我國(guo)進口西(xi)洋(yang)參(can)已有200多年歷史,引種西(xi)洋(yang)參(can)卻(que)不足30年。上世紀80年代初,文(wen)登張(zhang)家產鎮口子(zi)李村農民(min)王吉(ji)振率先引種西(xi)洋(yang)參(can),獲得成功后逐漸推廣(guang),在文(wen)登市(shi)形(xing)成規模。目前(qian),西(xi)洋(yang)參(can)種植業已經(jing)發展到文(wen)登市(shi)十余(yu)個鎮, 文(wen)登全市(shi)2.5萬畝參(can)園年產出鮮(xian)參(can)3600多噸(dun),文(wen)登也由此成為全國(guo)兩個西(xi)洋(yang)參(can)主產區(qu)之一 。 “文(wen)登西(xi)洋(yang)參(can)”成功注冊為中國(guo)地理標(biao)志(zhi)證(zheng)明商標(biao)。
生產情況
目前,西(xi)(xi)洋參種植(zhi)業已經發展到文(wen)登區十余個(ge)鎮,據文(wen)登內貿行業的文(wen)登區財貿辦統(tong)計,文(wen)登西(xi)(xi)洋參種植(zhi)面積已發展到5萬畝,年產量5500噸(dun),占全國(guo)年總產量的7成。文(wen)登也由此成為全國(guo)西(xi)(xi)洋參主產區。
一.產品介紹
位于山東(dong)半(ban)島東(dong)部沿(yan)海的(de)(de)威海文登(deng)市(shi)是(shi)我國(guo)最早引進西(xi)洋(yang)參種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)的(de)(de)三大主產區之一,早在(zai)1964年即開展了西(xi)洋(yang)參的(de)(de)引種(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)。現(xian)常年種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面積(ji)3000公頃,年出圃量(liang)6000噸。文登(deng)西(xi)洋(yang)參色澤(ze)油光,皮紋細膩,質(zhi)地飽滿而結實。具有(you)增強中樞神經系(xi)統(tong)功能,保護心血管系(xi)統(tong),提高免(mian)疫(yi)力(li),促進血液活力(li),補(bu)肺降火、養(yang)胃生(sheng)津的(de)(de)保健作(zuo)用。
二.自然(ran)生態環境和人文歷(li)史因素
1、氣候情(qing)況:文登市四季(ji)分明,屬暖(nuan)溫帶大(da)陸性季(ji)風氣候,年(nian)平均氣溫11.1℃,無霜期為195天,年(nian)平均降水(shui)量823.9毫米,年(nian)平均降水(shui)日96.2天,年(nian)平均日照2522小時。
2、土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)地貌情(qing)況(kuang):文登市位于(yu)(yu)膠東(dong)(dong)低(di)(di)山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)區的(de)東(dong)(dong)端,境(jing)內(nei)(nei)地形復(fu)雜(za),丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)起伏(fu),溝(gou)壑縱橫。平原沿河谷兩(liang)(liang)岸及濱(bin)海地區呈帶狀展(zhan)布(bu)。山(shan)(shan)地占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面積(ji)19%,丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)58.4%,平原占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)22.6%。西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)昆崳山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)是膠東(dong)(dong)屋(wu)脊(ji),為(wei)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向分水(shui)(shui)嶺(ling);北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)雙角山(shan)(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)區,組(zu)成(cheng)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)向分水(shui)(shui)嶺(ling);東(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)有(you)刁石山(shan)(shan)、林子頂、箱子項、鳳臺頂、老(lao)驢山(shan)(shan)、清潔嶺(ling)、小莫山(shan)(shan)、鄒山(shan)(shan)、老(lao)青(qing)山(shan)(shan)等(deng)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling),組(zu)成(cheng)東(dong)(dong)界(jie)分水(shui)(shui)嶺(ling)。全(quan)境(jing)象(xiang)一簸箕,口向南(nan)(nan)、伸向黃(huang)海。地形總(zong)的(de)趨勢是兩(liang)(liang)側高、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間低(di)(di);北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高,南(nan)(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低(di)(di)。因(yin)三面有(you)分水(shui)(shui)嶺(ling),成(cheng)為(wei)單獨的(de)水(shui)(shui)系(xi)。主(zhu)要(yao)河流發源于(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)山(shan)(shan)區,兩(liang)(liang)側山(shan)(shan)谷水(shui)(shui)系(xi)向中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間匯(hui)集(ji),因(yin)此支(zhi)流較多(duo)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間除(chu)偏北(bei)(bei)的(de)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)向正棋山(shan)(shan)余(yu)脈(mo)外,主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)丘(qiu)陵(ling)(ling)分布(bu)區。