生產特點
(1)產地選擇(ze):選擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)坡(po)度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)25°以下(xia)海拔(ba)高度(du)(du)為400-900米(mi)的(de)山區(qu)、丘陵(ling),坡(po)度(du)(du)較高的(de)應修筑等(deng)高梯地,平地和6°以下(xia)的(de)緩坡(po)地,栽植行(xing)南(nan)北向,5°-25°的(de)坡(po)地,按等(deng)高線挖梯地種植,并開好排灌溝。要求土(tu)(tu)壤肥(fei)沃,有機質含量(liang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1.0%以上(shang)。土(tu)(tu)層厚度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)100厘(li)米(mi)以上(shang),活土(tu)(tu)層在(zai)(zai)(zai)50厘(li)米(mi)以上(shang)。地下(xia)水位在(zai)(zai)(zai)100厘(li)米(mi)以下(xia)。PH值5.5-7.0之間。
(2)品種(zhong)選擇(ze):天峨大果(guo)山楂分有(you)果(guo)頂(ding)凹和果(guo)頂(ding)凸(tu)出(chu)(尖臀)兩個品種(zhong),生(sheng)產上推廣果(guo)頂(ding)凹、果(guo)形(xing)園(yuan)球(qiu)形(xing)或(huo)扁圓形(xing)的(de)品種(zhong)。
(3)生產(chan)過程管(guan)理:包括農(nong)業投(tou)入品(pin)方面的特殊使用規(gui)定。使大果山楂產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)達到(dao)無公害農(nong)產(chan)品(pin)要求,生產(chan)過程嚴(yan)格按照以下技術環節(jie)進行:
①育苗(miao)。在(zai)春(chun)節(jie)前播種,第二年3月初小苗(miao)大(da)田(tian)移(yi)栽,5月底6月初采穗(sui)嫁接(jie),也可以(yi)在(zai)8月中下旬(xun)至9月嫁接(jie),12月份出(chu)輔。苗(miao)木須根發達,粗度0.8厘米,夏(xia)接(jie)苗(miao)高80厘米以(yi)上,秋接(jie)苗(miao)高40厘米以(yi)上,苗(miao)木清秀(xiu)無病蟲害。
②定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。以冬春種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為主,在元月到2月份期間種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成活率最高(gao)。由(you)于小苗(miao)不(bu)落葉(不(bu)論實(shi)生苗(miao)或嫁(jia)接苗(miao)),種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時要(yao)剪(jian)除嫩苗(miao)和(he)嫩葉,只留老(lao)熟葉。 栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密度(du)(du):栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)密度(du)(du)為每公頃500-830株,即株距(ju)(ju)3-4米(mi),行(xing)距(ju)(ju)4-5米(mi)。 整(zheng)地:根(gen)據計劃的株行(xing)距(ju)(ju)挖深(shen)、寬為80厘米(mi)的定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)或定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溝(gou),每穴(xue)填(tian)25-30千克(ke)的雜草綠(lv)肥(fei),撒入0.5千克(ke)的石灰,1-2個月待雜草綠(lv)肥(fei)腐爛沉實(shi)后,用表土(tu)與25-30千克(ke)的有(you)機肥(fei)混合后回填(tian)待植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。 栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方(fang)法:在待植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue)內確定(ding)定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)點,挖深(shen)、寬為30厘米(mi)的栽(zai)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)穴(xue),定(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時苗(miao)木根(gen)系要(yao)舒展,培(pei)土(tu)后提苗(miao)、扶(fu)正、踏(ta)實(shi),嫁(jia)接口要(yao)高(gao)出(chu)(chu)地面。整(zheng)理出(chu)(chu)直(zhi)徑100厘米(mi)、高(gao)15-20厘米(mi)的樹盤,淋足定(ding)根(gen)水,蓋上地膜保濕,樹苗(miao)定(ding)干(gan)高(gao)度(du)(du)40-50厘米(mi)。
③土(tu)(tu)(tu)、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、水(shui)管理。 深(shen)翻改土(tu)(tu)(tu):在(zai)(zai)(zai)定植(zhi)穴(溝(gou))外(wai)挖環狀溝(gou)或平行(xing)溝(gou),溝(gou)寬40厘米(mi)-60厘米(mi),深(shen)80厘米(mi),每次(ci)(ci)擴穴施(shi)(shi)入綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜(za)(za)草15-20千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、石(shi)灰(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),放在(zai)(zai)(zai)底(di)層,然后(hou)(hou)施(shi)(shi)25-30千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)的有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)要與回(hui)填土(tu)(tu)(tu)混(hun)(hun)合,中耕(geng):果(guo)(guo)(guo)園樹(shu)盤在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)長季(ji)節降雨或灌水(shui)后(hou)(hou),及時(shi)中耕(geng)除草,保持土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤疏松,也可(ke)結合追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進(jin)行(xing),中耕(geng)深(shen)度5-10厘米(mi)。 