形態特征
生產芹(qin)(qin)芽的(de)水芹(qin)(qin)是(shi)傘形(xing)花科水芹(qin)(qin)屬(shu)中(zhong)的(de)一個地(di)方栽培品種,是(shi)多(duo)年生宿(su)根草本植(zhi)物。根白而細,莖(jing)分地(di)上(shang)(shang)(shang)莖(jing)和匍匐莖(jing),匍匐莖(jing)的(de)各節環生須根。莖(jing)中(zhong)空粗壯,每節上(shang)(shang)(shang)都有腋芽,可(ke)萌發(fa)形(xing)成新株,培土后形(xing)成芹(qin)(qin)芽。根出葉(xie)叢生,奇數(shu)二(er)回羽狀復葉(xie),小葉(xie)卵圓形(xing),葉(xie)緣鋸齒狀,莖(jing)生葉(xie)的(de)葉(xie)柄較長,基部(bu)短鞘狀,包住莖(jing)部(bu),多(duo)淡綠至黃綠色。該品種能開花但很(hen)少結(jie)果,即使開花結(jie)果,其種子發(fa)育不良,不適宜于繁殖(zhi),習慣上(shang)(shang)(shang)進行無性(xing)繁殖(zhi)。
環境要求
該品種性喜冷涼,較耐寒(han);喜濕(shi)潤,怕干旱。秋冬季節(jie)是根出(chu)葉的營養生長(chang)(chang)旺盛時期,最適溫(wen)度17~20℃。春夏(xia)季節(jie)轉向節(jie)間(jian)伸長(chang)(chang),匍匐莖(jing)生長(chang)(chang)旺盛,最適溫(wen)度20~25℃。冬春季 節(jie)又是芹芽生長(chang)(chang)的適宜時期,日平均氣溫(wen)10℃以下為宜。
該(gai)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)適宜土(tu)(tu)層深厚,富含有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)的肥沃(wo)粘質(zhi)壤土(tu)(tu),PH值微酸(suan)性至(zhi)中(zhong)性。芹芽生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)完全靠(kao)莖中(zhong)貯藏的養分生(sheng)長(chang)(chang),不(bu)能見光,見光后品(pin)(pin)質(zhi)下降。培(pei)土(tu)(tu)層含水量(liang)不(bu)能太(tai)高,以免腐爛。
培育方法
種株培育
3月(yue)初(chu)收完芹芽,殘(can)留(liu)于土中的(de)(de)(de)(de)根莖會(hui)萌(meng)發形成新(xin)株(zhu),4月(yue)初(chu)當植株(zhu)長至12~15cm高時,選擇健壯的(de)(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)連土掘(jue)起,利用早(zao)稻(dao)田邊角作為(wei)種株(zhu)繁育(yu)苗(miao)床,按10~15cm見方(fang)排(pai)種在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)床上,一般(ban)每667平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米種株(zhu)苗(miao)床可供(gong)3335平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米大田栽(zai)培之用。種株(zhu)不宜深栽(zai),以免影響發棵。種株(zhu)田要經常換水,否(fou)則(ze)夏季高溫下易發病(bing)(bing)。4月(yue)份(fen)追肥1次,每667平(ping)(ping)方(fang)米施入糞尿1500kg或化肥35kg,促進匍(pu)匐(fu)莖生長。還要注意病(bing)(bing)蟲(chong)害的(de)(de)(de)(de)防治(zhi),及時用40%的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)果1000倍液防治(zhi)蚜蟲(chong),一旦發現病(bing)(bing)毒(du)病(bing)(bing)應立即將病(bing)(bing)株(zhu)拔(ba)除。生長良(liang)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)植株(zhu)在(zai)(zai)8月(yue)份(fen)匍(pu)匐(fu)莖長達1.5~2.0m,該匍(pu)匐(fu)莖即作為(wei)芹芽母株(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種株(zhu) 。
母株培育
4.1 栽培季(ji)節 8月下旬~9月上旬栽種(zhong)種(zhong)株(zhu),一般與雙季(ji)晚(wan)稻(dao)按1:1面積(ji)比(bi)例間作,即2m寬水稻(dao),2m寬水芹(qin),不需作畦,耙平耬(lou)勻即可(ke)。到(dao)秋末(mo)冬初(chu)可(ke)長成具10多(duo)片(pian)真葉(xie)的植(zhi)株(zhu),即母株(zhu),供芹(qin)芽(ya)培育用(yong)。
4.2 栽(zai)植 把種(zhong)芹地(di)里的種(zhong)株(zhu)齊根割起,用刀切成(cheng)20~30 cm長的莖段(duan),然后均勻撒播(bo)于晚稻田(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)留出(chu)的地(di)上(shang)。注意種(zhong)苗不能埋入(ru)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong),也不能浮(fu)在水(shui)上(shang)。因種(zhong)苗埋入(ru)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong),萌芽遲(chi),生(sheng)長也差;浮(fu)在水(shui)上(shang),易生(sheng)匍(pu)匐枝(zhi)。為了(le)使種(zhong)苗栽(zai)植適宜,早稻收(shou)獲后每(mei)667平方(fang)米 施入(ru)人糞尿(niao)2 500 kg左右,整地(di)時要耙細整平,使土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)成(cheng)泥濘狀態(tai),栽(zai)種(zhong)時灌水(shui)不宜過多,土(tu)(tu)面上(shang)有1層薄(bo)水(shui)就行了(le)。
4.3 灌(guan)(guan)溉 植(zhi)后(hou)最初5d(天)不要灌(guan)(guan)深水,使種(zhong)(zhong)苗浸沒水中為(wei)宜,促(cu)進種(zhong)(zhong)苗扎根。以后(hou)灌(guan)(guan)水同(tong)晚(wan)稻一樣,晚(wan)稻收割后(hou)保持土(tu)壤濕(shi)潤即可(ke),不必灌(guan)(guan)水。
4.4 勻苗 栽植后(hou)1個月左右(you),植株長至13~15cm高(gao)時,結合(he)中(zhong)耕(geng)除草進行勻苗移植,以12 cm見(jian)方有一叢(cong)芹苗為宜。
