生產特點
(1)產(chan)地(di)選擇:選擇在坡(po)(po)度(du)在25°以下(xia)海拔(ba)高度(du)為400-900米的(de)山區(qu)、丘陵,坡(po)(po)度(du)較高的(de)應修筑等高梯地(di),平地(di)和6°以下(xia)的(de)緩(huan)坡(po)(po)地(di),栽植(zhi)(zhi)行南北向,5°-25°的(de)坡(po)(po)地(di),按等高線挖梯地(di)種植(zhi)(zhi),并(bing)開好(hao)排灌溝。要求(qiu)土壤肥沃,有機(ji)質含量在1.0%以上(shang)。土層厚度(du)在100厘(li)米以上(shang),活(huo)土層在50厘(li)米以上(shang)。地(di)下(xia)水位在100厘(li)米以下(xia)。PH值(zhi)5.5-7.0之間(jian)。
(2)品(pin)種選擇:天峨(e)大果(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)楂分有果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)凹和(he)果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)凸出(尖臀)兩個品(pin)種,生(sheng)產上推廣果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)凹、果(guo)(guo)(guo)形(xing)園球形(xing)或扁圓形(xing)的品(pin)種。
(3)生產過(guo)程管理:包括(kuo)農業投入(ru)品(pin)方面(mian)的特殊使(shi)用規定。使(shi)大果山楂產品(pin)質(zhi)量達到(dao)無公害農產品(pin)要求,生產過(guo)程嚴格按照以下(xia)技(ji)術環節進行:
①育苗。在(zai)春節前播種,第二年3月(yue)初小苗大田移栽,5月(yue)底6月(yue)初采穗嫁接,也可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)8月(yue)中下(xia)旬至9月(yue)嫁接,12月(yue)份出輔。苗木須根發達,粗度(du)0.8厘米(mi),夏接苗高(gao)80厘米(mi)以(yi)上(shang),秋接苗高(gao)40厘米(mi)以(yi)上(shang),苗木清秀無病蟲(chong)害。
②定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)。以冬(dong)春(chun)種植(zhi)(zhi)為主(zhu),在(zai)元月(yue)(yue)到2月(yue)(yue)份期間種植(zhi)(zhi)成活率最高(gao)。由于(yu)小苗(miao)(miao)不(bu)落葉(xie)(xie)(不(bu)論實生苗(miao)(miao)或嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)苗(miao)(miao)),種植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)要(yao)剪除嫩(nen)(nen)苗(miao)(miao)和嫩(nen)(nen)葉(xie)(xie),只(zhi)留老熟葉(xie)(xie)。 栽植(zhi)(zhi)密度(du):栽植(zhi)(zhi)密度(du)為每公頃500-830株,即株距(ju)(ju)3-4米,行距(ju)(ju)4-5米。 整(zheng)地(di):根據計劃(hua)的(de)株行距(ju)(ju)挖深、寬為80厘(li)米的(de)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)穴或定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)溝,每穴填(tian)(tian)25-30千(qian)克的(de)雜(za)草綠(lv)肥(fei),撒入0.5千(qian)克的(de)石灰,1-2個月(yue)(yue)待雜(za)草綠(lv)肥(fei)腐爛(lan)沉實后(hou),用表土與(yu)25-30千(qian)克的(de)有機肥(fei)混合后(hou)回填(tian)(tian)待植(zhi)(zhi)。 栽植(zhi)(zhi)方法:在(zai)待植(zhi)(zhi)穴內確定(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)點,挖深、寬為30厘(li)米的(de)栽植(zhi)(zhi)穴,定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)苗(miao)(miao)木根系要(yao)舒展,培土后(hou)提苗(miao)(miao)、扶正、踏(ta)實,嫁(jia)(jia)接(jie)口要(yao)高(gao)出(chu)地(di)面(mian)。整(zheng)理出(chu)直徑100厘(li)米、高(gao)15-20厘(li)米的(de)樹盤,淋足定(ding)(ding)根水(shui),蓋上地(di)膜(mo)保濕,樹苗(miao)(miao)定(ding)(ding)干高(gao)度(du)40-50厘(li)米。
③土(tu)、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、水管(guan)理。 深(shen)翻改(gai)土(tu):在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)穴(溝(gou))外挖(wa)環狀溝(gou)或(huo)平行(xing)溝(gou),溝(gou)寬40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)-60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),深(shen)80厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),每(mei)次(ci)(ci)擴穴施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru)綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)雜草15-20千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),放在(zai)(zai)(zai)底層,然后(hou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)25-30千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)的有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei),有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)要與回填土(tu)混(hun)合(he)(he)(he),中(zhong)耕:果(guo)園樹(shu)盤在(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)長季(ji)(ji)(ji)節降雨或(huo)灌(guan)水后(hou),及時中(zhong)耕除草,保持土(tu)壤疏松,也可結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)進行(xing),中(zhong)耕深(shen)度(du)(du)5-10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)。 