi)所以受到炎(yan)(yan)黃子孫的(de)(de)尊崇,是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)與華夏(xia)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)形(xing)成進程有著(zhu)密切的(de)(de)關系。眾所周知,“五帝(di)(di)(di)”第一(yi)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)黃帝(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)前(qian),有一(yi)位(wei)在位(wei)120年,傳(chuan)位(wei)8世,共歷530多年的(de)(de)“神(shen)(shen)農(nong)氏世”時期。炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)“神(shen)(shen)農(nong)氏,姜(jiang)姓也”,正是(shi)其母“游華陽,有神(shen)(shen)龍首,感生炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)”(《初學記(ji)》卷(juan)九引《帝(di)(di)(di)王世紀》)的(de)(de)。而炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)農(nong)氏長得“弘(hong)身而牛(niu)顛(dian),龍顏而大唇”。炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)神(shen)(shen)農(nong)氏部(bu)族與黃帝(di)(di)(di)部(bu)族結成炎(yan)(yan)黃部(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟以后,做為(wei)龍子的(de)(de)炎(yan)(yan)帝(di)(di)(di)神(shen)(shen)農(nong)氏,深刻地(di)影(ying)響了炎(yan)(yan)黃部(bu)落聯(lian)(lian)盟的(de)(de)文(wen)明(ming)(ming)進程。
在文(wen)明國家(jia)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)前夜,即(ji)我(wo)國古史(shi)傳說的(de)(de)“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)”時期,那些推動文(wen)明因(yin)素(su)積聚的(de)(de)“英(ying)雄們(men)”——黃帝(di)、顓頊、帝(di)嚳、帝(di)堯(yao)、帝(di)舜、帝(di)禹等,無一不與龍有著這樣那樣的(de)(de)糾葛。請看(kan)下(xia)(xia)列史(shi)料:“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)”之首帝(di)黃帝(di),不僅長得“龍顏(yan)有圣(sheng)德(de)”(《易·系辭下(xia)(xia)》正義引(yin)(yin)《世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)》),還“令應龍攻蚩尤”(《史(shi)記(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)本(ben)紀(ji)(ji)》集解引(yin)(yin)《山海經》)。黃帝(di)不僅平時“乘(cheng)龍扆云”(《大戴禮(li)記(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)德(de)》),就是(shi)在他辭世(shi)升天時,也是(shi)“有龍垂(chui)胡髯而下(xia)(xia),迎黃帝(di)”(《御覽》卷九二(er)九引(yin)(yin)《帝(di)王世(shi)紀(ji)(ji)》)的(de)(de)。“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)”之二(er)的(de)(de)顓頊,“乘(cheng)龍而至(zhi)四(si)海”,巡行天下(xia)(xia),無比威嚴(yan);“五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)”之三(san)的(de)(de)帝(di)嚳,“春夏乘(cheng)龍”(《大戴禮(li)記(ji)·五(wu)(wu)(wu)帝(di)德(de)》),也是(shi)離不開龍的(de)(de)。
“五(wu)(wu)帝(di)”之(zhi)(zhi)四的(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)堯,把部落聯盟議(yi)事(shi)會改造成(cheng)(cheng)與民(min)眾相對(dui)(dui)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)“公共(gong)權利(li)”,而(er)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)出生與龍(long)有(you)著(zhu)直(zhi)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系,即其母慶(qing)(qing)都(dou)(dou)“出以(yi)(yi)觀河,遇赤龍(long)”,一陣“唵然(ran)陰(yin)風,而(er)感慶(qing)(qing)都(dou)(dou)”(《易·系辭》下(xia)引(yin)《帝(di)王世紀》)以(yi)(yi)致(zhi)孕的(de)(de)(de)(de)。堯在唐地(di)還(huan)曾“夢御龍(long)以(yi)(yi)登天,而(er)有(you)天下(xia)。”(《路(lu)史(shi)·后記(ji)》中(zhong)引(yin)《帝(di)王世紀》)后來(lai)居然(ran)夢想成(cheng)(cheng)真,成(cheng)(cheng)為第四任(ren)盟主(zhu);“五(wu)(wu)帝(di)”之(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)帝(di)舜,也是生成(cheng)(cheng)一副“龍(long)顏大口黑毛”(《山海經·海內經》注引(yin)《歸藏·開筮》)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模樣(yang),他(ta)對(dui)(dui)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)分鐘愛,賜(si)姓善于馴養(yang)龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人為“董(dong)氏”,專設畜龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)官(guan),并在聯盟議(yi)事(shi)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)“九官(guan)”、“十(shi)二牧”中(zhong)封龍(long)為“納言”之(zhi)(zhi)職。
進入階級社會的(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)個王朝(chao)——夏(xia)(xia)代(dai)(BC21~BC16世紀)的(de)(de)奠基者帝禹(yu)(yu)(yu),則與龍(long)(long)(long)有(you)著更為直接的(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)。禹(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其父鯀(gun)死后,“三歲不腐,剖之(zhi)以吳刀,化為黃龍(long)(long)(long)”(《山海經(jing)·海內經(jing)》注(zhu)引《歸藏(zang)·開筮》)的(de)(de),即(ji)“大(da)副(即(ji)剖)之(zhi)吳刀,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)出(chu)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)”,鯀(gun)所(suo)(suo)化之(zhi)黃龍(long)(long)(long)即(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)。人(ren)們所(suo)(suo)熟知(zhi)的(de)(de)“大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)治水(shui)(shui)”,也充分(fen)利用(yong)了龍(long)(long)(long)。“有(you)神龍(long)(long)(long),以尾畫地,導水(shui)(shui)所(suo)(suo)注(zhu),當(dang)決者因而(er)注(zhu)之(zhi)也”(《楚辭·天問》王逸(yi)注(zhu))。“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)盡力溝(gou)洫,導川夷岳(yue),黃龍(long)(long)(long)曳尾于(yu)(yu)(yu)前,玄(xuan)龜負青泥于(yu)(yu)(yu)后。”禹(yu)(yu)(yu)對(dui)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)脾性十分(fen)熟悉(xi),有(you)一(yi)(yi)次“禹(yu)(yu)(yu)省南方,濟乎江,黃龍(long)(long)(long)負舟,舟中之(zhi)人(ren),五色無主”。但禹(yu)(yu)(yu)鎮(zhen)定自若,說(shuo):“余何憂于(yu)(yu)(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)焉?”結果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)“龍(long)(long)(long)俯首低尾而(er)逃。”(《呂氏春秋·知(zhi)分(fen)》)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)做為“夏(xia)(xia)民族的(de)(de)祖先大(da)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)字,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)條富(fu)有(you)生命力的(de)(de)運動中的(de)(de)蛇。”(王宇信:《史記(ji)》鯀(gun)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)失統與鯀(gun)禹(yu)(yu)(yu)傳說(shuo)的(de)(de)史影(ying)》,《歷史研究》,1988年第6期(qi))而(er)蛇正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構(gou)成龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)原(yuan)始素材,也可以說(shuo)蛇也是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種。如(ru)此等等。
這(zhe)就是為大(da)家所熟(shu)知的中(zhong)國龍的形(xing)象:美角似麟鹿,迤身似蛇蟒,披鱗似魚,健(jian)爪似鷹隼的“鱗蟲之長(chang),能(neng)幽能(neng)明,能(neng)細能(neng)巨(ju),能(neng)短能(neng)長(chang),春分而登天,秋(qiu)分能(neng)潛淵”(《說(shuo)文》卷十一下魚部)的神(shen)奇動物。
1987年于(yu)河南濮(pu)陽西水坡(po)仰韶文(wen)化遺(yi)址發(fa)現了(le)六(liu)千多年前(qian)(qian)用蚌殼擺的(de)龍(long)(long),此龍(long)(long)昂首(shou)、曲(qu)頸、弓(gong)身、長尾,前(qian)(qian)爪扒、后(hou)(hou)爪蹬,狀似騰飛,這是目前(qian)(qian)我們見(jian)到(dao)的(de)最早的(de)龍(long)(long)。1978—1980年,在相當于(yu)“五帝(di)”第(di)四帝(di)陶(tao)唐氏帝(di)堯時期的(de)山西襄汾陶(tao)寺(si)遺(yi)址,一(yi)座大(da)墓中出了(le)一(yi)件以(yi)紅彩、或紅、白(bai)彩繪制蟠(pan)龍(long)(long)圖案的(de)珍(zhen)貴(gui)龍(long)(long)盤(pan)。陶(tao)寺(si)類型龍(long)(long)山文(wen)化遺(yi)址發(fa)現有(you)內城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)跡,被學者推斷為帝(di)堯的(de)“龍(long)(long)都”;而襄汾也(ye)成為舉(ju)世(shi)聞名的(de)“龍(long)(long)鄉”;在我國第(di)一(yi)個(ge)奴隸制夏王朝都城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址地(di)河南偃師二里頭,也(ye)在一(yi)件殘陶(tao)器上發(fa)現了(le)巨(ju)眼、利(li)爪、周身有(you)鱗的(de)龍(long)(long)紋……自商周階(jie)級(ji)社會以(yi)后(hou)(hou),龍(long)(long)的(de)形象(xiang)更是屢有(you)出土(tu),不(bu)勝枚舉(ju)了(le)。
