窄苞(bao)蒲公(gong)英(學名(ming):Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.)Hand.-Mazz.)是菊科蒲公(gong)英屬植物。多年生草(cao)本。根頸部密(mi)被黑(hei)褐色(se)殘(can)存葉(xie)基,葉(xie)基腋內有(you)少(shao)量的暗棕(zong)色(se)細毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)線(xian)形(xing)(xing)至狹倒披針形(xing)(xing),長(chang)4-16厘米(mi)(mi),寬(2-)5-25(-30)毫米(mi)(mi)。花葶等長(chang)或稍(shao)長(chang)于葉(xie),高6-20厘米(mi)(mi),有(you)時(shi)帶紫紅色(se),頂端有(you)少(shao)量蛛絲狀短毛(mao)(mao),有(you)時(shi)于果(guo)期無毛(mao)(mao);頭(tou)狀花序直徑(jing)約15-20毫米(mi)(mi)。瘦(shou)果(guo)淺灰褐色(se),長(chang)4-5毫米(mi)(mi);冠毛(mao)(mao)污白色(se),長(chang)5-6毫米(mi)(mi)。花果(guo)期7-10月。
分(fen)(fen)布于中國(guo)、蒙(meng)古(gu)、哈薩克斯坦、伊朗及歐洲等;在中國(guo)分(fen)(fen)布于新疆北部(烏(wu)魯木齊、伊犁地(di)區、塔(ta)城地(di)區、阿勒(le)泰地(di)區)。生長于河漫灘草甸(dian)、鹽(yan)堿(jian)地(di)、農田(tian)水旁、路邊。
全(quan)草可(ke)以入藥,清熱解毒(du)、消腫散結。花葶治創傷。
分布(bu)于(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)、蒙古、哈薩克斯(si)坦(tan)、伊(yi)(yi)朗及歐(ou)洲等;在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)分布(bu)于(yu)新疆北部(烏魯木(mu)齊、伊(yi)(yi)犁地(di)區、塔城地(di)區、阿勒泰地(di)區) 。生(sheng)長(chang)于(yu)河漫灘(tan)草甸、鹽堿地(di)、農(nong)田水旁(pang)、路邊。
多年生草本。根頸(jing)部(bu)密被黑褐色殘存葉(xie)基(ji),葉(xie)基(ji)腋內有少量的暗棕色細毛。葉(xie)線形至(zhi)狹(xia)倒披針形,長4-16厘米,寬(2-)5-25(-30)毫米,不(bu)分裂(lie)、全緣(yuan),或(huo)(huo)(huo)具(ju)波(bo)狀(zhuang)齒(chi)(chi)至(zhi)羽狀(zhuang)淺裂(lie),稀幾深裂(lie),有時稍(shao)肉(rou)質而顯灰綠色(堿地生者),分裂(lie)葉(xie)的頂端裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)長三(san)角形至(zhi)寬三(san)角形,全緣(yuan),先端鈍(dun)或(huo)(huo)(huo)急尖,每側(ce)裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)4-8片(pian)(pian),三(san)角形,平(ping)展或(huo)(huo)(huo)倒向,急尖或(huo)(huo)(huo)鈍(dun),全緣(yuan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)有時具(ju)齒(chi)(chi),裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)間有或(huo)(huo)(huo)無齒(chi)(chi)與小裂(lie)片(pian)(pian)。
花(hua)(hua)葶等長(chang)(chang)(chang)或(huo)稍長(chang)(chang)(chang)于葉,高6-20厘米(mi),有(you)時(shi)帶紫紅色,頂端(duan)有(you)少量蛛絲狀(zhuang)短(duan)毛(mao),有(you)時(shi)于果(guo)(guo)期(qi)無毛(mao);頭狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)序直徑約(yue)(yue)(yue)15-20毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi);總(zong)苞鐘狀(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)(chang)8-15毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),總(zong)苞片(pian)先端(duan)無角或(huo)有(you)不(bu)明顯胼胝狀(zhuang)增(zeng)厚,外(wai)層(ceng)總(zong)苞片(pian)淡綠(lv)色、并常帶紫紅色或(huo)有(you)時(shi)全部(bu)(bu)(bu)顯紅紫色,狹披針形至(zhi)近線形,長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-9毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),伏(fu)貼(tie)或(huo)稍開(kai)展,邊緣膜質,上(shang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)緣毛(mao),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)最(zui)寬(kuan)處常等寬(kuan)于內層(ceng)總(zong)苞片(pian),中部(bu)(bu)(bu)以上(shang)明顯變窄;內層(ceng)總(zong)苞片(pian)綠(lv)色,長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)外(wai)層(ceng)總(zong)苞片(pian)的(de)1.5-2倍(bei);舌(she)狀(zhuang)花(hua)(hua)黃色,花(hua)(hua)冠(guan)喉(hou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