4.5 中(zhong)耕(geng)除草追肥 草多的田(tian)塊(kuai)栽植(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)(hou)半個月和1個月時(shi)(shi)中(zhong)耕(geng)除草2次(ci)(ci),若不多可結合(he)勻苗(miao)移植(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi)進行1次(ci)(ci)即可。追肥共2次(ci)(ci),苗(miao)高10 cm和20 cm時(shi)(shi),每667 平方(fang)米(mi)追施人糞尿1 250kg左(zuo)右(you)或化肥40~50kg,每次(ci)(ci)追肥時(shi)(shi)先(xian)把水放干(gan),追肥后(hou)(hou)過一晝夜,待土壤充分吸收肥料后(hou)(hou),再進行灌水復(fu)原。
4.6病(bing)蟲(chong)害防治(zhi) 芹芽母株生(sheng)長過程中(zhong)病(bing)蟲(chong)為害較輕,9~10月有蚜(ya)蟲(chong)為害,可用灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)法防治(zhi),即將田中(zhong)水(shui)灌(guan)(guan)至淹(yan)沒植株,將粗草繩放于水(shui)面上,拉住(zhu)兩端向(xiang)下風(feng)的地方移動,將浮于水(shui)面上的蚜(ya)蟲(chong)集中(zhong)到田的一角,然(ran)后清除(chu)殺(sha)(sha)滅,立即放水(shui)復原。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)殺(sha)(sha)蚜(ya)每(mei)次(ci)不要超過3h(小時),以免水(shui)芹生(sheng)長受影響。
芹芽培育
當植株長到11~13片真葉時就可(ke)(ke)培土生(sheng)產芹(qin)芽,廬(lu)江(jiang)縣一般在11月(yue)上(shang)旬以(yi)(yi)后(hou),具體培土時間可(ke)(ke)根據市場需要而定,也可(ke)(ke)分(fen)批培土分(fen)期采收上(shang)市。具體方(fang)法(fa):在冬春季節(jie),把芹(qin)畦周(zhou)邊晚稻畦上(shang)的土粉(fen)碎(sui)后(hou)用鐵鍬(qiao)鏟(chan)到水(shui)芹(qin)植株上(shang)面,培土工作分(fen)3~5次進(jin)行,培土層厚約20~30 cm,然后(hou)水(shui)芹(qin)莖上(shang)的腋芽就會萌發形成芹(qin)芽。一般培土后(hou)1個月(yue)就可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)掘土收獲,每(mei)667 平(ping)方(fang)米產1000kg左右。
芹芽生長特點
芹(qin)芽的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)芹(qin)是(shi)傘形花科水(shui)芹(qin)屬中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個地(di)方栽培品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) ,是(shi)多(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)宿根草本植物。根細(xi) ,莖(jing)(jing)分地(di)上(shang)莖(jing)(jing)和匍(pu)(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing)(jing) ,匍(pu)(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各節(jie)環(huan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)須根。莖(jing)(jing)中(zhong)空粗壯 ,每(mei)(mei)節(jie)上(shang)都有腋芽 ,可(ke)(ke)萌(meng)發形成新株(zhu)(zhu) ,培土(tu)(tu)后(hou)形成芹(qin)芽。根出(chu)葉(xie)叢生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng) ,奇數二回羽狀(zhuang)復葉(xie) ,小葉(xie)卵圓形 ,葉(xie)緣鋸齒狀(zhuang) ,莖(jing)(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)葉(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)柄較長(chang)(chang) ,基部(bu)短鞘狀(zhuang) ,包(bao)住莖(jing)(jing)部(bu) ,多(duo)淡綠至黃(huang)綠色(se)。該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能開(kai)花但很少結果 ,即使(shi)開(kai)花結果 ,其種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發育不(bu)良 ,不(bu)適宜(yi)于繁殖(zhi) ,習慣上(shang)進行無(wu)性繁殖(zhi)。2對(dui)環(huan)境條件的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)該品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性喜冷(leng)涼 ,較耐寒 ;喜濕(shi)潤(run) ,怕干旱。富(fu)含(han)有機(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)(fei)沃粘質(zhi)(zhi)壤土(tu)(tu),微酸。秋冬(dong)(dong)季(ji)節(jie)是(shi)根出(chu)葉(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)營養(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺(wang)盛時(shi)期(qi)(qi) ,最適溫(wen)(wen)度(du)17~20℃。春夏(xia)季(ji)節(jie)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向節(jie)間(jian)伸長(chang)(chang) ,利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)稻(dao)田邊角作(zuo)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)繁育苗(miao)床(chuang),按15cm見(jian)方排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)苗(miao)床(chuang)上(shang),一般每(mei)(mei)667平方米種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)苗(miao)床(chuang)可(ke)(ke)供3335平方米大田栽培之(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)宜(yi)深栽,以免影響發棵(ke)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)株(zhu)(zhu)田要(yao)經常(chang)換水(shui),否則(ze)夏(xia)季(ji)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)易發病。