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形態特征

生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)芹芽的水芹是傘(san)形(xing)(xing)花科水芹屬中的一個地方栽培(pei)品種，是多年生(sheng)(sheng)宿(su)根草本植物。根白而(er)細，莖(jing)分地上(shang)莖(jing)和匍匐莖(jing)，匍匐莖(jing)的各節(jie)環生(sheng)(sheng)須根。莖(jing)中空粗壯，每(mei)節(jie)上(shang)都(dou)有腋芽，可萌發形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)新株，培(pei)土后形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)芹芽。根出葉叢(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)，奇(qi)數(shu)二回(hui)羽狀(zhuang)復(fu)葉，小葉卵圓形(xing)(xing)，葉緣鋸齒狀(zhuang)，莖(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)葉的葉柄較長，基(ji)部短鞘狀(zhuang)，包住莖(jing)部，多淡綠至黃綠色(se)。該品種能開花但(dan)很少結(jie)果，即(ji)使開花結(jie)果，其種子發育不良，不適宜于繁殖(zhi)，習慣上(shang)進行(xing)無性繁殖(zhi)。

環境要求

該品種性喜冷(leng)涼，較耐(nai)寒(han)；喜濕潤，怕(pa)干旱。秋冬季節(jie)是根(gen)出葉(xie)的營養(yang)生長旺(wang)盛(sheng)時(shi)期(qi)，最(zui)適(shi)溫度17～20℃。春夏季節(jie)轉向節(jie)間(jian)伸長，匍匐莖生長旺(wang)盛(sheng)，最(zui)適(shi)溫度20～25℃。冬春季 節(jie)又是芹(qin)芽生長的適(shi)宜時(shi)期(qi)，日平(ping)均氣溫10℃以(yi)下為宜。

該品種(zhong)適宜(yi)土層(ceng)深(shen)厚，富(fu)含有機質(zhi)的(de)肥沃粘質(zhi)壤土，PH值微酸性(xing)(xing)至中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)。芹芽(ya)生長完全(quan)靠莖中(zhong)貯藏的(de)養分生長，不(bu)能見(jian)光，見(jian)光后(hou)品質(zhi)下降。培土層(ceng)含水量不(bu)能太(tai)高，以免腐爛。

培育方法

種株培育

3月初收完芹芽，殘留(liu)于(yu)土中的(de)根莖(jing)(jing)會萌發(fa)形成新(xin)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，4月初當植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)長(chang)(chang)至(zhi)12～15cm高時，選(xuan)擇健壯的(de)苗連土掘起，利用早稻(dao)田(tian)邊角作為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)繁(fan)育苗床，按10～15cm見(jian)方排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在苗床上，一般(ban)每(mei)(mei)667平(ping)方米種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)苗床可供3335平(ping)方米大(da)田(tian)栽培之用。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不宜深(shen)栽，以(yi)免影響發(fa)棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)田(tian)要經常換水，否則夏季高溫下易發(fa)病(bing)(bing)。4月份(fen)追肥(fei)1次，每(mei)(mei)667平(ping)方米施入(ru)糞尿1500kg或化肥(fei)35kg，促進匍(pu)匐莖(jing)(jing)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)。還要注意病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害的(de)防治，及時用40%的(de)樂果1000倍液防治蚜蟲(chong)，一旦發(fa)現病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing)應立即(ji)將病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)拔除。生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)良好的(de)植株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在8月份(fen)匍(pu)匐莖(jing)(jing)長(chang)(chang)達1．5～2．0m，該匍(pu)匐莖(jing)(jing)即(ji)作為芹芽母株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu) 。

母株培育

4．1 栽培季節 8月下旬～9月上旬栽種種株，一(yi)般與雙季晚(wan)稻(dao)按1：1面積(ji)比例間作，即2m寬水(shui)稻(dao)，2m寬水(shui)芹，不需(xu)作畦，耙平(ping)耬勻即可。到秋末冬初可長(chang)成具10多片真(zhen)葉的植(zhi)株，即母(mu)株，供芹芽培育用(yong)。

4．2 栽(zai)植 把種(zhong)(zhong)芹地里(li)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)株齊根(gen)割起，用刀(dao)切成(cheng)20～30 cm長(chang)的(de)(de)莖段，然后均勻撒播于晚稻田中(zhong)留出的(de)(de)地上(shang)。注意種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)不能(neng)埋入(ru)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)，也不能(neng)浮在水(shui)(shui)上(shang)。因種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)埋入(ru)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)，萌(meng)芽遲，生長(chang)也差；浮在水(shui)(shui)上(shang)，易生匍匐(fu)枝。為了使種(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)栽(zai)植適宜(yi)，早稻收(shou)獲后每667平方米(mi) 施入(ru)人(ren)糞尿2 500 kg左右，整地時要耙細整平，使土(tu)(tu)壤成(cheng)泥濘狀態(tai)，栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)時灌(guan)水(shui)(shui)不宜(yi)過多，土(tu)(tu)面上(shang)有1層薄水(shui)(shui)就行(xing)了。

