驢食草(cao)(學(xue)名(ming):Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.)是豆科(ke)、驢食草(cao)屬多(duo)年(nian)生草(cao)本,高(gao)40-80厘米(mi)。莖(jing)直(zhi)立,中空,被向(xiang)上貼伏的短柔(rou)毛(mao)。小葉(xie)(xie)片長圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing)或(huo)披(pi)針(zhen)形(xing),長20-30毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),寬4-10毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)。總狀(zhuang)花序(xu)腋生,明顯超出葉(xie)(xie)層;花多(duo)數,長9-11毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),具(ju)l毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右的短花梗(geng);子房密(mi)被貼伏柔(rou)毛(mao)。莢(jia)(jia)果(guo)具(ju)1個節莢(jia)(jia),節莢(jia)(jia)半圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing),上部邊緣具(ju)或(huo)尖(jian)或(huo)鈍(dun)的刺(ci)。
中國華(hua)北、西北地區(qu)(qu)栽培;主要(yao)分布于歐洲(zhou)。適應性強,喜溫暖(nuan)半干燥的氣候條(tiao)件,在海拔3500米左(zuo)右(you)的甘南高寒牧(mu)區(qu)(qu)也能生長。
莖(jing)稈(gan)柔軟,適口性好,營(ying)養(yang)豐富,蛋白質(zhi)含(han)量高,因含(han)丹寧,家畜(chu)采食(shi)后不(bu)得臌脹病(bing)。為(wei)各(ge)類畜(chu)禽所喜食(shi)。被譽為(wei)“牧草(cao)皇后”。是(shi)優良的蜜(mi)源植(zhi)物(wu)。其根(gen)上有(you)根(gen)瘤,固氮(dan)能(neng)力強,對改善土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)理化性質(zhi),增加土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)養(yang)分,促進土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)團粒(li)結構的形成,都具有(you)重要的意義。
驢(lv)食草適(shi)應性強,喜(xi)溫(wen)暖半(ban)干燥的(de)氣候條件(jian),適(shi)宜在年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)12-13℃、年(nian)降水量350-500毫米(mi)的(de)地區生(sheng)長(chang)。在海拔3500米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)的(de)甘南高寒牧區也(ye)能生(sheng)長(chang)。
中(zhong)國華北、西北地區栽培;中(zhong)國新疆(jiang)天山和阿爾泰山北麓都有(you)野生種分布。主要分布于歐洲(zhou)。
多年生草本(ben),高(gao)40-80厘米。莖直立,中空,被(bei)向上貼伏(fu)的(de)短柔(rou)毛(mao)。小葉13-19,幾無小葉柄;小葉片長圓狀披(pi)(pi)針形或披(pi)(pi)針形,長20-30毫(hao)米,寬4-10毫(hao)米,上面無毛(mao),下面被(bei)貼伏(fu)柔(rou)毛(mao)。
總狀(zhuang)花(hua)序腋生,明(ming)顯超出葉層(ceng);花(hua)多數,長(chang)9-11毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),具l毫(hao)(hao)米(mi)左右的(de)(de)(de)短花(hua)梗;萼(e)鐘狀(zhuang),長(chang)6-8毫(hao)(hao)米(mi),萼(e)齒披針狀(zhuang)鉆(zhan)形(xing),長(chang)為萼(e)筒(tong)的(de)(de)(de)2-2.5倍,下萼(e)齒較短;花(hua)冠玫瑰紫(zi)色,旗(qi)瓣倒卵形(xing),翼瓣長(chang)為旗(qi)瓣的(de)(de)(de)1/4,龍骨瓣與瓣約等(deng)長(chang);子房密被貼伏柔毛。莢果(guo)具1個節莢,節莢半圓形(xing),上部邊(bian)緣具或尖或鈍的(de)(de)(de)刺(ci)。
雜草(cao)(cao)嚴重(zhong)時(shi)可(ke)采用除草(cao)(cao)劑處理后(hou)翻(fan)(fan)耕(geng)。在農(nong)田(tian)種植(zhi),前(qian)作收獲后(hou)及(ji)(ji)時(shi)翻(fan)(fan)耕(geng)。秋耕(geng)宜深,春耕(geng)宜淺。翻(fan)(fan)耕(geng)后(hou)須及(ji)(ji)時(shi)耙地和壓(ya)地,粉碎土(tu)(tu)塊,平整(zheng)土(tu)(tu)地。翻(fan)(fan)耕(geng)前(qian)施有機(ji)肥1000-2000千克(ke)(ke)/畝和過磷(lin)酸鈣100-150千克(ke)(ke)/畝作基肥。在酸性(xing)土(tu)(tu)壤上應增(zeng)施石灰。土(tu)(tu)壤瘠薄時(shi),播(bo)前(qian)還可(ke)施尿素5-10千克(ke)(ke)/畝、磷(lin)酸二銨5-6千克(ke)(ke)/畝。
驢食草適宜的土壤含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)田間持水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)的70%。在(zai)年降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)為(wei)500毫(hao)米(mi)以上地區可以不灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)。在(zai)干(gan)旱地區視降水(shui)(shui)(shui)情況(kuang)每(mei)年須灌溉3-5次(ci)。返青(qing)期、每(mei)次(ci)刈割前10天(tian)左右和(he)入冬前各灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)一次(ci)。每(mei)次(ci)灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)以30-40立(li)方米(mi)/畝為(wei)宜。
高產驢食草(cao)草(cao)地(di)須在生長(chang)(chang)初期或(huo)每次刈割后結合灌水施(shi)肥。可追施(shi)尿素5-7千(qian)克/畝(mu)、磷(lin)(lin)酸二胺7-10千(qian)克/畝(mu),氮磷(lin)(lin)比以1:1最佳(jia)。北方土(tu)壤中大多(duo)富鉀,可滿(man)足(zu)紅豆草(cao)生長(chang)(chang)需要,一般不再施(shi)用鉀肥。
驢(lv)食草(cao)(cao)從出(chu)苗到封壟(long)40-50天(tian),為雜(za)草(cao)(cao)盛(sheng)發期,須及(ji)時(shi)中(zhong)耕除草(cao)(cao)。返青前和每次刈割后(hou),根據(ju)雜(za)草(cao)(cao)發生情況,及(ji)時(shi)中(zhong)耕除草(cao)(cao)。
