生產(chan)特點
(1)產(chan)地選擇:選擇在(zai)(zai)(zai)坡(po)(po)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)25°以下(xia)海拔高度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)400-900米的山區、丘陵,坡(po)(po)度(du)(du)(du)較高的應(ying)修筑(zhu)等高梯地,平地和6°以下(xia)的緩坡(po)(po)地,栽植行南北向(xiang),5°-25°的坡(po)(po)地,按等高線挖梯地種植,并開好(hao)排(pai)灌(guan)溝。要求土壤肥沃,有機質含量在(zai)(zai)(zai)1.0%以上(shang)。土層(ceng)厚度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)100厘米以上(shang),活土層(ceng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)50厘米以上(shang)。地下(xia)水(shui)位(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)100厘米以下(xia)。PH值5.5-7.0之間。
(2)品(pin)種(zhong)選擇(ze):天峨大果山(shan)楂分有果頂(ding)(ding)凹和果頂(ding)(ding)凸出(尖臀)兩個品(pin)種(zhong),生(sheng)產上推廣(guang)果頂(ding)(ding)凹、果形園球形或扁(bian)圓形的品(pin)種(zhong)。
(3)生產過(guo)程(cheng)管理:包括農業投入品方面的特殊使用規定。使大果山楂產品質量(liang)達到無公害農產品要求,生產過(guo)程(cheng)嚴(yan)格按(an)照以下技術環節(jie)進行:
①育苗。在(zai)春節前播種,第二年3月(yue)(yue)初小苗大田移栽,5月(yue)(yue)底6月(yue)(yue)初采穗嫁(jia)接,也可以在(zai)8月(yue)(yue)中下旬至9月(yue)(yue)嫁(jia)接,12月(yue)(yue)份出輔。苗木(mu)須根(gen)發(fa)達,粗度0.8厘(li)米,夏接苗高80厘(li)米以上,秋接苗高40厘(li)米以上,苗木(mu)清秀無(wu)病蟲害。
②定(ding)植(zhi)。以(yi)冬春種植(zhi)為(wei)主,在(zai)元月(yue)到2月(yue)份期間種植(zhi)成(cheng)活(huo)率最(zui)高(gao)。由于小苗(miao)(miao)(miao)不落(luo)葉(xie)(不論實(shi)(shi)生苗(miao)(miao)(miao)或嫁(jia)接苗(miao)(miao)(miao)),種植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)要剪除(chu)嫩(nen)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)和嫩(nen)葉(xie),只留老熟葉(xie)。 栽(zai)植(zhi)密(mi)度(du):栽(zai)植(zhi)密(mi)度(du)為(wei)每(mei)(mei)公頃500-830株,即株距(ju)3-4米(mi),行距(ju)4-5米(mi)。 整地:根(gen)(gen)據計(ji)劃的(de)(de)株行距(ju)挖深(shen)、寬(kuan)為(wei)80厘(li)米(mi)的(de)(de)定(ding)植(zhi)穴(xue)或定(ding)植(zhi)溝,每(mei)(mei)穴(xue)填25-30千克的(de)(de)雜草綠(lv)肥,撒入(ru)0.5千克的(de)(de)石(shi)灰,1-2個月(yue)待(dai)(dai)(dai)雜草綠(lv)肥腐(fu)爛沉實(shi)(shi)后,用表土(tu)與25-30千克的(de)(de)有機肥混合后回填待(dai)(dai)(dai)植(zhi)。 栽(zai)植(zhi)方法:在(zai)待(dai)(dai)(dai)植(zhi)穴(xue)內確定(ding)定(ding)植(zhi)點(dian),挖深(shen)、寬(kuan)為(wei)30厘(li)米(mi)的(de)(de)栽(zai)植(zhi)穴(xue),定(ding)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)木根(gen)(gen)系要舒展,培土(tu)后提苗(miao)(miao)(miao)、扶正、踏實(shi)(shi),嫁(jia)接口要高(gao)出地面。整理出直徑100厘(li)米(mi)、高(gao)15-20厘(li)米(mi)的(de)(de)樹(shu)盤(pan),淋足定(ding)根(gen)(gen)水,蓋(gai)上地膜保濕,樹(shu)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)定(ding)干高(gao)度(du)40-50厘(li)米(mi)。
③土(tu)、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)、水(shui)管理。 深(shen)翻(fan)改土(tu):在定(ding)植(zhi)穴(溝(gou)(gou))外(wai)挖(wa)環狀溝(gou)(gou)或(huo)平(ping)行溝(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)寬40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)-60厘(li)米(mi)(mi),深(shen)80厘(li)米(mi)(mi),每次(ci)(ci)擴穴施(shi)(shi)入綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)雜草15-20千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)、石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),放在底層,然后施(shi)(shi)25-30千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)的有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei),有(you)(you)機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)要(yao)與回填土(tu)混合,中(zhong)耕(geng):果(guo)園樹(shu)(shu)盤在生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)季(ji)節降雨或(huo)灌水(shui)后,及時(shi)中(zhong)耕(geng)除草,保持(chi)土(tu)壤疏松,也可(ke)結合追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)進行,中(zhong)耕(geng)深(shen)度5-10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。 