窄苞蒲公英(ying)(學名(ming):Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.)Hand.-Mazz.)是菊科蒲公英(ying)屬植(zhi)物(wu)。多年生草本。根頸部密(mi)被黑褐色殘存葉(xie)基,葉(xie)基腋內有(you)(you)少量的暗棕色細毛(mao)(mao)。葉(xie)線(xian)形至狹倒披(pi)針形,長(chang)(chang)4-16厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(2-)5-25(-30)毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。花(hua)葶等(deng)長(chang)(chang)或稍長(chang)(chang)于葉(xie),高6-20厘(li)米(mi)(mi),有(you)(you)時帶紫(zi)紅(hong)色,頂(ding)端(duan)有(you)(you)少量蛛絲狀(zhuang)短毛(mao)(mao),有(you)(you)時于果期無毛(mao)(mao);頭(tou)狀(zhuang)花(hua)序直徑約15-20毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。瘦果淺(qian)灰褐色,長(chang)(chang)4-5毫(hao)米(mi)(mi);冠毛(mao)(mao)污(wu)白色,長(chang)(chang)5-6毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)。花(hua)果期7-10月。
分布于中(zhong)國(guo)、蒙古(gu)、哈薩克斯坦(tan)、伊朗及歐洲等;在中(zhong)國(guo)分布于新(xin)疆北部(烏(wu)魯木(mu)齊、伊犁(li)地區、塔城地區、阿勒(le)泰地區)。生長于河(he)漫灘草甸(dian)、鹽堿地、農田水旁、路邊。
全(quan)草可以入藥,清(qing)熱解毒、消腫散(san)結。花葶治創傷。
分布于中(zhong)國、蒙古、哈薩克斯坦、伊朗及(ji)歐(ou)洲等(deng);在中(zhong)國分布于新疆北(bei)部(烏魯木齊、伊犁地(di)區、塔城(cheng)地(di)區、阿勒(le)泰地(di)區) 。生長(chang)于河(he)漫灘草甸、鹽(yan)堿地(di)、農田(tian)水旁、路邊。
多年(nian)生草(cao)本。根頸部密(mi)被黑褐色殘存葉基,葉基腋內有(you)少量(liang)的暗棕(zong)色細毛。葉線形(xing)至(zhi)狹倒(dao)(dao)披(pi)針形(xing),長4-16厘米,寬(2-)5-25(-30)毫米,不(bu)分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)、全(quan)緣,或具(ju)波狀齒至(zhi)羽(yu)狀淺裂(lie)(lie)(lie),稀(xi)幾深裂(lie)(lie)(lie),有(you)時(shi)稍肉質而(er)顯灰(hui)綠色(堿地生者),分裂(lie)(lie)(lie)葉的頂端(duan)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)長三(san)角形(xing)至(zhi)寬三(san)角形(xing),全(quan)緣,先端(duan)鈍(dun)或急(ji)尖(jian),每側裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)4-8片(pian),三(san)角形(xing),平展或倒(dao)(dao)向,急(ji)尖(jian)或鈍(dun),全(quan)緣或有(you)時(shi)具(ju)齒,裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)間有(you)或無齒與小裂(lie)(lie)(lie)片(pian)。
花葶等(deng)長(chang)或(huo)(huo)稍長(chang)于(yu)葉,高(gao)6-20厘米(mi)(mi),有(you)時(shi)帶(dai)紫紅色(se),頂端有(you)少(shao)(shao)量蛛(zhu)絲(si)狀短毛(mao)(mao),有(you)時(shi)于(yu)果(guo)期無(wu)毛(mao)(mao);頭(tou)狀花序直(zhi)徑(jing)約15-20毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);總(zong)(zong)(zong)苞(bao)鐘狀,長(chang)8-15毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),總(zong)(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片先端無(wu)角(jiao)或(huo)(huo)有(you)不(bu)明顯胼胝狀增厚,外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片淡綠色(se)、并常(chang)帶(dai)紫紅色(se)或(huo)(huo)有(you)時(shi)全部(bu)(bu)顯紅紫色(se),狹披(pi)針形至(zhi)(zhi)近線形,長(chang)4-9毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),伏貼(tie)或(huo)(huo)稍開展,邊緣(yuan)膜質(zhi),上部(bu)(bu)有(you)緣(yuan)毛(mao)(mao),基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)最寬處常(chang)等(deng)寬于(yu)內(nei)層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片,中部(bu)(bu)以上明顯變窄;內(nei)層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片綠色(se),長(chang)為(wei)(wei)外(wai)(wai)層(ceng)總(zong)(zong)(zong)苞(bao)片的1.5-2倍;舌(she)狀花黃色(se),花冠(guan)喉部(bu)(bu)至(zhi)(zhi)舌(she)片下部(bu)(bu)的外(wai)(wai)面(mian)疏生(sheng)短柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao),舌(she)片長(chang)約7毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),寬約1毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),基(ji)(ji)部(bu)(bu)筒長(chang)約4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),邊緣(yuan)花舌(she)片背面(mian)有(you)紫色(se)條紋,柱頭(tou)黃色(se)。