)至(zhi)舌(she)片(pian)下(xia)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)外(wai)面疏生(sheng)短(duan)柔毛(mao),舌(she)片(pian)長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)7毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)(yue)1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),基(ji)部(bu)(bu)(bu)筒長(chang)(chang)(chang)約(yue)(yue)(yue)4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),邊緣花(hua)(hua)舌(she)片(pian)背面有(you)紫色條紋,柱頭黃色。瘦果(guo)(guo)淺灰褐色,長(chang)(chang)(chang)4-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi),上(shang)部(bu)(bu)(bu)1/3-1/4有(you)少量小(xiao)刺,其余部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)無瘤狀(zhuang)突起,頂端(duan)逐漸收縮(suo)為(wei)長(chang)(chang)(chang)1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)的(de)喙基(ji),喙長(chang)(chang)(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi);冠(guan)毛(mao)污白色,長(chang)(chang)(chang)5-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)。花(hua)(hua)果(guo)(guo)期(qi)7-10月。
中耕(geng)(geng)除(chu)草(cao)和(he)間苗(miao)(miao):當窄苞蒲公英出苗(miao)(miao)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)右(you)可進行(xing)(xing)第一次(ci)(ci)中耕(geng)(geng)除(chu)草(cao),以后每(mei)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)右(you)中耕(geng)(geng)除(chu)草(cao)1次(ci)(ci),直到封壟(long)為止,封壟(long)后可人工拔草(cao)。出苗(miao)(miao)10天(tian)(tian)左(zuo)右(you)進行(xing)(xing)間苗(miao)(miao),株距8-10厘米(mi)(mi),經20天(tian)(tian)30天(tian)(tian)即(ji)可定苗(miao)(miao),行(xing)(xing)距30厘米(mi)(mi),株距20-25厘米(mi)(mi),撒播者株距15厘米(mi)(mi)。
肥(fei)水管理(li):窄苞(bao)蒲公英(ying)田間管理(li)的重(zhong)點是肥(fei)和水。窄苞(bao)蒲公英(ying)喜(xi)歡肥(fei)沃、濕(shi)潤(run)、疏松、有機質含量高的土(tu)壤(rang)。所以(yi)在種植蒲公英(ying)時,除合理(li)施(shi)用(yong)(yong)基肥(fei)外,生(sheng)長(chang)期間應追肥(fei)1-2次(ci),每(mei)次(ci)每(mei)畝施(shi)尿素10-14千克(ke)(ke),磷(lin)酸(suan)二氫鉀5-6千克(ke)(ke)。經常澆水,保持土(tu)壤(rang)濕(shi)潤(run)。秋播者入冬后(hou),在畦面上(shang)(shang)每(mei)畝撒施(shi)有機肥(fei)2500千克(ke)(ke)、過磷(lin)酸(suan)鈣20千克(ke)(ke),既起到供養分作用(yong)(yong),又可以(yi)保護根系(xi)安全越冬。翌春(chun)返青后(hou)可結合澆水施(shi)用(yong)(yong)化(hua)肥(fei)(每(mei)畝施(shi)尿素10-15千克(ke)(ke)、過磷(lin)酸(suan)鈣8千克(ke)(ke))。為提早上(shang)(shang)市,早春(chun)可采用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)拱棚覆蓋。
窄苞蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收可(ke)(ke)分批采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘外層大(da)葉(xie),或(huo)用(yong)鐮(lian)刀(dao)割(ge)(ge)取心葉(xie)以(yi)外的(de)葉(xie)片(pian),每隔15-20天(tian)割(ge)(ge)1次(ci)(ci)。也(ye)可(ke)(ke)一次(ci)(ci)性整株(zhu)割(ge)(ge)取上(shang)市,一般每畝地(di)每次(ci)(ci)可(ke)(ke)收割(ge)(ge)500-600千克。窄苞蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)整株(zhu)割(ge)(ge)取后,根(gen)部受損流(liu)出白漿,此期不宜澆水,以(yi)防(fang)爛根(gen)。蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)作(zuo)中藥(yao)材用(yong)時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)在晚秋采(cai)(cai)(cai)挖帶根(gen)的(de)全草,去泥曬干(gan)以(yi)備(bei)藥(yao)用(yong)。作(zuo)蔬菜時(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收其嫩(nen)苗或(huo)嫩(nen)葉(xie)。蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子采(cai)(cai)(cai)收的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)在5月下旬至6月上(shang)旬,采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)選(xuan)擇葉(xie)片(pian)肥大(da)、汁多色(se)綠、鋸齒較深、根(gen)莖(jing)粗(cu)壯的(de)窄苞蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)作(zuo)為采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)。將花(hua)托變黃的(de)花(hua)序剪(jian)下,放(fang)室內后熟1天(tian),待(dai)花(hua)序全部散開(kai),再陰干(gan)1-2天(tian),用(yong)手搓掉冠(guan)毛,曬干(gan)備(bei)用(yong)。因(yin)窄苞蒲(pu)公(gong)英(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)植(zhi)株(zhu)生長年(nian)限越長產量越高,所以(yi)留種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最(zui)好有固(gu)定(ding)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子圃地(di)。
圃地準備(bei):選疏松、肥沃、濕潤、排水良好的(de)(de)沙質壤土(tu)種植,每畝施有機肥4500-5000千克(ke),混合過磷酸鈣15千克(ke),均勻撒到地面上(shang)。深翻地20-25厘米(mi),整(zheng)平耙細(xi),做成長(chang)10-20米(mi)、寬1.2-1.5米(mi)的(de)(de)畦待播。
播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)方法:窄(zhai)苞蒲公英(ying)采用(yong)種(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)。種(zhong)子(zi)無休眠期,從春到秋可隨時(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。根據市場需求,冬季也(ye)可在溫(wen)室(shi)內播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)。露地直播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)可條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)或(huo)撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)是先在畦(qi)面上按行距25-30厘(li)米(mi)開淺橫溝,播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)幅約10厘(li)米(mi),種(zhong)子(zi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)下后(hou)覆土1厘(li)米(mi),然后(hou)稍加鎮壓,播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量50克/畝。平畦(qi)撒播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo),每畝用(yong)種(zhong)50-100克,播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)蓋草(cao)保(bao)溫(wen)保(bao)濕,出苗時(shi)揭去蓋草(cao),約10天即可出苗。
窄苞蒲公英的(de)抗病(bing)能力極強,常見病(bing)害(hai)主(zhu)要有(you)霜霉(mei)病(bing)和蚜蟲(chong)。防治(zhi)霜霉(mei)病(bing)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)72%克(ke)(ke)露(lu)或(huo)克(ke)(ke)霉(mei)氰或(huo)克(ke)(ke)抗靈可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑800倍(bei)液(ye)(ye),或(huo)69%安克(ke)(ke)錳(meng)鋅可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑1000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye),也可(ke)(ke)每畝噴(pen)(pen)施5%百菌清(qing)粉劑300克(ke)(ke),或(huo)用(yong)(yong)25%百菌清(qing)可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)霧(wu)。采收前10天(tian)停(ting)止用(yong)(yong)藥。防治(zhi)蚜蟲(chong)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)50%辟蚜霧(wu)可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑或(huo)水分散粒劑2000-3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye),該藥對蚜蟲(chong)有(you)特效。也可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)50%馬拉硫磷(lin)乳(ru)油(you)(you)或(huo)20%二(er)嗪農(nong)乳(ru)油(you)(you),21%滅斃乳(ru)油(you)(you)3000倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)或(huo)70%滅蚜松可(ke)(ke)濕性(xing)(xing)(xing)粉劑2500倍(bei)液(ye)(ye)噴(pen)(pen)灑。
全草可以(yi)入藥(yao),清熱解(jie)毒、消腫散結。花葶治創傷。