種(zhong)植(zhi)綠肥(fei)(fei)(fei)和行間生(sheng)(sheng)草或(huo)間種(zhong)作(zuo)物:秋冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)播種(zhong)苕(tiao)子、肥(fei)(fei)(fei)田蘿(luo)卜(bu)、油菜(cai)等;不(bu)能種(zhong)植(zhi)玉米(mi)(mi)、木(mu)薯、紅薯等高桿、爭肥(fei)(fei)(fei)類(lei)作(zuo)物。 基肥(fei)(fei)(fei):冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)施(shi)(shi)入,以農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)、土(tu)雜肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,可(ke)混合少(shao)量磷肥(fei)(fei)(fei)。施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量,盛果(guo)期果(guo)園每666.7平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)施(shi)(shi)2500-3000千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。挖(wa)施(shi)(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)溝(gou)(gou)深(shen)60-80厘(li)米(mi)(mi)左右,大果(guo)山楂(zha)是嗜鈣(gai)果(guo)樹(shu)(shu),熟石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)作(zuo)鈣(gai)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)不(bu)可(ke)缺少(shao),否則(ze)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)不(bu)良,初結果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)結合施(shi)(shi)農家肥(fei)(fei)(fei)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛果(guo)期株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)石(shi)灰(hui)(hui)(hui)1千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 土(tu)壤追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei):第一(yi)次(ci)(ci)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)在開花前(qian)15天施(shi)(shi)下,以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,幼樹(shu)(shu)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)尿素0.1-0.2千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),盛果(guo)樹(shu)(shu)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)0.3-0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke);第二次(ci)(ci)花芽分(fen)化及果(guo)實(shi)膨大期,以磷鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)主,磷、鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)比(bi)例為(wei)(wei)1:1,株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)普鈣(gai)0.5-1千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke),硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)0.3-0.4千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke);第三(san)次(ci)(ci)在果(guo)實(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)后期,以鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,可(ke)株(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)(shi)硫酸(suan)鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)0.5千(qian)(qian)(qian)克(ke)(ke)。 葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)追(zhui)肥(fei)(fei)(fei):全年4-5次(ci)(ci),一(yi)般生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)前(qian)期2次(ci)(ci),以氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,后期2-3次(ci)(ci),以磷、鉀(jia)(jia)(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)(wei)主,葉(xie)(xie)面(mian)(mian)噴(pen)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)宜(yi)避(bi)開高溫時(shi)間,多(duo)種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)料混施(shi)(shi)時(shi),總(zong)濃(nong)度不(bu)得超過0.5%,且(qie)以互不(bu)反應為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)則(ze)。 水(shui)分(fen)管理:能排(pai)能灌,保持(chi)土(tu)壤濕度相(xiang)對穩(wen)定(ding),以滴灌為(wei)(wei)最好。
④整(zheng)形修(xiu)剪。 開(kai)心形:適(shi)合(he)相對(dui)比(bi)較密植的(de)果(guo)園,干高40-60厘(li)米,主枝(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)量(liang)3 -4個,分(fen)枝(zhi)(zhi)角度40°-60°,冠幅(fu)控制在(zai)3-4米以(yi)內(nei)。 分(fen)層形:第一(yi)層3個或(huo)4個主枝(zhi)(zhi),第二層2個或(huo)3個主枝(zhi)(zhi),兩(liang)層相距(ju)60 -80厘(li)米。 修(xiu)剪:以(yi)冬(dong)剪為主,幼樹(shu)重(zhong)(zhong)點整(zheng)理好(hao)樹(shu)形,掛(gua)果(guo)樹(shu)重(zhong)(zhong)點是及時剪除病蟲(chong)枝(zhi)(zhi)、纖弱枝(zhi)(zhi)、徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)和過密的(de)交叉枝(zhi)(zhi)、重(zhong)(zhong)疊枝(zhi)(zhi)。及時拉枝(zhi)(zhi),調整(zheng)主枝(zhi)(zhi)開(kai)張角度,剪除影響樹(shu)冠內(nei)通風透光(guang)的(de)過密枝(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲(chong)枝(zhi)(zhi)和擾亂樹(shu)形的(de)徒長枝(zhi)(zhi)。
⑤花(hua)(hua)果管理。在開花(hua)(hua)盛期(qi),噴(pen)布1000倍綠(lv)旺一號+0.2%硼(peng)砂+0.2%蔗糖液,謝花(hua)(hua)后可(ke)用0.3%磷(lin)酸二氫鉀或0.1%硫酸亞鐵(tie)、0.1%綠(lv)旺一號等(deng)連噴(pen)2-3次。初結果樹,在謝花(hua)(hua)后及時環(huan)割或環(huan)扎(zha)保果;在6月底進行(xing)(xing)環(huan)剝(bo)控梢,壯果促花(hua)(hua)。 疏果:在花(hua)(hua)后1個月進行(xing)(xing)疏果,疏去小果、病蟲(chong)果、畸形果。
⑥病蟲害防治。 農業防治:加強水肥管理,合理控制負載,保持樹勢健壯,提高樹體抗病力;合理修剪,保證園內和樹冠內通風透光,惡化病蟲生長環境,搞好冬季清園,清除枯枝落葉落果,樹盤翻土,剪除病蟲枝果,減少病蟲源,降低病蟲基數。 物理防治:萌芽開始,掛黃板,粘殺蚜蟲,5月初安裝頻振式殺蟲燈,誘殺各種蛾、螟類害蟲。 生物防治:保護瓢蟲、草蛉,人工釋放捕食螨等昆蟲天敵。利用昆蟲性外激素誘殺干擾成蟲交配。 化學防(fang)治(zhi):主要病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)害:包括(kuo)裂(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、銹粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)害和(he)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)、尺(chi)蠖、卷葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)、蝽象(xiang)和(he)大果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)(ming)等(deng)害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。 落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)至萌(meng)芽前:重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)治(zhi)裂(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)山(shan)楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)(ming)。結合冬季清(qing)園,剪除(chu)(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)枝梢、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)僵果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)干果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),刮(gua)除(chu)(chu)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)瘤(liu)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)斑等(deng),清(qing)除(chu)(chu)落(luo)(luo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)、雜草、落(luo)(luo)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),集中深埋或燒(shao)毀,并噴一次(ci)3-5波(bo)美(mei)度的(de)石硫(liu)合刷。