西漢(han)(han)(包括王莽(mang)時(shi)期)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形象身體(ti)細長(chang),似(si)蛇形,身尾不分(fen)(fen)(fen),末尾有(you)(you)(you)鰭(qi)(qi)。頭部似(si)鱷魚(yu),整體(ti)較(jiao)瘦(shou)長(chang)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)為有(you)(you)(you)翼、無翼兩(liang)種(zhong)。有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)角(jiao)(jiao)似(si)牛角(jiao)(jiao),細長(chang),前(qian)端略(lve)帶(dai)弧形。上(shang)下顎等長(chang),上(shang)下唇分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)向上(shang)下翻卷(juan)。分(fen)(fen)(fen)為有(you)(you)(you)無兩(liang)種(zhong),翼為鳥翅形。獸(shou)腿,短粗(cu)(cu)。足部分(fen)(fen)(fen)為獸(shou)、鷹(ying)足兩(liang)種(zhong),三趾。而到了東漢(han)(han),龍(long)(long)(long)體(ti)粗(cu)(cu)壯(zhuang),似(si)虎形,身尾分(fen)(fen)(fen)明,個別(bie)有(you)(you)(you)鰭(qi)(qi)。角(jiao)(jiao)似(si)牛角(jiao)(jiao)。角(jiao)(jiao)下都出現(xian)突起(qi)的(de)(de)棱(leng),頂(ding)端前(qian)卷(juan),也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)類似(si)鹿角(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)。且都有(you)(you)(you)翼。獸(shou)腿較(jiao)長(chang)。以虎的(de)(de)形象為主,其他動物(wu)形象輔之。建安至魏晉(十六國時(shi)期)的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)體(ti)較(jiao)細長(chang),似(si)虎形,身尾分(fen)(fen)(fen)明。頭角(jiao)(jiao)略(lve)似(si)鹿角(jiao)(jiao)。羽翼分(fen)(fen)(fen)有(you)(you)(you)無兩(liang)種(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)翼的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)形狀(zhuang)仍舊為鳥翅形。腿為獸(shou)類,長(chang)。
南北朝至隋時(shi),龍體細長,似虎(hu)形(xing),身尾(wei)分明,頸和背上(shang)出現焰環。龍翼(yi)(yi)依(yi)舊分有無兩種,出現飄帶形(xing)翼(yi)(yi),鳥(niao)翅形(xing)尚存(cun)。四肢上(shang)飄,有長的獸毛。唐(tang)宋時(shi)期,體粗壯豐(feng)滿(man),回復到蛇體,身尾(wei)不分,脊背至尾(wei)都有鱗,宋代時(shi)尾(wei)上(shang)則有一圈鰭。吸取了獅子(zi)形(xing)象的特點,圓而(er)豐(feng)滿(man),腦后有鬣。唐(tang)代時(shi)出現分叉鹿角,前期略似鹿角尚存(cun)。上(shang)唇(chun)很長,頂端成尖形(xing),下(xia)唇(chun)短而(er)不再下(xia)卷。龍翼(yi)(yi)已經都為飄帶形(xing)。宋時(shi)出現四爪的足,后肢和尾(wei)常交叉盤旋。
在中國,龍(long)經(jing)歷了四個較大的(de)發(fa)展階(jie)段(duan):圖騰崇(chong)拜階(jie)段(duan)、神(shen)靈崇(chong)拜階(jie)段(duan)、龍(long)神(shen)崇(chong)拜與帝王崇(chong)拜相結(jie)合(he)的(de)階(jie)段(duan)、佛(fo)教娜迦龍(long)崇(chong)拜與中國龍(long)崇(chong)拜相結(jie)合(he)的(de)階(jie)段(duan)。
在(zai)圖(tu)騰(teng)崇(chong)拜(bai)階段(duan),中國遠古(gu)的(de)某些部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)把龍(long)視(shi)為圖(tu)騰(teng),作為自己部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)的(de)祖先和標志。根據歷史(shi)文獻(xian)資料和有關傳說,龍(long)(原形為蛇)原為伏羲氏族(zu)的(de)圖(tu)騰(teng),后來成為太(tai)暤(太(tai)昊)部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)的(de)圖(tu)騰(teng)。太(tai)暤部(bu)(bu)落(luo)(luo)是龍(long)圖(tu)騰(teng)崇(chong)拜(bai)最為重要的(de)起(qi)源地之一(yi)。
在神(shen)靈崇(chong)拜階(jie)段,農牧業(ye)逐漸形成,宗教信仰也(ye)(ye)得到發(fa)展(zhan),從較為單一的圖騰崇(chong)拜過渡到多神(shen)崇(chong)拜。龍圖騰崇(chong)拜也(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)為龍神(shen)崇(chong)拜。人們把龍神(shen)化,奉(feng)龍為水神(shen)、虹神(shen)。
龍(long)(long)(long)被神(shen)(shen)(shen)化后(hou),又與(yu)帝(di)王崇(chong)拜結合在一起(qi)。商周時期,龍(long)(long)(long)紋(wen)正式作為天(tian)子(zi)(zi)紋(wen)章與(yu)權力象征。這時候的(de)(de)(de)商周天(tian)子(zi)(zi)懸掛(gua)九旒龍(long)(long)(long)旗,并(bing)且穿著(zhu)龍(long)(long)(long)袞(gun)祭祀先王。秦漢(han)時期,中國大統一,要求有一個與(yu)之(zhi)相適(shi)應的(de)(de)(de)大神(shen)(shen)(shen),以整合各地、各民族的(de)(de)(de)信仰,龍(long)(long)(long)崇(chong)拜進(jin)一步(bu)與(yu)帝(di)王崇(chong)拜結合在一起(qi)。中國古代帝(di)王把自(zi)己說(shuo)成是龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)化身或龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)(shen)之(zhi)子(zi)(zi),或把自(zi)己說(shuo)成是受龍(long)(long)(long)神(shen)(shen)(shen)保護的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren),借助龍(long)(long)(long)樹立威信,獲(huo)得人(ren)(ren)們普(pu)遍的(de)(de)(de)信任和支持(chi)。這樣,龍(long)(long)(long)獲(huo)得了更為顯赫(he)的(de)(de)(de)地位(wei),對中國龍(long)(long)(long)文化的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展起(qi)到(dao)十分(fen)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)作用。
在戰(zhan)國(guo)時期便形成(cheng)了五(wu)色龍(long)(long)崇拜,及龍(long)(long)神信仰。在春(chun)秋時期,有(you)五(wu)行神,分別與(yu)五(wu)行之神相(xiang)匹配的是龍(long)(long)、虎、鳳(feng)、龜和麒麟(lin),龍(long)(long)只是其中(zhong)之一,與(yu)木(mu)神勾(gou)芒相(xiang)搭配,而五(wu)龍(long)(long)觀(guan)念尚未形成(cheng)。到戰(zhan)國(guo)時期,五(wu)龍(long)(long)觀(guan)念開始(shi)形成(cheng)。
最后是(shi)佛(fo)教娜(na)迦龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)崇(chong)(chong)拜與(yu)中國(guo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)崇(chong)(chong)拜相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段(duan)。隋(sui)唐(tang)時代,佛(fo)教在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)迅速傳(chuan)播(bo),佛(fo)教中的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王崇(chong)(chong)拜也傳(chuan)入中國(guo)。在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)本(ben)土的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)崇(chong)(chong)拜中,原(yuan)來只有(you)(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)崇(chong)(chong)拜,沒有(you)(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王崇(chong)(chong)拜,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王崇(chong)(chong)拜是(shi)在(zai)(zai)佛(fo)教傳(chuan)入后引進的(de)(de)(de)。隨著佛(fo)教的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)播(bo),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)宮、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)女等也得(de)到(dao)迅速流傳(chuan)。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教是(shi)中國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)本(ben)土宗教,是(shi)在(zai)(zai)原(yuan)始巫(wu)術的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上形成的(de)(de)(de)。先秦時代的(de)(de)(de)乘(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)周游(you)四海、乘(cheng)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)升天(tian),以及(ji)以龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)溝通(tong)天(tian)人的(de)(de)(de)信仰(yang),被道(dao)(dao)(dao)教全盤(pan)繼承。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)(zai)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教中被認為(wei)是(shi)“三(san)轎”之一。這(zhe)里所(suo)指的(de)(de)(de)“三(san)轎”,一曰龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)轎,二(er)曰虎(hu)轎,三(san)曰鹿轎,作上天(tian)入地(di)的(de)(de)(de)乘(cheng)騎工具。道(dao)(dao)(dao)教里有(you)(you)(you)許真君御龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)及(ji)建立鎖(suo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)井的(de)(de)(de)著名神(shen)話(hua)故事,中國(guo)各地(di)的(de)(de)(de)鎖(suo)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)井故事的(de)(de)(de)作者就是(shi)巫(wu)師即中國(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)士所(suo)為(wei)。