種(zhong)植(zhi)綠(lv)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和行(xing)間(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)草或間(jian)種(zhong)作(zuo)物:秋(qiu)冬季(ji)播種(zhong)苕子、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)田蘿卜、油菜等;不(bu)能(neng)種(zhong)植(zhi)玉米(mi)、木(mu)薯、紅薯等高(gao)桿、爭肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)類作(zuo)物。 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):冬季(ji)施(shi)(shi)入,以農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、土(tu)(tu)(tu)雜(za)(za)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可(ke)混(hun)(hun)合少(shao)(shao)量(liang)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang),盛(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)園每666.7平方米(mi)施(shi)(shi)2500-3000千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。挖施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)溝(gou)深(shen)60-80厘米(mi)左右,大果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂是嗜鈣果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu),熟石(shi)灰(hui)作(zuo)鈣肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)可(ke)缺少(shao)(shao),否(fou)則生(sheng)(sheng)長不(bu)良,初結果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)結合施(shi)(shi)農家(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)石(shi)灰(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)石(shi)灰(hui)1千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):第(di)一次(ci)(ci)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)花前15天(tian)施(shi)(shi)下,以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),幼樹(shu)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)尿(niao)素0.1-0.2千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛(sheng)(sheng)果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹(shu)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)0.3-0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke);第(di)二次(ci)(ci)花芽分化及果(guo)(guo)(guo)實膨大期(qi)(qi),以磷鉀(jia)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),磷、鉀(jia)比例為(wei)(wei)(wei)1:1,株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)普鈣0.5-1千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),硫酸鉀(jia)0.3-0.4千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke);第(di)三次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實生(sheng)(sheng)長后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi),以鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),可(ke)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)硫酸鉀(jia)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 葉面(mian)追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全(quan)年4-5次(ci)(ci),一般生(sheng)(sheng)長前期(qi)(qi)2次(ci)(ci),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),后(hou)(hou)期(qi)(qi)2-3次(ci)(ci),以磷、鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu),葉面(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)宜避開(kai)高(gao)溫時(shi)間(jian),多種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料混(hun)(hun)施(shi)(shi)時(shi),總濃度不(bu)得超過0.5%,且以互不(bu)反應為(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)則。 水(shui)分管理:能(neng)排能(neng)灌,保持土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤濕度相對穩定,以滴灌為(wei)(wei)(wei)最好(hao)。
