唯物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)辯證法的基(ji)本(ben)規(gui)(gui)律。又(you)稱量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)規(gui)(gui)律。這(zhe)一(yi)規(gui)(gui)律表明(ming),事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)存在兩(liang)種基(ji)本(ben)形(xing)式,即(ji)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),前者(zhe)表現(xian)為事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)及其(qi)特性(xing)(xing)在數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)上的增加或減少(shao),是(shi)一(yi)種連續的、不顯著的變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),后者(zhe)是(shi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)根本(ben)性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),是(shi)漸進(jin)過(guo)程(cheng)的中(zhong)斷,是(shi)由一(yi)種質(zhi)(zhi)的形(xing)態(tai)向另一(yi)種質(zhi)(zhi)的形(xing)態(tai)的突變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。在事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)內(nei)部矛(mao)盾(dun)的作用下,事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)從量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)開始,當量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)達到一(yi)定的界限(xian)時,量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)就(jiu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)生了(le)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),舊質(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)就(jiu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)成(cheng)了(le)新(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)是(shi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)向質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。在新(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)的基(ji)礎上又(you)開始了(le)新(xin)的量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)。這(zhe)是(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)向量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)引起質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)又(you)引起新(xin)的量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),循環往復以至(zhi)無窮,構(gou)成(cheng)了(le)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)無限(xian)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的過(guo)程(cheng)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)和質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),是(shi)事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的兩(liang)種基(ji)本(ben)形(xing)式,二(er)者(zhe)既有(you)區(qu)別又(you)有(you)聯系,在事(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong),它們(men)是(shi)相互依存、相互滲透的。量(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)有(you)階段性(xing)(xing)的和局(ju)部性(xing)(xing)的部分質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian),質(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)中(zhong)有(you)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的擴(kuo)張。
1.質是指事物成為它自身并區(qu)別于另一(yi)事物的(de)內在規定性。
世界(jie)上的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)物(wu)之所(suo)以千差(cha)萬別,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為它們各有(you)自(zi)己特殊的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)規定性(xing)。事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由事(shi)物(wu)內部矛盾的(de)(de)(de)特殊性(xing)決定的(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)客觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de),質(zhi)與(yu)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)直接統一的(de)(de)(de)。事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多方面的(de)(de)(de)。例如,一個人(ren)既有(you)自(zi)然屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)方面的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi),也(ye)有(you)社(she)會屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)方面的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi),還有(you)思(si)維屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)方面的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi),等(deng)等(deng),事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)表現(xian)出來。事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事(shi)物(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)表現(xian),人(ren)們正是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)認識(shi)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)去認識(shi)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)多種多樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)中,有(you)本(ben)質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)和非本(ben)質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)區別。本(ben)質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)無(wu),直接決定著(zhu)事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi),而(er)非本(ben)質(zhi)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)失,則不(bu)影響事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)。
質(zhi)(zhi)和事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的存在(zai)是直接統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的。這包(bao)含兩方面(mian)的含義:其一(yi)(yi),事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總是具(ju)有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)質(zhi)(zhi)的事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)質(zhi)(zhi)的事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)的。其二(er),質(zhi)(zhi)總是一(yi)(yi)定(ding)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的質(zhi)(zhi),脫離了(le)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的質(zhi)(zhi)也是不(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)的。事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的質(zhi)(zhi)的規律性(xing)(xing)是多樣的。質(zhi)(zhi)和屬性(xing)(xing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)分。質(zhi)(zhi)通過屬性(xing)(xing)表現出來(lai)(lai);屬性(xing)(xing)則是一(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)與他物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)相(xiang)互聯(lian)系中表現出來(lai)(lai)的質(zhi)(zhi)。
2.量是事物的規(gui)模、程(cheng)度、速(su)度以(yi)(yi)及構成要素在空間上的排列組(zu)合(he)等(deng)可以(yi)(yi)用數量表(biao)示的規(gui)定(ding)性。
物(wu)體的(de)(de)大小、運動的(de)(de)快慢、分子的(de)(de)多少和排列順序、生產力(li)的(de)(de)發(fa)展的(de)(de)水(shui)平和速(su)度(du)等(deng)等(deng),這些都是事(shi)物(wu)量的(de)(de)規(gui)定性及其表(biao)現。事(shi)物(wu)的(de)(de)量的(de)(de)規(gui)定性也是事(shi)物(wu)本身所(suo)固有的(de)(de),是客觀存在的(de)(de),同事(shi)物(wu)不可分離。