1987年,河南濮陽西(xi)水(shui)坡遺址,距離今(jin)天6000多年仰韶文(wen)化早期的(de)(de)大(da)墓,在(zai)男性(xing)墓主人身(shen)邊出土了一條用蚌殼堆塑的(de)(de)龍,這是(shi)目前發(fa)現的(de)(de)最早的(de)(de)龍。
1994年,在湖(hu)北黃梅縣白湖(hu)鄉焦墩遺址,清(qing)理到(dao)一條長4.4米的(de)卵(luan)石擺(bai)塑龍,距今約六千年。
新石器時(shi)(shi)代晚(wan)期,玉(yu)的(de)神(shen)秘功能在先(xian)民的(de)眼里(li)愈(yu)發至關重要,與天(tian)地(di)宗祖鬼神(shen)溝通的(de)琮、璧、戚等(deng)禮器,都(dou)是(shi)用好玉(yu)琢制的(de)。在遼西、內蒙古(gu)、徽、湘(xiang)、鄂(e)、太湖流域(yu)的(de)發達(da)地(di)區,人們也用玉(yu)琢出龍形,足見龍在當(dang)時(shi)(shi)非同一般的(de)地(di)位。
安徽凌家灘白(bai)玉龍。距今(jin)五千年(nian)左(zuo)右。首尾相(xiang)聯的(de)扁環(huan)形,雞骨(gu)白(bai)色泛綠(lv)斑(ban),此龍除背環(huan)一周明確的(de)脊鬣,尤為(wei)形象的(de)是龍首呈牛頭形,頭上兩支微翹的(de)彎(wan)角,直觀就是當地(di)水牛頭上的(de)雙(shuang)角。
浙(zhe)江余杭瑤山(shan)(shan)白玉(yu)龍(long)。良渚(zhu)文化。玉(yu)龍(long)組成比(bi)較特別,由(you)四個(ge)同向龍(long)首圍(wei)成一(yi)個(ge)鐲形(xing)(xing)。龍(long)首分布(bu)均勻(yun)地(di)淺凸(tu)于鐲面(mian)(mian)上。嘴、眼、耳(er)淺浮(fu)雕狀,龍(long)角、牙齒等一(yi)些細(xi)部用陰(yin)線勾勒。發掘(jue)報告(gao)描(miao)述它“眼和(he)(he)牙近似水(shui)牛(niu)或(huo)鹿,鼻(bi)如(ru)豬,角與耳(er)非牛(niu)非鹿,似為(wei)各(ge)種動物(wu)的(de)結合圖形(xing)(xing)。……平面(mian)(mian)加一(yi)個(ge)側面(mian)(mian)進行斜向觀察,其形(xing)(xing)態和(he)(he)傳統(tong)觀念龍(long)形(xing)(xing)頗為(wei)近似,……環曲的(de)鐲身(shen)(shen),或(huo)可視作(zuo)龍(long)體的(de)象征”。此類龍(long)形(xing)(xing),在浙(zhe)江反山(shan)(shan)、瑤山(shan)(shan)等遺址出(chu)土的(de)璜、柱形(xing)(xing)器、山(shan)(shan)字形(xing)(xing)器管和(he)(he)小玉(yu)璧上多有發現。扁長吻(wen),縮(suo)頸俯(fu)伏(fu),面(mian)(mian)額仰天的(de)身(shen)(shen)姿酷似一(yi)條淺潛水(shui)下(xia),僅浮(fu)露鼻(bi)眼,隨時準備獵(lie)取小動物(wu)的(de)鱷魚的(de)形(xing)(xing)象。一(yi)排整齊犀利的(de)牙齒,更是這一(yi)水(shui)中(zhong)獵(lie)手的(de)生(sheng)動寫照。
湖南澧縣孫(sun)家(jia)崗的(de)(de)(de)玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)。龍(long)(long)(long)山(shan)文化。扁簿狀(zhuang),鏤(lou)刻(ke)透雕而成。頭頂有(you)高聳華麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)角狀(zhuang)裝(zhuang)飾,腹下有(you)雕鏤(lou)逼真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)腳(這恐怕是已知玉(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)中(zhong)最早發現(xian)龍(long)(long)(long)腳的(de)(de)(de)例子)。但蜷曲的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti),仍隱約(yue)能見“C”字形狀(zhuang)。長(chang)吻、圓(yuan)眼等獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)造型,同樣具有(you)鱷魚的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)態特(te)征。
湖北天門肖家屋(wu)脊玦形(xing)玉龍(long)(long)石家河(he)文(wen)化。外形(xing)極(ji)似紅山文(wen)化“C”字形(xing)玉龍(long)(long),只(zhi)是頭形(xing)不(bu)似紅山豬、熊、馬首形(xing),而(er)略與鱷接近。
以(yi)上諸玉龍(long),都是新(xin)石器時代晚期距今五千(qian)年左(zuo)右(you)的典型玉龍(long)。從動物學(xue)角度(du)分析(xi),主(zhu)要是馬、熊(xiong)、牛、鱷幾(ji)種(zhong),特征(zheng)清晰,種(zhong)類明確。
至于安徽凌(ling)家灘(tan)(tan)玉龍為牛(niu)(niu)首形,據(ju)了解,水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)一帶,不久(jiu)前還是農家的主(zhu)要畜(chu)力,也是當地(di)(di)農民(min)幾千年(nian)賴以(yi)生存的動物,即使是上世(shi)紀五十年(nian)代(dai)的人民(min)政(zheng)府,也曾多次發布公告,嚴禁宰割耕(geng)牛(niu)(niu),足見牛(niu)(niu)在(zai)當地(di)(di)人民(min)生活(huo)中占(zhan)據(ju)過(guo)多么重要的地(di)(di)位(wei)。凌(ling)家灘(tan)(tan)先民(min)把這(zhe)(zhe)一具有神奇般力量,對農業豐產作出極大貢獻的水(shui)牛(niu)(niu),虛(xu)幻神化為龍的形象,順理成章(zhang)。
浙江(jiang)余杭瑤山白玉龍、湖南澧縣孫(sun)家崗白玉龍、湖北(bei)天門肖家屋脊玦形(xing)龍,頭(tou)形(xing)都似(si)鱷(e)魚(yu),而(er)鱷(e)魚(yu)也正是(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)流域(yu)及(ji)江(jiang)南水鄉地帶常見(jian)的(de)、令(ling)人(ren)印(yin)象深刻的(de)動物(wu)。有(you)人(ren)分析認為,鱷(e)魚(yu)總是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)冬眠(mian)之后在(zai)(zai)(zai)春天破穴決堤造成(cheng)水災(zai),人(ren)們(men)也往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)這個(ge)時(shi)候看到了鱷(e)魚(yu)出(chu)沒在(zai)(zai)(zai)波(bo)濤滾(gun)滾(gun)之中,便(bian)以為鱷(e)魚(yu)有(you)一種超自然的(de)力量,使人(ren)們(men)逐漸由鱷(e)產生(sheng)了龍神的(de)形(xing)象和崇(chong)拜(bai)。
繁(fan)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)型,特(te)(te)別是新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)晚期玉(yu)龍(long)(long)各(ge)有(you)(you)祖(zu)形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang),說明龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生其實(shi)(shi)是與新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)晚期當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地氏(shi)族先民(min)所(suo)尊(zun)崇、敬(jing)畏(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某種動物(wu)直接相關(guan),與當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地生存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)種群有(you)(you)關(guan)。如(ru)鱷應(ying)該(gai)在(zai)江河沼澤(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)江浙湘鄂地區(qu),而不應(ying)該(gai)出(chu)遼西的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山區(qu)和茫茫無際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大草原(yuan)上(shang);馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蹤跡(ji)在(zai)太(tai)湖流(liu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)古文化遺址中沒有(you)(you)發現……這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種與當(dang)(dang)(dang)時(shi)(shi)當(dang)(dang)(dang)地先民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尊(zun)重物(wu)緊(jin)密(mi)相連的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造龍(long)(long)現象(xiang),直至(zhi)以(yi)(yi)后仍(reng)會導(dao)致另類新(xin)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產生。如(ru)商代(dai)人(ren)首雙(shuang)角龍(long)(long)紋青銅(tong)盉,漢(han)代(dai)馬王堆(dui)帛畫(hua)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)形(xing)龍(long)(long),江蘇丹徒丁(ding)卯橋(qiao)唐代(dai)鎏金銀盆上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魚(yu)龍(long)(long)等等。其中人(ren)形(xing)龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現,說明受到尊(zun)崇、仰慕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首領、英雄人(ren)物(wu)等,同樣可(ke)以(yi)(yi)成龍(long)(long)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一現象(xiang)即使(shi)在(zai)科學發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2019年(nian),仍(reng)能產生其不可(ke)思(si)議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。總而言之,這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種奇妙的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、唯“龍(long)(long)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳人(ren)”獨具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“龍(long)(long)”化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意識行為,實(shi)(shi)質(zhi)就(jiu)是將這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種動物(wu)或人(ren)予以(yi)(yi)“神”化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)。