4．3 灌(guan)溉 植后(hou)(hou)(hou)最(zui)初5d（天）不要灌(guan)深水(shui)，使種(zhong)苗浸(jin)沒水(shui)中為宜(yi)，促進種(zhong)苗扎(zha)根。以后(hou)(hou)(hou)灌(guan)水(shui)同晚(wan)稻(dao)一樣，晚(wan)稻(dao)收割后(hou)(hou)(hou)保持土壤濕潤即可，不必(bi)灌(guan)水(shui)。

4．4 勻苗(miao) 栽植(zhi)(zhi)后1個月(yue)左右，植(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)長至13～15cm高時，結合中耕除草進行勻苗(miao)移植(zhi)(zhi)，以12 cm見方有一叢芹苗(miao)為宜。

4．5 中耕除草追肥(fei) 草多的田塊栽(zai)植后(hou)半個月(yue)和(he)1個月(yue)時(shi)(shi)中耕除草2次，若不多可(ke)(ke)結合勻苗(miao)移植時(shi)(shi)進行1次即(ji)可(ke)(ke)。追肥(fei)共2次，苗(miao)高10 cm和(he)20 cm時(shi)(shi)，每667 平方米追施(shi)人(ren)糞尿1 250kg左右(you)或化肥(fei)40～50kg，每次追肥(fei)時(shi)(shi)先把水(shui)放干，追肥(fei)后(hou)過(guo)一晝夜，待土壤充(chong)分吸收肥(fei)料后(hou)，再進行灌水(shui)復(fu)原。

4．6病(bing)(bing)蟲害防治 芹芽(ya)母株(zhu)生長過(guo)程中病(bing)(bing)蟲為(wei)害較輕，9～10月有蚜蟲為(wei)害，可(ke)用灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)法(fa)防治，即將(jiang)田中水(shui)(shui)(shui)灌至淹沒(mei)植(zhi)株(zhu)，將(jiang)粗草繩放于水(shui)(shui)(shui)面上(shang)，拉住兩端向下(xia)風的(de)地(di)方移動，將(jiang)浮于水(shui)(shui)(shui)面上(shang)的(de)蚜蟲集中到(dao)田的(de)一角，然后清除殺滅，立即放水(shui)(shui)(shui)復原。灌水(shui)(shui)(shui)殺蚜每次不(bu)要(yao)超過(guo)3h（小時），以免水(shui)(shui)(shui)芹生長受影響。

芹芽培育

當植(zhi)株長到(dao)11～13片真葉時(shi)就可培土(tu)(tu)生(sheng)產芹(qin)芽(ya)(ya)，廬江縣一(yi)(yi)般在11月(yue)上(shang)旬以后，具(ju)體培土(tu)(tu)時(shi)間可根據(ju)市場需要而定，也可分批培土(tu)(tu)分期采收上(shang)市。具(ju)體方法：在冬(dong)春季節，把(ba)芹(qin)畦周(zhou)邊晚稻畦上(shang)的(de)土(tu)(tu)粉碎(sui)后用鐵鍬鏟到(dao)水(shui)芹(qin)植(zhi)株上(shang)面，培土(tu)(tu)工作(zuo)分3～5次進行(xing)，培土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚(hou)約20～30 cm，然后水(shui)芹(qin)莖上(shang)的(de)腋芽(ya)(ya)就會萌(meng)發形成芹(qin)芽(ya)(ya)。一(yi)(yi)般培土(tu)(tu)后1個月(yue)就可以掘土(tu)(tu)收獲，每(mei)667 平方米產1000kg左右。

