驢食(shi)草(學名(ming):Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)是(shi)豆科、驢食(shi)草屬多(duo)年生(sheng)草本,高40-80厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)。莖直立,中空,被(bei)向上貼伏(fu)的短柔毛。小(xiao)葉片長(chang)圓(yuan)狀披針形(xing)或(huo)披針形(xing),長(chang)20-30毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)4-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。總狀花(hua)序腋(ye)生(sheng),明顯超出葉層;花(hua)多(duo)數,長(chang)9-11毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),具(ju)l毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you)的短花(hua)梗(geng);子房密被(bei)貼伏(fu)柔毛。莢果具(ju)1個節莢,節莢半圓(yuan)形(xing),上部邊緣具(ju)或(huo)尖(jian)或(huo)鈍的刺。
中國華北(bei)、西北(bei)地區栽(zai)培;主(zhu)要分布于歐洲。適(shi)應性強,喜溫暖半干燥的氣候條件(jian),在海拔3500米(mi)左右的甘南高寒牧區也能生長。
莖稈柔軟,適(shi)口性好,營養豐(feng)富,蛋(dan)白質含(han)量(liang)高,因(yin)含(han)丹(dan)寧(ning),家畜(chu)采(cai)食(shi)后(hou)不得臌脹病。為各類畜(chu)禽所喜食(shi)。被(bei)譽為“牧草皇后(hou)”。是優良的蜜源植(zhi)物(wu)。其根上有(you)根瘤(liu),固氮能(neng)力強,對改善土壤(rang)理化性質,增加(jia)土壤(rang)養分,促進(jin)土壤(rang)團(tuan)粒結構的形成,都具(ju)有(you)重要的意義。
驢(lv)食草適(shi)應性強,喜溫暖半干燥(zao)的氣(qi)候條件,適(shi)宜在(zai)年(nian)平均氣(qi)溫12-13℃、年(nian)降水量(liang)350-500毫米的地(di)區(qu)生長(chang)。在(zai)海(hai)拔(ba)3500米左(zuo)右的甘(gan)南(nan)高寒(han)牧區(qu)也能(neng)生長(chang)。
中國(guo)(guo)華北(bei)、西北(bei)地區栽培(pei);中國(guo)(guo)新疆天山和阿(a)爾泰山北(bei)麓都有野生種(zhong)分(fen)布。主要分(fen)布于(yu)歐(ou)洲。
多年(nian)生(sheng)草本(ben),高40-80厘(li)米(mi)。莖直立,中空,被向上(shang)貼(tie)伏(fu)的(de)短柔毛。小(xiao)葉13-19,幾無(wu)小(xiao)葉柄;小(xiao)葉片長圓狀披針形或披針形,長20-30毫(hao)米(mi),寬4-10毫(hao)米(mi),上(shang)面無(wu)毛,下(xia)面被貼(tie)伏(fu)柔毛。
總狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)花序腋生,明(ming)顯超出葉層;花多數,長(chang)(chang)9-11毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),具(ju)(ju)l毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右的短花梗;萼(e)鐘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),長(chang)(chang)6-8毫(hao)米(mi)(mi),萼(e)齒披針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)鉆(zhan)形,長(chang)(chang)為(wei)萼(e)筒的2-2.5倍,下萼(e)齒較短;花冠玫瑰紫色,旗瓣(ban)倒卵(luan)形,翼瓣(ban)長(chang)(chang)為(wei)旗瓣(ban)的1/4,龍骨瓣(ban)與瓣(ban)約(yue)等(deng)長(chang)(chang);子房(fang)密被貼伏柔毛。莢果具(ju)(ju)1個節(jie)莢,節(jie)莢半圓形,上部(bu)邊緣具(ju)(ju)或尖或鈍(dun)的刺。
雜草嚴重(zhong)時(shi)可采用(yong)除草劑處(chu)理后(hou)翻(fan)耕。在(zai)農田種(zhong)植,前作(zuo)收獲后(hou)及時(shi)翻(fan)耕。秋耕宜深,春(chun)耕宜淺。翻(fan)耕后(hou)須及時(shi)耙地和壓地,粉碎土(tu)(tu)(tu)塊,平(ping)整土(tu)(tu)(tu)地。翻(fan)耕前施(shi)有機肥1000-2000千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/畝和過磷(lin)酸鈣100-150千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/畝作(zuo)基肥。在(zai)酸性土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)上應增施(shi)石灰(hui)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)瘠薄時(shi),播(bo)前還可施(shi)尿素5-10千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/畝、磷(lin)酸二銨5-6千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)(ke)/畝。
驢食(shi)草適宜(yi)的土壤(rang)含(han)水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)田間持水(shui)(shui)量的70%。在年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量為(wei)500毫(hao)米以上地(di)區可以不灌水(shui)(shui)。在干旱地(di)區視(shi)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)情況(kuang)每(mei)年(nian)須灌溉3-5次。返青期、每(mei)次刈割前10天左右(you)和入冬前各(ge)灌水(shui)(shui)一(yi)次。每(mei)次灌水(shui)(shui)量以30-40立方(fang)米/畝為(wei)宜(yi)。
高產驢(lv)食草(cao)草(cao)地須在(zai)生長初(chu)期(qi)或每次(ci)刈(yi)割后結合灌(guan)水施肥。可追施尿(niao)素(su)5-7千(qian)克/畝(mu)、磷(lin)酸二胺(an)7-10千(qian)克/畝(mu),氮磷(lin)比以1:1最佳。北方土壤中(zhong)大多(duo)富鉀,可滿足紅豆草(cao)生長需(xu)要,一般不再施用鉀肥。
驢食(shi)草(cao)(cao)從出(chu)苗(miao)到封壟(long)40-50天(tian),為雜草(cao)(cao)盛發期,須及(ji)(ji)時(shi)中(zhong)耕除草(cao)(cao)。返青前和(he)每次(ci)刈割后,根據雜草(cao)(cao)發生情況,及(ji)(ji)時(shi)中(zhong)耕除草(cao)(cao)。