《竹書紀年》載:伏羲氏(shi)(shi)各氏(shi)(shi)族中有(you)飛(fei)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、潛(qian)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、居龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、降龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、土(tu)龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、水龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、青龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、赤龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、白龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、黑龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)、黃龍(long)氏(shi)(shi)。
古籍說帝(di)舜(shun)(shun)(shun)和夏(xia)(xia)代有(you)(you)飼養龍(long)的活動(dong),以龍(long)作氏(shi)族(zu)的族(zu)名(ming)。《路史(shi)·后紀》卷十一:“當舜(shun)(shun)(shun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時,人來效獻(獻也(ye))龍(long),求(qiu)能食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。高陽之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后,有(you)(you)董父能求(qiu)其欲,使豢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。賜(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氏(shi)白豢龍(long)。封于(yu)(yu)鬷(zong)川,于(yu)(yu)是始有(you)(you)豢龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官。”《左傳》昭公(gong)二(er)十九(jiu)年云(yun):“帝(di)舜(shun)(shun)(shun)氏(shi)世(shi)有(you)(you)畜龍(long),及(ji)(有(you)(you))夏(xia)(xia)孔甲(jia),擾于(yu)(yu)有(you)(you)帝(di)。帝(di)賜(si)(si)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乘龍(long),河(he)漢各二(er),各有(you)(you)雌雄。孔甲(jia)不能食,而未獲豢龍(long)氏(shi)。陶唐(tang)氏(shi)既(ji)(ji)衰,其后有(you)(you)劉累學擾龍(long)于(yu)(yu)豢龍(long)氏(shi),以事(shi)孔甲(jia),能飲(yin)食之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),夏(xia)(xia)后嘉(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),賜(si)(si)姓(氏(shi))曰(yue)御龍(long),以更(geng)豕韋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后。龍(long)一雌死,潛醢(hai)以食夏(xia)(xia)后。夏(xia)(xia)后飧之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),既(ji)(ji)而使求(qiu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),懼而遷于(yu)(yu)魯縣,范氏(shi)其后也(ye)。”
到了商(shang)及西(xi)周時期(qi),龍(long)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)出(chu)(chu)現了兩(liang)極分(fen)化:一種(zhong)無比猙獰,最有(you)(you)名的(de)(de)(de)是山(shan)西(xi)石樓縣桃花莊出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)代(dai)晚期(qi)銅(tong)龍(long)形(xing)觥(gong),張開大嘴露(lu)出(chu)(chu)利(li)齒,兩(liang)角高(gao)聳恐怖懾(she)人(ren),就是鱷(e)魚(yu)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang);一種(zhong)十分(fen)溫順,比如商(shang)代(dai)晚期(qi)河(he)南安陽殷墟婦好墓出(chu)(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)蟠龍(long)盤,其他(ta)殷墟墓葬中(zhong)也(ye)有(you)(you)發現。商(shang)周時期(qi),龍(long)文化更(geng)得到廣泛的(de)(de)(de)傳播。龍(long)由圖騰(teng)時代(dai)原(yuan)始的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)變成真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)龍(long)紋,約在商(shang)代(dai)。商(shang)王朝非常重視宗教(jiao)(jiao)與巫(wu)術,也(ye)就十分(fen)重視宗教(jiao)(jiao)活動中(zhong)必(bi)不可少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)禮(li)器(qi)-青銅(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)鑄造。青銅(tong)器(qi)上的(de)(de)(de)紋飾有(you)(you)濃郁的(de)(de)(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)色(se)彩,即通過各種(zhong)象(xiang)(xiang)征(zheng)性的(de)(de)(de)紋飾,向人(ren)們展示(shi)應崇拜(bai)的(de)(de)(de)神靈,求(qiu)其保護(hu),免受怪(guai)物的(de)(de)(de)侵害。這種(zhong)紋飾中(zhong),原(yuan)龍(long)紋成為主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)部分(fen)。
商周時期,龍(long)紋已經正式成為天子紋章和權力象征。除(chu)了(le)將龍(long)紋刻畫(hua)在(zai)青(qing)銅器上,商周的統治者還把龍(long)紋畫(hua)在(zai)旗幟和衣服上,以作為身(shen)份的象征。
《商(shang)頌·玄鳥》:“龍旂十乘,大(da)糦(chi)是乘。”
《荀子·禮論(lun)》:“天子大路越席,所以養體也;龍旂九斿,所以養信也。”
《周禮·春(chun)官》:“享先(xian)王,則袞冕。”
《晏子(zi)春秋》:“昔者秦繆公乘龍舟而理天下。”
《史記·封禪書》載(zai):“昔秦文(wen)公出(chu)獵,獲黑龍”。
龍(long)(long)(long)原本是中華先民(min)崇拜對象,但隨著(zhu)專制程度的不(bu)斷(duan)加深(shen),君權之(zhi)日益膨脹,帝(di)王(wang)之(zhi)家憑借政治優(you)勢,將龍(long)(long)(long)據為(wei)己有。《呂氏春秋》中,便(bian)有將晉(jin)文公“喻之(zhi)為(wei)龍(long)(long)(long)”的記(ji)載(zai)。其后(hou)(hou)有秦(qin)始皇(huang)稱“祖龍(long)(long)(long)”之(zhi)說。秦(qin)漢以后(hou)(hou),龍(long)(long)(long)已定型為(wei)帝(di)王(wang)化(hua)身(shen),皇(huang)室(shi)專利。皇(huang)帝(di)為(wei)“真龍(long)(long)(long)天子”,出生曰“真龍(long)(long)(long)天降”,駕崩稱“龍(long)(long)(long)御上賓”;所居者龍(long)(long)(long)庭(ting),臥(wo)者龍(long)(long)(long)床,座(zuo)者龍(long)(long)(long)椅,穿者龍(long)(long)(long)袍(pao)。
西漢(han)董仲舒所撰(zhuan)的(de)(de)《春秋繁露(lu)》中,記有民間祈求(qiu)龍降雨(yu)以保豐收的(de)(de)祀龍降雨(yu)活(huo)動(dong)。在長沙馬王堆西漢(han)墓(mu)出土的(de)(de)著名帛畫(hua)上,也有龍的(de)(de)形象。這表明(ming)在西漢(han)時(shi)期,龍已經(jing)是社會(hui)生活(huo)中流傳相當廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)一(yi)種文化(hua)意識(shi)了。
《新唐書·五行志三(san)》載:“貞(zhen)元(yuan)末(805年),資(zi)江得龍丈余(yu),西川節度使韋皋匣而獻之,老姓(xing)縱(zong)觀。三(san)日(ri),為煙所熏而死”。該(gai)事,《太平廣記》卷四二二引牛(niu)肅《紀聞》談(tan)的比較詳細。
《唐(tang)年補(bu)錄(lu)》載:唐(tang)咸通末,舒州刺史孔威進(jin)龍(long)骨一具,因有(you)(you)(you)表錄(lu)其事狀云:“州之桐城(cheng)縣(xian)善(shan)政鄉(xiang)百姓胡(hu)舉,有(you)(you)(you)青龍(long)斗死于(yu)庭中。時(shi)四月,尚有(you)(you)(you)繭(jian)箔在庭。忽云雷暴起,聞云中擊(ji)觸聲,血(xue)如釃雨(yu),灑繭(jian)箔上(shang)(shang),血(xue)不氵于(yu)箔,漸旋(xuan)結聚,可(ke)拾置(zhi)掌上(shang)(shang)。須臾,令人冷(leng)痛(tong)入骨。初龍(long)拖尾(wei)及地(di),繞(rao)一泔桶,即騰身入云。及雨(yu),悉是泔也(ye)。龍(long)既(ji)死,剖之,喉中有(you)(you)(you)大瘡。凡長十余丈。鱗鬣皆魚。唯有(you)(you)(you)須長二(er)丈。其足有(you)(you)(you)赤(chi)膜(mo)翳之。雙角各長二(er)丈。時(shi)遣大云倉使督而送(song)州。以肉重不能全舉,乃剸之為數(shu)十段,載之赴官。”
《遼史(shi)·太(tai)祖本紀下(xia)》記:“神冊五年(nian)(920年(nian))夏(xia)五月(yue)庚辰,有龍見于拽刺(ci)山陽水(shui)上(shang)(shang)。上(shang)(shang)射(she)獲之,藏其(qi)骨內(nei)府”。北宋沈括《夢溪筆(bi)談·雜志一》介紹過他出使契(qi)丹時所聞(wen)該(gai)事,元(yuan)好問《續夷堅志》對該(gai)事談的(de)較(jiao)詳細,是條五尺小龍。
