驢(lv)食草(學名:Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)是豆科、驢(lv)食草屬多年生草本(ben),高40-80厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)。莖直立,中空,被向(xiang)上貼(tie)伏的短柔毛。小(xiao)葉片長圓(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)披針形或(huo)披針形,長20-30毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬4-10毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。總(zong)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)花(hua)序(xu)腋生,明顯超出葉層;花(hua)多數,長9-11毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi),具l毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右的短花(hua)梗(geng);子(zi)房密被貼(tie)伏柔毛。莢(jia)果具1個節(jie)莢(jia),節(jie)莢(jia)半圓(yuan)形,上部邊(bian)緣具或(huo)尖(jian)或(huo)鈍的刺。
中國(guo)華(hua)北(bei)、西北(bei)地區栽(zai)培;主要分布于歐洲。適應性強,喜溫(wen)暖半干(gan)燥的氣候條(tiao)件(jian),在海拔3500米左右的甘南高寒牧區也能生(sheng)長。
莖稈柔軟,適(shi)口性好(hao),營養(yang)豐富,蛋白質含量高,因含丹寧,家畜采食后(hou)(hou)不(bu)得臌脹病。為各類畜禽所喜食。被譽為“牧(mu)草(cao)皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)”。是優良的蜜源植(zhi)物。其(qi)根上有根瘤,固氮能力強,對改善土壤理化性質,增(zeng)加(jia)土壤養(yang)分,促進土壤團粒結構(gou)的形(xing)成(cheng),都具有重(zhong)要的意(yi)義。
驢食草適(shi)(shi)應性強,喜溫暖半干燥(zao)的(de)氣(qi)候條件,適(shi)(shi)宜在年(nian)平均氣(qi)溫12-13℃、年(nian)降(jiang)水量350-500毫米的(de)地區(qu)生長。在海拔3500米左右(you)的(de)甘南高(gao)寒(han)牧區(qu)也(ye)能生長。
中國華北、西北地區栽培(pei);中國新疆天山和(he)阿爾泰山北麓(lu)都有野生種分布。主要分布于歐洲。
多年生草本,高40-80厘(li)米(mi)。莖直立,中空(kong),被向上(shang)貼(tie)(tie)伏的短柔(rou)毛。小(xiao)葉(xie)13-19,幾無小(xiao)葉(xie)柄;小(xiao)葉(xie)片長(chang)圓狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形或披(pi)針(zhen)(zhen)形,長(chang)20-30毫米(mi),寬4-10毫米(mi),上(shang)面無毛,下(xia)面被貼(tie)(tie)伏柔(rou)毛。
總狀(zhuang)花序腋生,明(ming)顯超出葉層;花多數(shu),長(chang)9-11毫米,具l毫米左右(you)的(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)花梗;萼(e)鐘狀(zhuang),長(chang)6-8毫米,萼(e)齒(chi)(chi)披針狀(zhuang)鉆形(xing)(xing),長(chang)為萼(e)筒的(de)(de)2-2.5倍,下萼(e)齒(chi)(chi)較短(duan)(duan);花冠(guan)玫瑰紫色,旗(qi)瓣(ban)(ban)倒卵形(xing)(xing),翼瓣(ban)(ban)長(chang)為旗(qi)瓣(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)1/4,龍(long)骨瓣(ban)(ban)與瓣(ban)(ban)約等(deng)長(chang);子房密被貼(tie)伏柔毛。莢果具1個節莢,節莢半(ban)圓形(xing)(xing),上部(bu)邊(bian)緣具或尖或鈍的(de)(de)刺(ci)。
雜草嚴重(zhong)時(shi)(shi)可采(cai)用除草劑處理(li)后(hou)翻(fan)耕(geng)。在農田種植,前作收獲后(hou)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)翻(fan)耕(geng)。秋耕(geng)宜(yi)深,春耕(geng)宜(yi)淺(qian)。翻(fan)耕(geng)后(hou)須及(ji)時(shi)(shi)耙地和壓地,粉碎(sui)土塊,平整土地。翻(fan)耕(geng)前施有機肥(fei)1000-2000千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝和過磷酸鈣100-150千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝作基肥(fei)。在酸性土壤上應增施石灰。土壤瘠(ji)薄時(shi)(shi),播前還可施尿素5-10千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝、磷酸二銨5-6千(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝。
驢食草適宜的土壤含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)田間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的70%。在(zai)(zai)年降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)500毫(hao)米(mi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上地區(qu)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)不灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)(zai)干(gan)旱地區(qu)視(shi)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)情況每(mei)年須灌(guan)溉3-5次。返(fan)青期、每(mei)次刈割前10天左右和入冬前各灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)一次。每(mei)次灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)30-40立方米(mi)/畝為(wei)(wei)宜。
高產驢食草草地須在生長初期(qi)或每次(ci)刈割后(hou)結合灌(guan)水施(shi)肥。可追施(shi)尿素5-7千克/畝、磷酸二胺7-10千克/畝,氮(dan)磷比以1:1最佳。北方土壤中大(da)多富鉀(jia),可滿(man)足紅豆草生長需要(yao),一般不再(zai)施(shi)用鉀(jia)肥。
驢食草(cao)從出苗到封壟(long)40-50天,為雜草(cao)盛發期,須及時中耕除(chu)草(cao)。返青前和每次刈割(ge)后,根據雜草(cao)發生(sheng)情(qing)況,及時中耕除(chu)草(cao)。