對裂(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)部刮(gua)除(chu)(chu)至健(jian)康部位后,用(yong)1:1:10波(bo)爾多漿或1000倍四環素(su)涂刷,再用(yong)地膜包扎。 萌(meng)芽至幼果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi):重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)治(zhi)炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、白粉病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、鐵(tie)銹病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、卷葉(xie)(xie)(xie)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)類(lei)。防(fang)治(zhi)藥劑有:三唑酮(tong)、神(shen)奇、佳(jia)禾定、氟(fu)虎。 壯(zhuang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)期(qi)(qi)至采收期(qi)(qi):重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)治(zhi)裂(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、大果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)螟(ming)(ming)(ming)、蝽象(xiang)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺(chi)蠖等(deng)。防(fang)治(zhi)、炭(tan)疽病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)藥劑有神(shen)奇。防(fang)治(zhi)山(shan)楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)(ming)、蝽蟓(xiang)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、尺(chi)蠖的(de)藥劑有:高效氯氟(fu)氰菊酯、佳(jia)禾定、標(biao)能、氟(fu)虎。 果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實采果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)前后:重(zhong)點(dian)防(fang)治(zhi)裂(lie)皮(pi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)、葉(xie)(xie)(xie)斑病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)和(he)山(shan)楂(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)螟(ming)(ming)(ming)、尺(chi)蠖等(deng)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。
(4)果(guo)實(shi)采收的規(gui)定(ding):根據果(guo)實(shi)成熟度,用途(tu)和市(shi)場需(xu)求,綜合(he)確(que)定(ding)采收時期(qi),分期(qi)采收,采收時注意輕拿輕放,避(bi)免機械損傷,并(bing)按(an)標準分級包裝(zhuang),注明品(pin)種(zhong)、數(shu)量、規(gui)格、產地及生產者。
(5)生(sheng)產記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)要求:天峨縣大果山楂生(sheng)產過程要建(jian)立(li)生(sheng)產檔案,記(ji)錄(lu)(lu)投入品的名稱、使(shi)用時間、次(ci)數、用量、使(shi)用方法、收獲(huo)日期等,全面記(ji)載并妥善保存。
自然生態環(huan)境和人文歷(li)史因素
(1)地(di)形地(di)貌:天峨(e)大(da)果山(shan)楂(zha)種(zhong)植(zhi)區(qu)(qu)地(di)處云貴高(gao)原(yuan)與廣西(xi)丘(qiu)陵過渡(du)地(di)帶,基(ji)本地(di)貌成(cheng)型(xing)于中生代(dai)泥盆紀,屬鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)脈和(he)東鳳(feng)嶺山(shan)脈交錯區(qu)(qu),由頁(ye)巖(yan)、硅質(zhi)頁(ye)巖(yan)、泥巖(yan)、沙頁(ye)巖(yan)、砂(sha)巖(yan)、石(shi)灰巖(yan)和(he)洪積(ji)物(wu)、河(he)流沖積(ji)物(wu)等(deng)組(zu)成(cheng)復(fu)雜的地(di)質(zhi)結構(gou)。地(di)貌類型(xing)大(da)體分為剝(bo)蝕侵(qin)蝕中低(di)山(shan)山(shan)地(di)地(di)貌區(qu)(qu)和(he)丘(qiu)陵地(di)貌區(qu)(qu)。海拔(ba)最(zui)低(di)點(dian)205米,最(zui)高(gao)點(dian)1419米。天峨(e)大(da)果山(shan)楂(zha)最(zui)適宜生長海拔(ba)高(gao)度400-900米。
(2)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)狀況:天峨大果(guo)山楂(zha)產區土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)母質主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)洪積物、頁(ye)巖(yan)、沙頁(ye)巖(yan)、硅(gui)質頁(ye)巖(yan)和砂(sha)巖(yan),主(zhu)(zhu)要土(tu)種為沙頁(ye)巖(yan)黃紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)和沙頁(ye)巖(yan)黃壤(rang)(rang)(rang),厚(hou)度在(zai)80厘米以上(shang),地(di)下水(shui)位在(zai)1米以下。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)質地(di)以壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)和沙壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)為主(zhu)(zhu)。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)團(tuan)粒結(jie) 構好(hao),深厚(hou)肥(fei)沃,有(you)良(liang)好(hao)的通透性和蓄(xu)水(shui)性,保水(shui)保肥(fei)能(neng)力強,非常適合大果(guo)山楂(zha)生長。