瘦果(guo)淺灰褐色(se),長(chang)4-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),上部(bu)(bu)1/3-1/4有(you)少(shao)(shao)量小刺,其余部(bu)(bu)分無(wu)瘤狀突(tu)起,頂端逐漸收縮為(wei)(wei)長(chang)1-1.5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)的喙(hui)基(ji)(ji),喙(hui)長(chang)3-5毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi);冠(guan)毛(mao)(mao)污白色(se),長(chang)5-6毫(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)。花果(guo)期7-10月。
中(zhong)(zhong)耕除草(cao)和(he)間苗(miao):當窄苞蒲公(gong)英(ying)出(chu)苗(miao)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)左右可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)第一次(ci)中(zhong)(zhong)耕除草(cao),以(yi)后(hou)每(mei)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)左右中(zhong)(zhong)耕除草(cao)1次(ci),直到封(feng)壟為止,封(feng)壟后(hou)可人工拔草(cao)。出(chu)苗(miao)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)左右進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)間苗(miao),株(zhu)距8-10厘米,經20天(tian)(tian)(tian)30天(tian)(tian)(tian)即可定苗(miao),行(xing)(xing)距30厘米,株(zhu)距20-25厘米,撒播者株(zhu)距15厘米。
肥水(shui)管理:窄(zhai)苞(bao)蒲(pu)(pu)公英田間(jian)管理的重(zhong)點是肥和水(shui)。窄(zhai)苞(bao)蒲(pu)(pu)公英喜歡肥沃(wo)、濕潤、疏松、有(you)機質(zhi)含量高的土(tu)壤。所以在種植蒲(pu)(pu)公英時(shi),除(chu)合(he)(he)理施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)基肥外,生長期間(jian)應追(zhui)肥1-2次,每(mei)次每(mei)畝施(shi)(shi)尿素(su)10-14千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),磷酸二氫(qing)鉀(jia)5-6千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。經常澆水(shui),保持土(tu)壤濕潤。秋播者入冬后,在畦面上(shang)每(mei)畝撒(sa)施(shi)(shi)有(you)機肥2500千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、過磷酸鈣20千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),既(ji)起到供養分(fen)作用(yong)(yong),又可以保護根系安全越冬。翌春返青后可結合(he)(he)澆水(shui)施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)化肥(每(mei)畝施(shi)(shi)尿素(su)10-15千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、過磷酸鈣8千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke))。為提早(zao)上(shang)市,早(zao)春可采用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)拱(gong)棚覆(fu)蓋。
窄(zhai)(zhai)苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)英(ying)的(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收可(ke)(ke)分批(pi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)摘外層大(da)葉,或(huo)用(yong)鐮刀割取(qu)心(xin)葉以(yi)外的(de)(de)葉片,每(mei)隔15-20天割1次。也可(ke)(ke)一次性(xing)整株(zhu)割取(qu)上(shang)市,一般每(mei)畝地每(mei)次可(ke)(ke)收割500-600千克。窄(zhai)(zhai)苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)英(ying)整株(zhu)割取(qu)后,根(gen)(gen)部受損流出白漿,此期不宜澆水,以(yi)防爛根(gen)(gen)。蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)英(ying)作(zuo)中藥材用(yong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)晚秋采(cai)(cai)(cai)挖帶根(gen)(gen)的(de)(de)全草,去泥(ni)曬(shai)(shai)干以(yi)備藥用(yong)。