種植(zhi)綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)和行(xing)間生(sheng)草或(huo)間種作物:秋(qiu)冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)播(bo)種苕子、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)田蘿卜、油菜等;不(bu)能(neng)(neng)種植(zhi)玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)(mi)、木薯、紅(hong)薯等高桿(gan)、爭肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)類(lei)作物。 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)入(ru),以(yi)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)、土(tu)雜肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),可混(hun)合(he)(he)(he)少(shao)(shao)量(liang)磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)量(liang),盛果(guo)期(qi)果(guo)園每(mei)666.7平方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2500-3000千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。挖(wa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)溝(gou)深(shen)60-80厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)左右,大(da)(da)果(guo)山楂是嗜鈣(gai)果(guo)樹(shu),熟石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)作鈣(gai)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)可缺(que)少(shao)(shao),否則生(sheng)長不(bu)良(liang),初(chu)結(jie)果(guo)樹(shu)結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)農(nong)家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛果(guo)期(qi)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)灰(hui)(hui)1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 土(tu)壤追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):第(di)(di)一次(ci)(ci)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)花前15天施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)下,以(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),幼樹(shu)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尿素0.1-0.2千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛果(guo)樹(shu)株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)0.3-0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke);第(di)(di)二次(ci)(ci)花芽(ya)分化及果(guo)實(shi)膨大(da)(da)期(qi),以(yi)磷鉀(jia)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),磷、鉀(jia)比例(li)為(wei)(wei)1:1,株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)普鈣(gai)0.5-1千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),硫(liu)酸鉀(jia)0.3-0.4千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke);第(di)(di)三次(ci)(ci)在(zai)(zai)(zai)果(guo)實(shi)生(sheng)長后(hou)期(qi),以(yi)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),可株(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸鉀(jia)0.5千(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 葉面(mian)追(zhui)(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei):全(quan)年4-5次(ci)(ci),一般生(sheng)長前期(qi)2次(ci)(ci),以(yi)氮(dan)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),后(hou)期(qi)2-3次(ci)(ci),以(yi)磷、鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),葉面(mian)噴肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)宜避(bi)開(kai)高溫時間,多種肥(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)料混(hun)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時,總濃度(du)(du)不(bu)得超過0.5%,且以(yi)互不(bu)反(fan)應為(wei)(wei)原則。 水分管(guan)理:能(neng)(neng)排能(neng)(neng)灌(guan),保持土(tu)壤濕度(du)(du)相(xiang)對穩定(ding)(ding),以(yi)滴(di)灌(guan)為(wei)(wei)最好。