(3)水(shui)(shui)(shui)文情況:天峨大果山楂產區屬珠江流域西江段水(shui)(shui)(shui)系,水(shui)(shui)(shui)源豐(feng)富,水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)清(qing)潔,沒(mei)有人為(wei)和工礦污染。干流紅水(shui)(shui)(shui)河(he)由西北沿黔桂邊界流入,向東南(nan)貫穿縣(xian)境,全長(chang)112公(gong)里(li)(li),年(nian)平均流量為(wei)1580立方米/秒,年(nian)徑流量達499.1億立方米。產區大小河(he)流58條,集雨面積20平方公(gong)里(li)(li)以(yi)上的有42條,平均河(he)網密度為(wei)0.22公(gong)里(li)(li)/平方公(gong)里(li)(li)。
(4)氣(qi)候情況:天(tian)(tian)峨大果山(shan)楂產區位于中亞熱(re)帶季風區,既受南(nan)嶺暖溫(wen)(wen)帶的影響,亦(yi)受云貴高(gao)原(yuan)的氣(qi)候控制(zhi),冬暖夏涼,四季明顯。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)20℃,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)最高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)是(shi)7月達36.9℃,最低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)是(shi)1月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)10.8℃,極端最高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)41.4℃,極端最低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)-2.9℃。年(nian)(nian)≥10℃持續(xu)日(ri)(ri)為298天(tian)(tian),活動積溫(wen)(wen)6475℃,年(nian)(nian)有效積溫(wen)(wen)5540℃,全年(nian)(nian)無霜期(qi)330天(tian)(tian)以上。氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)的地理分布為北(bei)部(bu)(bu)和東北(bei)部(bu)(bu)低(di)(di),東南(nan)部(bu)(bu)高(gao)。山(shan)地氣(qi)候垂(chui)直分布特征明顯,據推算,海拔(ba)每升高(gao)100米溫(wen)(wen)度降(jiang)低(di)(di)0.57℃。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量1370.6毫(hao)米,年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)日(ri)(ri)照時數為1281.9小時。
(5)人文歷史情況:天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)產于廣西西北部天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)境內,是(shi)天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)名特優傳(chuan)統果(guo)(guo)(guo)品之一,亦稱“紅(hong)花果(guo)(guo)(guo)”。其(qi)民(min)間栽培歷史至(zhi)少(shao)有(you)(you)三百年(nian)(nian)(nian)以上。1935年(nian)(nian)(nian)天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)建制以前,產區隸屬(shu)百色(se)市凌云縣(xian)和河池市南丹(dan)縣(xian),民(min)國26年(nian)(nian)(nian)凌云縣(xian)縣(xian)志在農(nong)林(lin)生產的(de)(de)“果(guo)(guo)(guo)類(lei)植物”中就記載有(you)(you)“紅(hong)花果(guo)(guo)(guo)”,屬(shu)薔薇科(ke)。1994年(nian)(nian)(nian)《天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)志》第(di)(di)八章第(di)(di)七(qi)節林(lin)副產品的(de)(de)“水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)、干果(guo)(guo)(guo)”中記載有(you)(you)1952-1993年(nian)(nian)(nian)間“山楂(zha)(zha)”生產情況。上世(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)代末實施優果(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)程后,大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)產量和品質(zhi)有(you)(you)了大(da)(da)幅度提高(gao),從1989年(nian)(nian)(nian)到2008年(nian)(nian)(nian),天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)由(you)原來的(de)(de)556株(其(qi)中掛果(guo)(guo)(guo)樹333株),面(mian)積0.6公(gong)頃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)產量79.47噸,發展(zhan)到種植面(mian)積2000公(gong)頃。