青飼或(huo)青貯(zhu)時在現蕾至(zhi)(zhi)盛花(hua)期刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge),調(diao)制(zhi)干草在盛花(hua)期刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)。溫暖地(di)區(qu)年可(ke)(ke)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)兩(liang)茬,高寒(han)地(di)區(qu)年刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)一茬。再(zai)生(sheng)草可(ke)(ke)放牧利用。初花(hua)期刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)干物質粗蛋白(bai)質含量(liang)可(ke)(ke)達18%左右。初花(hua)期刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)可(ke)(ke)刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)三茬,但產草量(liang)不及(ji)盛花(hua)期,而且影響(xiang)草地(di)使(shi)用壽命。機械(xie)收獲時留茬高度根(gen)據地(di)面狀況調(diao)至(zhi)(zhi)最低(di),人工收獲可(ke)(ke)齊地(di)面刈(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)。
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)春(chun)秋皆(jie)宜(yi)(yi)。一年一熟地(di)區(qu)(qu)宜(yi)(yi)春(chun)播(bo)(bo),一年兩(liang)熟地(di)區(qu)(qu)宜(yi)(yi)秋播(bo)(bo)。干旱地(di)區(qu)(qu)可(ke)在雨后(hou)搶墑(di)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)0.05%鉬酸(suan)銨溶液處理種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)會提高根系有效根瘤(liu)數(shu)。播(bo)(bo)前(qian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)可(ke)用(yong)紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)專用(yong)根瘤(liu)菌接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),也(ye)可(ke)用(yong)搗碎的根瘤(liu)帶土拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。單播(bo)(bo)收草(cao)田(tian)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量3-5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),干旱地(di)區(qu)(qu)3-4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),濕潤和灌溉地(di)區(qu)(qu)5-6千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田(tian)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量2-3千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。濕潤和灌溉地(di)區(qu)(qu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)行距(ju)20-30厘(li)米(mi),干旱地(di)區(qu)(qu)30-40厘(li)米(mi)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)田(tian)行距(ju)50-70厘(li)米(mi)。帶莢播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不影響發(fa)芽,去(qu)莢反(fan)而可(ke)能會傷害到(dao)胚。覆(fu)土深度3-4厘(li)米(mi),播(bo)(bo)后(hou)鎮壓(ya),以(yi)利出苗。紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)與(yu)苜蓿(xu)(xu)、老(lao)芒(mang)(mang)麥混(hun)播(bo)(bo)可(ke)用(yong)于刈牧(mu)兼(jian)用(yong)草(cao)地(di)。與(yu)苜蓿(xu)(xu)混(hun)播(bo)(bo)時紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)量1.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),苜蓿(xu)(xu)0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。與(yu)老(lao)芒(mang)(mang)麥混(hun)播(bo)(bo)時紅(hong)豆(dou)草(cao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)用(yong)量1.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),老(lao)芒(mang)(mang)麥1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)如遇降雨表土板結(jie)時,須適時耙地(di)。
驢食草易感染銹(xiu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和菌(jun)核(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)。要及(ji)早發現及(ji)時治(zhi)療(liao)。生(sheng)長后(hou)期(qi)發現病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)應提前刈割。銹(xiu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)可采用(yong)波爾多(duo)液、石硫(liu)合劑(ji)、硫(liu)磺粉(fen)、代森鋅、福美雙、萎銹(xiu)靈(ling)等(deng),自發病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)初期(qi)起,每(mei)7-10天噴酒一(yi)次。白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)用(yong)膠體硫(liu)、多(duo)菌(jun)靈(ling)、甲基托布津、苯(ben)來特(te)和十(shi)三嗎啉(lin)等(deng)。菌(jun)核(he)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)可采取土表撒施五氯硝基苯(ben)預防。害(hai)蟲有(you)苜(mu)蓿葉象甲、青葉跳(tiao)蟬等(deng),可噴灑敵殺死、速滅殺丁等(deng)藥物。刈割前20天內禁(jin)止用(yong)藥。
驢食草花(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)粉紅(hong)艷麗(li),飼用價值可與紫(zi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)苜蓿媲美,故(gu)有“牧(mu)草皇后”之稱。適口性(xing)比紫(zi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)苜蓿和三葉(xie)草好,牛、羊、豬、兔均喜(xi)食,且食后不(bu)易得(de)膨(peng)脹病。紅(hong)豆草的(de)(de)耐牧(mu)性(xing)和再生性(xing)不(bu)如(ru)白三葉(xie)和紫(zi)花(hua)(hua)(hua)苜蓿。開花(hua)(hua)(hua)早,花(hua)(hua)(hua)期長(chang)達2-3個(ge)月,是優(you)良的(de)(de)蜜源植(zhi)物。其根(gen)上有根(gen)瘤,固氮能力強(qiang),對改善(shan)土(tu)(tu)壤理化性(xing)質,增(zeng)加土(tu)(tu)壤養分,促(cu)進土(tu)(tu)壤團粒結構的(de)(de)形成,都(dou)具有重要的(de)(de)意義。