青飼或青貯時在(zai)現蕾至盛(sheng)(sheng)花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge),調(diao)制干草(cao)在(zai)盛(sheng)(sheng)花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)。溫(wen)暖地(di)(di)(di)區年(nian)(nian)可(ke)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)兩茬,高(gao)寒(han)地(di)(di)(di)區年(nian)(nian)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)一(yi)茬。再生草(cao)可(ke)放牧利用。初(chu)花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)干物(wu)質(zhi)粗蛋白質(zhi)含量可(ke)達18%左右。初(chu)花期(qi)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)可(ke)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)三茬,但產草(cao)量不及盛(sheng)(sheng)花期(qi),而且影(ying)響草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)使用壽命。機械收獲時留茬高(gao)度(du)根據地(di)(di)(di)面狀況(kuang)調(diao)至最低,人工收獲可(ke)齊(qi)地(di)(di)(di)面刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春秋皆宜。一年一熟地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)宜春播(bo)(bo),一年兩熟地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)宜秋播(bo)(bo)。干旱(han)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)可(ke)在雨后搶墑播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用0.05%鉬酸銨溶液處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子會提高根系有(you)效根瘤(liu)數。播(bo)(bo)前種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子可(ke)用紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)專(zhuan)用根瘤(liu)菌接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也可(ke)用搗碎的根瘤(liu)帶土拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。單播(bo)(bo)收草(cao)田播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量3-5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu),干旱(han)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)3-4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu),濕潤(run)和(he)灌(guan)(guan)溉地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)5-6千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子田播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量2-3千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)。濕潤(run)和(he)灌(guan)(guan)溉地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行距(ju)20-30厘(li)(li)米,干旱(han)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)30-40厘(li)(li)米。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子田行距(ju)50-70厘(li)(li)米。帶莢播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不影響發芽,去莢反而可(ke)能會傷害到胚。覆土深度3-4厘(li)(li)米,播(bo)(bo)后鎮壓,以利出苗。紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)與苜蓿(xu)、老(lao)芒(mang)(mang)麥(mai)(mai)混播(bo)(bo)可(ke)用于刈牧兼用草(cao)地(di)(di)(di)。與苜蓿(xu)混播(bo)(bo)時紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子用量1.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu),苜蓿(xu)0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)。與老(lao)芒(mang)(mang)麥(mai)(mai)混播(bo)(bo)時紅(hong)(hong)豆草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子用量1.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu),老(lao)芒(mang)(mang)麥(mai)(mai)1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后如(ru)遇降雨表土板結時,須適時耙地(di)(di)(di)。
驢食草易(yi)感染銹病(bing)(bing)、白粉病(bing)(bing)和菌核病(bing)(bing)。要及(ji)早發(fa)現(xian)及(ji)時治療。生長后期發(fa)現(xian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)應提前(qian)刈割。銹病(bing)(bing)防(fang)治可采(cai)用波爾多(duo)液、石硫合劑(ji)、硫磺粉、代(dai)森鋅、福美雙、萎銹靈(ling)等(deng),自發(fa)病(bing)(bing)初(chu)期起,每7-10天噴(pen)酒一次。白粉病(bing)(bing)用膠體(ti)硫、多(duo)菌靈(ling)、甲基托布津、苯來特和十三嗎(ma)啉(lin)等(deng)。菌核病(bing)(bing)可采(cai)取土表撒(sa)施五(wu)氯硝(xiao)基苯預防(fang)。害(hai)蟲(chong)有(you)苜蓿葉象(xiang)甲、青葉跳蟬(chan)等(deng),可噴(pen)灑敵(di)殺死、速滅殺丁等(deng)藥物(wu)。刈割前(qian)20天內禁止用藥。
驢(lv)食草(cao)(cao)花色粉紅艷麗,飼用價值可與紫花苜(mu)(mu)蓿(xu)媲(pi)美(mei),故有“牧(mu)草(cao)(cao)皇(huang)后”之稱。適口性(xing)比紫花苜(mu)(mu)蓿(xu)和(he)(he)三葉(xie)(xie)草(cao)(cao)好,牛(niu)、羊、豬(zhu)、兔均喜食,且食后不易得膨脹病。紅豆草(cao)(cao)的耐牧(mu)性(xing)和(he)(he)再(zai)生性(xing)不如白三葉(xie)(xie)和(he)(he)紫花苜(mu)(mu)蓿(xu)。開花早,花期長達2-3個月,是優良(liang)的蜜源植物。其根上有根瘤(liu),固氮(dan)能(neng)力強,對改善土壤理化(hua)性(xing)質,增加土壤養(yang)分(fen),促進土壤團(tuan)粒結(jie)構的形成,都具(ju)有重(zhong)要的意義。