2008年(nian)(nian)(nian),天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)獲(huo)得了無公(gong)害水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產地(di)(di)認定和無公(gong)害水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產品認證。天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)大(da)(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂(zha)(zha)果(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)肉厚,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉細膩,耐貯運,營養(yang)價值高(gao)(鈣(gai)含量居各類(lei)水(shui)果(guo)(guo)(guo)首位),有(you)(you)很好的(de)(de)深加工(gong)潛力,主(zhu)要銷往廣東(dong)省的(de)(de)廣州、湛(zhan)江、高(gao)州、化州等地(di)(di),是(shi)天(tian)(tian)峨(e)(e)(e)(e)縣(xian)農(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要經濟收入(ru)來源。
地域范圍
天峨縣(xian)地(di)處北(bei)(bei)緯(wei)24°36′~25°28′,東(dong)(dong)(dong)經106°34′~107°19′,海拔400-900米;東(dong)(dong)(dong)鄰南(nan)(nan)丹縣(xian),東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)接東(dong)(dong)(dong)蘭縣(xian),南(nan)(nan)連鳳山(shan)縣(xian),西倚樂業、凌云縣(xian),北(bei)(bei)與貴州省羅(luo)甸縣(xian)隔(ge)河相望;邊界線總(zong)長429公(gong)里(li)(li),東(dong)(dong)(dong)西橫距76公(gong)里(li)(li),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)縱距94公(gong)里(li)(li)。天峨大果(guo)山(shan)楂(zha)生產地(di)域范圍包括天峨縣(xian)向(xiang)陽(yang)鎮(zhen)、六排鎮(zhen)、岜暮(mu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、坡結鄉(xiang)(xiang)、納直鄉(xiang)(xiang)、更(geng)新鄉(xiang)(xiang)、八臘鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)堡鄉(xiang)(xiang)、下(xia)老(lao)鄉(xiang)(xiang)等9個鄉(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)共46個村,產地(di)面(mian)積2000公(gong)頃,年總(zong)產量3.6萬噸。
品質特性特征
(1)外在感官特(te)征:天峨大(da)果(guo)(guo)(guo)山楂果(guo)(guo)(guo)實扁圓形,果(guo)(guo)(guo)實指數0.8~0.9,果(guo)(guo)(guo)頂(ding)凹(ao),有(you)萼片(pian)宿存,果(guo)(guo)(guo)肩(jian)對稱,單果(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)70克左右;果(guo)(guo)(guo)皮青黃色,有(you)光(guang)澤,果(guo)(guo)(guo)點小(xiao),不明顯。果(guo)(guo)(guo)肉黃白色,肉質細膩,味(wei)酸,有(you)澀味(wei),回味(wei)生津甘甜。
(2)內在品質指標(biao):果實(shi)(shi)均勻度指數0.65,果實(shi)(shi)硬度大于15千(qian)克(ke)力(li)/平方厘米,鈣含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)120-128毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)/千(qian)克(ke),居各類水果之首。可溶(rong)性固形物12.8-13.9%,維(wei)(wei)生素C含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)10.2-10.9毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)/100克(ke),含(han)磷量(liang)(liang)(liang)8.5-9.0毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)/千(qian)克(ke),含(han)鐵量(liang)(liang)(liang)2.1-2.5毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)/100克(ke),鋅1.2-1.4毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)/千(qian)克(ke),維(wei)(wei)生素E含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)2.15-2.45毫(hao)(hao)克(ke)/100克(ke),總(zong)糖4.9-5.93%,總(zong)酸1.80-1.85%,果膠(jiao)1.3-1.5%,粗纖維(wei)(wei)1.28-1.49%,半纖維(wei)(wei)5.75-5.96%,總(zong)黃(huang)酮(tong)0.98-1.10%。
(3)安(an)全(quan)要求:執行《GB18406.2-2001農產品安(an)全(quan)質量無公(gong)害水果安(an)全(quan)要求》標(biao)準。