④整(zheng)形修剪(jian)(jian)。 開心形:適合相(xiang)對比較密植的果園,干(gan)高(gao)40-60厘米,主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數量(liang)3 -4個(ge),分枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)角(jiao)(jiao)度40°-60°,冠(guan)幅控制在3-4米以內。 分層形:第一層3個(ge)或4個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),第二層2個(ge)或3個(ge)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),兩層相(xiang)距(ju)60 -80厘米。 修剪(jian)(jian):以冬剪(jian)(jian)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu),幼樹(shu)(shu)重點整(zheng)理好樹(shu)(shu)形,掛果樹(shu)(shu)重點是及時(shi)剪(jian)(jian)除病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、纖弱枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、徒(tu)長(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和過密的交叉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、重疊(die)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。及時(shi)拉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),調整(zheng)主(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開張角(jiao)(jiao)度,剪(jian)(jian)除影響樹(shu)(shu)冠(guan)內通(tong)風透光的過密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和擾亂樹(shu)(shu)形的徒(tu)長(chang)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤花果(guo)管(guan)理(li)。在開(kai)花盛期,噴布1000倍綠旺一(yi)號+0.2%硼砂+0.2%蔗(zhe)糖液,謝花后可(ke)用0.3%磷酸二氫鉀或0.1%硫酸亞(ya)鐵、0.1%綠旺一(yi)號等連噴2-3次。初結果(guo)樹,在謝花后及(ji)時環割(ge)或環扎保(bao)果(guo);在6月(yue)(yue)底進行環剝控梢,壯果(guo)促花。 疏果(guo):在花后1個月(yue)(yue)進行疏果(guo),疏去小(xiao)果(guo)、病(bing)蟲果(guo)、畸形果(guo)。
⑥病蟲害防治。 農業防治:加強水肥管理,合理控制負載,保持樹勢健壯,提高樹體抗病力;合理修剪,保證園內和樹冠內通風透光,惡化病蟲生長環境,搞好冬季清園,清除枯枝落葉落果,樹盤翻土,剪除病蟲枝果,減少病蟲源,降低病蟲基數。 物理防治:萌芽開始,掛黃板,粘殺蚜蟲,5月初安裝頻振式殺蟲燈,誘殺各種蛾、螟類害蟲。 生物防治:保護瓢蟲、草蛉,人工釋放捕食螨等昆蟲天敵。利用昆蟲性外激素誘殺干擾成蟲交配。 化學(xue)防治(zhi):主要病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害:包括裂(lie)(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害和蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)、尺蠖(huo)(huo)、卷(juan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)、蝽象(xiang)和大果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)等(deng)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。 落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)至萌(meng)芽(ya)前(qian):重點防治(zhi)裂(lie)(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)。結合(he)(he)冬季清(qing)園,剪除(chu)(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)枝梢、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)、蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)干果(guo)(guo),刮(gua)除(chu)(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)瘤、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)斑等(deng),清(qing)除(chu)(chu)落(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)、雜草、落(luo)果(guo)(guo),集中(zhong)深埋或(huo)燒毀,并噴(pen)一次3-5波美(mei)度的石硫合(he)(he)刷。對裂(lie)(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部刮(gua)除(chu)(chu)至健(jian)康部位后(hou),用(yong)(yong)1:1:10波爾多漿或(huo)1000倍四環素涂刷,再用(yong)(yong)地膜包扎。 萌(meng)芽(ya)至幼果(guo)(guo)期:重點防治(zhi)炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白(bai)粉(fen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、鐵銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、卷(juan)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)(lei)。防治(zhi)藥(yao)劑有(you):三唑酮、神奇(qi)、佳(jia)禾定(ding)、氟(fu)(fu)虎(hu)。 壯果(guo)(guo)期至采收期:重點防治(zhi)裂(lie)(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、大果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)(zha)螟(ming)(ming)、蝽象(xiang)、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺蠖(huo)(huo)等(deng)。防治(zhi)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的藥(yao)劑有(you)神奇(qi)。防治(zhi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)、蝽蟓、蚜蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺蠖(huo)(huo)的藥(yao)劑有(you):高效(xiao)氯(lv)氟(fu)(fu)氰(qing)菊酯、佳(jia)禾定(ding)、標能、氟(fu)(fu)虎(hu)。 果(guo)(guo)實采果(guo)(guo)前(qian)后(hou):重點防治(zhi)裂(lie)(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)、尺蠖(huo)(huo)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。