沿河兩(liang)(liang)側分布(bu)著沖積(ji)平原。沿海地帶分布(bu)有(you)海積(ji)、沖積(ji)海積(ji)平原。海岸曲折蜿(wan)蜒(yan),多(duo)為(wei)泥質、砂質巖(yan)。棕壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)是全(quan)市主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類型,分布(bu)于(yu)(yu)全(quan)市各(ge)地。據測定該范(fan)圍內(nei)(nei)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)有(you)機質含量平均(jun)為(wei)1.16%,含氮0.12%,含磷(lin)0.3%,速效(xiao)磷(lin)大(da)于(yu)(yu)80mg/kg,速效(xiao)鉀大(da)于(yu)(yu)120mg/kg,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)PH值6左右,土(tu)(tu)層深厚,土(tu)(tu)質疏松,保水(shui)(shui)保肥能(neng)力強,其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沙性土(tu)(tu)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)86%,除(chu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分澇、粘、洼泊地外,80%以上的(de)山(shan)(shan)耩泊地均(jun)可滿足西(xi)(xi)洋參的(de)正常生長(chang)。
3、水(shui)(shui)文(wen)情況(kuang):文(wen)登市境內有西、北、東三條分(fen)水(shui)(shui)嶺,成為(wei)(wei)單獨的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)系。主要(yao)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)4條,小(xiao)河(he)(he)36條,加上支流(liu)(liu)(liu),大(da)小(xiao)河(he)(he)道1226條,全(quan)(quan)(quan)長2147公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。其中1公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)以(yi)上河(he)(he)道578條,總長1814公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。第一(yi)大(da)河(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)母豬(zhu)河(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長58公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)1115.8平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)深297.4毫米。青(qing)龍河(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長31公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)235.8平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)深273毫米。昌陽河(he)(he),全(quan)(quan)(quan)長23.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),流(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面(mian)積(ji)119.2平(ping)(ping)(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)深284毫米。黃壘河(he)(he),為(wei)(wei)文(wen)登與(yu)乳山的(de)(de)界河(he)(he),界河(he)(he)段長17公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均徑(jing)流(liu)(liu)(liu)深283毫米。全(quan)(quan)(quan)市有淺(qian)海面(mian)積(ji)3萬公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃,淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)3067公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃。已開(kai)發利用(yong)的(de)(de)溫泉4處:城(cheng)區的(de)(de)七里(li)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)、城(cheng)南13公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)湯(tang)(tang)(tang)村湯(tang)(tang)(tang)、城(cheng)東南16公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)呼雷湯(tang)(tang)(tang)、城(cheng)西南22公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)大(da)英湯(tang)(tang)(tang),水(shui)(shui)溫39~77℃。大(da)型(xing)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)米山水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku),總庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)2.8億立(li)方米,最(zui)大(da)壩高21.1米,是威海市最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源;中型(xing)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)3座(zuo),小(xiao)(一(yi))型(xing)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)20座(zuo),小(xiao)(二(er))型(xing)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)58座(zuo),塘壩942座(zuo),總庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)達4.6億立(li)方米,興利庫(ku)(ku)容(rong)為(wei)(wei)1.86億立(li)方米,有效灌溉面(mian)積(ji)達到(dao)63萬畝。