理(li)解事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)(xing),要(yao)注意兩(liang)點:第(di)一(yi),量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)(xing)和事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)不是直接統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)(xing)與事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在是直接統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),某一(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)失去了自己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi),該事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)就變(bian)成了他事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)。量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)(xing)則不同(tong),同(tong)一(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)可以有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。在一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍內(nei),量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增減并不影(ying)響事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)。第(di)二,量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定性(xing)(xing)是多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。有(you)內(nei)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與外(wai)延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、精確的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與模(mo)糊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、要(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)與結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)。內(nei)涵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標志(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度,如溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低,顏色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)淺、硬度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。外(wai)延的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)標志(zhi)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模(mo),如物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)、體積、重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。質(zhi)(zhi)把不同(tong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)區別開來,量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)則進一(yi)步把同(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)從(cong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)上區別開來,同(tong)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)可以有(you)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。
在(zai)對(dui)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識(shi)(shi)中,認(ren)識(shi)(shi)質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)基礎(chu)、是(shi)(shi)前提,由質(zhi)進(jin)(jin)到(dao)量(liang),是(shi)(shi)對(dui)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)認(ren)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)深化(hua)和精(jing)確化(hua)。在(zai)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)研究中,確定(ding)(ding)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)及其(qi)結構、性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)狀(zhuang)態(tai)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi),叫作定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)研究;對(dui)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)進(jin)(jin)行數(shu)量(liang)分析、計算和測定(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)研究。定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu),確定(ding)(ding)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)“是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么”,才能(neng)把它從(cong)千(qian)差萬別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)中區別(bie)出來(lai);定(ding)(ding)量(liang)是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)確化(hua),把定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和定(ding)(ding)量(liang)結合起來(lai)是(shi)(shi)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)研究的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要任務。
3.度是事物質和量的統一,是事物保持自己質的數(shu)量界限、范圍或幅度。
事(shi)物(wu)的度(du)(du)的兩端的界限(xian)叫作關節(jie)點或(huo)臨界點。關節(jie)點是一定(ding)質的事(shi)物(wu)所能容納(na)的量(liang)(liang)(liang)的活(huo)動范圍的最(zui)高界限(xian)和最(zui)低界限(xian)。事(shi)物(wu)的量(liang)(liang)(liang)在度(du)(du)的范圍內變化,事(shi)物(wu)不(bu)會(hui)發生(sheng)質變,量(liang)(liang)(liang)變超出度(du)(du)的范圍,事(shi)物(wu)就會(hui)發生(sheng)質變。
度的(de)(de)極限(xian)叫關節(jie)點,超出關節(jie)點,事物就(jiu)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了新的(de)(de)質(zhi),量(liang)統一(yi)體,成(cheng)(cheng)為另一(yi)事物。
量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)是質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)必要準備,質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)是量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)必然結果;質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)和(he)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)是相(xiang)互滲透、相(xiang)互依(yi)存、相(xiang)互貫(guan)通的(de)(de),在總的(de)(de)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)有階段性和(he)局部性的(de)(de)部分質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian),在質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)也有舊質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在量(liang)上(shang)的(de)(de)收縮和(he)新(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在量(liang)上(shang)的(de)(de)擴張。量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)引起質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian),在新(xin)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang),事(shi)物(wu)又開始新(xin)的(de)(de)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian),如此交替循環,形成(cheng)事(shi)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)互變(bian)(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)規律(lv)性。質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)互變(bian)(bian)(bian)規律(lv)體現(xian)了(le)事(shi)物(wu)漸進性和(he)飛躍性的(de)(de)統一。
質(zhi)量(liang)互(hu)變規律方(fang)法論意(yi)義(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于:第(di)一,在(zai)(zai)(zai)認識和(he)處理問題上要把握適度的(de)原則(ze);第(di)二,注意(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)理論上正確處理量(liang)變和(he)質(zhi)變的(de)關系(xi);第(di)三,注意(yi)把握質(zhi)量(liang)互(hu)變規律在(zai)(zai)(zai)實際工作中的(de)指導意(yi)義(yi);第(di)四,結合我國現代化建設實際,處理好經(jing)濟社會發展(zhan)中各種質(zhi)量(liang)關系(xi),為社會服務。
在古(gu)代,一些思想(xiang)家已經注意到了(le)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)引起(qi)質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)的(de)現象。《老子》提(ti)出“合抱之木,生于(yu)(yu)毫末;九(jiu)層之臺,起(qi)于(yu)(yu)累(lei)土”。《戰國策》中(zhong)說“積(ji)羽沉舟,群輕折軸(zhou)”等,包含著量(liang)變(bian)(bian)引起(qi)質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)的(de)思想(xiang)。古(gu)希臘(la)哲(zhe)學提(ti)出了(le)某種元素的(de)“凝聚化”和“稀薄化”導致(zhi)形(xing)成不同質(zhi)的(de)事物的(de)思想(xiang),在“谷堆論(lun)證”“禿(tu)頭論(lun)證”中(zhong)討論(lun)了(le)量(liang)變(bian)(bian)與(yu)質(zhi)變(bian)(bian)的(de)關(guan)系(xi)。近代德國哲(zhe)學家黑格爾第一次(ci)以唯心主義的(de)形(xing)式系(xi)統地(di)闡述了(le)質(zhi)量(liang)互變(bian)(bian)規律(lv)。馬克思、恩格斯在概括(kuo)大量(liang)自然(ran)科學成果的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang),批判地(di)繼(ji)承了(le)黑格爾唯心辯(bian)證法中(zhong)的(de)合理因素,對于(yu)(yu)質(zhi)量(liang)互變(bian)(bian)規律(lv)進(jin)行了(le)科學闡釋(shi)。
質量(liang)互變(bian)規律對于人們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認識和實(shi)踐(jian)活動具有重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導意(yi)義,它要(yao)求(qiu)人們要(yao)重視量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積累,注意(yi)事(shi)(shi)物細(xi)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化,不(bu)可揠苗助長急于求(qiu)成,對于消極因素,要(yao)防微杜漸;同時(shi)又(you)要(yao)根據事(shi)(shi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)進(jin)程,不(bu)失(shi)時(shi)機地促使(shi)事(shi)(shi)物由量(liang)變(bian)到(dao)質變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉化。
質量互變(bian)規律(lv)體現了事物(wu)發(fa)展的漸(jian)進性與飛躍性的統一。