明朝洪(hong)武時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),龍(long)(long)紋(wen)的造型(xing)基本(ben)上保持著元代龍(long)(long)紋(wen)的形(xing)狀。其特征概括為頭(tou)小、頸細、身體細長、少毛發(fa)、三四爪。永(yong)樂、宣德(de)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi),改(gai)變了(le)前朝那種身細、頭(tou)小的幼(you)稚龍(long)(long)形(xing)態,龍(long)(long)形(xing)變得形(xing)體高大粗壯(zhuang),威武兇猛。那時(shi)(shi),龍(long)(long)首較(jiao)元代的大,上顎(e)(e)比下顎(e)(e)長而高高突起,有張(zhang)口和閉(bi)嘴(zui)之分。張(zhang)口的伸舌(she)(早(zao)期(qi)(qi)較(jiao)長如戟狀,后期(qi)(qi)略短(duan)微微上翹),閉(bi)嘴(zui)的上唇(chun)似如意狀,鼻的兩(liang)側(ce)有對(dui)稱的長曲須,下顎(e)(e)多(duo)有兩(liang)束或(huo)三束的疏(shu)須,頭(tou)毛是一束束的疏(shu)毛,前期(qi)(qi)發(fa)少,后期(qi)(qi)的發(fa)多(duo)。
到了成化(hua)、弘治、正德年間(jian),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)型失去(qu)(qu)了前(qian)朝張(zhang)牙(ya)舞爪、叱咤(zha)風(feng)云(yun)的(de)雄姿,表現出(chu)一副性情溫順的(de)神態。常(chang)見的(de)一種閉(bi)(bi)嘴(zui)(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),多(duo)在花間(jian)、蓮(lian)池、海(hai)水彩(cai)云(yun)中(zhong)出(chu)現。除了閉(bi)(bi)嘴(zui)(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long),也(ye)有少量張(zhang)口(kou)(kou)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、螭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。而嘉(jia)靖、隆慶、萬(wan)歷年間(jian),龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋則以行(xing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)為多(duo)。有雙龍(long)(long)(long)(long)相對的(de),有張(zhang)牙(ya)舞爪的(de),有兩(liang)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)爭珠、回首而望的(de),也(ye)有龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鳳對舞的(de)。有行(xing)于花間(jian)、舞于彩(cai)云(yun)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)形(xing),也(ye)有游于海(hai)濤之中(zhong)的(de)蛟龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。此時(shi)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋,亦分(fen)張(zhang)口(kou)(kou)和(he)閉(bi)(bi)嘴(zui)(zui)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)。在工藝上,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)紋大不(bu)如前(qian)。常(chang)見畫工簡(jian)(jian)單(dan)草率,有的(de)把(ba)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)鱗畫成簡(jian)(jian)單(dan)的(de)網格紋,神氣(qi)也(ye)差。有的(de)顯得瘦弱,失去(qu)(qu)駕云(yun)行(xing)海(hai)叱咤(zha)風(feng)云(yun)的(de)神威。
雍正、乾(qian)隆年間,龍型的(de)角(jiao)分叉成山(shan)字(zi)形,龍的(de)眼睛顯(xian)(xian)圓,龍的(de)爪(zhua)(zhua)已(yi)不(bu)(bu)似明(ming)代鷹(ying)爪(zhua)(zhua),五(wu)趾相(xiang)靠成“風車”狀。這時(shi)的(de)龍爪(zhua)(zhua)拇趾與食趾相(xiang)距較大,趾甲顯(xian)(xian)得(de)細小,沒有(you)了(le)元、明(ming)時(shi)期三(san)角(jiao)形的(de)那(nei)種鋒利感。所以,清代龍爪(zhua)(zhua)給人以有(you)形無力之(zhi)感。清末的(de)龍紋,其(qi)精神大不(bu)(bu)如之(zhi)前的(de)威武、健壯,顯(xian)(xian)得(de)腰(yao)硬,老(lao)態(tai)龍鐘(zhong),四肢無力。對比發現,之(zhi)前的(de)龍體盤曲(qu)度(du)大,有(you)三(san)波九折之(zhi)美。而清末時(shi)盤曲(qu)少了(le),故顯(xian)(xian)腰(yao)體硬直之(zhi)感。
概(gai)括(kuo)起(qi)來,明(ming)代龍(long)(long)紋及造型(xing)粗壯,威(wei)武(wu)生猛(meng),龍(long)(long)首魁梧,有(you)怒發(fa)沖(chong)冠之(zhi)氣(qi)勢(shi)(shi)。龍(long)(long)趾(zhi)呈(cheng)(cheng)三角(jiao)形(xing)(xing),略(lve)微內彎,鋒利剛勁。明(ming)中期時(shi)(shi)龍(long)(long)首扁長,上(shang)唇呈(cheng)(cheng)如(ru)意狀(zhuang),龍(long)(long)爪緊靠呈(cheng)(cheng)風車狀(zhuang)。明(ming)晚期時(shi)(shi),仍以游龍(long)(long)居多,龍(long)(long)的頭部略(lve)圓,鬃毛成蓬,有(you)上(shang)沖(chong)之(zhi)勢(shi)(shi)。這時(shi)(shi)的龍(long)(long)型(xing)上(shang)顎端肌肉高(gao)高(gao)突(tu)起(qi),呈(cheng)(cheng)如(ru)意狀(zhuang),形(xing)(xing)如(ru)豬(zhu)嘴(zui),人稱“豬(zhu)嘴(zui)龍(long)(long)”。而清代龍(long)(long)紋顯得華貴精巧(qiao),富麗堂(tang)皇。
在中華,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)、龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)說蘊(yun)涵著中國人(ren)(ren)所(suo)重視的(de)天人(ren)(ren)合一的(de)宇宙(zhou)觀(guan)(guan);仁者(zhe)愛人(ren)(ren)互(hu)主體觀(guan)(guan)的(de)訴(su)求;陰陽交合的(de)發展觀(guan)(guan);兼容并包(bao)的(de)多元文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)觀(guan)(guan)。中國龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵豐(feng)富,從性質和(he)(he)內涵來看,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)三大類型:宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、政治(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)和(he)(he)藝術(shu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。宗(zong)(zong)教(jiao)(jiao)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)即把龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)當作圣物或(huo)神靈(ling)來崇(chong)拜(bai),把龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)視為(wei)主宰雨水之神或(huo)保(bao)護神等(deng)。政治(zhi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)是統治(zhi)階級(ji)利用人(ren)(ren)們(men)普遍崇(chong)拜(bai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)心理(li),把帝王說成是龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神的(de)化(hua)(hua)身,是神圣不可(ke)(ke)侵犯的(de),用以(yi)維護統治(zhi)。藝術(shu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)就(jiu)是以(yi)藝術(shu)的(de)形式表(biao)現(xian)對龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)敬仰(yang)和(he)(he)崇(chong)拜(bai),即以(yi)雕刻、塑造(zao)、繪畫、舞蹈、神話(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)說、競(jing)技活動(dong)等(deng)方式表(biao)現(xian)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)。
中國龍文(wen)化具(ju)有鮮明特色(se)。
1.悠久(jiu)性。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)龍(long)崇(chong)拜歷史在(zai)世(shi)界上(shang)最為久(jiu)遠。據(ju)考(kao)古發掘資料,最早(zao)的(de)龍(long)形象是在(zai)1994年發掘的(de)遼(liao)寧阜新查海遺址中(zhong)(zhong)發現(xian)(xian)的(de),這(zhe)一遺址中(zhong)(zhong)有一條距今七八千年的(de)興隆洼(wa)文化石(shi)塊堆塑龍(long)。在(zai)新石(shi)器(qi)遺址中(zhong)(zhong),還(huan)發現(xian)(xian)了眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)龍(long)形象。至于玉龍(long)和龍(long)紋就更多(duo)。
2.延續性。龍(long)文化在中(zhong)國歷(li)久不衰,歷(li)朝歷(li)代延續不斷,可以說是延續時(shi)間最長、生命力最強的文化現象之(zhi)一。
3.多(duo)樣性。中國(guo)龍(long)文(wen)化豐富(fu)多(duo)樣。龍(long)的形象變化多(duo)樣,中國(guo)各(ge)朝代的龍(long)形象均(jun)有所(suo)不同。各(ge)地與龍(long)有關(guan)的民(min)俗活動也各(ge)不相同,龍(long)的神話傳(chuan)說(shuo)豐富(fu)多(duo)彩,祭龍(long)儀式紛繁復雜。
4.普遍性。中國(guo)大多數民族都崇拜龍(long),有(you)龍(long)抬(tai)頭節習俗,帶有(you)“龍(long)”字(zi)的地名、物名、人名遍布全國(guo)各地。
5.整合(he)(he)性。自秦漢之后,龍(long)神崇拜與帝王崇拜結(jie)合(he)(he)在一(yi)起,龍(long)獲得了更為(wei)顯赫的(de)地位,這使各地區(qu)、各民族本來不(bu)同(tong)的(de)龍(long)文化(hua)得到整合(he)(he)。中國龍(long)文化(hua)經過整合(he)(he),具有更強(qiang)的(de)生命力和(he)傳播力。