④整(zheng)形修剪。 開(kai)心形:適合(he)相對比較密(mi)(mi)植的果(guo)園,干高40-60厘(li)米,主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)數量3 -4個(ge),分枝(zhi)(zhi)角度40°-60°,冠幅控制(zhi)在3-4米以內。 分層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形:第一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)3個(ge)或4個(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),第二層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)2個(ge)或3個(ge)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi),兩(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)相距60 -80厘(li)米。 修剪:以冬剪為主(zhu),幼樹(shu)(shu)重點整(zheng)理好樹(shu)(shu)形,掛(gua)果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)重點是及(ji)時(shi)剪除病(bing)蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)、纖(xian)弱枝(zhi)(zhi)、徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)和過密(mi)(mi)的交叉枝(zhi)(zhi)、重疊枝(zhi)(zhi)。及(ji)時(shi)拉枝(zhi)(zhi),調整(zheng)主(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)張角度,剪除影響樹(shu)(shu)冠內通風透光的過密(mi)(mi)枝(zhi)(zhi)、病(bing)蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)和擾亂樹(shu)(shu)形的徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤花果管理。在開花盛期,噴布1000倍綠旺一號+0.2%硼砂+0.2%蔗糖(tang)液,謝花后(hou)可用0.3%磷酸(suan)二氫鉀或0.1%硫酸(suan)亞鐵、0.1%綠旺一號等連噴2-3次。初結果樹,在謝花后(hou)及時環割或環扎保(bao)果;在6月(yue)底進(jin)行環剝控梢(shao),壯果促花。 疏(shu)果:在花后(hou)1個月(yue)進(jin)行疏(shu)果,疏(shu)去(qu)小果、病蟲果、畸形果。
⑥病蟲害防治。 農業防治:加強水肥管理,合理控制負載,保持樹勢健壯,提高樹體抗病力;合理修剪,保證園內和樹冠內通風透光,惡化病蟲生長環境,搞好冬季清園,清除枯枝落葉落果,樹盤翻土,剪除病蟲枝果,減少病蟲源,降低病蟲基數。 物理防治:萌芽開始,掛黃板,粘殺蚜蟲,5月初安裝頻振式殺蟲燈,誘殺各種蛾、螟類害蟲。 生物防治:保護瓢蟲、草蛉,人工釋放捕食螨等昆蟲天敵。利用昆蟲性外激素誘殺干擾成蟲交配。 化學防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi):主要病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害(hai):包(bao)括(kuo)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹(xiu)粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害(hai)和(he)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類、尺(chi)蠖(huo)、卷葉蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類、蝽象(xiang)和(he)大(da)果(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟等(deng)害(hai)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。 落葉至萌芽前:重點(dian)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟。結(jie)合(he)冬季清(qing)園,剪除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)枝梢、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)、蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)干果(guo)(guo),刮除病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)瘤、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)斑等(deng),清(qing)除落葉、雜草、落果(guo)(guo),集中深埋或(huo)燒毀,并噴(pen)一次3-5波美(mei)度的(de)(de)石硫合(he)刷。對裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部(bu)刮除至健康部(bu)位(wei)后,用(yong)1:1:10波爾(er)多漿或(huo)1000倍四環素涂刷,再用(yong)地膜包(bao)扎。 萌芽至幼果(guo)(guo)期:重點(dian)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)炭(tan)疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、鐵銹(xiu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、卷葉蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)藥(yao)劑(ji)有(you):三唑酮、神奇、佳(jia)禾(he)定、氟虎(hu)。 壯果(guo)(guo)期至采(cai)收(shou)期:重點(dian)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、大(da)果(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)螟、蝽象(xiang)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺(chi)蠖(huo)等(deng)。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)、炭(tan)疽(ju)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)藥(yao)劑(ji)有(you)神奇。防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟、蝽蟓(xiang)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺(chi)蠖(huo)的(de)(de)藥(yao)劑(ji)有(you):高效氯氟氰菊酯、佳(jia)禾(he)定、標能、氟虎(hu)。 果(guo)(guo)實采(cai)果(guo)(guo)前后:重點(dian)防(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)裂皮病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟、尺(chi)蠖(huo)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。
(4)果實采收的規定:根據果實成(cheng)熟度,用途和市場需求,綜合確定采收時(shi)期(qi)(qi),分期(qi)(qi)采收,采收時(shi)注意輕拿輕放,避免機(ji)械損(sun)傷,并(bing)按標準分級包裝,注明品(pin)種(zhong)、數量、規格、產(chan)地(di)及生產(chan)者(zhe)。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)要(yao)(yao)求:天峨縣大果山楂生(sheng)產(chan)過程要(yao)(yao)建(jian)立生(sheng)產(chan)檔(dang)案,記(ji)(ji)錄(lu)投入品的名稱、使用時間、次數、用量、使用方(fang)法、收獲(huo)日期(qi)等,全面記(ji)(ji)載并妥善保存。