(4)果實采(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)規定:根據果實成熟(shu)度,用途和市場需求,綜合確定采(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)時期,分期采(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou),采(cai)收(shou)(shou)(shou)時注意輕(qing)拿輕(qing)放,避(bi)免機械(xie)損(sun)傷,并按標準分級包裝,注明(ming)品種、數(shu)量、規格、產地及生(sheng)產者。
(5)生(sheng)產(chan)記錄(lu)要求:天峨縣大果(guo)山楂(zha)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程要建立(li)生(sheng)產(chan)檔案,記錄(lu)投入品的名稱、使用(yong)時間、次數、用(yong)量、使用(yong)方法、收獲日期等(deng),全(quan)面記載并妥善(shan)保存。
自然生態環境和(he)人文歷史(shi)因素
(1)地(di)(di)形地(di)(di)貌:天峨大果山(shan)楂種植區(qu)地(di)(di)處云貴高原與(yu)廣西丘(qiu)陵過渡地(di)(di)帶(dai),基本(ben)地(di)(di)貌成型于(yu)中生代泥盆紀,屬鳳(feng)凰山(shan)脈(mo)和(he)東鳳(feng)嶺山(shan)脈(mo)交錯區(qu),由頁(ye)巖、硅質(zhi)頁(ye)巖、泥巖、沙頁(ye)巖、砂巖、石灰巖和(he)洪(hong)積物、河流沖積物等組成復雜的地(di)(di)質(zhi)結(jie)構(gou)。地(di)(di)貌類(lei)型大體分為剝蝕侵蝕中低山(shan)山(shan)地(di)(di)地(di)(di)貌區(qu)和(he)丘(qiu)陵地(di)(di)貌區(qu)。海(hai)(hai)拔最低點205米(mi),最高點1419米(mi)。天峨大果山(shan)楂最適(shi)宜生長海(hai)(hai)拔高度(du)400-900米(mi)。
(2)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)狀況:天峨大果山楂產(chan)區(qu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)母質(zhi)主(zhu)要有洪積物、頁巖、沙(sha)頁巖、硅(gui)質(zhi)頁巖和砂巖,主(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)(tu)種為沙(sha)頁巖黃(huang)紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)和沙(sha)頁巖黃(huang)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang),厚度在80厘米以上,地下水位在1米以下。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)質(zhi)地以壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)和沙(sha)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)為主(zhu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)團(tuan)粒結(jie) 構好(hao),深厚肥沃(wo),有良好(hao)的(de)通(tong)透性和蓄水性,保水保肥能(neng)力強(qiang),非常適合大果山楂生長。
(3)水文(wen)情況:天峨(e)大果山(shan)楂產區(qu)屬珠江(jiang)流(liu)域西江(jiang)段(duan)水系,水源豐富,水質清(qing)潔,沒有人為和工礦污染(ran)。干流(liu)紅(hong)水河由西北沿(yan)黔桂邊界流(liu)入,向東南貫(guan)穿縣境,全長112公(gong)里(li)(li)(li),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)流(liu)量(liang)為1580立(li)方(fang)米/秒,年(nian)徑流(liu)量(liang)達(da)499.1億立(li)方(fang)米。產區(qu)大小(xiao)河流(liu)58條,集雨面(mian)積20平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)以上(shang)的有42條,平(ping)均(jun)河網密度(du)為0.22公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)/平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)(li)。
(4)氣候(hou)情(qing)況:天峨大果山(shan)楂產區(qu)位(wei)于中亞熱帶(dai)季(ji)(ji)風區(qu),既受南嶺暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)的影(ying)響(xiang),亦(yi)受云貴(gui)高(gao)原的氣候(hou)控制(zhi),冬(dong)暖(nuan)夏(xia)涼,四季(ji)(ji)明(ming)顯。年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)20℃,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)是7月達36.9℃,最(zui)(zui)低溫(wen)是1月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)10.8℃,極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)溫(wen)41.4℃,極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)低溫(wen)-2.9℃。年≥10℃持(chi)續日(ri)(ri)為298天,活(huo)動積(ji)(ji)溫(wen)6475℃,年有效積(ji)(ji)溫(wen)5540℃,全年無霜期330天以(yi)上。氣溫(wen)的地理分(fen)布(bu)為北部(bu)和(he)東北部(bu)低,東南部(bu)高(gao)。山(shan)地氣候(hou)垂直(zhi)分(fen)布(bu)特征明(ming)顯,據推(tui)算,海拔每升高(gao)100米溫(wen)度(du)降低0.57℃。年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降雨量(liang)1370.6毫米,年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)照時(shi)數為1281.9小(xiao)時(shi)。