青飼或(huo)青貯時在現蕾至盛花期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge),調制干草在盛花期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。溫暖地(di)區(qu)年可(ke)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)兩茬(cha),高寒(han)地(di)區(qu)年刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)一茬(cha)。再生草可(ke)放牧(mu)利用。初花期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)干物質粗蛋(dan)白質含量可(ke)達18%左右(you)。初花期(qi)(qi)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)可(ke)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)三(san)茬(cha),但(dan)產草量不及盛花期(qi)(qi),而且影響草地(di)使(shi)用壽命。機(ji)械收獲時留茬(cha)高度根據地(di)面(mian)(mian)狀況調至最低,人工收獲可(ke)齊地(di)面(mian)(mian)刈(yi)(yi)割(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)。
播種(zhong)(zhong)春秋皆宜(yi)。一年(nian)一熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)宜(yi)春播,一年(nian)兩熟(shu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)宜(yi)秋播。干(gan)旱(han)(han)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)可(ke)(ke)在雨后(hou)搶(qiang)墑播種(zhong)(zhong)。用(yong)0.05%鉬酸(suan)銨溶液處理種(zhong)(zhong)子會(hui)提(ti)高根系有效(xiao)根瘤數(shu)。播前種(zhong)(zhong)子可(ke)(ke)用(yong)紅(hong)豆草專用(yong)根瘤菌接種(zhong)(zhong),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)搗碎的(de)根瘤帶土(tu)拌種(zhong)(zhong)。單播收(shou)草田(tian)(tian)播種(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)3-5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),干(gan)旱(han)(han)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)3-4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),濕潤(run)和(he)灌(guan)溉地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)5-6千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。種(zhong)(zhong)子田(tian)(tian)播種(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)2-3千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。濕潤(run)和(he)灌(guan)溉地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)播種(zhong)(zhong)行(xing)距20-30厘米(mi),干(gan)旱(han)(han)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)30-40厘米(mi)。種(zhong)(zhong)子田(tian)(tian)行(xing)距50-70厘米(mi)。帶莢播種(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)影響發芽,去莢反(fan)而可(ke)(ke)能會(hui)傷害(hai)到胚(pei)。覆土(tu)深度3-4厘米(mi),播后(hou)鎮(zhen)壓(ya),以利出苗。紅(hong)豆草與苜蓿、老芒(mang)麥混播可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)刈(yi)牧兼用(yong)草地(di)(di)(di)。與苜蓿混播時(shi)紅(hong)豆草種(zhong)(zhong)子用(yong)量(liang)1.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),苜蓿0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。與老芒(mang)麥混播時(shi)紅(hong)豆草種(zhong)(zhong)子用(yong)量(liang)1.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu),老芒(mang)麥1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)/畝(mu)(mu)(mu)。播種(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)如遇(yu)降雨表土(tu)板結(jie)時(shi),須(xu)適時(shi)耙(pa)地(di)(di)(di)。
驢食草(cao)易感染(ran)銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)和菌(jun)(jun)核病(bing)(bing)(bing)。要及早發(fa)現(xian)及時(shi)治療。生長后期(qi)發(fa)現(xian)病(bing)(bing)(bing)害應提前刈割。銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)防治可采(cai)用(yong)波(bo)爾多(duo)液、石(shi)硫合劑、硫磺粉、代森(sen)鋅、福美雙、萎銹靈等(deng)(deng),自發(fa)病(bing)(bing)(bing)初期(qi)起,每7-10天噴酒一次。白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)用(yong)膠體硫、多(duo)菌(jun)(jun)靈、甲基托布津(jin)、苯來特和十三嗎啉等(deng)(deng)。菌(jun)(jun)核病(bing)(bing)(bing)可采(cai)取土表撒施五氯硝(xiao)基苯預防。害蟲有苜蓿葉象甲、青葉跳(tiao)蟬(chan)等(deng)(deng),可噴灑敵殺(sha)死、速滅殺(sha)丁等(deng)(deng)藥物。刈割前20天內禁止(zhi)用(yong)藥。
驢食(shi)草花(hua)色(se)粉紅(hong)艷麗,飼用價值可與紫(zi)花(hua)苜(mu)(mu)蓿媲美,故有“牧草皇后”之(zhi)稱。適(shi)口(kou)性(xing)比紫(zi)花(hua)苜(mu)(mu)蓿和三葉草好,牛、羊、豬、兔均喜(xi)食(shi),且(qie)食(shi)后不易(yi)得膨脹(zhang)病。紅(hong)豆草的(de)(de)耐牧性(xing)和再生(sheng)性(xing)不如白三葉和紫(zi)花(hua)苜(mu)(mu)蓿。開花(hua)早,花(hua)期長達2-3個月,是優良的(de)(de)蜜源植物。其根(gen)上有根(gen)瘤,固氮能力強,對改善土壤理(li)化性(xing)質,增(zeng)加土壤養分,促(cu)進土壤團粒(li)結構的(de)(de)形成,都具有重要的(de)(de)意義。