龍生九子:據明人李東陽《懷(huai)麓堂(tang)集》載,龍生九子不成龍,各有所好(hao)(hao)。囚牛(niu):性喜音樂,舊時多刻(ke)于胡琴頭上(shang)。睚眥(yá zì):平生好(hao)(hao)殺,喜血腥(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)氣。樣子像長了龍角的(de)(de)(de)豺狼,怒目(mu)而(er)視,雙角向后緊貼背部。常被雕飾(shi)在(zai)刀(dao)柄劍鞘上(shang)。嘲(chao)風(cháo fēng):喜好(hao)(hao)冒險,常用(yong)其形狀在(zai)殿角上(shang)作為裝飾(shi),具有威懾(she)妖魔、清除災禍的(de)(de)(de)含義。蒲牢(pú láo):喜歡吼叫,人們常把它安(an)在(zai)鐘上(shang)。狻猊(suān ní):形如獅,喜歡蹲坐。佛祖見(jian)它有耐心,便收(shou)在(zai)胯下當(dang)了坐騎。赑(bi)屃(xi)(bì xì):似龜,好(hao)(hao)負(fu)重(zhong)。各地(di)的(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)殿、祠(ci)堂(tang)、陵墓中均(jun)可見(jian)到(dao)其背負(fu)石碑的(de)(de)(de)樣子。狴(bi)犴(bì àn):平生好(hao)(hao)訟,其形似虎,往往刻(ke)于獄門之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)。負(fu)屃(xi)(fù xì):平生好(hao)(hao)文(wen),常盤繞在(zai)石碑碑文(wen)頭頂。螭吻(chī wěn):喜歡東張西望,經(jing)常被安(an)排在(zai)建筑物的(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)脊上(shang),作建筑物上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)吻獸。不過(guo)民間傳說中之(zhi)(zhi)龍子遠不止上(shang)述九位,九乃虛(xu)指(zhi),以(yi)示數量之(zhi)(zhi)多;又是陽極之(zhi)(zhi)貴數,以(yi)示地(di)位尊(zun)崇。折(zhe)射出(chu)我中華先人對(dui)子孫眾多的(de)(de)(de)期盼、對(dui)變(bian)異性的(de)(de)(de)破(po)解以(yi)及對(dui)后來習得的(de)(de)(de)肯定的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化理念(nian)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang):唐玄(xuan)宗時,詘祠龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)池(chi),設壇官(guan)致(zhi)祭,以祭雨師之(zhi)(zhi)儀祭龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。宋(song)太(tai)祖(zu)沿用唐代祭五(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)之(zhi)(zhi)制。宋(song)徽宗大觀二(er)年(1108 年)詘天下五(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)皆封王(wang)(wang)(wang)爵。封青(qing)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)為廣(guang)仁王(wang)(wang)(wang),赤龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)為嘉澤王(wang)(wang)(wang),黃龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)為孚應王(wang)(wang)(wang),白龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)為義濟王(wang)(wang)(wang),黑龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)為靈澤王(wang)(wang)(wang)。清同治(zhi)二(er)年(1863年)又封運河(he)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)為“延(yan)庥顯應分水龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)神(shen)”,令河(he)道(dao)總督(du)以時致(zhi)祭。在(zai)《西(xi)游記》中,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)分別是∶東(dong)海(hai)敖廣(guang)、南海(hai)敖欽、西(xi)海(hai)敖閏、北海(hai)敖順,稱為四海(hai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)(如四海(hai)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang),五(wu)方龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang))是在(zai)中國古代龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)神(shen)信仰(yang)及佛(fo)教龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)(wang)(wang)信仰(yang)的基礎(chu)上形成的。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)脈(mo):風水學把起(qi)伏的(de)山脈(mo)稱為龍(long)(long)(long)(long)脈(mo),古(gu)代“風水術”首推“地(di)理五訣”,就是(shi)“覓龍(long)(long)(long)(long)、察砂、觀水、點穴、立(li)向”。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)就是(shi)地(di)理脈(mo)絡,土是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)肉、石是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)骨、草(cao)木是(shi)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)毛發。尋(xun)(xun)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)首先(xian)應該先(xian)尋(xun)(xun)祖宗父母山脈(mo),審氣脈(mo)別(bie)生(sheng)氣,分陰(yin)陽。最著名的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)脈(mo)為昆侖(lun)山和秦嶺。
龍的(de)傳人(ren):所謂龍的(de)傳人(ren),主要(yao)意(yi)思是說(shuo)(shuo)龍之血(xue)緣(yuan)的(de)傳承人(ren),說(shuo)(shuo)遠古的(de)先祖是人(ren)和(he)龍交合的(de)產(chan)物,次要(yao)意(yi)思是說(shuo)(shuo)龍之澤物無畏精神(shen)的(de)傳承人(ren)。
生肖(xiao):龍在中國傳統(tong)的十二生肖(xiao)中排列第五位,對應的地支是辰,所以(yi)有辰龍一說。龍與(yu)鳳(feng)凰、麒麟、玄武一起并稱“四靈”。
元(yuan)宵節(jie)舞(wu)龍(long)(long):舞(wu)龍(long)(long)俗(su)稱玩龍(long)(long)燈,是(shi)一種(zhong)中(zhong)國傳統民(min)俗(su)文化活動(dong)之一,每逢(feng)喜慶節(jie)日都(dou)會舞(wu)龍(long)(long),以舞(wu)龍(long)(long)的方式來祈求平(ping)安和豐收。舞(wu)龍(long)(long)時,龍(long)(long)跟著繡球做各種(zhong)動(dong),穿插,不斷地展示扭、揮、仰(yang)、跪(gui)、跳、搖等(deng)多種(zhong)姿勢。
二月二,龍(long)抬頭:農(nong)歷二月初二,俗稱(cheng)(cheng)青龍(long)節,傳說是(shi)龍(long)抬頭的(de)(de)日子(zi)。據易經中的(de)(de)說法,這一天(tian)之前,雖然已屬春天(tian),但還蟄(zhe)伏著,稱(cheng)(cheng)之為“潛龍(long)在淵”。這一天(tian)之后,陽氣(qi)上升,春意隱約可(ke)見,故曰“見龍(long)在田(tian)”。顧名思義,龍(long)出現了,一切都(dou)開(kai)始嶄露(lu)頭角。起初為“龍(long)頭節”,敬龍(long)祈雨,讓老(lao)天(tian)佑保農(nong)業豐收。更為普遍(bian)的(de)(de)說法是(shi)二月二龍(long)抬頭,所以每個人都(dou)要去理發,以沾染“龍(long)”氣(qi),迎取吉利。
端午(wu)節賽(sai)龍(long)舟:龍(long)舟賽(sai)是一(yi)種古老民(min)俗(su)(su)活動(dong)。端午(wu)龍(long)舟競渡(du)(du)的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)(su),早(zao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)屈(qu)原之前已(yi)經存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)。長江(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)下游廣大地區(qu),在(zai)(zai)(zai)新石器(qi)時代,有(you)一(yi)種幾何印紋(wen)(wen)陶(tao)(tao)為(wei)特征的(de)(de)文化遺存(cun)。該(gai)遺存(cun)的(de)(de)族(zu)屬,據專家(jia)推斷(duan)是一(yi)個崇拜龍(long)的(de)(de)圖騰(teng)(teng)的(de)(de)部(bu)族(zu)——史(shi)稱百越(yue)族(zu)。出(chu)土陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)上的(de)(de)紋(wen)(wen)飾和歷史(shi)傳說示明,他們有(you)斷(duan)發紋(wen)(wen)身的(de)(de)習(xi)俗(su)(su),生活于(yu)水(shui)鄉,自比是龍(long)的(de)(de)子(zi)孫(sun)。最早(zao)是古越(yue)祖先(xian)將部(bu)落圖騰(teng)(teng)繪制在(zai)(zai)(zai)獨木舟上,又劃著(zhu)這種舟去探親訪友,有(you)時大家(jia)遇到一(yi)起,便會趁興比賽(sai)誰劃得快。在(zai)(zai)(zai)數千年的(de)(de)歷史(shi)發展中(zhong)(zhong),大部(bu)分百越(yue)人(ren)已(yi)經融(rong)合到漢族(zu)中(zhong)(zhong)了,其余部(bu)分則演(yan)變(bian)為(wei)南方許多少數民(min)族(zu)。隨著(zhu)龍(long)神觀念逐(zhu)漸成為(wei)炎(yan)黃子(zi)孫(sun)共同的(de)(de)意識后,圖騰(teng)(teng)舟也(ye)就演(yan)變(bian)成了各(ge)(ge)式(shi)各(ge)(ge)樣(yang)的(de)(de)龍(long)舟,并從中(zhong)(zhong)產生出(chu)競渡(du)(du)的(de)(de)游藝形式(shi),此(ci)后漸漸形成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國各(ge)(ge)地的(de)(de)傳統風俗(su)(su)。
龍鳳(feng)呈祥(xiang)(xiang):典出《孔(kong)叢子·記問》:“天子布德(de),將致太平,則麟鳳(feng)龜龍先為之呈祥(xiang)(xiang)。”在中國傳統理念里,龍和鳳(feng)代(dai)表(biao)(biao)著吉祥(xiang)(xiang)如意,龍鳳(feng)一起使用(yong)(yong)多表(biao)(biao)示喜慶之事。傳說中秦穆公的(de)女兒弄玉和駙馬(ma)蕭(xiao)史在華(hua)山隱居修(xiu)煉,得道乘龍鳳(feng)而去,后來(lai)人(ren)(ren)們為紀念弄玉和蕭(xiao)史的(de)動人(ren)(ren)故事,就用(yong)(yong)“龍鳳(feng)呈祥(xiang)(xiang)”來(lai)形(xing)容夫妻間比翼雙飛(fei)、恩愛相隨、相濡以沫(mo)、怡合(he)百(bai)年的(de)忠(zhong)貞愛情。
隨著中(zhong)國人(ren)移民海外,中(zhong)國的(de)龍文化也隨之(zhi)流傳到(dao)世界各地(di)。