(5)人文歷(li)史(shi)情況:天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)產(chan)于廣西西北部(bu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)境內(nei),是天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)名特優(you)傳統果(guo)(guo)品(pin)之(zhi)一(yi),亦稱(cheng)“紅(hong)花果(guo)(guo)”。其民(min)間(jian)栽培歷(li)史(shi)至少有三百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)上。1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)建制以(yi)前,產(chan)區隸屬(shu)百色(se)市(shi)凌云縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和河池市(shi)南丹縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),民(min)國26年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)凌云縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)在農林(lin)生(sheng)產(chan)的“果(guo)(guo)類(lei)植物”中就記(ji)載(zai)有“紅(hong)花果(guo)(guo)”,屬(shu)薔薇科。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)》第(di)八章第(di)七節林(lin)副產(chan)品(pin)的“水(shui)果(guo)(guo)、干果(guo)(guo)”中記(ji)載(zai)有1952-1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)“山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)”生(sheng)產(chan)情況。上世紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)末實施優(you)果(guo)(guo)工(gong)程后,大(da)果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)和品(pin)質有了大(da)幅度提高(gao),從(cong)1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)到2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)由原來的556株(zhu)(其中掛果(guo)(guo)樹(shu)333株(zhu)),面積0.6公頃(qing),年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)79.47噸,發(fa)展到種植面積2000公頃(qing)。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)獲得了無公害(hai)水(shui)果(guo)(guo)產(chan)地認定和無公害(hai)水(shui)果(guo)(guo)產(chan)品(pin)認證。天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)大(da)果(guo)(guo)山(shan)(shan)(shan)楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)大(da)肉厚,果(guo)(guo)肉細膩,耐貯運,營養價值高(gao)(鈣含量(liang)(liang)居各類(lei)水(shui)果(guo)(guo)首位),有很好的深加工(gong)潛力,主(zhu)要(yao)銷(xiao)往廣東省的廣州(zhou)、湛江、高(gao)州(zhou)、化州(zhou)等地,是天(tian)(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)農民(min)的主(zhu)要(yao)經濟收入來源。
地域范圍
天峨縣地處北(bei)(bei)緯24°36′~25°28′,東經106°34′~107°19′,海拔400-900米;東鄰南丹縣,東南接東蘭縣,南連鳳山縣,西倚樂業、凌云縣,北(bei)(bei)與貴(gui)州省羅甸縣隔河相望;邊界(jie)線總長429公里,東西橫距76公里,南北(bei)(bei)縱距94公里。天峨大(da)果山楂生產地域(yu)范圍(wei)包括天峨縣向(xiang)陽鎮、六排(pai)鎮、岜暮(mu)鄉、坡結鄉、納直鄉、更(geng)新鄉、八(ba)臘鄉、三堡鄉、下老鄉等9個(ge)鄉鎮共46個(ge)村,產地面積2000公頃,年總產量3.6萬噸。
品質特性特征
(1)外(wai)在(zai)感(gan)官特征(zheng):天峨大果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)實扁圓形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實指數0.8~0.9,果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)凹,有萼片(pian)宿存(cun),果(guo)(guo)(guo)肩對稱,單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重70克(ke)左右;果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮青黃(huang)色(se),有光澤,果(guo)(guo)(guo)點小(xiao),不明顯。果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉(rou)黃(huang)白(bai)色(se),肉(rou)質細膩,味酸,有澀味,回味生津(jin)甘甜。
(2)內在(zai)品(pin)質(zhi)指標:果實(shi)均勻(yun)度指數0.65,果實(shi)硬度大于15千克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)力/平方厘(li)米,鈣含量(liang)(liang)為(wei)120-128毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)/千克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),居各(ge)類水果之首。可溶性固形(xing)物12.8-13.9%,維(wei)(wei)生(sheng)素C含量(liang)(liang)10.2-10.9毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),含磷量(liang)(liang)8.5-9.0毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)/千克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),含鐵(tie)量(liang)(liang)2.1-2.5毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),鋅1.2-1.4毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)/千克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),維(wei)(wei)生(sheng)素E含量(liang)(liang)2.15-2.45毫(hao)克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)/100克(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),總糖4.9-5.93%,總酸1.80-1.85%,果膠1.3-1.5%,粗(cu)纖維(wei)(wei)1.28-1.49%,半(ban)纖維(wei)(wei)5.75-5.96%,總黃酮0.98-1.10%。
(3)安全(quan)(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu):執(zhi)行(xing)《GB18406.2-2001農產品安全(quan)(quan)質量無公害水果安全(quan)(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)》標準。