4匍(pu)(pu)匐(fu)莖(jing)(jing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)旺(wang)盛 ,最適溫(wen)(wen)度(du)20~25℃。冬(dong)(dong)春季(ji)節(jie)又是(shi)芹(qin)芽生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)適宜(yi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi) ,降溫(wen)(wen)催芽。催芽前先(xian)(xian)對(dui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進行搓(cuo)揉,除(chu)去硬皮(pi),用(yong)(yong)(yong)井水(shui)浸泡20小時(shi),再(zai)進行搓(cuo)洗,除(chu)去種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子表面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)液和雜質(zhi)(zhi),然后(hou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)擰(ning)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)毛巾吸去多(duo)余(yu)水(shui)分,放(fang)在(zai)(zai)15-20℃溫(wen)(wen)度(du)下催芽。芹(qin)菜(cai)發芽對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)要(yao)求(qiu)嚴(yan)格,25℃以上(shang)發芽不(bu)良,因此(ci)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)過高(gao)時(shi),可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)繩(sheng)索將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子懸吊在(zai)(zai)深水(shui)井內,使(shi)其離(li)水(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)大約(yue)30厘米,每(mei)(mei)天淘洗1次(ci),4-5天后(hou)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子露白(bai)時(shi)即可(ke)(ke)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。整畦施肥(fei)(fei)。做好畦面(mian)(mian)(mian),施足有、精細(xi)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。籽小,出(chu)芽力弱,播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)應注(zhu)意適量播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)每(mei)(mei)畝苗(miao)畦用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.6-1公斤,可(ke)(ke)供13000余(yu)平方米芹(qin)菜(cai)田移栽,撒播要(yao)均勻采用(yong)(yong)(yong)濕(shi)播法(fa)。先(xian)(xian)澆小水(shui),水(shui)下滲后(hou)先(xian)(xian)撒一薄層細(xi)干土(tu)(tu)再(zai)撒播,播后(hou)再(zai)覆一層厚約(yue)0.5厘米的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)土(tu)(tu)、遮(zhe)蔭或覆蓋育苗(miao)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)農作(zuo)物秸(jie)稈或葦箔遮(zhe)蔭播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)將(jiang)玉米秸(jie)稈、葦箔等搭放(fang)在(zai)(zai)畦面(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang),待出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)逐步撤除(chu)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)茄(qie)(qie)果類蔬(shu)菜(cai)植株(zhu)(zhu)遮(zhe)蔭:在(zai)(zai)早熟茄(qie)(qie)子、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)后(hou)期(qi)(qi),選墑(di)情適宜(yi)地(di)段趁濕(shi)撒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),再(zai)鉤劃地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian),將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子與土(tu)(tu)摻(chan)和均勻,3-4天后(hou)即可(ke)(ke)出(chu)苗(miao)。茄(qie)(qie)子、番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)拔秧后(hou),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)入正常(chang)管理(li)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)遮(zhe)陽(yang)網(wang)(wang)遮(zhe)陽(yang):遮(zhe)陽(yang)網(wang)(wang)為黑色(se)或銀灰色(se),可(ke)(ke)降溫(wen)(wen)2-4℃,并有遮(zhe)光和防暴雨作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),還可(ke)(ke)防蚜蟲及其他害。