芹芽生長特點

芹芽(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)水(shui)芹是傘形(xing)花科水(shui)芹屬中的(de)(de)一個(ge)地方(fang)(fang)(fang)栽(zai)培品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) ,是多年生宿(su)根(gen)(gen)草本植物(wu)。根(gen)(gen)細(xi) ,莖(jing)(jing)(jing)分地上(shang)(shang)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)匍匐莖(jing)(jing)(jing) ,匍匐莖(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)各節(jie)環(huan)生須根(gen)(gen)。莖(jing)(jing)(jing)中空粗壯 ,每節(jie)上(shang)(shang)都有(you)腋(ye)芽(ya)(ya)(ya) ,可萌發(fa)(fa)形(xing)成新株(zhu) ,培土(tu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)形(xing)成芹芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。根(gen)(gen)出葉(xie)叢生 ,奇數(shu)二回羽狀(zhuang)復(fu)葉(xie) ,小(xiao)葉(xie)卵圓形(xing) ,葉(xie)緣鋸齒(chi)狀(zhuang) ,莖(jing)(jing)(jing)生葉(xie)的(de)(de)葉(xie)柄較(jiao)長(chang) ,基部(bu)(bu)短鞘(qiao)狀(zhuang) ,包住(zhu)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)(bu) ,多淡綠至黃綠色。該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)開花但(dan)很少結(jie)果(guo) ,即(ji)(ji)使開花結(jie)果(guo) ,其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發(fa)(fa)育不(bu)良 ,不(bu)適(shi)宜(yi)于繁殖 ,習(xi)慣上(shang)(shang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)無(wu)性繁殖。2對環(huan)境條件的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求該品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性喜冷(leng)涼 ,較(jiao)耐寒 ;喜濕潤 ,怕干(gan)旱。富含有(you)機質(zhi)的(de)(de)肥沃粘(zhan)質(zhi)壤土(tu)，微(wei)酸。秋冬(dong)季(ji)節(jie)是根(gen)(gen)出葉(xie)的(de)(de)營養(yang)生長(chang)旺盛(sheng)(sheng)時期(qi) ,最適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)17～20℃。春夏(xia)季(ji)節(jie)轉向(xiang)節(jie)間伸長(chang) ,利(li)用稻田(tian)邊角作(zuo)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)繁育苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)，按15cm見方(fang)(fang)(fang)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)上(shang)(shang)，一般每667平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)苗(miao)(miao)床(chuang)可供(gong)3335平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)大田(tian)栽(zai)培之用。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)不(bu)宜(yi)深(shen)栽(zai)，以(yi)免影(ying)響(xiang)發(fa)(fa)棵。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)田(tian)要(yao)(yao)經常(chang)換水(shui)，否則夏(xia)季(ji)高溫(wen)(wen)易發(fa)(fa)病。4匍匐莖(jing)(jing)(jing)生長(chang)旺盛(sheng)(sheng) ,最適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)20～25℃。冬(dong)春季(ji)節(jie)又是芹芽(ya)(ya)(ya)生長(chang)的(de)(de)適(shi)宜(yi)時期(qi) ,降溫(wen)(wen)催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)前先對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)搓揉，除去(qu)硬皮，用井水(shui)浸泡20小(xiao)時，再(zai)(zai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)搓洗，除去(qu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)黏(nian)液和(he)雜質(zhi)，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)用擰干(gan)的(de)(de)濕毛巾吸去(qu)多余(yu)水(shui)分，放在(zai)15-20℃溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)下催(cui)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)。芹菜發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)對溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)求嚴格，25℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)(fa)芽(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)良，因此播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)過高時，可用繩(sheng)索將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)懸吊在(zai)深(shen)水(shui)井內，使其(qi)離水(shui)面(mian)(mian)大約30厘米(mi)，每天淘洗1次(ci)，4-5天后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)露白時即(ji)(ji)可播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。整(zheng)畦施肥。做好畦面(mian)(mian)，施足(zu)有(you)、精細(xi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。籽小(xiao)，出芽(ya)(ya)(ya)力弱，播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時應注意適(shi)量播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每畝苗(miao)(miao)畦用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.6-1公斤(jin)，可供(gong)13000余(yu)平(ping)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)芹菜田(tian)移栽(zai)，撒播(bo)要(yao)(yao)均勻采用濕播(bo)法。先澆小(xiao)水(shui)，水(shui)下滲后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)先撒一薄層細(xi)干(gan)土(tu)再(zai)(zai)撒播(bo)，播(bo)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)再(zai)(zai)覆(fu)一層厚約0.5厘米(mi)的(de)(de)細(xi)土(tu)、遮(zhe)蔭或(huo)覆(fu)蓋育苗(miao)(miao)。用農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)秸稈或(huo)葦箔(bo)遮(zhe)蔭播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)將玉米(mi)秸稈、葦箔(bo)等搭放在(zai)畦面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)，待出苗(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)逐步(bu)撤除。用茄(qie)(qie)果(guo)類蔬(shu)菜植株(zhu)遮(zhe)蔭：在(zai)早熟茄(qie)(qie)子(zi)、番茄(qie)(qie)的(de)(de)生長(chang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)期(qi)，選墑情適(shi)宜(yi)地段趁濕撒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，再(zai)(zai)鉤劃(hua)地面(mian)(mian)，將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)與(yu)土(tu)摻和(he)均勻，3-4天后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)即(ji)(ji)可出苗(miao)(miao)。茄(qie)(qie)子(zi)、番茄(qie)(qie)拔秧后(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)(hou)，轉入正常(chang)管理利(li)用遮(zhe)陽網(wang)遮(zhe)陽：遮(zhe)陽網(wang)為黑色或(huo)銀灰(hui)色，可降溫(wen)(wen)2-4℃，并有(you)遮(zhe)光和(he)防(fang)暴雨作(zuo)用，還可防(fang)蚜蟲(chong)及其(qi)他害(hai)。