作(zuo)蔬菜時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)(ke)采(cai)(cai)(cai)收其嫩(nen)苗或(huo)嫩(nen)葉。蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)英(ying)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子采(cai)(cai)(cai)收的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間在(zai)5月(yue)下(xia)旬至6月(yue)上(shang)旬,采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)選擇葉片肥大(da)、汁多色綠、鋸齒較深、根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)粗壯(zhuang)的(de)(de)窄(zhai)(zhai)苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)英(ying)作(zuo)為采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)。將(jiang)花托變(bian)黃的(de)(de)花序剪下(xia),放室內后熟1天,待花序全部散開,再(zai)陰(yin)干1-2天,用(yong)手搓掉冠毛,曬(shai)(shai)干備用(yong)。因(yin)窄(zhai)(zhai)苞蒲(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)公(gong)(gong)英(ying)的(de)(de)植株(zhu)生長年限越(yue)長產量越(yue)高,所(suo)以(yi)留(liu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)(cai)(cai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)最好有固定的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子圃(pu)地。
圃地準備:選疏松、肥沃(wo)、濕潤、排水良(liang)好(hao)的(de)沙質(zhi)壤土種(zhong)植,每(mei)畝(mu)施有(you)機肥4500-5000千(qian)克(ke),混合(he)過磷酸鈣15千(qian)克(ke),均勻撒到地面上。深翻地20-25厘米(mi),整平耙細,做(zuo)成(cheng)長10-20米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.2-1.5米(mi)的(de)畦(qi)待播。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法:窄(zhai)苞蒲公英采(cai)用種(zhong)(zhong)子繁殖。種(zhong)(zhong)子無休(xiu)眠(mian)期,從春到秋可隨(sui)時播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。根據市場需求,冬季也可在溫室內播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。露地直播(bo)(bo)可條播(bo)(bo)或撒(sa)播(bo)(bo),條播(bo)(bo)是先在畦(qi)面上(shang)按(an)行距(ju)25-30厘(li)米開淺橫溝,播(bo)(bo)幅約10厘(li)米,種(zhong)(zhong)子播(bo)(bo)下(xia)后覆土1厘(li)米,然(ran)后稍加(jia)鎮壓,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量50克/畝(mu)。平(ping)畦(qi)撒(sa)播(bo)(bo),每(mei)畝(mu)用種(zhong)(zhong)50-100克,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)后蓋草(cao)保溫保濕,出苗時揭去蓋草(cao),約10天即可出苗。
窄苞(bao)蒲公英的抗(kang)病能力極強,常(chang)見(jian)病害主要有霜(shuang)霉(mei)病和蚜(ya)蟲(chong)。防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)霜(shuang)霉(mei)病可(ke)用(yong)(yong)72%克露或(huo)克霉(mei)氰或(huo)克抗(kang)靈可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)800倍(bei)(bei)液,或(huo)69%安(an)克錳(meng)鋅可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)1000倍(bei)(bei)液,也可(ke)每畝噴施5%百菌(jun)清粉(fen)劑(ji)300克,或(huo)用(yong)(yong)25%百菌(jun)清可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)500倍(bei)(bei)液噴霧。采(cai)收前10天停止(zhi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)。防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)50%辟蚜(ya)霧可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)或(huo)水分散粒(li)劑(ji)2000-3000倍(bei)(bei)液,該藥(yao)對蚜(ya)蟲(chong)有特效(xiao)。也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)50%馬(ma)拉硫磷乳(ru)油或(huo)20%二嗪農乳(ru)油,21%滅(mie)斃乳(ru)油3000倍(bei)(bei)液或(huo)70%滅(mie)蚜(ya)松可(ke)濕(shi)性(xing)(xing)粉(fen)劑(ji)2500倍(bei)(bei)液噴灑。
全草可以(yi)入藥,清(qing)熱解(jie)毒、消腫(zhong)散(san)結。花葶治創傷。