一兩千年以(yi)來,日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)農民和(he)漁民就一直祭祀(si)和(he)崇(chong)拜(bai)龍(long)(long)(long),以(yi)求風(feng)調(diao)雨(yu)順五(wu)谷豐登。在高松冢古墳中(zhong)(zhong)有一幅七世紀的(de)(de)壁畫《青龍(long)(long)(long)圖》,其形態(tai)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國龍(long)(long)(long)相差(cha)無幾。日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)古建筑中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)國漢唐明清(qing)時(shi)期龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)形態(tai)較多見,先秦時(shi)期的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)則少見。可見中(zhong)(zhong)國龍(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)藝術是從漢代開始大(da)量傳(chuan)入日(ri)(ri)本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)。
中國龍(long)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳(chuan)入東南亞要比日本早的(de)多(duo),因而顯得更具(ju)原始文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)特性。龍(long)的(de)頭大(da),有(you)(you)些像(xiang)獅子或牛,腹粗,尾大(da),足小(xiao)。這種龍(long)的(de)形(xing)象在(zai)這一地區(qu)的(de)建(jian)筑、服飾、雕刻,以及龍(long)舟(zhou)、龍(long)舞和龍(long)燈等民俗活動中,隨(sui)處(chu)可見(jian)。長江(jiang)以南有(you)(you)星羅棋布的(de)江(jiang)河湖泊(bo)。龍(long)舟(zhou)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)甚為發達。指揮龍(long)舟(zhou)競渡的(de)銅鼓(gu)飾有(you)(you)龍(long)鳳等吉祥動物(wu)圖案(an)。
日(ri)(ri)本(ben)在(zai)唐(tang)代(dai)時(shi)與中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)頻繁往來,大量(liang)學習中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文化,促進(jin)了(le)其(qi)社會進(jin)步。如(ru)日(ri)(ri)本(ben)的傳統建筑和(he)傳統服(fu)飾(shi)其(qi)實完(wan)全就是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)唐(tang)代(dai)時(shi)的樣子。而(er)在(zai)那個時(shi)候(hou),中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的龍都(dou)是(shi)三爪(zhua),日(ri)(ri)本(ben)也就只能從中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)引進(jin)三爪(zhua)的龍。在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出現四(si)(si)爪(zhua)龍后,已經開始(shi)閉關鎖(suo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),與日(ri)(ri)本(ben)斷了(le)往來。而(er)韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一直到清末前都(dou)是(shi)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的附屬(shu)(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),當中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)明代(dai)統治者(zhe)開始(shi)用五爪(zhua)龍圖案的時(shi)候(hou),自(zi)然(ran)不可能讓屬(shu)(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)自(zi)己平(ping)起(qi)平(ping)坐(zuo),於是(shi)韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的龍就只能是(shi)四(si)(si)爪(zhua)了(le)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)生(sheng)(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)是(shi)指龍(long)(long)(long)(long)生(sheng)(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)兒子(zi)(zi),九(jiu)(jiu)個(ge)兒子(zi)(zi)都(dou)不(bu)成龍(long)(long)(long)(long),各有不(bu)同。所謂“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)生(sheng)(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)”,并(bing)非龍(long)(long)(long)(long)恰好生(sheng)(sheng)九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)。中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)文化中(zhong),以(yi)九(jiu)(jiu)來表示極多(duo),有至高無(wu)上地位,九(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)個(ge)虛數,也是(shi)貴數,所以(yi)用來描述龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)(zi)。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有九(jiu)(jiu)子(zi)(zi)這個(ge)說(shuo)法由來已久,但是(shi)究竟是(shi)哪九(jiu)(jiu)種(zhong)動物一直(zhi)沒有說(shuo)法,直(zhi)到明朝才出現了各種(zhong)說(shuo)法。明代一些學人筆(bi)記(ji),如陸容(rong)的(de)(de)《菽園雜(za)記(ji)》、李東(dong)陽的(de)(de)《懷麓堂集》、楊慎的(de)(de)《升庵集》、李詡的(de)(de)《戒庵老人漫筆(bi)》、徐應秋的(de)(de)《玉芝堂談(tan)蕓(yun)》等,對諸位龍(long)(long)(long)(long)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)均有記(ji)載(zai),但不(bu)統(tong)一。
龍生九(jiu)(jiu)子古(gu)時民間(jian)有(you)“龍生九(jiu)(jiu)子,不成(cheng)龍,各有(you)所好(hao)”的傳(chuan)說。但九(jiu)(jiu)子是什么,說法也不同(tong)。我(wo)們(men)主要以(yi)年份偏老并已(yi)經被后人整理成(cheng)書的《中(zhong)國(guo)吉(ji)祥圖說》來(lai)了解具體是哪九(jiu)(jiu)子。
1.老大囚(qiu)牛,喜音樂,蹲立于琴頭;
2.老二睚(ya)眥(yázì),嗜(shi)殺喜斗,刻(ke)鏤(lou)于刀環、劍柄吞口;
3.老(lao)三(san)嘲(chao)風(feng),形似獸,平生好險(xian)又(you)好望,殿(dian)臺(tai)角(jiao)上的走獸是(shi)它(ta)的遺像。也有(you)人一(yi)直認為(wei)它(ta)是(shi)有(you)著龍(long)脈(mo)的鳳(feng);
4.四子蒲牢(pú láo),受擊就大聲吼叫,充作(zuo)洪鐘提梁的獸鈕,助其鳴聲遠揚(yang);
5.五子狻猊(suān ní),形如獅,喜煙好坐(zuo),所以形象一般(ban)出現于香(xiang)爐上,隨之吞煙吐霧
6.六子霸下(xia),又名赑屃(bì xì),似龜(gui)有(you)齒,喜歡(huan)負(fu)重,是碑(bei)下(xia)龜(gui);
7.七子(zi)狴犴(bì àn),形似虎(hu),好訟,獄(yu)門或官(guan)衙(ya)正堂兩側有其像;
8.八子負屃(fù xì),身似龍,雅好斯文,盤繞在石碑頭(tou)頂;
9.老九螭吻(wen)(chī wěn),又名鴟(chi)(chī)尾或(huo)鴟(chi)吻(wen),口潤嗓粗而好(hao)吞,遂成(cheng)殿脊(ji)(ji)兩端(duan)的(de)吞脊(ji)(ji)獸,取其滅火(huo)消(xiao)災(zai)。
其他:
饕餮:四兇之(zhi)一(yi),原為縉云(yun)氏之(zhi)子(zi)。
貔(pi)貅:帶(dai)有祥(xiang)瑞之(zhi)氣的一種神(shen)獸(shou)。
龍(long)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文化本源。《易(yi)》乃群經之(zhi)(zhi)首,大(da)道之(zhi)(zhi)源。而《易(yi)》之(zhi)(zhi)源,則(ze)可追溯至龍(long)書。《易(yi)》中(zhong),主卦為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)乾、坤(kun)二卦。乾卦之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong),《易(yi)·乾·爻(yao)辭》則(ze)按六爻(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)順序(xu)揭(jie)示了事物包括人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)遍規律,以(yi)龍(long)成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)于水中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)喻,提煉(lian)、總結(jie)出成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)遨(ao)游天地(di)(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)功者的(de)(de)(de)六個人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段。如初(chu)九:潛(qian)龍(long),勿用。指人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)初(chu)期(qi),象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)學習階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段。九二:見龍(long)在(zai)(zai)田,利見大(da)人(ren)。指龍(long)之(zhi)(zhi)羽(yu)翼初(chu)豐,象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)實習階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段。九三:君子終日乾乾,夕惕若,厲無咎。指閱歷(li)經驗均已具備(bei)(bei),象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)創業階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段。九四:或躍在(zai)(zai)淵,無咎。指人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)已達(da)到德才兼備(bei)(bei),象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)功階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段。九五:飛龍(long)在(zai)(zai)天,利見大(da)人(ren)。指龍(long)騰出江河(he),飛離陸地(di)(di)(di),象(xiang)征(zheng)人(ren)生(sheng)(sheng)追求與(yu)(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)就已到極(ji)致。上(shang)(shang)九:亢龍(long)有悔(hui),揭(jie)示出物極(ji)必反,盛極(ji)而衰的(de)(de)(de)鐵律。《易(yi)·坤(kun)·爻(yao)辭》,則(ze)是對處于從(cong)(cong)屬(shu)地(di)(di)(di)位者成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段之(zhi)(zhi)歸納、提煉(lian)與(yu)(yu)詮(quan)釋。其(qi)最后階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)(shang)六,則(ze)有“戰龍(long)于野,其(qi)血玄黃”之(zhi)(zhi)句,意為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陰(yin)盛之(zhi)(zhi)極(ji),從(cong)(cong)屬(shu)者轉變(bian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主導者,難度很大(da),代價亦(yi)大(da),要有充(chong)分的(de)(de)(de)心理與(yu)(yu)應變(bian)準備(bei)(bei)。