自(zi)然生態環(huan)境和人(ren)文歷史(shi)因素
(1)地(di)形地(di)貌:天峨(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂種植區(qu)(qu)地(di)處云(yun)貴(gui)高(gao)原與廣西丘(qiu)陵(ling)過渡地(di)帶(dai),基本地(di)貌成型于中(zhong)生代泥(ni)盆紀,屬鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)和東鳳(feng)嶺山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)交錯(cuo)區(qu)(qu),由(you)頁巖(yan)(yan)、硅質(zhi)頁巖(yan)(yan)、泥(ni)巖(yan)(yan)、沙頁巖(yan)(yan)、砂巖(yan)(yan)、石(shi)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)和洪積物(wu)、河流(liu)沖積物(wu)等組成復雜的(de)地(di)質(zhi)結構。地(di)貌類型大(da)(da)體(ti)分為剝蝕(shi)侵蝕(shi)中(zhong)低山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)地(di)地(di)貌區(qu)(qu)和丘(qiu)陵(ling)地(di)貌區(qu)(qu)。海拔(ba)最低點205米,最高(gao)點1419米。天峨(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂最適宜生長海拔(ba)高(gao)度400-900米。
(2)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)狀況:天峨大(da)果山楂(zha)產區土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)母質主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)洪(hong)積(ji)物、頁巖、沙(sha)頁巖、硅(gui)質頁巖和(he)砂巖,主(zhu)(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)種為沙(sha)頁巖黃紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)和(he)沙(sha)頁巖黃壤(rang)(rang)(rang),厚度在(zai)80厘米以上,地下(xia)水位在(zai)1米以下(xia)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)質地以壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)和(he)沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)為主(zhu)(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)團粒結 構好(hao),深厚肥(fei)(fei)沃,有(you)良好(hao)的通透(tou)性和(he)蓄水性,保水保肥(fei)(fei)能力強,非常適合大(da)果山楂(zha)生長。
(3)水文(wen)情況:天峨大果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)產區(qu)(qu)屬珠(zhu)江流(liu)(liu)域西江段水系,水源豐富(fu),水質清潔,沒(mei)有(you)人為(wei)和工礦污染。干流(liu)(liu)紅水河由西北沿黔桂邊界流(liu)(liu)入,向東南(nan)貫(guan)穿縣境,全長112公里(li),年平均流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)1580立(li)方米(mi)/秒,年徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)達499.1億立(li)方米(mi)。產區(qu)(qu)大小河流(liu)(liu)58條,集雨面積(ji)20平方公里(li)以(yi)上的有(you)42條,平均河網密度(du)為(wei)0.22公里(li)/平方公里(li)。
(4)氣候(hou)情況:天(tian)峨大果山(shan)楂產區位于(yu)中亞熱帶(dai)季(ji)(ji)風區,既受南(nan)嶺暖溫(wen)(wen)帶(dai)的影響,亦(yi)受云貴高(gao)原的氣候(hou)控制(zhi),冬暖夏(xia)涼,四季(ji)(ji)明(ming)顯(xian)。年(nian)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)20℃,平均(jun)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)是7月(yue)達36.9℃,最(zui)(zui)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)是1月(yue),平均(jun)10.8℃,極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)41.4℃,極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)-2.9℃。年(nian)≥10℃持續日(ri)為298天(tian),活動積溫(wen)(wen)6475℃,年(nian)有效(xiao)積溫(wen)(wen)5540℃,全年(nian)無霜期330天(tian)以上。氣溫(wen)(wen)的地(di)理分布(bu)為北(bei)部(bu)和東北(bei)部(bu)低(di),東南(nan)部(bu)高(gao)。山(shan)地(di)氣候(hou)垂直分布(bu)特征明(ming)顯(xian),據推(tui)算,海拔每升(sheng)高(gao)100米溫(wen)(wen)度(du)降(jiang)低(di)0.57℃。年(nian)平均(jun)降(jiang)雨量1370.6毫米,年(nian)平均(jun)日(ri)照時數為1281.9小時。
(5)人文歷史(shi)情況:天峨(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂產(chan)于廣(guang)西西北部天峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)境內,是(shi)天峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)名(ming)特優(you)傳統果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)之一,亦稱(cheng)“紅花果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”。其(qi)民間(jian)栽培歷史(shi)至少有(you)三百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)以上。1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)天峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)建制(zhi)以前,產(chan)區(qu)隸屬百(bai)色市凌(ling)云縣(xian)(xian)和河池市南丹縣(xian)(xian),民國26年(nian)(nian)(nian)凌(ling)云縣(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)志在農林生(sheng)產(chan)的“果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)類(lei)植物”中就記載(zai)有(you)“紅花果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”,屬薔薇科。