三.地域范圍
文登(deng)市(shi)(shi)位(wei)于山東(dong)半(ban)島東(dong)部,西(xi)依昆崳山,與煙臺市(shi)(shi)牟平區和乳山市(shi)(shi)相(xiang)接,北連(lian)威海(hai)市(shi)(shi)環翠區,東(dong)鄰榮成市(shi)(shi),南(nan)瀕黃(huang)海(hai)。文登(deng)西(xi)洋參地(di)理(li)標志申(shen)請登(deng)記保(bao)(bao)護地(di)域范圍為文登(deng)市(shi)(shi)境內北起界石鎮店子(zi)頭村(cun)(cun)(cun);東(dong)至(zhi)大水(shui)泊鎮孤石村(cun)(cun)(cun);南(nan)至(zhi)澤(ze)庫鎮前(qian)島村(cun)(cun)(cun);西(xi)至(zhi)葛(ge)家鎮西(xi)譚家口村(cun)(cun)(cun),覆蓋文登(deng)市(shi)(shi)境內的(de)15個鎮(辦)開發區的(de)687個行(xing)政村(cun)(cun)(cun)。地(di)理(li)坐標為:東(dong)經(jing)121°43'~122°19',北緯(wei)36°52'~37°16'之間,地(di)域保(bao)(bao)護種植面積2000公頃。
四(si).產品品質特性特征
文(wen)登西洋參屬(shu)五加科,人參屬(shu),多年生草本(ben)(ben),全株無毛,根(gen)莖較(jiao)人參短,根(gen)肉質(zhi),呈(cheng)紡錘(chui)形、圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱形或圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐形,少有(you)(you)分枝狀(zhuang),長(chang)3~12cm,直徑(jing)0.8~2cm。表面淺(qian)黃(huang)(huang)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)或黃(huang)(huang)白色(se)(se)(se),可見橫向(xiang)環紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)線(xian)狀(zhuang)皮孔,并(bing)有(you)(you)細(xi)密淺(qian)縱皺紋(wen)(wen)(wen)及(ji)須根(gen)痕(hen)。主根(gen)中下部有(you)(you)一至數(shu)條(tiao)側根(gen);有(you)(you)的(de)上端有(you)(you)根(gen)莖(蘆(lu)頭),環節(jie)明顯(xian),莖痕(hen)(蘆(lu)碗)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形或半(ban)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形具不定根(gen)疔或已(yi)折(zhe)斷(duan)。體重,質(zhi)堅實,不易折(zhe)斷(duan),斷(duan)面平(ping)坦(tan),淺(qian)黃(huang)(huang)白色(se)(se)(se),略顯(xian)粉性,皮部可見黃(huang)(huang)棕色(se)(se)(se)點狀(zhuang)樹脂道,形成(cheng)層(ceng)環紋(wen)(wen)(wen)棕黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)(se),本(ben)(ben)部略呈(cheng)放射狀(zhuang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)理。氣微而(er)特異,味微苦、甘。莖圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)柱形,長(chang)約25厘米,有(you)(you)縱條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen),或略具棱(leng)。掌狀(zhuang)復葉(xie),通常3~4枚(mei),輪(lun)生于(yu)莖項;小葉(xie)片膜質(zhi),廣卵形至倒(dao)卵形,先端突尖,基部換(huan)形,邊緣具粗鋸齒。總花(hua)(hua)(hua)梗由莖端葉(xie)柄(bing)中央抽出(chu),較(jiao)葉(xie)柄(bing)稍長(chang),或近(jin)于(yu)等長(chang)。傘形花(hua)(hua)(hua)序,花(hua)(hua)(hua)多數(shu),等片綠(lv)色(se)(se)(se),鐘狀(zhuang);花(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣5,綠(lv)白色(se)(se)(se)。漿(jiang)果,扁圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形,成(cheng)對(dui)狀(zhuang),熟時鮮紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)期(qi)6~7月,果期(qi)7~9月。
五.特定生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)式(shi)
1、產(chan)地(di)選(xuan)擇(ze)與特殊內(nei)容規定。種(zhong)植(zhi)基(ji)地(di)應(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)在無(wu)污染和(he)生態條件良(liang)好的地(di)區。種(zhong)植(zhi)基(ji)地(di)選(xuan)擇(ze)地(di)應(ying)遠離工(gong)礦區和(he)公路鐵路干線,避開(kai)工(gong)業(ye)和(he)城市污染源的影響,種(zhong)植(zhi)基(ji)地(di)應(ying)具有可持續性。符合NY/T391-2000綠色食品產(chan)地(di)環境質(zhi)量(liang)標準。產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)要求符合NY/T1043-2006綠色食品人參和(he)西洋參標準。
2、品種選擇與特定要求。以自己培育的“文登西洋參”為主,適當發(fa)展其他普通品種。