民間層面,龍(long)(long)的影(ying)響(xiang)更大,以龍(long)(long)為(wei)姓分布甚廣;龍(long)(long)王廟遍布神州,地(di)名(ming)(ming)中多有以龍(long)(long)為(wei)名(ming)(ming);動物中有地(di)龍(long)(long)、變色龍(long)(long)等;植物中之龍(long)(long)眼、龍(long)(long)膽等。鄉間廟會舞龍(long)(long)燈(deng),江南水鄉賽龍(long)(long)舟,皆源遠流(liu)長。
龍(long)(long)是正義化身(shen),炎黃子孫賦予龍(long)(long)諸多美好善良之心性。民(min)間(jian)有(you)“二月二,龍(long)(long)抬頭”之說(shuo),傳說(shuo)小(xiao)白(bai)龍(long)(long)曾因行雨救民(min)而得罪(zui)玉帝,為懷(huai)念小(xiao)白(bai)龍(long)(long)的恩(en)德,民(min)間(jian)將(jiang)二月二定為春(chun)龍(long)(long)節(jie),焚香禱告(gao),祈求來年風調(diao)雨順,五谷(gu)豐(feng)登。而傳統(tong)的春(chun)節(jie),也于(yu)此日正式(shi)結束。龍(long)(long)可代表英(ying)雄(xiong)。龍(long)(long)之形象幾乎(hu)活躍(yue)于(yu)各個層面和領(ling)域,具有(you)強(qiang)大的生命力與感召力,是理想(xiang)中英(ying)雄(xiong)之典型。
一個(ge)民族的(de)文化是這個(ge)民族精(jing)(jing)神的(de)載體,多姿多彩(cai)的(de)龍文化中(zhong),從中(zhong)也可看出(chu)古(gu)代中(zhong)國人(ren)的(de)人(ren)文精(jing)(jing)神。
創新(xin)(xin)精(jing)(jing)神。龍(long)文化歷久不(bu)(bu)衰,與古代中國人的(de)創新(xin)(xin)精(jing)(jing)神分不(bu)(bu)開(kai)。龍(long)文化經歷了若干發(fa)展(zhan)階段,每一(yi)個(ge)(ge)發(fa)展(zhan)階段主要是通過(guo)內部創新(xin)(xin)完成的(de)。觀察各個(ge)(ge)歷史(shi)時期不(bu)(bu)同的(de)龍(long)藝術形(xing)態,從(cong)無角到有角,從(cong)無翼到有翼,從(cong)無足(zu)到有足(zu),可看出龍(long)形(xing)象是經過(guo)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)創新(xin)(xin)而形(xing)成的(de)。
綜(zong)合精神。龍的(de)(de)形(xing)象是(shi)古代中國人綜(zong)合了走(zou)獸(shou)、飛(fei)禽(qin)、水(shui)中動(dong)物和爬行動(dong)物的(de)(de)優長而形(xing)成的(de)(de)。龍文化的(de)(de)綜(zong)合性還表現于長期的(de)(de)發展(zhan)過程中,龍不斷吸(xi)收(shou)外來(lai)的(de)(de)優秀藝術元素,從而使(shi)其形(xing)象更為完整。比(bi)如,唐宋(song)時期龍吸(xi)收(shou)了印度佛(fo)教中獅子(zi)的(de)(de)形(xing)象,頭圓而豐滿,腦后披鬣,鼻(bi)(bi)子(zi)也近(jin)似獅鼻(bi)(bi),增(zeng)加(jia)了龍的(de)(de)威信感。
包容(rong)精神。古代龍文化豐富(fu)多彩,與古代中國人的包容(rong)精神分不開。中國龍文化在自己的發展(zhan)過(guo)程中,曾受到來(lai)自印度的龍王(wang)信仰的沖擊,但中國人并沒有將(jiang)其拒之門外,而是(shi)包容(rong)與改(gai)造(zao),形成了(le)中國化的龍王(wang),豐富(fu)了(le)中國龍文化的內涵(han)。
進取精神。從古代中國人描述的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)形象來看,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)具(ju)有(you)很強的(de)(de)進取精神。龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)的(de)(de)活動空間(jian)十分廣闊,能上(shang)九天(tian),能潛(qian)深淵。各種藝(yi)術中的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)形象,大(da)多是(shi)飛龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)、騰龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)或奔(ben)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),朝氣蓬勃,奮發向(xiang)上(shang),威武不屈。神話傳(chuan)說中的(de)(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),大(da)多是(shi)一往(wang)無前(qian)、勢不可擋、無所畏(wei)懼的(de)(de)。這些都是(shi)古代龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)開拓(tuo)進取精神的(de)(de)表現。
獨(du)立(li)精神。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)龍的藝術(shu)形象,與(yu)(yu)龍有關(guan)的種(zhong)種(zhong)文(wen)(wen)化現(xian)象也自成一(yi)體(ti)、獨(du)具(ju)一(yi)格。在中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統文(wen)(wen)化中(zhong),龍文(wen)(wen)化雖與(yu)(yu)儒教(jiao)、佛教(jiao)和道(dao)教(jiao)有著密不(bu)可分的關(guan)系,但始終保持著相對的獨(du)立(li)性,不(bu)附屬于任何一(yi)種(zhong)宗教(jiao)。
龍(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化是中(zhong)國傳統文(wen)化的(de)典型代(dai)表。這其中(zhong)既有糟粕,也有精(jing)華。歷史上(shang)宗教性(xing)和政(zheng)治性(xing)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)崇拜,如祭(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)求雨、祭(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)求子、祭(ji)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)求平安(an)和“真龍(long)(long)(long)(long)天子”等觀念,應予以(yi)拋棄。但藝術性(xing)和民間性(xing)的(de)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)文(wen)化具有很強(qiang)的(de)生(sheng)命力(li),如舞龍(long)(long)(long)(long)燈、賽龍(long)(long)(long)(long)舟等與龍(long)(long)(long)(long)有關的(de)民俗活動(dong),應作為非物質文(wen)化遺產予以(yi)保護。
在當代,還應當發揮(hui)龍(long)文化的凝(ning)聚作用。在歷(li)史上,無論朝代怎樣更(geng)迭,龍(long)文化的傳承始終如一。海內外華人均(jun)以“龍(long)”為中華民族的象征。因此,在宣傳和弘揚龍(long)文化的過程中,應充分發揮(hui)其具有的凝(ning)聚力和向心力作用。
“龍(long)(long)”雖然在英(ying)文中一(yi)般翻(fan)譯(yi)為“dragon”,而歐(ou)美(mei)西方文化(hua)中的“dragon”與中國傳(chuan)統的龍(long)(long)除了外(wai)觀容貌上有(you)一(yi)些相似外(wai),背景和象征意義都分別甚大。
在基督教流(liu)行之前,西方(fang)(fang)的(de)“dragon”一(yi)直是維京人(ren)、塞爾特(te)人(ren)和撒克遜人(ren)的(de)民族象征(zheng),這(zhe)點和東方(fang)(fang)龍(long)無異。隨(sui)著(zhu)基督教勢力的(de)壯大(da)(da),龍(long)和蛇(she)的(de)負面涵義(yi)被放大(da)(da),其(qi)在《新約(yue)全書》的(de)啟(qi)示錄中(zhong)被描繪為邪(xie)惡(e)的(de)“古蛇(she)”、“魔鬼”、“撒旦”,從此西方(fang)(fang)龍(long)就常與邪(xie)惡(e)畫(hua)上等(deng)號(hao)。
但是(shi)西(xi)方龍與(yu)東方龍的(de)(de)區別(bie)并不是(shi)簡單的(de)(de)“善與(yu)惡”的(de)(de)區別(bie)。就如同(tong)毛主席和其他偉人(ren)所說的(de)(de):“好與(yu)壞,善與(yu)惡,在(zai)任(ren)何事(shi)物身(shen)上都是(shi)同(tong)時存在(zai)的(de)(de),就像一(yi)枚硬(ying)幣(bi)的(de)(de)正反兩面。”
就(jiu)像在(zai)大多人眼里,邪惡(e)的西(xi)方龍(long)(dragon)中,也有作(zuo)為護(hu)國神龍(long)的威爾(er)士紅龍(long),作(zuo)為圖騰守護(hu)神的北(bei)歐維京海(hai)龍(long);而在(zai)普遍寓意吉祥的中國龍(long)中,也有惡(e)龍(long)的存在(zai)。
如(ru)《漢(han)書》記(ji)載(zai)有(you)“盛冬雷電,潛龍為(wei)孽。繼以(yi)隕星流彗,維、填上見,日(ri)蝕有(you)背鄉(xiang)”,《論衡》有(you)“洪水(shui)滔天,蛇、龍為(wei)害,堯(yao)遂(sui)使禹治水(shui)”,明代《萬歷野獲編》:“漢(han)世謂滇池為(wei)邪龍,云南蓋苦龍為(wei)孽也,今(jin)乃以(yi)震表(biao)異”,清代古籍(ji)《陔(gai)余(yu)叢考》:“灌口二郎神,乃祠李冰父子(zi)也。冰,秦時守其地,有(you)龍為(wei)孽,冰鎖之于(yu)離堆之下”。
歷代都(dou)有龍作惡為(wei)孽的(de)記(ji)載,說到底,無論(lun)西方龍或是中國神龍,都(dou)是一(yi)個極為(wei)龐(pang)大的(de)族群,不能以單純的(de)善惡概括之。
21世(shi)紀全世(shi)界(jie)更多(duo)的人也已經意識到了這(zhe)一(yi)點,所(suo)(suo)以世(shi)界(jie)上不(bu)存在(zai)絕對(dui)好(hao)和(he)絕對(dui)壞的東西,而且好(hao)壞的評判往往還與(yu)評判者自身的立場(chang)有關(guan)——這(zhe)就是辯證(zheng)的思(si)想。雖然(ran)還沒有確(que)切可靠的證(zheng)據能證(zheng)明龍是真實存在(zai)于客觀(guan)世(shi)界(jie)的,但它在(zai)人類所(suo)(suo)留下(xia)的傳說(shuo)中顯然(ran)也同樣符(fu)合辯證(zheng)法。