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)《天峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)志》第(di)八章第(di)七節(jie)林副(fu)產(chan)品(pin)的“水果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、干果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”中記載(zai)有(you)1952-1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)“山(shan)(shan)楂”生(sheng)產(chan)情況。上世紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代末實施優(you)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)工程后,大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂產(chan)量和品(pin)質(zhi)有(you)了大(da)(da)幅度提高(gao),從1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)到2008年(nian)(nian)(nian),天峨(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂由原來(lai)的556株(其(qi)中掛(gua)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)樹333株),面積(ji)0.6公(gong)頃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量79.47噸,發展(zhan)到種植面積(ji)2000公(gong)頃。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian),天峨(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂獲(huo)得了無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)水果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)地(di)認定和無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害(hai)水果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)品(pin)認證。天峨(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)楂果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)肉(rou)厚,果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)細膩,耐(nai)貯運,營養價值高(gao)(鈣含量居各類(lei)水果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)首位(wei)),有(you)很好(hao)的深加工潛力,主要銷往(wang)廣(guang)東省的廣(guang)州(zhou)、湛江、高(gao)州(zhou)、化州(zhou)等(deng)地(di),是(shi)天峨(e)縣(xian)(xian)農民的主要經濟收入來(lai)源。
地域范圍
天峨縣(xian)地處北緯24°36′~25°28′,東經106°34′~107°19′,海拔400-900米(mi);東鄰南(nan)(nan)丹縣(xian),東南(nan)(nan)接東蘭縣(xian),南(nan)(nan)連鳳山縣(xian),西倚樂業、凌(ling)云縣(xian),北與貴(gui)州省羅甸縣(xian)隔河相望;邊界(jie)線總長429公里(li),東西橫距76公里(li),南(nan)(nan)北縱距94公里(li)。天峨大果山楂生產地域(yu)范圍包括天峨縣(xian)向陽鎮、六(liu)排鎮、岜(ba)暮(mu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、坡結(jie)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、納直鄉(xiang)(xiang)、更新鄉(xiang)(xiang)、八臘鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、下老鄉(xiang)(xiang)等9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮共46個村,產地面積2000公頃,年(nian)總產量3.6萬噸。
品質特性特征
(1)外在(zai)感官特(te)征(zheng):天(tian)峨大果(guo)山楂果(guo)實扁(bian)圓形,果(guo)實指數0.8~0.9,果(guo)頂(ding)凹,有(you)(you)萼片宿存(cun),果(guo)肩對(dui)稱,單果(guo)重(zhong)70克左右(you);果(guo)皮青黃色,有(you)(you)光(guang)澤,果(guo)點小,不明顯。果(guo)肉黃白(bai)色,肉質細膩,味酸,有(you)(you)澀味,回味生(sheng)津(jin)甘(gan)甜。
(2)內在品質指標:果實均勻度指數0.65,果實硬(ying)度大(da)于15千(qian)克(ke)(ke)力/平方(fang)厘米,鈣含(han)(han)量(liang)為120-128毫克(ke)(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)(ke),居各類水果之首(shou)。可溶性(xing)固形(xing)物12.8-13.9%,維(wei)生(sheng)素C含(han)(han)量(liang)10.2-10.9毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),含(han)(han)磷量(liang)8.5-9.0毫克(ke)(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)(ke),含(han)(han)鐵量(liang)2.1-2.5毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),鋅1.2-1.4毫克(ke)(ke)/千(qian)克(ke)(ke),維(wei)生(sheng)素E含(han)(han)量(liang)2.15-2.45毫克(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke),總(zong)糖(tang)4.9-5.93%,總(zong)酸(suan)1.80-1.85%,果膠1.3-1.5%,粗纖維(wei)1.28-1.49%,半纖維(wei)5.75-5.96%,總(zong)黃酮0.98-1.10%。
(3)安(an)全(quan)(quan)要求(qiu):執(zhi)行《GB18406.2-2001農(nong)產品(pin)安(an)全(quan)(quan)質量(liang)無公害水果安(an)全(quan)(quan)要求(qiu)》標準。